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Sarlon J, Partonen T, Lang UE. Potential links between brown adipose tissue, circadian dysregulation, and suicide risk. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1196029. [PMID: 37360180 PMCID: PMC10288144 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1196029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian desynchronizations are associated with psychiatric disorders as well as with higher suicidal risk. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important in the regulation of body temperature and contributes to the homeostasis of the metabolic, cardiovascular, skeletal muscle or central nervous system. BAT is under neuronal, hormonal and immune control and secrets batokines: i.e., autocrine, paracrine and endocrine active substances. Moreover, BAT is involved in circadian system. Light, ambient temperature as well as exogen substances interact with BAT. Thus, a dysregulation of BAT can indirectly worsen psychiatric conditions and the risk of suicide, as one of previously suggested explanations for the seasonality of suicide rate. Furthermore, overactivation of BAT is associated with lower body weight and lower level of blood lipids. Reduced body mass index (BMI) or decrease in BMI respectively, as well as lower triglyceride concentrations were found to correlate with higher risk of suicide, however the findings are inconclusive. Hyperactivation or dysregulation of BAT in relation to the circadian system as a possible common factor is discussed. Interestingly, substances with proven efficacy in reducing suicidal risk, like clozapine or lithium, interact with BAT. The effects of clozapine on fat tissue are stronger and might differ qualitatively from other antipsychotics; however, the significance remains unclear. We suggest that BAT is involved in the brain/environment homeostasis and deserves attention from a psychiatric point of view. Better understanding of circadian disruptions and its mechanisms can contribute to personalized diagnostic and therapy as well as better assessment of suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sarlon
- University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Undine E. Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Zhou R, He M, Fan J, Li R, Zuo Y, Li B, Gao G, Sun T. The role of hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A narrative review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947295. [PMID: 36188456 PMCID: PMC9523121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness that affects 1% of people worldwide. SCZ is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Antipsychotics are the main treatment for SCZ, but their side effects include significant weight gain/obesity. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms by which SCZ and antipsychotic treatment induce weight gain/obesity remain unclear. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most important pathways that modulates inflammation, neuronal function, and energy balance. This review aimed to investigate the role of hypothalamic ER stress in SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain/obesity. Preliminary evidence indicates that SCZ is associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling, which significantly regulates the ER stress pathway, suggesting the importance of ER stress in SCZ and its related metabolic disorders. Antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate ER stress in hypothalamic neurons. These effects may induce decreased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression, autophagy, and leptin and insulin resistance, resulting in hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, and central inflammation, thereby causing weight gain. By activating ER stress, antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate hypothalamic astrocytes and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, thereby causing inflammation and weight gain/obesity. Moreover, evidence suggests that antipsychotic-induced ER stress may be related to their antagonistic effects on neurotransmitter receptors such as DRD2 and the histamine H1 receptor. Taken together, ER stress inhibitors could be a potential effective intervention against SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqin Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Meng He,
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Zuo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benben Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Guanbin Gao,
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Taolei Sun,
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Kunst RF, Langlais AL, Barlow D, Houseknecht KL, Motyl KJ. Housing Temperature Influences Atypical Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Bone Loss in Female C57BL/6J Mice. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10541. [PMID: 34693191 PMCID: PMC8520062 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic (AA) drugs, such as risperidone, are associated with endocrine and metabolic side effects, including impaired bone mineral density (BMD) acquisition and increased fracture risk. We have previously shown that risperidone causes bone loss through the sympathetic nervous system and that bone loss is associated with elevated markers of thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissue. Because rodents are normally housed in sub‐thermoneutral conditions, we wanted to test whether increasing housing temperature would protect against bone loss from risperidone. Four weeks of risperidone treatment in female C57BL/6J mice at thermoneutral (28°C) housing attenuated risperidone‐induced trabecular bone loss and led to a low‐turnover bone phenotype, with indices of both bone formation and resorption suppressed in mice with risperidone treatment at thermoneutrality, whereas indices of bone resorption were elevated by risperidone at room temperature. Protection against trabecular bone loss was not absolute, however, and additional evidence of cortical bone loss emerged in risperidone‐treated mice at thermoneutrality. Taken together, these findings suggest thermal challenge may be in part responsible for bone loss with risperidone treatment and that housing temperature should be considered when assessing bone outcomes of treatments that impact thermogenic pathways. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA
| | - Audrie L Langlais
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Deborah Barlow
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England Biddeford ME USA
| | | | - Katherine J Motyl
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine Orono ME USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University Boston MA USA
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Harshaw C, Lanzkowsky J, Tran AQD, Bradley AR, Jaime M. Oxytocin and 'social hyperthermia': Interaction with β 3-adrenergic receptor-mediated thermogenesis and significance for the expression of social behavior in male and female mice. Horm Behav 2021; 131:104981. [PMID: 33878523 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a critical regulator of multiple facets of energy homeostasis, including brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Nevertheless, it is unclear what, if any, consequence the thermoregulatory and metabolic effects of OT have for the display of social behavior in adult rodents. Here, we examine the contribution of the OT receptor (OTR) and β3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR) to the increase in body temperature that typically accompanies social interaction (i.e., social hyperthermia; SH) and whether SH relates to the expression of social behavior in adult mice. Specifically, we examined how OTR antagonism via peripheral injection of L-368,899 (10 mg/kg) affects the expression of social behavior in C57BL/6J mice, in the presence of active/agonized versus antagonized β3AR, the receptor known to mediate stress-induced BAT thermogenesis. After drug treatment and a 30 min delay, mice were provided a 10 min social interaction test with an unfamiliar, same-sex conspecific. We hypothesized that OTR and β3AR/BAT interact to influence behavior during social interaction, with at least some effects of OT on social behavior dependent upon OT's thermal effects via β3AR/BAT. We found that OTR-mediated temperature elevation is largely responsible for SH during social interaction in mice-albeit not substantially via β3AR-dependent BAT thermogenesis. Further, our results reveal a complex relationship between OTR, β3AR, social hyperthermia and the display of specific social behaviors, with SH most closely associated with anxiety and/or vigilance-related behaviors-that is, behaviors that antagonize or interfere with the initiation of close, non-agonistic social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Harshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States of America.
| | - Jessica Lanzkowsky
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | | | - Alana Rose Bradley
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Mark Jaime
- Division of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University, Columbus, Columbus, IN, United States of America
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Antipov A, Brizuela M, Blessing WW, Ootsuka Y. Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists prevent emotional hyperthermia. Brain Res 2020; 1732:146678. [PMID: 31981679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Emotionally significant stimuli, including potential threats from the external environment, trigger an increase in body temperature, a response known as emotional hyperthermia. Sympathetically-mediated brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis contributes substantially to this hyperthermic response. The systemic administration of α2-adrenergic agonists is known to inhibit both febrile and shivering responses. In the present study, we investigated whether systemic administration of clonidine, a α2-adrenoceptor agonist, attenuates the emotional hyperthermia evoked in conscious unrestrained rats suddenly confronted with a second (intruder) rat, itself confined to a small cage. Pre-implanted thermistors were used to measure BAT and body temperature in conscious, freely moving, male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were pre-treated with intraperitoneally administered vehicle (Ringer solution) or clonidine (1, 10 and 100 µg/kg). Clonidine, in a dose-dependent manner, reduced the intruder-elicited increases in BAT (log-dose linear regression F(1,16) = 9.52, R2 = 0.37, P < 0.01) and body temperature (F(1,16) = 6.48, R2 = 0.29, P < 0.05). We also investigated, in anesthetized rats, whether systemic clonidine administration inhibits BAT sympathetic nerve discharge evoked via activation of neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb) - a nucleus involved in the regulation of emotional hyperthermia. In anesthetized rats, clonidine abolished the BAT sympathetic nerve discharges elicited via bicuculline-mediated disinhibition of the LHb. These results suggest that activation of central α2-adrenergic receptors attenuates the process of emotional hyperthermia by reduction of BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Antipov
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mariana Brizuela
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - William W Blessing
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Youichirou Ootsuka
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Brizuela M, Antipov A, Blessing WW, Ootsuka Y. Activating dopamine D2 receptors reduces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis induced by psychological stress and by activation of the lateral habenula. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19512. [PMID: 31862967 PMCID: PMC6925140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional hyperthermia is the increase in body temperature that occurs as a response to an animal detecting a salient, survival-relevant stimulus. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, controlled via its sympathetic innervation, contributes to this temperature increase. Here, we have used an intruder rat experimental model to determine whether quinpirole-mediated activation of dopamine D2 receptors attenuates emotional hyperthermia in conscious rats. In anesthetized rats, we determined whether systemic quinpirole reduces BAT nerve discharge induced by activation of the medullary raphé and the lateral habenula (LHb). We measured BAT and body temperature with chronically implanted thermistors in conscious, freely moving, individually housed, male rats (resident rats). Either vehicle or quinpirole was administered, intraperitoneally, to the resident rat 30 min before introduction of a caged intruder rat. Quinpirole, in a dose-dependent manner, reduced intruder-elicited increases in BAT and body temperature. Pre-treatment with the D2 antagonist spiperone, but not the selective D1 antagonist SCH-23390, prevented this quinpirole-elicited decrease. In anesthetized rats, quinpirole abolished BAT sympathetic nerve discharge elicited by bicuculline-mediated activation of the LHb, but not the medullary raphé. Thus, activation of dopamine D2 receptors reduces the BAT thermogenesis that contributes to emotional hyperthermia. We provide evidence that these dopamine D2 receptors are located in the thermogenic pathway between the LHb and the lower brainstem pre-sympathetic control centre in the medullary raphé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brizuela
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna Antipov
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - William W Blessing
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Youichirou Ootsuka
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Sinh V, Ootsuka Y. Blockade of 5-HT2A receptors inhibits emotional hyperthermia in mice. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:1097-1102. [PMID: 31432430 PMCID: PMC10717664 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study determined whether blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptors attenuated hyperthermia and tachycardia responses to psychological stress in mice. For this purpose, male mice (C57BL/6N) were pre-instrumented with a telemetric probe to measure core body temperature and heart rate prior to experimentation. Vehicle or 5-HT2A antagonist, eplivanserin hemifumarate (SR-46349B) ((1Z,2E)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one O-[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl] oxime hemifumarate) (0.5, 1.0, 5.0 mg/kg), was injected intraperitoneally. To elicit psychological stress, an intruder male mouse confined to a small cage was introduced into the resident mouse's cage 30 min after administration of the injection. The application of this psychological stress increased body temperature by ~ 1.0 °C and heart rate by ~ 150 bpm in the vehicle group. In contrast, SR-46349B was shown to reduce this psychological stress-induced increase in body temperature in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). However, the SR-46349B treatment groups had no influence on the intruder-elicited increase in heart rate. This study, therefore, suggests that 5-HT2A receptors play a significant role in mediating hyperthermia, but not tachycardia, during intruder-elicited psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshika Sinh
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Youichirou Ootsuka
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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Ferreira V, Grajales D, Valverde ÁM. Adipose tissue as a target for second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics: A molecular view. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158534. [PMID: 31672575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder that chronically affects 21 million people worldwide. Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the cornerstone in the management of schizophrenia. However, despite their efficacy in counteracting both positive and negative symptomatology of schizophrenia, recent clinical observations have described an increase in the prevalence of metabolic disturbances in patients treated with SGAs, including abnormal weight gain, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. While the molecular mechanisms responsible for these side-effects remain poorly understood, increasing evidence points to a link between SGAs and adipose tissue depots of white, brown and beige adipocytes. In this review, we survey the present knowledge in this area, with a particular focus on the molecular aspects of adipocyte biology including differentiation, lipid metabolism, thermogenic function and the browning/beiging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Grajales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Blessing WW. Thermoregulation and the ultradian basic rest–activity cycle. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 156:367-375. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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