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Williams ML, Olomukoro AA, Emmons RV, Godage NH, Gionfriddo E. Matrix effects demystified: Strategies for resolving challenges in analytical separations of complex samples. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300571. [PMID: 37897324 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Matrix effects can significantly impede the accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability of separation techniques presenting a formidable challenge to the analytical process. It is crucial to address matrix effects to achieve accurate and precise measurements in complex matrices. The multifaceted nature of matrix effects which can be influenced by factors such as target analyte, sample preparation protocol, composition, and choice of instrument necessitates a pragmatic approach when analyzing complex matrices. This review aims to highlight common challenges associated with matrix effects throughout the entire analytical process with emphasis on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and sample preparation techniques. These techniques are susceptible to matrix effects that could lead to ion suppression/enhancement or impact the analyte signal at various stages of the analytical workflow. The assessment, quantification, and mitigation of matrix effects are necessary in developing any analytical method. Strategies can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the matrix effect by changing the type of ionization, improving extraction and clean-up methods, optimization of chromatography conditions, and corrective calibration methods. While development of an effective strategy to completely mitigate matrix effects remains elusive, an integrated approach that combines sample preparation, analytical extraction, and effective instrumental analysis remains the most promising avenue for identifying and resolving matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Aghogho Abigail Olomukoro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronald V Emmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Nipunika H Godage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Bekele H, Yohannes W, Megersa N. A Highly Selective Analytical Method Based on Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction for Trace-Level Enrichment of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Cow Milk for Quantitative Liquid Chromatographic Analysis. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:1754956. [PMID: 37810912 PMCID: PMC10558272 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1754956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a simple, inexpensive, selective, and fast salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) technique coupled with high-pressure liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and analysis of trace level seven multiclass pesticide residues in pasteurized and raw cow milk samples. The significant factors that affect the extent to which the target analytes are extracted, such as the type of extraction solvent and its volume, the type and concentration of salting-out salts, the pH of the solution, and the extraction time, have been investigated. Under optimum conditions, the correlation coefficient (r2) was obtained within a range of 0.9982-0.9997 for a broad linear range concentration of 2-1500 ng·mL-1. Reliable sensitivity was achieved with limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 0.58-2.56 ng·mL-1 and 1.95-8.51 ng·mL-1, respectively. While precision with interday and intraday in terms of relative standard deviations (RSDs) was observed in the range of 1.97 - 7.88% and 4.52 - 8.04%, respectively. The results of the precision studies reveal that good repeatability and reproducibility (RSDs <9) were achieved, thus showing a low variability extraction of the developed method. Finally, the proposed and validated approach was effectively used to extract and determine pesticide residues in real milk matrices; however, the target analytes were not detected in all samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Bekele
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Weldegebriel Yohannes
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Megersa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Accurate Determination of Pesticide Residues in Milk by Sonication-QuEChERS Extraction and LC-LTQ/Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A modified, quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction procedure combined with sonication and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Orbitrap-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC–Orbitrap-MS) was developed as a sensitive and reliable methodology for the determination of multiclass pesticides in full-fat milk. Different amounts of EMR-lipid sorbent were assayed for the cleanup step in order to achieve both acceptably high recoveries and low co-extractives in the final extracts. Accurate mass measurements of the analyte’s pseudo-molecular ions and tandem MS fragmentation were used to quantify and identify the target pesticides. Analytical performance characteristics of the method, such as linearity, recovery, precision, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), matrix effects (ME), and expanded uncertainty, have been determined for method validation fulfilling all criteria for its use as a validated routine method. The method was successfully applied to real samples (by local farms and commercial), revealing the presence of carbendazim in one milk sample at a concentration level below the maximum residue limits.
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Aspromonte J, Lancioni C, Purcaro G. Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography Analytical Strategies for Pesticide Analysis. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:82. [PMID: 36287054 PMCID: PMC9609045 DOI: 10.3390/mps5050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their extensive use and the globalized commerce of agricultural goods, pesticides have become a global concern. Despite the undoubtful advantages of their use in agricultural practices, their misuse is a threat to the environment and human health. Their analysis in environmental samples and in food products continues to gain interest in the analytical chemistry community as they are challenging matrices, and legal concentration limits are particularly low (in the order of ppb). In particular, the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has gained special attention in this field thanks to its potential to minimize the matrix effect, while enriching its concentration, allowing very low limits of detection, and without the need of a large amount of solvents or lengthy procedures. Moreover, its combination with gas chromatography (GC) can be easily automated, making it a very interesting approach for routine analysis. In this review, advances and analytical strategies for the use of SPME coupled with GC are discussed and compared for the analysis of pesticides in food and environmental samples, hopefully encouraging its further development and routine application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aspromonte
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA, CONICET), Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Carlina Lancioni
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA, CONICET), Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Jagirani MS, Soylak M. Review: Microextraction Technique Based New Trends in Food Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:968-999. [PMID: 33253048 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1846491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Food chemistry is the study and classification of the quality and origin of foods. The identification of definite biomarkers and the determination of residue contaminants such as toxins, pesticides, metals, human and veterinary drugs, which are a very common source of food-borne diseases. The food analysis is continuously demanding the improvement of more robust, sensitive, highly efficient, and economically beneficial analytical approaches to promise the traceability, safety, and quality of foods in the acquiescence with the consumers and legislation demands. The traditional methods have been used at the starting of the 20th century based on wet chemical methods. Now it existing the powerful analytical techniques used in food analysis and safety. This development has led to substantial enhancements in the analytical accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, thereby mounting the applied range of food applications. In the present decade, microextraction (micro-scale extraction) pays more attention due to its futures such as low consumption of solvent and sample, throughput analysis easy to operate, greener, robotics, and miniaturization, different adsorbents have been used in the microextraction process with unique nature recognized with wide range applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Saqaf Jagirani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Zhang R, Leyi C, Fan Y, Zhang J. Determination of Selected Organophosphorus Insecticides and Their Oxides in Tea and Soil by HPTLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/453/1/012095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang XF, Zhao LL, Huang MQ, Li XJ, Pan SY. In Situ Real-Time Tracing of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Apples by Solid-Phase Microextraction with Developed Sampling-Rate Calibration. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244444. [PMID: 31817260 PMCID: PMC6943702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An in situ tracing study based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was conducted to investigate the uptake and elimination of organophosphorus pesticides in apples. A matrix-compatible polydimethylsiloxane/poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)/polydimethylsiloxane fiber was produced to meet the needs of in situ sampling. The fiber had high extraction ability, good sensitivity and accuracy with respect to the analytes in apple pulp, and could be used 85 times. Although the sampling rate was changing over time, quantification was still achieved by the sampling rate calibration method. Some factors that affect its applicability were studied. The limits of detection were 0.18 ng/g for diazinon and 0.20 ng/g for chlorpyrifos, rather lower than the maximum residue limits of the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB 2763-2016) and the European Commission (Reg.(EU) No 834/2013, 2018/686). The accuracy of in situ SPME quantification was verified by comparing with the results obtained by the traditional liquid-liquid extraction method. In this work, the in situ sampling method is developed using apples, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos as a model system; however, this method can be used for in vivo analysis of fruits and vegetables for nutrition and safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-F.Z.); (L.-L.Z.); (S.-Y.P.)
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-F.Z.); (L.-L.Z.); (S.-Y.P.)
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ming-Quan Huang
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Liquor Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Xiu-Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-F.Z.); (L.-L.Z.); (S.-Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-8728-2111
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-F.Z.); (L.-L.Z.); (S.-Y.P.)
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Brahmand MB, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, Nasseri S, Alimohammadi M, Rastkari N. Evaluation of chlorpyrifos residue in breast milk and its metabolite in urine of mothers and their infants feeding exclusively by breast milk in north of Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:817-825. [PMID: 32030155 PMCID: PMC6985376 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common method of combating insects in low-income communities and developing countries, is the use of insecticides. The use of organophosphate insecticides is increasing due to their low prices and availability on the market. Chlorpyrifos is a medium-risk insecticide for human. The widespread use of organophosphorus insecticides, especially chlorpyrifos, in residential homes has undoubtedly created many health concerns. Babies have a high sensitivity to pesticides and environmental contaminants because of their evolutionary status. On the other hand, the main source of infants' exposure who are breast-fed exclusively to environmental pollutants is through breast milk and oral contact with objects that are covered with dust and particles. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the concentration of chlorpyrifos in breast milk and its metabolite in urine samples of mothers and their under six months infants, feeding exclusively by breast milk in north of Iran have been investigated. The demographic data was collected through interviewing with selected mothers and completion of prepared data collecting forms. The data were statistically analyzed to investigate the relationships between exposure of mothers and their infants to chlorpyrifos. RESULTS The mean concentration of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite in mothers' urine and milk samples and infant's urines were 1.3 ± 0.6, 2.1 ± 1.4 and 1.4 ± 0.7 μg/L, respectively. Also, the mean concentration of chlorpyrifos in the dust on the house floors was73.4 ± 49 ng/g. There are good correlations between the mean values of chlorpyrifos concentrations and its metabolite in mother's milk and urine (r = 0.872, p = 0.001), and the mother's milk and infant's urine (r = 0.722, p = 0.001). Also, there was a significant correlation between the concentration of chlorpyrifos in floor dust and its metabolites in the infant's urine (r = 0.554, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the infants are the recipient of concentrated forms of chlorpyrifos residues through breast milk and house dust and it is quite well known that OP pesticides are toxic and have different kinds of adverse health effects. However, further research needs to be done to determine what these chemicals are doing to our children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Binesh Brahmand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of research methodology and data analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417993359 Iran
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Tripathy V, Sharma KK, Yadav R, Devi S, Tayade A, Sharma K, Pandey P, Singh G, Patel AN, Gautam R, Gupta R, Kalra S, Shukla P, Walia S, Shakil NA. Development, validation of QuEChERS-based method for simultaneous determination of multiclass pesticide residue in milk, and evaluation of the matrix effect. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:394-406. [PMID: 30755093 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1574169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extraction and quantification of pesticide residue from the milk matrix at or below the established maximum residue limit (MRL) is a challenging task for both analytical chemists and the regulatory institutions to take corrective actions for the human health and safety. The main aim of the study is to develop a simple rapid and less expensive QuEChERS extraction and cleanup method for simultaneous analysis of 41 multiclass pesticide residue in milk by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), followed by confirmation of the residues with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Effect of sorbent type, temperature, spiking concentration, matrix effect (ME), measurement uncertainty (MU), inter- and intra-assay repeatability, reproducibility of recovery, and trueness of the results were investigated to validate the effectiveness of the method. Limit of determination (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all the analytes ranged within 0.001-0.02 and 0.002-0.05 µg mL-1, respectively. The % recovery of all the pesticides ranged between 91.38 and 117.56% with relative standard deviation (RSD) below 2.79%. The MU for all the analytes was ≤29% of respective LOQs, and except for few pesticides, the ME was largely negative. The method fulfilled all the SANTE guidelines and thus can be extended for routine analysis of multiclass pesticide residue in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Tripathy
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Krishan Kumar Sharma
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Rajbir Yadav
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Suneeta Devi
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Amol Tayade
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Priya Pandey
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Gitansh Singh
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Amar Nath Patel
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Rahul Gautam
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Shobhita Kalra
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Poonam Shukla
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Suresh Walia
- a Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
| | - Najam Akhtar Shakil
- b Division of Agricultural Chemicals , ICAR (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) , New Delhi , India
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Al-Khshemawee H, Du X, Agarwal M, Yang JO, Ren YL. Application of Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) for Understanding Biological Changes of Mediterranean Fruit Fly ( Ceratitis capitata) During Mating Procedures. Molecules 2018; 23:E2951. [PMID: 30424544 PMCID: PMC6278405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples from three different mating stages (before, during and after mating) of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata were used in this experiment. Samples obtained from whole insects were subjected to extraction with the two mixtures of solvents (acetonitrile/water (A) and methanol/acetonitrile/water (B)) and a comparative study of the extractions using the different solvents was performed. Direct immersion-solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) was employed, followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry analyses (GC/MS) for the collection, separation and identification of compounds. The method was validated by testing its sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility. The main compounds identified in the three different mating stages were ethyl glycolate, α-farnesene, decanoic acid octyl ester, 2,6,10,15-tetramethylheptadecane, 11-tricosene, 9,12-(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid, methyl stearate, 9-(Z)-tricosene, 9,11-didehydro-lumisterol acetate; 1,54-dibromotetrapentacontane, 9-(Z)-hexadecenoic acid hexadecyl ester, 9-(E)-octadecenoic acid and 9-(Z)-hexadecenoic acid octadecyl ester. The novel findings indicated that compound compositions were not significantly different before and during mating. However, new chemical compounds were generated after mating, such as 1-iodododecane, 9-(Z)-tricosene and 11,13-dimethyl-12-tetradecen-1-acetate which were extracted with both (A) and (B) and dodecanoic acid, (Z)-oleic acid, octadecanoic acid and hentriacontane which were extracted with (A) and ethyl glycolate, 9-hexadecenoic acid hexadecyl ester, palmitoleic acid and 9-(E)-octadecenoic acid, which were extracted with solvent (B). This study has demonstrated that DI-SPME is useful in quantitative insect metabolomics by determining changes in the metabolic compounds in response to mating periods. DI-SPME chemical extraction technology might offer analysis of metabolites that could potentially enhance our understanding on the evolution of the medfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Al-Khshemawee
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
- College of Agriculture, Wasit University, Wasit 120, Iraq.
| | - Xin Du
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Manjree Agarwal
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Jeong Oh Yang
- Plant Quarantine Technology Centre, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
| | - Yong Lin Ren
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Jafari MT, Saraji M, Kermani M. Sol-gel electrospinning preparation of hybrid carbon silica nanofibers for extracting organophosphorus pesticides prior to analyzing them by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1558:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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QuEChERS-based extraction with dispersive solid phase extraction clean-up using PSA and ZrO2-based sorbents for determination of pesticides in bovine milk samples by HPLC-DAD. Food Chem 2017; 217:225-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Souza-Silva ÉA, Pawliszyn J. Recent Advances in Solid-Phase Microextraction for Contaminant Analysis in Food Matrices. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Silveira GDO, Loddi S, de Oliveira CDR, Zucoloto AD, Fruchtengarten LVG, Yonamine M. Headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry for determination of cannabinoids in human breast milk. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Naksen W, Prapamontol T, Mangklabruks A, Chantara S, Thavornyutikarn P, Robson MG, Ryan PB, Barr DB, Panuwet P. A single method for detecting 11 organophosphate pesticides in human plasma and breastmilk using GC-FPD. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:92-104. [PMID: 27232054 PMCID: PMC4930899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used for crop protection in many countries including Thailand. Aside from causing environmental contamination, they affect human health especially by over-stimulating of the neurotransmission system. OP pesticides, as with other non-persistent pesticides, degrade quickly in the environment as well as are metabolized quite rapidly in humans. Assessing human exposures to these compounds requires analytical methods that are sensitive, robust, and most importantly, suitable for specific laboratory settings. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for measuring 11 OP pesticide residues in human plasma and breast milk. Analytes in both plasma and breast milk samples were extracted with acetone and methylene chloride, cleaned-up using aminopropyl solid phase extraction cartridges, and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. The optimized method exhibited good linearity, with the coefficients of determination of 0.996-0.999 and <7% error about the slope. Extraction recoveries from spiked plasma and breast milk samples at low and medium concentrations (0.8-5.0 and 1.6-10ngmL(-1), respectively) ranged from 59.4% (ethion) to 94.0% (chlorpyrifos). Intra-batch and inter-batch precisions ranged from 2.3-18.9% and 5.8-19.5%, respectively. Method detection limits of plasma and breast milk ranged from 0.18-1.36 and 0.09-2.66ngmL(-1), respectively. We analyzed 63 plasma and 30 breastmilk samples collected from farmworkers in Chiang Mai Province to determine the suitability of this method for occupational exposure assessment. Of the 11 pesticides measured, seven were detected in plasma samples and five were detected in breast milk samples. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm results. Overall, this method is rapid and reliable. It offers the laboratories with limited access to mass spectrometry a capacity to investigate levels OP pesticides in plasma and breastmilk in those occupationally exposed for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Naksen
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Prasak Thavornyutikarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mark G Robson
- Department of Plant Biology & Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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16
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Wu M, Chen G, Liu P, Zhou W, Jia Q. Preparation of porous aromatic framework/ionic liquid hybrid composite coated solid-phase microextraction fibers and their application in the determination of organochlorine pesticides combined with GC-ECD detection. Analyst 2016; 141:243-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01372k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel porous aromatic framework/ionic liquid hybrid composite coated SPME fibers were prepared for the preconcentration of OCPs coupled with GC-ECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Wu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceuticals Co
- Ltd
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Weihong Zhou
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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17
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Sapozhnikova Y, Lehotay SJ. Review of recent developments and applications in low-pressure (vacuum outlet) gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 899:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Souza-Silva ÉA, Gionfriddo E, Pawliszyn J. A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices II. Food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Farajzadeh MA, Khorram P, Ghorbanpour H. Simultaneous derivatization and solid-based disperser liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction and preconcentration of some antidepressants and an antiarrhythmic agent in urine and plasma samples followed by GC-FID. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 983-984:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Stir-membrane solid–liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of parabens in human breast milk samples by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1354:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Appenzeller BM, Tsatsakis AM. Hair analysis for biomonitoring of environmental and occupational exposure to organic pollutants: State of the art, critical review and future needs. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:119-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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SHI JW, ZHAO YG, FU ZJ, LI JG, WANG YF, YANG TC. Development of a Screening Method for the Determination of PCBs in Water Using QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:167-73. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei SHI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yong-Gang ZHAO
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Ji-Ge LI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yu-Fei WANG
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Tian-Chi YANG
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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23
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Salquèbre G, Schummer C, Millet M, Briand O, Appenzeller BM. Multi-class pesticide analysis in human hair by gas chromatography tandem (triple quadrupole) mass spectrometry with solid phase microextraction and liquid injection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 710:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Schummer C, Salquèbre G, Briand O, Millet M, Appenzeller BMR. Determination of farm workers' exposure to pesticides by hair analysis. Toxicol Lett 2011; 210:203-10. [PMID: 22154536 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a highly sensitive method based on solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography tandem (triple quadrupole) mass spectrometry was used to test hair samples for 50 pesticides including 39 molecules from different chemical families currently used in agriculture and 11 organochlorines. The population investigated was composed of 18 farm workers who provided hair samples repeatedly collected during the entire treatment period (from March to November 2009). Among the 62 hair samples that were collected, 33 different target molecules were detected. The most frequently detected agricultural pesticides were Diflufenican and Pyrimethanil, two herbicides which were detected in 13 subjects. The concentration in volunteers' hair matched with agricultural activity and the highest concentration was observed for Cyprodinil (1161pg/mg), an anilinopyrimidine used as a fungicide. For organochlorines, p,p'-DDE and γ-HCH were the most frequently detected molecules as they were present in at least one of the hair samples provided by each of the 18 volunteers. The highest concentrations detected for these chemicals reached 21.0pg/mg for p,p'-DDE and 23.5pg/mg for γ-HCH, but the highest concentration of organochlorine was observed for β-endosulfan (105pg/mg). The results suggest that farm workers have a weak, though constant exposure to organochlorine pesticides, especially to p,p'-DDE and γ-HCH, while exposure to currently used pesticides is strongly associated with occupation. Observations also suggest that spraying work would not necessarily be the only source of exposure to agricultural pesticides and that worker not directly involved in spraying can also be submitted to significant level of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Schummer
- Laboratory of Analytical Human Biomonitoring - CRP-Sante, Université du Luxembourg, 162A avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511, Luxembourg
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25
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Koesukwiwat U, Lehotay SJ, Leepipatpiboon N. Fast, low-pressure gas chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of 150 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7039-50. [PMID: 21871625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We developed and evaluated a new method of low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LP-GC/MS-MS) using a triple quadrupole instrument for fast analysis of 150 relevant pesticides in four representative fruits and vegetables. This LP-GC (vacuum outlet) approach entails coupling a 10 m, 0.53 mm i.d., 1 μm film analytical column between the MS transfer line and a 3 m, 0.15 mm i.d. capillary at the inlet. The MS creates a vacuum in the 10 m analytical column, which reduces the viscosity of the He carrier gas and thereby shifts the optimal flow rate to greater velocity. By taking advantage of the H(2)-like properties of He under vacuum, the short analytical column, a rapid oven temperature ramp rate, and the high selectivity and sensitivity of MS/MS, 150 pesticides were separated in <6.5 min. The 2.5 ms dwell time and 1 ms interscan delay of the MS/MS instrument were critical for achieving >8 data points across the 2-3 s wide peaks. To keep dwell and cycle times constant across all peaks, each segment consisted of 30 analytes (60 transitions). For assessment, we injected extracts of spiked broccoli, cantaloupe, lemon, and sweet potato from the updated QuEChERS sample preparation method. Average recoveries (n=72) were 70-120% for 144 of the pesticides, and reproducibilities were <20% RSD for all but 4 analytes. Also, detection limits were <5 ng/g for all but a few pesticides, depending on the matrix. In addition to high quality performance, the method gave excellent reliability and high sample throughput, including easy peak integration to obtain rapid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urairat Koesukwiwat
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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26
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Fast determination of myo-inositol in milk powder by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2011; 129:1281-6. [PMID: 25212368 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and fast method has been developed and validated for the determination of myo-inositol in milk powder samples, using solid-liquid extraction with water (0.01% formic acid, v/v):methanol (1:1, v/v). The determination was carried out by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) using an electrospray ionisation source (ESI) in positive mode. Chromatographic separation was carried out using as mobile phase water (0.01% formic acid, v/v) and methanol in gradient mode. Data acquisition under MS/MS was achieved by applying selected reaction monitoring, using 181.0→109.0 and 181.0→81.0 for quantification and confirmation purposes, respectively. The technique provides a sensitive and selective determination of myo-inositol in the analysed samples, with a run time of 4min. The limit of detection and quantification were 0.2 and 0.5mgkg(-1), respectively. The method was applied to six fortified commercial milk powder samples containing myo-inositol amounts ranging from 290 to 2200mgkg(-1).
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27
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Comparison of solid phase microextraction and hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction for the determination of pesticides in aqueous samples by gas chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2043-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Guan H, Brewer WE, Garris ST, Morgan SL. Disposable pipette extraction for the analysis of pesticides in fruit and vegetables using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1867-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in raw bovine milk. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3702-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Khay S, Abd El-Aty AM, Choi JH, Shin EH, Shin HC, Kim JS, Chang BJ, Lee CH, Shin SC, Jeong JY, Shim JH. Simultaneous determination of pyrethroids from pesticide residues in porcine muscle and pasteurized milk using GC. J Sep Sci 2008; 32:244-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Determination of halophenolic wood preservant traces in milk using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1215:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Development of a solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography with microelectron-capture detection method for a multiresidue analysis of pesticides in bovine milk. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 617:37-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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34
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Aguinaga N, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M. A headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:753-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Walorczyk S. Development of a multi-residue screening method for the determination of pesticides in cereals and dry animal feed using gas chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1165:200-12. [PMID: 17707387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residue screening method for simultaneous analysis of 122 gas chromatography amenable pesticides in dry matrices such as cereal grain and certain feedingstuffs was developed. The method entails a simple extraction of re-hydrated sample with acetonitrile followed by a dispersive solid phase extraction (dispersive-SPE) clean-up step prior to the final determination by gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Due to complexity of analyzed matrices, two MS/MS transitions were set for each pesticide to eliminate the need for re-analysis of potentially positive samples, and provide unequivocal identification of detected pesticides in accordance with recent guidelines, in a single analytical run. Thus, in the developed GC-MS/MS acquisition method, a total of 216 different multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) transitions were monitored in one set of experimental conditions. To evaluate performance of the method, validation experiments were carried out on wheat grain at three spiking levels (0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mg kg(-1)). Additional recovery tests at 0.05 mg kg(-1) were carried out on several other matrices. The recoveries ranged between 73 and 129% with associated relative standard deviations between 1 and 29% for the majority of pesticides. Limits of detection were less or equal to 0.01 mg kg(-1) for approximately 68% of pesticides. The applicability of the proposed method to detect and quantify pesticide residues has been demonstrated in the analysis of 136 real samples. Additionally, the method was favorably compared with an acetone extraction method (accepted as a reference method by some of European and U.S. authorities) in the analysis of real samples known to contain pesticide residues.
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36
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Pezo D, Salafranca J, Nerín C. Development of an automatic multiple dynamic hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction procedure for specific migration analysis of new active food packagings containing essential oils. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:85-94. [PMID: 17765253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A two-phase based hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (HFLPME) with a high automatization degree and able to process up to six samples simultaneously by means of a multiple channel syringe pump has been successfully developed. The experimental set-up allows to carry out dynamic extractions with a considerable reduction of sample handling. The system has been applied for the first time to the determination in aqueous food simulant of migrants from prototypes of active packagings to assess their safety before marketing, showing detection limits in the ng g(-1) range, relative standard deviations below 13% and concentration factors ranging from 83 to 338.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinson Pezo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna St. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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37
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Mezcua M, Repetti MR, Agüera A, Ferrer C, García-Reyes JF, Fernández-Alba AR. Determination of pesticides in milk-based infant formulas by pressurized liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1833-40. [PMID: 17680236 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and selective automated analytical method for the determination and quantification of a selected group of 12 organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides in milk-based infant formulas has been developed. The samples were extracted by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and analysed using GC-MS/MS. The use of alumina as the fat retainer in the PLE extraction cell, together with the application of an injector temperature program during the GC injection process, avoided typical matrix interferences without the application of additional cleanup steps. Mean recoveries of between 70 and 110% were achieved for most of the compounds, except for chlorpyrifos methyl (50%), vinclozoline (48%), fenitrothion (56%) and procymidone (53%), with relative standard deviations ranging from 9 to 17%. Low limits of quantification were obtained for the studied compounds, from 0.01 to 2.6 microg kg(-1), thus guaranteeing their accurate determination within the rigorous requirements established for baby food. The validated method was applied to a pilot monitoring study in Spain. Twenty five samples of different brands of powdered infant formulas were obtained from supermarkets. Positive findings of endosulfan I, endosulfan II, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos ethyl and bifenthrin were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 5.03 microg kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mezcua
- Pesticide Residue Research Group, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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38
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Aguinaga N, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M. Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and related products using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:285-90. [PMID: 17631108 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk and related products based on direct immersion-solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS) has been developed. The influence of various parameters on PAH extraction efficiency was carefully monitored. Good performance (recovery, precision and quantitation limits) was attained when a PDMS/DVB fiber was immersed in the sample for 60 min at 55 degrees C. Detection limits ranged from 0.003 to 1.5 microg L(-1) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, depending on the compound and the sample. The proposed method was successfully applied to infant formulas, milk and related products and the presence of both fluoranthene and pyrene in two samples was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Aguinaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
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39
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Lambropoulou DA, Konstantinou IK, Albanis TA. Recent developments in headspace microextraction techniques for the analysis of environmental contaminants in different matrices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:70-96. [PMID: 17379234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Headspace microextraction procedures such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and single drop microextraction (SDME) or liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) are increasingly used for the extraction of environmental organic pollutants from a variety of aqueous, viscous, semisolid and solid environmental and biological matrices. In this article, recent analytical applications of these methodologies when used as an isolation and trace enrichment step prior to the analysis of organic pollutants (pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, organotin compounds, phenolic derivatives, aromatic amines, phthalates, etc.) by gas and liquid chromatography are reviewed. The applicability and inherent limitations of headspace microextraction are also discussed. The future direction of research in this field and general trends toward commercial applications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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40
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Gallardo E, Barroso M, Margalho C, Cruz A, Vieira DN, López-Rivadulla M. Determination of parathion in biological fluids by means of direct solid-phase microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1717-26. [PMID: 16953314 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new and simple procedure for the determination of parathion in human whole blood and urine using direct immersion (DI) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented. This technique was developed using only 100 microL of sample, and ethion was used as internal standard (IS). A 65-microm Carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB) SPME fibre was selected for sampling, and the main parameters affecting the SPME process such as extraction temperature, adsorption and desorption time, salt addition, agitation and pH effect were optimized to enhance the sensitivity of the method. This optimization was also performed to allow the qualitative determination of parathion's main metabolite, paraoxon, in blood. The limits of detection and quantitation for parathion were 3 and 10 ng/mL for urine and 25 and 50 ng/mL for blood, respectively. For paraoxon, the limit of detection was 50 ng/mL in blood. The method showed linearity between the LOQ and 50 microg/mL for both matrices, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9954 to 0.9999. Precision and accuracy were in conformity with the criteria normally accepted in bioanalytical method validation. The mean absolute recoveries were 35.1% for urine and 6.7% for blood. Other parameters such as dilution of sample and stability were also validated. Its simplicity and the fact that only 100 microL of sample is required to accomplish the analysis make this method useful in forensic toxicology laboratories to determine this compound in intoxications, and it can be considered an alternative to other methods normally used for the determination of this compound in biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gallardo
- Instituto de Medicina Legal, Servicio de Toxicología Forense, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Walorczyk S, Gnusowski B. Fast and sensitive determination of pesticide residues in vegetables using low-pressure gas chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1128:236-43. [PMID: 16820160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of low-pressure gas chromatography (LP-GC) in conjunction with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, as a route towards fast pesticide residue analysis, was investigated. A Varian GC-MS system equipped with a mass spectrometer model 1200 was used. LP-GC-MS experiments were performed on a HP-5 10 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 microm analytical column connected to a 2.5 m x 0.15 mm non-coated restriction precolumn at the inlet end. For comparison purposes conventional GC-MS analysis was performed on a RTX-5 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.5 microm column. Under the optimized conditions the analysis time was reduced to 13.3 min with the LP-GC approach which corresponds to an almost threefold gain in speed versus the conventional GC (37 min). Despite the poorer separation power of the LP-GC column, the experiments conducted with tomato and onion extracts spiked with 78 pesticides proved that LP-GC-MS is of practical value to perform full scan screening analysis. Moreover, the rate of false negative results was higher in the case of conventional GC-MS while the LP-GC-MS enabled correct identification of pesticides at lower levels since the peaks were improved in both size and shape. Validation experiments were performed on a sample of 12 representative pesticides for comparison of performance characteristics of the LP-GC and GC approaches with mass spectrometer operated in scan, SIM and MS/MS mode. The LP-GC column set-up interfaced to the MS detector was found to be superior to the conventional GC with respect to obtained linearity, accuracy and precision parameters. Also, lower limits of detection in real extracts were achieved using the LP-GC approach. Finally, the LP-GC-MS/MS analysis of tomato samples with incurred pesticide residues demonstrated the applicability of the developed method for analysis of real samples.
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Rodrigues JC, Neto AJS, Fernandes C, Alves C, Contadori AS, Lanças FM. Development of an improved heated interface for coupling solid-phase microextraction to high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1105:208-12. [PMID: 16378616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study described in this report has been the development and the evaluation of a new improved interface to be operated under continuous heating, for on-line coupling solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Heating is desirable to increase desorption rate and decrease carryover. The results obtained have been compared with that obtained by off-line desorption and online desorption without heating. The SPME-HPLC interface described here has an inner volume of 60 microL, fixation for infinite points and a novel leak less sealing system. When the heating system was used, the area values were almost 10-fold higher than that obtained using the off-line mode. The obtained chromatograms showed an increasing of the area and height of chromatographic peaks and proved the excellent performance and reproducibility of the interface developed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Rodrigues
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry at São Carlos, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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