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Díaz S, Aguilera Á, de Figueras CG, de Francisco P, Olsson S, Puente-Sánchez F, González-Pastor JE. Heterologous Expression of the Phytochelatin Synthase CaPCS2 from Chlamydomonas acidophila and Its Effect on Different Stress Factors in Escherichia coli. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137692. [PMID: 35805349 PMCID: PMC9265389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are cysteine-rich small peptides, enzymatically synthesized from reduced glutathione (GSH) by cytosolic enzyme phytochelatin synthase (PCS). The open reading frame (ORF) of the phytochelatin synthase CaPCS2 gene from the microalgae Chlamydomonas acidophila was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli strain DH5α, to analyze its role in protection against various abiotic agents that cause cellular stress. The transformed E. coli strain showed increased tolerance to exposure to different heavy metals (HMs) and arsenic (As), as well as to acidic pH and exposure to UVB, salt, or perchlorate. In addition to metal detoxification activity, new functions have also been reported for PCS and PCs. According to the results obtained in this work, the heterologous expression of CaPCS2 in E. coli provides protection against oxidative stress produced by metals and exposure to different ROS-inducing agents. However, the function of this PCS is not related to HM bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, C. José Antonio Novais, 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Ángeles Aguilera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Carolina G. de Figueras
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Patricia de Francisco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Sanna Olsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Puente-Sánchez
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - José Eduardo González-Pastor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
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Tools for In Vitro Propagation/Synchronization of the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and Application of a Validated HPLC-ESI-MS-MS Method for Glutathione and Phytochelatin Analysis. STRESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses2010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bryophytes, due to their poikilohydric nature and peculiar traits, are useful and versatile organisms for studies on metal accumulation and detoxification in plants. Among bryophytes, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is an excellent candidate as a model organism, having a key role in plant evolutionary history. In particular, M. polymorpha axenic cultivation of gametophytes offers several advantages, such as fast growth, easy propagation and high efficiency of crossing. Thus, the main purpose of this work was to promote and validate experimental procedures useful in the establishment of a standardized set-up of M. polymorpha gametophytes, as well as to study cadmium detoxification processes in terms of thiol-peptide production, detection and characterisation by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The results show how variations in the composition of the Murashige and Skoog medium impact the growth rate or development of this liverwort, and what levels of glutathione and phytochelatins are produced by gametophytes to counteract cadmium stress.
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Penen F, Isaure MP, Dobritzsch D, Castillo-Michel H, Gontier E, Le Coustumer P, Malherbe J, Schaumlöffel D. Pyrenoidal sequestration of cadmium impairs carbon dioxide fixation in a microalga. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:479-495. [PMID: 31688962 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophic microorganisms are able to use organic carbon as well as inorganic carbon sources and thus, play an essential role in the biogeochemical carbon cycle. In aquatic ecosystems, the alteration of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) fixation by toxic metals such as cadmium - classified as a priority pollutant - could contribute to the unbalance of the carbon cycle. In consequence, the investigation of cadmium impact on carbon assimilation in mixotrophic microorganisms is of high interest. We exposed the mixotrophic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to cadmium in a growth medium containing both CO2 and labelled 13 C-[1,2] acetate as carbon sources. We showed that the accumulation of cadmium in the pyrenoid, where it was predominantly bound to sulphur ligands, impaired CO2 fixation to the benefit of acetate assimilation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (X-EDS) and micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF)/micro X-ray absorption near-edge structure (μXANES) at Cd LIII- edge indicated the localization and the speciation of cadmium in the cellular structure. In addition, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) analysis of the 13 C/12 C ratio in pyrenoid and starch granules revealed the origin of carbon sources. The fraction of carbon in starch originating from CO2 decreased from 73 to 39% during cadmium stress. For the first time, the complementary use of high-resolution elemental and isotopic imaging techniques allowed relating the impact of cadmium at the subcellular level with carbon assimilation in a mixotrophic microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Penen
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Isaure
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
| | - Dirk Dobritzsch
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Core Facility Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, Proteinzentrum Charles Tanford, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Etienne Gontier
- Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie électronique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Le Coustumer
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
- Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie électronique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- UF Sciences de la Terre et Environnement, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Julien Malherbe
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
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Kim YO, Kang H, Ahn SJ. Overexpression of phytochelatin synthase AtPCS2 enhances salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 240:153011. [PMID: 31357099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is an enzyme that synthesizes phytochelatins, which are metal-binding peptides. Despite the important role of PCS in heavy metal detoxification or tolerance, the functional role of PCS with respect to other abiotic stresses remains largely unknown. In this study, we determined the function of Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase 2 (AtPCS2) in the salt stress response. Expression of AtPCS2 was significantly increased in response to 100 and 200 mM NaCl treatment. AtPCS2-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants displayed increased seed germination rates and seedling growth under high salt stress. In addition, transgenic Arabidopsis subjected to salt stress exhibited enhanced proline accumulation and reduced Na+/K+ ratios compared to wild type plants. Furthermore, decreased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation were observed in transgenic Arabidopsis compared to wild type specimens. Salt stress greatly reduced transcript levels of CuSOD2, FeSOD2, CAT2, and GR2 in wild type but not transgenic Arabidopsis. Notably, levels of CAT3 in transgenic Arabidopsis were markedly increased upon salt stress, suggesting that low accumulation of H2O2 in transgenic Arabidopsis is partially achieved through induction of CAT. Collectively, these results suggest that AtPCS2 plays a positive role in seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress through a series of indirect effects that are likely involved in H2O2 scavenging, regulation of osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ok Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Ahn
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Zheng Y, Ge Y, Yu X. Simple, Rapid, and Sensitive Determination of Thiols by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1548020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanheng Zheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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6
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Penen F, Isaure MP, Dobritzsch D, Bertalan I, Castillo-Michel H, Proux O, Gontier E, Le Coustumer P, Schaumlöffel D. Pools of cadmium in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed by chemical imaging and XAS spectroscopy. Metallomics 2018; 9:910-923. [PMID: 28598481 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00029d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The green micro-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is commonly used as a model to investigate metallic stress in photosynthetic organisms. The aim of this study was to explore processes implemented by three C. reinhardtii strains to cope with cadmium (Cd), and particularly to evidence Cd sequestration in the cell. For that, we used a combination of subcellular fractionation and chemical imaging (micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM/X-EDS)) to identify subcellular compartments of Cd accumulation, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to determine chemical Cd speciation. C. reinhardtii wild type strain 11/32b (wt), a newly design strain (pcs1) expressing a modified phytochelatin synthase in the chloroplast and a cell wall less strain CC400 (cw15) were exposed to 70 μM Cd. At this Cd concentration, cell vitality was not affected, however, the strains showed various strategies to cope with Cd stress. In wt, most of Cd was diffused in the whole cell, and complexed by thiol ligands, while the other part was associated with phosphate in vacuolar Ca polyphosphate granules. Thiol ligands increased with exposure time, confirming their important role in Cd stress. In pcs1, Cd was also present as vacuolar Ca polyphosphate granules, and diffused in the cell as Cd-thiol complexes. In addition, while it should be regarded with caution, a minor proportion of Cd complexed by carboxyl groups, was potentially provided by starch produced around the pyrenoid and in the chloroplast. Results suggested that pcs1 uses thiol compounds such as PC to a lesser extent for Cd sequestration than wt. In cw15, an excretion of Cd, Ca polyphosphate granules has to be considered. Finally, Cd was detected in the pyrenoid of all strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Penen
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Pierre Angot, 64053 Pau, France.
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Zheng Y, Ge Y. Phytochelatin synthesis in Dunaliella salina induced by arsenite and arsenate under various phosphate regimes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 136:150-160. [PMID: 27865115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the dynamic variations in thiol compounds, including cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), and phytochelatins (PCs), in Dunaliella salina samples exposed to arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] under various phosphate (PO43-) regimes. Our results showed that GSH was the major non-protein sulfhydryl compound in D. salina cells. As(III) and As(V) induced PC syntheses in D. salina. PC2, PC3, and PC4 were all found in algal cells; the PC concentrations decreased gradually while exposed to As for 3 d. The synthesis of PC2-3 was significantly affected by As(III) and As(V) concentrations in the cultures. More PCs were detected in the As(V)-treated algal cells compared with the As(III) treatment. PC levels increased with As(III)/As(V) amount in the medium, but remained stable after 112μgL-1 As(V) exposure. In contrast, significant (p<0.001) positive correlations were observed between PC synthesis and intracellular As(III) content or As accumulation in As(III)-treated algal cells during the 72-h exposure. PO43- had a significant influence on the PC synthesis in algal cells, irrespective of the As-treated species. Reductions in As uptake and subsequent PC synthesis by D. salina were observed as the PO43- concentration in the growth medium increased. L-Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) differentially influenced PC synthesis in As-treated D. salina under different extracellular PO43- regimes. Overall, our data demonstrated that the production of GSH and PCs was affected by PO43- and that these thiols played an important role in As detoxification by D. salina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanheng Zheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Lütz-Meindl U. Micrasterias as a Model System in Plant Cell Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:999. [PMID: 27462330 PMCID: PMC4940373 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular freshwater alga Micrasterias denticulata is an exceptional organism due to its complex star-shaped, highly symmetric morphology and has thus attracted the interest of researchers for many decades. As a member of the Streptophyta, Micrasterias is not only genetically closely related to higher land plants but shares common features with them in many physiological and cell biological aspects. These facts, together with its considerable cell size of about 200 μm, its modest cultivation conditions and the uncomplicated accessibility particularly to any microscopic techniques, make Micrasterias a very well suited cell biological plant model system. The review focuses particularly on cell wall formation and composition, dictyosomal structure and function, cytoskeleton control of growth and morphogenesis as well as on ionic regulation and signal transduction. It has been also shown in the recent years that Micrasterias is a highly sensitive indicator for environmental stress impact such as heavy metals, high salinity, oxidative stress or starvation. Stress induced organelle degradation, autophagy, adaption and detoxification mechanisms have moved in the center of interest and have been investigated with modern microscopic techniques such as 3-D- and analytical electron microscopy as well as with biochemical, physiological and molecular approaches. This review is intended to summarize and discuss the most important results obtained in Micrasterias in the last 20 years and to compare the results to similar processes in higher plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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Molecular characterization of phytoplankton dissolved organic matter (DOM) and sulfur components using high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1891-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Dago À, Navarro J, Ariño C, Díaz-Cruz JM, Esteban M. Carbon nanotubes and graphene modified screen-printed carbon electrodes as sensitive sensors for the determination of phytochelatins in plants using liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1409:210-7. [PMID: 26212803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are of great interest for the development of electrochemical sensors. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene were used to modify the working electrode surface of different screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) with the aim of improving the sensitivity of the SPCE and comparing it with the conventional glassy carbon electrode. To assay the usability of these sensors, a HPLC methodology with amperometric detection was developed to analyze several phytochelatins in plants of Hordeum vulgare and Glycine max treated with Hg(II) or Cd(II) giving detection limits in the low μmolL(-1) range. Phytochelatins are low molecular weight peptides with the general structure γ-(Glu-Cys)n-Gly (n=2-5) which are synthesized in plants in the presence of heavy metal ions. These compounds can chelate heavy metal ions by the formation of complexes which, are transported to the vacuoles, where the toxicity is not threatening. For this reason phytochelatins are essential in the detoxification of heavy metal ions in plants. The developed HPLC method uses a mobile phase of 1% of formic acid in water with KNO3 or NaCl (pH=2.00) and 1% of formic acid in acetonitrile. Electrochemical detection at different carbon-based electrodes was used. Among the sensors tested, the conventional glassy carbon electrode offers the best sensitivity although modification improves the sensitivity of the SPCE. Glutathione and several isoforms of phytochelatin two were found in plant extracts of both studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngela Dago
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Navarro
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ariño
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Esteban
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Dobritzsch D, Ganz P, Rother M, Ehrman J, Baumbach R, Miersch J. Cadmium-induced formation of sulphide and cadmium sulphide particles in the aquatic hyphomycete Heliscus lugdunensis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:92-7. [PMID: 26004898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater fungi which can survive under metal exposure receive increasing scientific attention. Enhanced synthesis of sulphide and glutathione but no phytochelatin synthesis in response to cadmium (up to 80 μM Cd(2+) in the medium) was measured in the aquatic hyphomycete Heliscus lugdunensis. Up to 25 μmol g(-1) dry mass the fungus formed sulphide in an exponentially Cd(2+)-concentration-dependent manner. Using light microscopy, precipitates were observed outside of the hyphae which could be determined as amorphous particles by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicated that these particles were mainly composed of Cd and S with an atomic ratio of 1:1, but some elements of the culture medium such as P and Cl were also present. Fungal cells exposed to Cd(2+) accumulated 12-28 μmol metal g(-1) dry mass over a period of 7-28 days. The results may indicate that sulphide could sequester excess Cd(2+) under oxygen deprived conditions and thereby reduce its toxicity via an additional avoidance mechanism of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dobritzsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Ecological and Plant Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Petra Ganz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Ecological and Plant Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Rother
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Ecological and Plant Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - James Ehrman
- Digital Microscopy Facility, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada.
| | - Renate Baumbach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Ecological and Plant Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Miersch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Ecological and Plant Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Smith CL, Steele JE, Stauber JL, Jolley DF. Copper-induced changes in intracellular thiols in two marine diatoms: Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Ceratoneis closterium. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 156:211-220. [PMID: 25261820 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins and glutathione (reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG)) are important intracellular ligands involved in metal sequestration and detoxification in algae. Intracellular ratios of GSH:GSSG are sensitive indicators of metal stress in algae, and like phytochelatin production are influenced by metal speciation, concentration, exposure time and the biological species. This study investigated the effect of copper exposure on phytochelatin and glutathione content in two marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Ceratoneis closterium at various time intervals between 0.5 and 72h. Liberation of cellular glutathione and phytochelatins was optimised using freeze/thaw cycles and chemical extraction, respectively. Extracted phytochelatins were derivatised (by fluorescent tagging of thiol compounds), separated and quantified using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Glutathione ratios were determined using a commercially available kit, which uses the enzyme glutathione reductase to measure total and oxidised glutathione. Despite similarities in size and shape between the two diatoms, differences in internalised copper, phytochelatin production (both chain length and quantity) and reduced glutathione concentrations were observed. P. tricornutum maintained reduced glutathione at between 58 and 80% of total glutathione levels at all time points, which would indicate low cellular stress. In C. closterium reduced glutathione constituted <10% of total glutathione after 48h. P. tricornutum also produced more phytochelatins and phytochelatins of longer chain length than C. closterium despite the latter species internalising significantly more copper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica E Steele
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | - Dianne F Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Schmied-Tobies MIH, Arroyo-Abad U, Mattusch J, Reemtsma T. Mass spectrometric detection, identification, and fragmentation of arseno-phytochelatins. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:1148-1155. [PMID: 25395130 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PC) are cystein-rich oligopeptides in plants for coordination with toxic metals and metalloids via their thiol groups. The composition, structure, and mass spectrometric fragmentation of arseno-PC (As-PC) with PC of different degree of oligomerization (PC2-PC5) in solution were studied using liquid chromatography coupled in parallel to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As-PC were detected from As(PC2) to As(PC5) with an increasing number of isomers that differ in the position of thiol groups bound to As. Thermodynamic modeling supported the identification process in case of these isomers. Mass spectrometric fragmentation of the As-PC does not follow the established pattern of peptides but is governed by the formation of series of As-containing annular cations, which coordinate to As via S, N, or O. Structure proposals for 30 As-PC fragment ions in the range m/z 147.92 to m/z 1290.18 are elaborated. Many of these fragment ions are characteristic to several As-PC and may be suited for a screening for As-PC in plant extracts. The mass spectrometric data offer the perspective for a future more sensitive determination of As-PC by means of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I H Schmied-Tobies
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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Kühnlenz T, Schmidt H, Uraguchi S, Clemens S. Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase 2 is constitutively active in vivo and can rescue the growth defect of the PCS1-deficient cad1-3 mutant on Cd-contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4241-53. [PMID: 24821959 PMCID: PMC4112630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins play a key role in the detoxification of metals in plants and many other eukaryotes. Their formation is catalysed by phytochelatin synthases (PCS) in the presence of metal excess. It appears to be common among higher plants to possess two PCS genes, even though in Arabidopsis thaliana only AtPCS1 has been demonstrated to confer metal tolerance. Employing a highly sensitive quantification method based on ultraperformance electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we detected AtPCS2-dependent phytochelatin formation. Overexpression of AtPCS2 resulted in constitutive phytochelatin accumulation, i.e. in the absence of metal excess, both in planta and in a heterologous system. This indicates distinct enzymatic differences between AtPCS1 and AtPCS2. Furthermore, AtPCS2 was able to partially rescue the Cd hypersensitivity of the AtPCS1-deficient cad1-3 mutant in a liquid seedling assay, and, more importantly, when plants were grown on soil spiked with Cd to a level that is close to what can be found in agricultural soils. No rescue was found in vertical-plate assays, the most commonly used method to assess metal tolerance. Constitutive AtPCS2-dependent phytochelatin synthesis suggests a physiological role of AtPCS2 other than metal detoxification. The differences observed between wild-type plants and cad1-3 on Cd soil demonstrated: (i) the essentiality of phytochelatin synthesis for tolerating levels of Cd contamination that can naturally be encountered by plants outside of metal-rich habitats, and (ii) a contribution to Cd accumulation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kühnlenz
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Shimpei Uraguchi
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Fernández R, Fernández-Fuego D, Rodríguez-González P, Alonso JIG, Bertrand A, González A. Cd-induced phytochelatin synthesis in Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter is determined by the dilution of the culture medium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1133-1145. [PMID: 23881590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we examined Cd accumulation and PC synthesis in two clones of Dittrichia viscosa, one with a metallicolous (DV-A) and the other with a non-metallicolous origin (DV-W). The clones were cultured in vitro with 0 and 10 mg Cd L(-1) in both short-term treatments (up to 72 h) and over 10 days. We also examined the influence of the culture medium dilution and the PC-synthesis inhibitor, L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), on these parameters. Similar Cd accumulation values were found in the two clones. No synthesis of new thiolic compounds was observed in Cd-treated plants cultured in vitro in Murashige and Skoog medium up to 72 h when compared to controls. Dilution of the culture medium affected PC production, increasing it in 1/2 MS and especially in 1/4 MS. Cd uptake did not increase in the same way, but still hyperaccumulation levels were exceeded in all Cd treatments. BSO addition increased the sensitivity of D. viscosa to Cd and diminished Cd accumulation. Nevertheless, a poor correlation between PCs and Cd accumulation capacity was observed since the highest Cd content did not correspond to the highest PC levels. All these results obtained suggest that PCs are important in Cd accumulation and detoxification in D. viscosa and also that other mechanisms might be involved in these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Dago À, González I, Ariño C, Manuel Díaz-Cruz J, Esteban M. Chemometrics applied to the analysis of induced phytochelatins in Hordeum vulgare plants stressed with various toxic non-essential metals and metalloids. Talanta 2014; 118:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Volland S, Schaumlöffel D, Dobritzsch D, Krauss GJ, Lütz-Meindl U. Identification of phytochelatins in the cadmium-stressed conjugating green alga Micrasterias denticulata. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:448-454. [PMID: 23266414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments like peat bogs are affected by anthropogenic metal input into the environment. These ecosystems are inhabited by unicellular green algae of the class Zygnematophyceae. In this study the desmid Micrasterias denticulata was stressed with 600 nM Cd, 10 μM Cr and 300 nM Cu for 3 weeks. GSH levels were measured with HPLC and did not differ between the different treatments or the control. According to the metallo-thiolomics concept, mass spectrometry was used as a method for unambiguous thiol peptide identification. PC2, PC3 and PC4 were clearly identified in the Cd stressed sample with UPLC-MS by their MS spectrum and molecular masses. PC2 and PC3 were determined to be the main thiol compounds, while PC4 was only abundant in traces in Micrasterias. In addition, the identity of PC2 and PC3 was confirmed by MS/MS. No PCs were detected in the Cu stressed algae sample. However, in the Cr stressed sample traces of PC2 were indicated by a peak in UPLC-MS at the retention time of the PC2 standard, but the intensity was too low to acquire reliable MS and MS/MS spectra. In this study PCs have been detected for the first time in a green alga of the division Streptophyta, a close relative to higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Volland
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Bräutigam A, Schaumlöffel D, Preud'homme H, Thondorf I, Wesenberg D. Physiological characterization of cadmium-exposed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:2071-2082. [PMID: 21819413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a common model organism for investigation of metal stress. This green alga produces phytochelatins in the presence of metal ions. The influence of cadmium is of main interest, because it is a strong activator of phytochelatin synthase. Cell wall bound and intracellular cadmium content was determined after exposition to 70 µm CdCl(2), showing the main portion of the metal outside the cell. Nevertheless, imported cadmium was sufficient to cause significant changes in thiolpeptide metabolism and its transcriptional regulation. Modern analytical approaches enable new insights into phytochelatin (PC) distribution. A new rapid and precise UPLC-MS method allowed high-throughput PC quantification in algal samples after 1, 4, 24 and 48 h cadmium stress. Initially, canonic PCs were synthesized in C. reinhardtii during cadmium exposition, but afterwards CysPCs became the major thiolpeptides. Thus, after 48 h the concentration of the PC-isoforms CysPC(2-3) and CysGSH attained between 105 and 199 nmol g(-1) fresh weight (FW), whereas the PC(2-3) concentrations were only 15 nmol g(-1) FW. The relative quantification of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) mRNA suggests the generation of CysPCs by glutamate cleavage from canonic PCs by γ-GT. Furthermore, a homology model of C. reinhardtii phytochelatin synthase was constructed to verify the use of crystal structures from Anabaena sp. phytochelatin synthase (PCS) for docking studies with canonical PCs and CysPCs. From the difference in energy scores, we hypothesize that CysPC may prevent the synthesis of canonical PCs by blocking the binding pocket. Finally, possible physiological reasons for the high abundance of CysPC compared with their canonic precursors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bräutigam
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Ökologische und Pflanzen-Biochemie, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Dago À, González-García O, Ariño C, Díaz-Cruz JM, Esteban M. Characterization of Hg(II) binding with different length phytochelatins using liquid chromatography and amperometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 695:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ray D, Williams DL. Characterization of the phytochelatin synthase of Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1168. [PMID: 21629724 PMCID: PMC3101182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for schistosomiasis, which is responsible for more than 280,000 deaths annually, depends exclusively on the use of praziquantel. Millions of people are treated annually with praziquantel and drug resistant parasites are likely to evolve. In order to identify novel drug targets the Schistosoma mansoni sequence databases were queried for proteins involved in glutathione metabolism. One potential target identified was phytochelatin synthase (PCS). Phytochelatins are oligopeptides synthesized enzymatically from glutathione by PCS that sequester toxic heavy metals in many organisms. However, humans do not have a PCS gene and do not synthesize phytochelatins. In this study we have characterized the PCS of S. mansoni (SmPCS). The conserved catalytic triad of cysteine-histidine-aspartate found in PCS proteins and cysteine proteases is also found in SmPCS, as are several cysteine residues thought to be involved in heavy metal binding and enzyme activation. The SmPCS open reading frame is considerably extended at both the N- and C-termini compared to PCS from other organisms. Multiple PCS transcripts are produced from the single encoded gene by alternative splicing, resulting in both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein variants. Expression of SmPCS in yeast increased cadmium tolerance from less than 50 µM to more than 1,000 µM. We confirmed the function of SmPCS by identifying PCs in yeast cell extracts using HPLC-mass spectrometry. SmPCS was found to be expressed in all mammalian stages of worm development investigated. Increases in SmPCS expression were seen in ex vivo worms cultured in the presence of iron, copper, cadmium, or zinc. Collectively, these results indicate that SmPCS plays an important role in schistosome response to heavy metals and that PCS is a potential drug target for schistosomiasis treatment. This is the first characterization of a PCS from a parasitic organism. Schistosomiasis is a chronic, debilitating disease that affects hundreds of millions of people. The treatment of schistosomiasis relies solely on monotherapy with praziquantel and there is concern that drug-resistant parasites will evolve. Therefore, it is imperative to identify new drugs for schistosomiasis treatment. In this study our goal was to characterize a unique gene of Schistosoma mansoni that may be a candidate for drug targeting to control schistosomiasis. This gene, phytochelatin synthase (PCS), is a single copy gene in S. mansoni but is absent from humans. Our results confirm that schistosome PCS produces phytochelatins that are capable of scavenging and detoxifying heavy metals. The expression of the PCS gene in ex vivo adult schistosome worms was increased by exposure to a number of heavy metals. These results indicate that S. mansoni PCS regulates the availability of metal ions that the worm may be exposed to, either as co-factors in metalloenzymes or as excess metals encountered in the blood stream of their mammalian host. Collectively, these results have important implications for drug development for the control of schistosomiasis. Since other helminth parasites have PCS, drug development targeting this enzyme may have wide applications in the control of multiple neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rapid and simple UPLC-MS/MS method for precise phytochelatin quantification in alga extracts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:877-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gusmão R, Ariño C, Díaz-Cruz JM, Esteban M. Electrochemical survey of the chain length influence in phytochelatins competitive binding by cadmium. Anal Biochem 2010; 406:61-9. [PMID: 20599645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied to voltammetric data obtained in the analysis of the competitive binding of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins [(gammaGlu-Cys)(n)-Gly, PC(n), n=2-5] by Cd(2+). The displacements between ligands and chain length influence on the competitive binding of PC(n) toward Cd(2+) were investigated. The analysis of the resulting pure voltammograms and concentration profiles of the resolved components suggests that ligands containing more thiol groups are able to displace the shortest chain ligands from their metal complexes, whereas the opposite does not happen. However, when the length of the chain surpasses that of PC(3), the binding capacity of the molecule still increases (i.e., it can bind more metal ions), but the position and shape of the voltammetric signals practically rest unchanged. This suggests that at this level, the stability of metal binding could depend more on the nature of the binding sites separately than on the quantity of the sites (i.e., the chain length).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gusmão
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Bräutigam A, Bomke S, Pfeifer T, Karst U, Krauss GJ, Wesenberg D. Quantification of Phytochelatins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using ferrocene-based derivatization. Metallomics 2010; 2:565-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c005014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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