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Sedhom S, Hammond N, Thanos KZ, Blum K, Elman I, Bowirrat A, Dennen CA, Thanos PK. Potential Link Between Exercise and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Glutamate Receptors in Alcohol Use Disorder: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2363-2376. [PMID: 38895648 PMCID: PMC11185169 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s462403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant risk factor, accounting for approximately 13% of all deaths in the US. AUD not only destroys families but also causes economic losses due to reduced productivity, absenteeism, and healthcare expenses. Statistics revealing the sustained number of individuals affected by AUD over the years underscore the need for further understanding of the underlying pathophysiology to advance novel therapeutic strategies. Previous research has implicated the limbic brain regions N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDAR) in the emotional and behavioral effects of AUD. Given that aerobic exercise can modulate NMDAR activity and sensitivity to alcohol, this review presents a summary of clinical and basic science studies on NMDAR levels induced by alcohol consumption, as well as acute and protracted withdrawal, highlighting the potential role of aerobic exercise as an adjunctive therapy for AUD. Based on our findings, the utility of exercise in the modulation of reward-linked receptors and AUD may be mediated by its effects on NMDA signaling. These data support further consideration of the potential of aerobic exercise as a promising adjunctive therapy for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sedhom
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kyriaki Z Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise & Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Peart DR, Claridge EV, Karlovcec JM, El Azali R, LaDouceur KE, Sikic A, Thomas A, Stone AP, Murray JE. Generalization of a positive-feature interoceptive morphine occasion setter across the rat estrous cycle. Horm Behav 2024; 162:105541. [PMID: 38583235 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interoceptive stimuli elicited by drug administration acquire conditioned modulatory properties of the induction of conditioned appetitive behaviours by exteroceptive cues. This effect may be modeled using a drug discrimination task in which the drug stimulus is trained as a positive-feature (FP) occasion setter (OS) that disambiguates the relation between an exteroceptive light conditioned stimulus (CS) and a sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US). We previously reported that females are less sensitive to generalization of a FP morphine OS than males, so we investigated the role of endogenous ovarian hormones in this difference. METHODS Male and female rats received intermixed injections of 3.2 mg/kg morphine or saline before each daily training session. Training consisted of 8 presentations of the CS, each followed by access to sucrose on morphine, but not saline sessions. Following acquisiton, rats were tested for generalization of the morphine stimulus to 0, 1.0, 3.2, and 5.4 mg/kg morphine. Female rats were monitored for estrous cyclicity using vaginal cytology throughout the study. RESULTS Both sexes acquired stable drug discrimination. A gradient of generalization was measured across morphine doses and this behaviour did not differ by sex, nor did it differ across the estrous cycle in females. CONCLUSIONS Morphine generalization is independent of fluctuations in levels of sex and endogenous gonadal hormones in females under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin R Peart
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ella V Claridge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica M Karlovcec
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rita El Azali
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen E LaDouceur
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anita Sikic
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Abina Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adiia P Stone
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Peart DR, Nolan CJ, Stone AP, Williams MA, Karlovcec JM, Murray JE. Disruption of positive- and negative-feature morphine interoceptive occasion setters by dopamine receptor agonism and antagonism in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06584-y. [PMID: 38580732 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Internally perceived stimuli evoked by morphine administration can form Pavlovian associations such that they can function as occasion setters (OSs) for externally perceived reward cues in rats, coming to modulate reward-seeking behaviour. Though much research has investigated mechanisms underlying opioid-related reinforcement and analgesia, neurotransmitter systems involved in the functioning of opioids as Pavlovian interoceptive discriminative stimuli remain to be disentangled despite documented differences in the development of tolerance to analgesic versus discriminative stimulus effects. OBJECTIVES Dopamine has been implicated in many opioid-related behaviours, so we aimed to investigate the role of this neurotransmitter in expression of morphine occasion setting. METHODS Male and female rats were assigned to positive- (FP) or negative-feature (FN) groups and received an injection of morphine or saline before each training session. A 15-s white noise conditioned stimulus (CS) was presented 8 times during every training session; offset of this stimulus was followed by 4-s access to liquid sucrose on morphine, but not saline, sessions for FP rats. FN rats learned the reverse contingency. Following stable discrimination, rats began generalization testing for expression of morphine-guided sucrose seeking after systemic pretreatment with different doses of the non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist, flupenthixol, and the non-selective dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine, combined with training doses of morphine or saline in a Latin-square design. RESULTS The morphine discrimination was acquired under both FP and FN contingencies by males and females. Neither flupenthixol nor apomorphine at any dose substituted for morphine, but both apomorphine and flupenthixol disrupted expression of the morphine OS. This inhibition was specific to sucrose seeking during CS presentations rather than during the period before CS onset and, in the case of apomorphine more so than flupenthixol, to trials on which access to sucrose was anticipated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings lend support to a mechanism of occasion setting involving gating of CS-induced dopamine release rather than by direct dopaminergic modulation by the morphine stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin R Peart
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caitlin J Nolan
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adiia P Stone
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mckenna A Williams
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica M Karlovcec
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Little KM, Kosten TA. Focus on fentanyl in females: Sex and gender differences in the physiological and behavioral effects of fentanyl. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 71:101096. [PMID: 37597668 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of opioid use disorder and overdose continues to harm the U.S. population and is further exacerbated by the use of the synthetic opioid, fentanyl, and its analogs. Gender differences in the effects of fentanyl are not well understood. The present article reviews evidence for gender and sex differences in the physiological and behavioral effects of fentanyl in humans and animals. Biological sex seems to be a foundational driver in addiction vulnerability and affects mechanisms related to opioid use including fentanyl. Fentanyl has distinct pharmacodynamics and enhanced efficacy relative to other opioids that highlights the need to investigate how females may be uniquely altered by its use. Behavioral and physiological responses to fentanyl are found to differ by sex and gender in many cases, including outputs like affective symptoms, analgesia, tolerance, and withdrawal emphasizing the need for further research about the role of biological sex on fentanyl use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Little
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Therese A Kosten
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
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Hinds NM, Wojtas ID, Gallagher CA, Corbett CM, Manvich DF. Effects of sex and estrous cycle on intravenous oxycodone self-administration and the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1143373. [PMID: 37465001 PMCID: PMC10350507 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1143373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The increasing misuse of both prescription and illicit opioids has culminated in a national healthcare crisis in the United States. Oxycodone is among the most widely prescribed and misused opioid pain relievers and has been associated with a high risk for transition to compulsive opioid use. Here, we sought to examine potential sex differences and estrous cycle-dependent effects on the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone, as well as on stress-induced or cue-induced oxycodone-seeking behavior, using intravenous (IV) oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement procedures. Methods In experiment 1, adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone according to a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement in daily 2-h sessions, and a dose-response function was subsequently determined (0.003-0.03 mg/kg/inf). In experiment 2, a separate group of adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 8 sessions, followed by 0.01 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 10 sessions. Responding was then extinguished, followed by sequential footshock-induced and cue-induced reinstatement tests. Results In the dose-response experiment, oxycodone produced a typical inverted U-shape function with 0.01 mg/kg/inf representing the maximally effective dose in both sexes. No sex differences were detected in the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone. In the second experiment, the reinforcing effects of 0.01-0.03 mg//kg/inf oxycodone were significantly attenuated in females during proestrus/estrus as compared to metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrous cycle. Neither males nor females displayed significant footshock-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking, but both sexes exhibited significant cue-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking at magnitudes that did not differ either by sex or by estrous cycle phase. Discussion These results confirm and extend previous work suggesting that sex does not robustly influence the primary reinforcing effects of oxycodone nor the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior. However, our findings reveal for the first time that the reinforcing efficacy of IV oxycodone varies across the estrous cycle in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Hinds
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Ireneusz D. Wojtas
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Corinne A. Gallagher
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Claire M. Corbett
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Daniel F. Manvich
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
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Monroe SC, Radke AK. Opioid withdrawal: role in addiction and neural mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1417-1433. [PMID: 37162529 PMCID: PMC11166123 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Withdrawal from opioids involves a negative affective state that promotes maintenance of drug-seeking behavior and relapse. As such, understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying withdrawal from opioid drugs is critical as scientists and clinicians seek to develop new treatments and therapies. In this review, we focus on the neural systems known to mediate the affective and somatic signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, including the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, basolateral amygdala, extended amygdala, and brain and hormonal stress systems. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests that these systems are altered following opioid exposure and that these changes mediate behavioral signs of negative affect such as aversion and anxiety during withdrawal. Adaptations in these systems also parallel the behavioral and psychological features of opioid use disorder (OUD), highlighting the important role of withdrawal in the development of addictive behavior. Implications for relapse and treatment are discussed as well as promising avenues for future research, with the hope of promoting continued progress toward characterizing neural contributors to opioid withdrawal and compulsive opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Monroe
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, 90 N Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Anna K Radke
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, 90 N Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH, USA.
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Hinds NM, Wojtas ID, Gallagher CA, Corbett CM, Manvich DF. Effects of sex and estrous cycle on intravenous oxycodone self-administration and the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior in rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543393. [PMID: 37333293 PMCID: PMC10274722 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The increasing misuse of both prescription and illicit opioids has culminated in a national healthcare crisis in the United States. Oxycodone is among the most widely prescribed and misused opioid pain relievers and has been associated with a high risk for transition to compulsive opioid use. Here, we sought to examine potential sex differences and estrous cycle-dependent effects on the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone, as well as on stress-induced or cue-induced oxycodone-seeking behavior, using intravenous (IV) oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement procedures. In experiment 1, adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone according to a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement in daily 2-hr sessions, and a dose-response function was subsequently determined (0.003-0.03 mg/kg/inf). In experiment 2, a separate group of adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 8 sessions, followed by 0.01 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 10 sessions. Responding was then extinguished, followed by sequential footshock-induced and cue-induced reinstatement tests. In the dose-response experiment, oxycodone produced a typical inverted U-shape function with 0.01 mg/kg/inf representing the maximally effective dose in both sexes. No sex differences were detected in the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone. In the second experiment, the reinforcing effects of 0.01-0.03 mg//kg/inf oxycodone were significantly attenuated in females during proestrus/estrus as compared to metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrous cycle. Neither males nor females displayed significant footshock-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking, but both sexes exhibited significant cue-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking at magnitudes that did not differ either by sex or by estrous cycle phase. These results confirm and extend previous work suggesting that sex does not robustly influence the primary reinforcing effects of oxycodone nor the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior. However, our findings reveal for the first time that the reinforcing efficacy of IV oxycodone varies across the estrous cycle in female rats.
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de Moura FB, Booth RG, Kohut SJ. Oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement in male and female squirrel monkeys: Effects of alternative reinforcer availability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523850. [PMID: 36711610 PMCID: PMC9882129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of non-drug alternative reinforcers has long been utilized as a component of therapeutic interventions for the management of substance use disorder; however, the conditions under which alternative reinforcers are most effective are not well characterized. This study evaluated the impact of varying the magnitude of an alternative reinforcer on oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement in male and female squirrel monkeys. Subjects (n=4/sex) were trained under concurrent second-order schedules of reinforcement for intravenous oxycodone (0.001-0.1mg/kg/inj) on one lever, and sweetened condensed milk (5, 10, 20, 30% in water) on another. Oxycodone-primed reinstatement was evaluated by administering 0.32mg/kg oxycodone prior to sessions in which saline was available on the drug-paired lever. During oxycodone self-administration sessions, milk availability decreased oxycodone self-administration and preference in a concentration-dependent manner; low milk concentrations were more effective at decreasing oxycodone’s reinforcing potency in males. During reinstatement tests, milk significantly attenuated oxycodone-primed responding in both males and females; low milk concentrations were more effective at decreasing the priming effects of oxycodone in females. That alternative reinforcers differentially impacted self-administration and reinstatement in a sex-dependent manner suggests that treatment strategies that utilize alternative reinforcers may be more effective in males or females depending on when they are implemented.
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Raff H, Glaeser BL, Szabo A, Olsen CM, Everson CA. Sleep restriction during opioid abstinence affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in male and female rats. Stress 2023; 26:2185864. [PMID: 36856367 PMCID: PMC10339708 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2023.2185864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dynamics are disrupted by opioids and may be involved in substance abuse; this persists during withdrawal and abstinence and is associated with co-morbid sleep disruption leading to vulnerability to relapse. We hypothesized that chronic sleep restriction (SR) alters the HPA axis diurnal rhythm and the sexually dimorphic response to acute stressor during opioid abstinence. We developed a rat model to evaluate the effect of persistent sleep loss during opioid abstinence on HPA axis dynamics in male and female rats. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone were measured diurnally and in response to acute restraint stress in rats Before (control) compared to During subsequent opioid abstinence without or with SR. Abstinence, regardless of sleep state, led to an increase in plasma ACTH and corticosterone in the morning in males. There was a tendency for higher PM plasma ACTH during abstinence in SR males (p = 0.076). ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint were reduced in male SR rats whereas there was a failure to achieve the post-restraint nadir in female SR rats. There was no effect of the treatments or interventions on adrenal weight normalized to body weight. SR resulted in a dramatic increase in hypothalamic PVN AVP mRNA and plasma copeptin in male but not female rats. This corresponded to the attenuation of the HPA axis stress response in SR males during opioid abstinence. We have identified a potentially unique, sexually dimorphic role for magnocellular vasopressin in the control of the HPA axis during opioid abstinence and sleep restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hershel Raff
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine), Surgery, and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St. Luke’s Medical Center, Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Breanna L. Glaeser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aniko Szabo
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher M. Olsen
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carol A. Everson
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine) and Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Carroll ME, Dougen B, Zlebnik NE, Fess L, Smethells J. Reducing short- and long-term cocaine craving with voluntary exercise in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3819-3831. [PMID: 36331585 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study in female rats, voluntary wheel running attenuated incubation of cocaine craving after 30 but not 3 days (Zlebnik and Carroll Zlebnik and Carroll, Psychopharmacology 232:3507-3413, 2015). The present study in male rats, using the same procedure, showed that wheel running reduced incubated craving after both 30 and 3 days of abstinence. METHODS Male rats self-administered i.v. cocaine (0.4 mg/kg) during 6-h sessions for 10 days. They were then moved from the operant chamber to a home cage with an attached running wheel or stationary wheel, for 6 h daily for a 3- or 30-day period when cocaine craving was hypothesized to incubate. Rats were then returned to the operant chamber for a 30-min test of cocaine seeking, or "craving," indicated by responses on the former "drug" lever was formerly associated with drug stimulus lights and responses (vs. no drug stimuli), and lever responding was compared to responses on the "inactive" that was illuminated and counted lever pressing. RESULTS Mean wheel revolutions were similar across the 3- and 30-day incubation groups, when both groups of rats were given access to wheel running vs. access to a stationary wheel in controls. Subsequently, when rats were tested in the operant chamber for "relapse" responding (drug-lever responding) on the lever formerly associated with drug access, cocaine craving was reduced by recent running wheel access (vs. stationary wheel access) in both the 3- and 30-day wheel exposure groups. CONCLUSION Voluntary, self-initiated, and self-sustained physical exercise reduced cocaine craving after short- (3 days) and long-term (30 days) abstinence periods in male rats that previously self-administered cocaine. This was contrasted with reduction of cocaine seeking in females after 30-day, but not 3-day, incubation periods under the wheel running vs. stationary wheel conditions in a previous study (Zlebnik and Carroll Zlebnik and Carroll, Psychopharmacology 232:3507-3413, 2015). These initial findings suggest males may be more sensitive to incubated craving for cocaine than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Ben Dougen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Natalie E Zlebnik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HSF II, Room S216, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lydia Fess
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - John Smethells
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, 701 Park Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
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Kuhn BN, Cannella N, Crow AD, Roberts AT, Lunerti V, Allen C, Nall RW, Hardiman G, Woods LCS, Chung D, Ciccocioppo R, Kalivas PW. Novelty-induced locomotor behavior predicts heroin addiction vulnerability in male, but not female, rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3605-3620. [PMID: 36112154 PMCID: PMC9632364 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ongoing rise in opioid use disorder (OUD) has made it imperative to better model the individual variation within the human population that contributes to OUD vulnerability. Using animal models that capture such variation can be a useful tool. Individual variation in novelty-induced locomotion is predictive of substance use disorder (SUD) propensity. In this model, rats are characterized as high-responders (HR) or low-responders (LR) using a median split based on distance travelled during a locomotor test, and HR rats are generally found to exhibit a more SUD vulnerable behavioral phenotype. OBJECTIVES The HR/LR model has commonly been used to assess behaviors in male rats using psychostimulants, with limited knowledge of the predictive efficacy of this model in females or the use of an opioid as the reward. In the current study, we assessed several behaviors across the different phases of drug addiction (heroin taking, refraining, and seeking) in over 500 male and female heterogeneous stock rats run at two geographically separate locations. Rats were characterized as HRs or LRs within each sex for analysis. RESULTS Overall, females exhibit a more OUD vulnerable phenotype relative to males. Additionally, the HR/LR model was predictive of OUD-like behaviors in male, but not female rats. Furthermore, phenotypes did not differ in anxiety-related behaviors, reacquisition of heroin-taking, or punished heroin-taking behavior in either sex. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the importance of assessing females in models of individual variation in SUD and highlight limitations in using the HR/LR model to assess OUD propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Kuhn
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 403-MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | | | - Ayteria D Crow
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 403-MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Analyse T Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 403-MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | | | - Carter Allen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rusty W Nall
- Department of Psychology, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 403-MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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12
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Morgan MM, Ataras K. Sex differences in the impact of pain, morphine administration and morphine withdrawal on quality of life in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 219:173451. [PMID: 35995262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The disruptive effects of pain on quality of life are greater in men than in women, but the disruptive effects of opioid administration and withdrawal tend to be greater in women. These sex differences in pain, acute opioid effects, and opioid withdrawal tend to be opposite to sex differences reported in laboratory rats. We hypothesized that sex differences in humans and rats would more closely align if animal research measured quality of life as opposed to traditional evoked behaviors of pain (e.g., nociceptive reflexes) and opioid withdrawal (e.g., wet dog shakes). The present study assessed quality of life in adult female and male rats by measuring voluntary wheel running in the rat's home cage. Hindpaw inflammation induced by administration of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) into the right hindpaw caused a greater depression of wheel running in male compared to female rats. Twice daily injections of high morphine doses (5-20 mg/kg) and the subsequent morphine withdrawal caused a greater depression of wheel running in female compared to male rats. These sex differences are consistent with human data that shows the impact of pain on quality of life is greater in men than women, but the negative effects of opioid administration and withdrawal are greater in women. The present data indicate that the clinical significance of animal research would be enhanced by shifting the endpoint from pain and opioid evoked behaviors to measures of quality of life such as voluntary wheel running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Morgan
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave., Vancouver, WA 98686, United States of America.
| | - Kristin Ataras
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave., Vancouver, WA 98686, United States of America.
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13
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Segat HJ, Martini F, Roversi K, Rosa SG, Muller SG, Rossato DR, Nogueira CW, Burger ME. Impact of two different types of exercise training on AMPH addiction: Role of hippocampal neurotrophins. Physiol Behav 2022; 251:113804. [PMID: 35398334 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amphetamine (AMPH) abuse results in neurobehavioral alterations related to the reward circuit. The hippocampus plays a role in cognition, reward, and drug addiction. There are no pharmacological approaches to prevent AMPH relapse. Physical exercise has been studied as a non-pharmacological promising influence to attenuate reward symptoms related to addictive drugs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the effects of non-weight-loaded and weight-loaded physical exercise on behavioral (relapse, memory and anxiety) and hippocampal molecular parameters associated with AMPH addiction in Wistar rats. METHODS Male rats were subjected to the AMPH-Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) paradigm. After 8-conditioning days, they were subjected to swimming physical exercise protocol (without or with weight-load). Behavioral evaluations were performed to assess the influence of both exercise protocols in addiction parameters, including relapse after AMPH reconditioning, working memory, locomotor activity, and anxiety-like symptoms. Subsequently, protein levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and pro-BDNF ex-vivo assays were carried out in samples of the hippocampus of the animals. RESULTS AMPH relapse and anxiety-like behaviors were reduced only in rats subjected to non-weight-loaded exercise. Hippocampal BDNF and pro-BDNF immunoreactivity were increased in non-weight-loaded exercise rats. Behavioral and molecular analyses were not modified in rats subjected to weight-loaded exercise. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that non-weight-loaded exercise was more effective against relapse and anxiety-like behavior induced by AMPH. Non-weight-loaded exercise upregulated the hippocampal immunocontent levels in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecson Jesser Segat
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil.
| | - Franciele Martini
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Roversi
- Departement de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzan Gonçalves Rosa
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Grendene Muller
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Marilise Escobar Burger
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; UFSM, RS, Brazil
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14
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Chang SE, Krueger LD, Flagel SB. Investigating individual differences in opioid-taking and opioid-seeking behavior in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1065-1080. [PMID: 34981179 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Understanding the behavioral and neurobiological factors that render some individuals more susceptible than others to opioid addiction will be critical in combatting the opioid crisis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to determine if behavioral traits associated with an increased likelihood to take and seek cocaine are the same traits that render one more susceptible to opioid-taking and opioid-seeking behavior. Individual differences in the acquisition of remifentanil self-administration and subsequent cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil-seeking behavior were investigated using two animal models: the high-responder (HR)/low-responder (LR) and sign-tracker (ST)/goal-tracker (GT) models. Relative to LR rats, HR rats show increased novelty-induced locomotion or "sensation-seeking" behavior, and are more likely to acquire cocaine-taking behavior and do so at a faster rate. Relative to GT rats, ST rats attribute greater incentive motivational value to reward cues and are more likely to exhibit reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. RESULTS In contrast to previous work using cocaine, we did not observe individual differences with respect to the acquisition of remifentanil self-administration- or cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil-seeking behavior within the context of either the HR/LR or ST/GT model. Thus, neither the sensation-seeking trait nor the propensity to attribute incentive motivational value to reward cues predicts remifentanil-taking or remifentanil-seeking behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that different traits may confer the initiation of opioid- vs. cocaine-taking behavior, and the propensity to relapse to opioid- vs. cocaine-seeking. Additional studies are needed to identify which neurobehavioral constructs confer liability to opioid use and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Chang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren D Krueger
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Office of Comparative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shelly B Flagel
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Nicolas C, Zlebnik NE, Farokhnia M, Leggio L, Ikemoto S, Shaham Y. Sex Differences in Opioid and Psychostimulant Craving and Relapse: A Critical Review. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:119-140. [PMID: 34987089 PMCID: PMC11060335 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex differences in psychostimulant and opioid craving and relapse. Next, we review preclinical studies on sex differences in psychostimulant and opioid reinstatement of drug seeking after extinction of drug self-administration, and incubation of drug craving (time-dependent increase in drug seeking during abstinence). We also discuss ovarian hormones' role in relapse and craving in humans and animal models and speculate on brain mechanisms underlying their role in cocaine craving and relapse in rodent models. Finally, we discuss imaging studies on brain responses to cocaine cues and stress in men and women.The results of the clinical studies reviewed do not appear to support the notion that women are more vulnerable to psychostimulant and opioid craving and relapse. However, this conclusion is tentative because most of the studies reviewed were correlational, not sufficiently powered, and not a priori designed to detect sex differences. Additionally, imaging studies suggest sex differences in brain responses to cocaine cues and stress. The results of the preclinical studies reviewed provide evidence for sex differences in stress-induced reinstatement and incubation of cocaine craving but not cue- or cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. These sex differences are modulated in part by ovarian hormones. In contrast, the available data do not support the notion of sex differences in craving and relapse/reinstatement for methamphetamine or opioids in rodent models. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This systematic review summarizes clinical and preclinical studies on sex differences in psychostimulant and opioid craving and relapse. Results of the clinical studies reviewed do not appear to support the notion that women are more vulnerable to psychostimulant and opioid craving and relapse. Results of preclinical studies reviewed provide evidence for sex differences in reinstatement and incubation of cocaine seeking but not for reinstatement or incubation of methamphetamine or opioid seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Nicolas
- Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C.N.); Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Present address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA (N.E.Z.); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (M.F., L.L., S.I., Y.S.); and Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.F., L.L.)
| | - Natalie E Zlebnik
- Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C.N.); Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Present address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA (N.E.Z.); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (M.F., L.L., S.I., Y.S.); and Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.F., L.L.)
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C.N.); Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Present address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA (N.E.Z.); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (M.F., L.L., S.I., Y.S.); and Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.F., L.L.)
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C.N.); Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Present address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA (N.E.Z.); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (M.F., L.L., S.I., Y.S.); and Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.F., L.L.)
| | - Satoshi Ikemoto
- Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C.N.); Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Present address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA (N.E.Z.); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (M.F., L.L., S.I., Y.S.); and Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.F., L.L.)
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C.N.); Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Present address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA (N.E.Z.); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (M.F., L.L., S.I., Y.S.); and Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.F., L.L.)
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16
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Marrero-Cristobal G, Gelpi-Dominguez U, Morales-Silva R, Alvarado-Torres J, Perez-Torres J, Perez-Perez Y, Sepulveda-Orengo M. Aerobic exercise as a promising nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:1602-1642. [PMID: 34850988 PMCID: PMC9156662 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and public health impact of substance use disorders (SUDs), effective long-term treatments remain elusive. Aerobic exercise is a promising, nonpharmacological treatment currently under investigation as a strategy for preventing drug relapse. Aerobic exercise could be incorporated into the comprehensive treatment regimens for people with substance abuse disorders. Preclinical studies of SUD with animal models have shown that aerobic exercise diminishes drug-seeking behavior, which leads to relapse, in both male and female rats. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the effects of substance abuse-induced cellular and physiological adaptations believed to be responsible for drug-seeking behavior. Accordingly, the overall goal of this review is to provide a summary and an assessment of findings to date, highlighting evidence of the molecular and neurological effects of exercise on adaptations associated with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Gelpi-Dominguez
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Roberto Morales-Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - John Alvarado-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Joshua Perez-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Yobet Perez-Perez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Marian Sepulveda-Orengo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
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17
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Bruehl S, Burns JW, Koltyn K, Gupta R, Buvanendran A, Edwards D, Chont M, Wu YH, Stone A. Does aerobic exercise training alter responses to opioid analgesics in individuals with chronic low back pain? A randomized controlled trial. Pain 2021; 162:2204-2213. [PMID: 33394881 PMCID: PMC8203753 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We tested whether aerobic exercise training altered morphine analgesic responses or reduced morphine dosages necessary for adequate analgesia. Patients with chronic back pain were randomized to an 18-session aerobic exercise intervention (n = 38) or usual activity control (n = 45). Before and after the intervention, participants underwent 3 laboratory sessions (double-blinded, crossover) to assess effects of saline placebo, i.v. morphine (0.09 mg/kg), and i.v. naloxone (12 mg) on low back pain and evoked heat pain responses. Differences in evoked and back pain measures between the placebo and morphine conditions indexed morphine analgesia, with pre-post intervention changes the primary outcome. Endogenous opioid analgesia was indexed by differences in evoked and low back pain measures between the naloxone and placebo conditions. A Sex X Intervention interaction on the analgesic effects of morphine on visual analogue scale back pain intensity was observed (P = 0.046), with a similar trend for evoked pain threshold (P = 0.093). Male exercisers showed reduced morphine analgesia pre-post intervention, whereas male controls showed increased analgesia (with no differences in females). Of clinical significance were findings that relative to the control group, aerobic exercise produced analgesia more similar to that observed after receiving ≈7 mg morphine preintervention (P < 0.045). Greater pre-post intervention increases in endogenous opioid function (from any source) were significantly associated with larger pre-post intervention decreases in morphine analgesia (P < 0.046). The overall pattern of findings suggests that regular aerobic exercise has limited direct effects on morphine responsiveness, reducing morphine analgesia in males only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bruehl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John W. Burns
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelli Koltyn
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rajnish Gupta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - David Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melissa Chont
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yung Hsuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda Stone
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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18
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Drummond KD, Waring ML, Faulkner GJ, Blewitt ME, Perry CJ, Kim JH. Hippocampal neurogenesis mediates sex-specific effects of social isolation and exercise on fear extinction in adolescence. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100367. [PMID: 34337114 PMCID: PMC8313755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired extinction of conditioned fear is associated with anxiety disorders. Common lifestyle factors, like isolation stress and exercise, may alter the ability to extinguish fear. However, the effect of and interplay between these factors on adolescent fear extinction, and the relevant underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. Here we examined the effects of periadolescent social isolation and physical activity on adolescent fear extinction in rats and explored neurogenesis as a potential mechanism. Isolation stress impaired extinction recall in male adolescents, an effect prevented by exercise. Extinction recall in female adolescents was unaffected by isolation stress. However, exercise disrupted extinction recall in isolated females. Extinction recall in isolated females was positively correlated to the number of immature neurons in the ventral hippocampus, suggesting that exercise affected extinction recall via neurogenesis in females. Pharmacologically suppressing cellular proliferation in isolated adolescents using temozolomide blocked the effect of exercise on extinction recall in both sexes. Together, these findings highlight sex-specific outcomes of isolation stress and exercise on adolescent brain and behavior, and highlights neurogenesis as a potential mechanism underlying lifestyle effects on adolescent fear extinction. Periadolescent isolation stress disrupted extinction recall in male adolescents. Running prevented isolation-induced extinction recall deficit in male adolescents. Exercise impaired extinction recall in isolated female adolescents. Exercise increased hippocampal neurogenesis, except in isolated males. Suppression of neurogenesis blocked exercise effects in isolated adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Drummond
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Michelle L Waring
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- The Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Christina J Perry
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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19
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Carroll ME. Voluntary exercise as a treatment for incubated and expanded drug craving leading to relapse to addiction: Animal models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 208:173210. [PMID: 34116079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, as more than 80% of former drug users relapse within a year after quit attempts have ended. This review examines incubated craving that develops over long periods of weeks to months after addictive drug use ends, when rats are given a small priming exposure to the formerly used drug, and a large amount of drug seeking occurs, reflecting large increases in craving over time. Expanded craving occurs when not only the recently-used drug, but other related or unrelated drugs of abuse elicit drug seeking that leads to relapse behavior, including common drugs like caffeine or nicotine, Thus, expanded craving is an increase in the conditions that elicit relapse, such as, a variety of drugs, and it persists weeks after drug use ends. Incubated and expanded craving occur with several drugs of abuse, and these forms of craving, can last for weeks to months and end in relapse. Voluntary physical exercise, blocked incubated cocaine craving, and expanded heroin craving elicited by multiple conditions was reduced in female and male rats. This review examines voluntary physical exercise as a long-term, self-initiated, and self-sustainable treatment that reduces long-term drug craving leading to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Science, 621 Park Ave, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America.
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20
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Abstract
Animal models of addictive behaviors are useful for uncovering neural mechanisms involved in the development of dependence and for identifying risk factors for drug abuse. One such risk factor is biological sex, which strongly moderates drug self-administration behavior in rodents. Female rodents are more likely to acquire drug self-administration behaviors, consume higher amounts of drug, and reinstate drug-seeking behavior more readily. Despite this female vulnerability, preclinical addiction research has largely been done in male animals. The study of sex differences in rodent models of addictive behavior is increasing, however, as more investigators are choosing to include both male and female animals in experiments. This commentary is meant to serve as an introductory guide for preclinical investigators new to the study of sex differences in addiction. We provide an overview of self-administration models, a broad view of female versus male self-administration behaviors, and suggestions for study design and implementation. Inclusion of female subjects in preclinical addiction research is timely, as problem drug and alcohol use in women is increasing. With proper attention, design, and analysis, the study of sex differences in addiction has the potential to uncover novel neural mechanisms and lead to greater translational success for addiction research. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Radke
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth A. Sneddon
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | - Sean C. Monroe
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
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21
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Bakhti-Suroosh A, Towers EB, Lynch WJ. A buprenorphine-validated rat model of opioid use disorder optimized to study sex differences in vulnerability to relapse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1029-1046. [PMID: 33404740 PMCID: PMC7786148 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major epidemic in the USA. Despite evidence indicating that OUD may be particularly severe for women, preclinical models have yet to establish sex as a major factor in OUD. OBJECTIVES Here, we examined sex differences in vulnerability to relapse following intermittent access fentanyl self-administration and protracted abstinence and used buprenorphine, the FDA-approved treatment for OUD, to test the validity of our model. METHODS Following acquisition of fentanyl self-administration under one of two training conditions, male and female rats were given extended, 24-h/day access to fentanyl (0.25 μg/kg/infusion, 10 days) using an intermittent access procedure. Vulnerability to relapse was assessed using an extinction/cue-induced reinstatement procedure following 14 days of abstinence; buprenorphine (0 or 3 mg/kg/day) was administered throughout abstinence. RESULTS Levels of drug-seeking were high following extended-access fentanyl self-administration and abstinence; buprenorphine markedly decreased drug-seeking supporting the validity of our relapse model. Females self-administered more fentanyl and responded at higher levels during subsequent extinction testing. Buprenorphine was effective in both sexes and eliminated sex and estrous phase differences in drug-seeking. Interestingly, the inclusion of a time-out during training had a major impact on later fentanyl self-administration in females, but not males, indicating that the initial exposure conditions can persistently impact vulnerability in females. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the utility of this rat model for determining sex and hormonal influences on the development and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anousheh Bakhti-Suroosh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - Eleanor Blair Towers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - Wendy J. Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
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