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Sohrabi Y, Rahimian F, Yousefinejad S, Aliasghari F, Soleimani E. Microextraction techniques for occupational biological monitoring: Basic principles, current applications and future perspectives. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5883. [PMID: 38712625 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The application of green microextraction techniques (METs) is constantly being developed in different areas including pharmaceutical, forensic, food and environmental analysis. However, they are less used in biological monitoring of workers in occupational settings. Developing valid extraction methods and analytical techniques for the determination of occupational indicators plays a critical role in the management of workers' exposure to chemicals in workplaces. Microextraction techniques have become increasingly important because they are inexpensive, robust and environmentally friendly. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review and interpret the applications of METs and novel sorbents and liquids in biological monitoring. Future perspectives and occupational indicators that METs have not yet been developed for are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Sohrabi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimian
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Yousefinejad
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Aliasghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Soleimani
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Zhou S, Zhang L, Guo C, Zhong Y, Luo X, Pan X, Yang Z, Tan L. Comparing liquid-liquid, solid-phase, and supported-liquid extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in serum samples and their application for human biomonitoring. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Integrative analysis to explore the biological association between environmental skin diseases and ambient particulate matter. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9750. [PMID: 35697899 PMCID: PMC9192598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous experimental studies have suggested a significant association between ambient particulate matter (PM) and respiratory damage, the etiological relationship between ambient PM and environmental skin diseases is not clearly understood. Here, we aimed to explore the association between PM and skin diseases through biological big data analysis. Differential gene expression profiles associated with PM and environmental skin diseases were retrieved from public genome databases. The co-expression among them was analyzed using a text-mining-based network analysis software. Activation/inhibition patterns from RNA-sequencing data performed with PM2.5-treated normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) were overlapped to select key regulators of the analyzed pathways. We explored the adverse effects of PM on the skin and attempted to elucidate their relationships using public genome data. We found that changes in upstream regulators and inflammatory signaling networks mediated by MMP-1, MMP-9, PLAU, S100A9, IL-6, and S100A8 were predicted as the key pathways underlying PM-induced skin diseases. Our integrative approach using a literature-based co-expression analysis and experimental validation not only improves the reliability of prediction but also provides assistance to clarify underlying mechanisms of ambient PM-induced dermal toxicity that can be applied to screen the relationship between other chemicals and adverse effects.
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Pacheco-Fernández I, Rentero M, Ayala JH, Pasán J, Pino V. Green solid-phase microextraction fiber coating based on the metal-organic framework CIM-80(Al): Analytical performance evaluation in direct immersion and headspace using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the analysis of water, urine and brewed coffee. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1133:137-149. [PMID: 32993866 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A new solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating was prepared by the immobilization of the metal-organic framework (MOF) CIM-80(Al) on nitinol wires by a green in situ growth approach, using an aqueous synthetic approach, and without the need of any additional material to ensure the attachment of the MOF to the nitinol support. The coating was used for the development of headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI) SPME methods in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as model compounds. Both methods were optimized and validated using the MOF-based fiber together with the commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber. The MOF extraction phase exhibited superior analytical performance for most of the PAHs in HS-SPME mode (and particularly for less volatiles), while the PDMS fiber presented better results in the DI-SPME method. The analytical performance of the MOF sorbent coating in HS- and DI-SPME methods was also evaluated in urine and brewed coffee samples, without requiring any pretreatment step apart from dilution for DI-SPME experiments, thus showing suitability of the novel coatings for the analysis of complex samples. The proposed CIM-80(Al) fiber was efficient and biocompatible (for using a low cytotoxic sorbent and a biocompatible core support), and it also demonstrated stability and robustness, with inter-fiber (and inter-day) relative standard deviation values lower than 19%, and reusability for more than 80 extraction cycles using 280 °C as desorption temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idaira Pacheco-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Manuel Rentero
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Juan H Ayala
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Verónica Pino
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
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Martín Santos P, Campo L, Olgiati L, Polledri E, Del Nogal Sánchez M, Fustinoni S. Development of a method to profile 2- to 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in saliva samples from smokers and non-smokers by headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122273. [PMID: 32721862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of a method based on headspace (HS)-solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography (GC)-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the quantification of 2- to 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in saliva samples. Eight unmetabolized compounds (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene) were quantified using six deuterated PAHs as surrogate internal standards. The absence of matrix effect allowed saliva samples to be quantified by external calibration method. The optimized method resulted easy, with minimal sample pre-treatment (homogenization of the sample), and it achieved the highest sensitivity up to date: limits of quantification (LOQ) were in the 0.8-26.4 ng L-1 range, with a significant improvement in comparison with the few existing methods. Intra- and inter-run precisions provided CV values <18.1%, and accuracies within 20% of the spiked concentration. The application of the method to the analysis of fresh saliva samples collected by spitting from smokers (n = 10) and non-smokers (n = 10) showed that PAHs were quantifiable in all samples and that smokers had higher levels of all compounds than non-smokers. These results show that the method is suitable for quantifying low-boiling PAHs in saliva samples from individuals exposed at different PAH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Martín Santos
- Departament of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Campo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Olgiati
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Miguel Del Nogal Sánchez
- Departament of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Xu X, Wei D, Li Y, Wei Q, Li Y, Jin M, Zhao B, Zhang S, Han J, Xie D. Determination of unmetabolized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children urine by low temperature partitioning extraction and gas chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Campo L, Hanchi M, Sucato S, Consonni D, Polledri E, Olgiati L, Saidane-Mosbahi D, Fustinoni S. Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Metals in Electric Steel Foundry Workers and Its Contribution to 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2'-Deoxyguanosine Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1811. [PMID: 32168727 PMCID: PMC7142962 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the urinary concentrations of selected metals in workers from an electric steel foundry in Tunisia were assessed and compared with existing biological limit values and general population reference values. Moreover, the association between oxidative DNA damage, measured as urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and co-exposure to metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated. Urinary levels of 12 metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in end-shift spot samples from 89 workers. The urinary levels of phenanthrene (U-PHE), as marker of exposure to PAHs, and 8-oxodG were also available. Median levels ranged from 0.4 µg/L (cobalt, Co, and thallium, Tl) to 895 µg/L (zinc, Zn). Only 1% of samples was above the biological limit values for Co, and up to 13.5% of samples were above limit values for Cd. From 3.4% (Co) to 72% (lead, Pb) of samples were above the reference values for the general population. Multiple linear regression models, showed that manganese (Mn), Zn, arsenic (As), barium (Ba), Tl, and Pb were significant predictors of 8-oxodG (0.012 ≤ p ≤ 0.048); U-PHE was also a significant predictor (0.003 ≤ p ≤ 0.059). The variance explained by models was low (0.11 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.17, p < 0.005), showing that metals and PAHs were minor contributors to 8-oxodG. Overall, the comparison with biological limit values showed that the study subjects were occupationally exposed to metals, with levels exceeding biological limit values only for Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariem Hanchi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Recovery of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sabrina Sucato
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Olgiati
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dalila Saidane-Mosbahi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Recovery of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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9
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Jiang J, Ip HSS, Zhou J, Guan Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Garrotto N, Lu Y, DeGuzman J, She J. Supported-liquid phase extraction in combination with isotope-dilution gas chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for high-throughput quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in urine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:304-311. [PMID: 30802744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with a number of them being carcinogenic. One of the approaches to assess human exposure to PAHs is to measure their urinary metabolites, monohydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs), with a method allowing for high throughput and short turn-around time. We developed a method to quantify nine urinary OH-PAHs by using supported liquid phase extraction (SLE) and isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). SLE demonstrated advantages over the traditionally used liquid-liquid extraction techniques. The target analytes with spiked deuterated and 13C-labeled internal standards were extracted from urine by SLE after enzymatic cleavage of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. The extracted analytes were then derivatized with N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), and analyzed by GC-MS/MS. Six solvent mixtures were evaluated as the SLE extraction solvent, and pentane:chloroform (7:3, v/v) was selected due to its best overall analytical performance. Method detection limits for the 9 analytes ranged from 2.3 to 13.8 pg/mL. Precision and accuracy were satisfactory. SLE and internal isotope labeled standard combination reduced matrix effect effectively. This new method using SLE sample preparation techniques coupled with GC-MS/MS proves applicable to urinary measurements for PAH exposure studies for general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, G365, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA; Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ho Sai Simon Ip
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, G365, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Junqiang Zhou
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, G365, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Yufeng Guan
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, G365, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA; School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Natalia Garrotto
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, G365, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Yifu Lu
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, G365, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Josephine DeGuzman
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, G365, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, G365, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA.
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Santos PM, del Nogal Sánchez M, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human biological samples: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hair analysis for the biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure: comparison with urinary metabolites and DNA adducts in a rat model. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3061-3075. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Campo L, Polledri E, Bechtold P, Gatti G, Quattrini G, Olgiati L, Romolo M, Ranzi A, Lauriola P, Carrozzi G, Fustinoni S. ETS Exposure and PAH Body Burden in Nonsmoking Italian Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1156. [PMID: 29865209 PMCID: PMC6025440 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Active smoking is associated with increased body burden of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); the aim of this study was to assess whether environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) increases the internal dose of PAHs. In 344 nonsmoking Italian adults, out of 497 individuals selected as representative of the population of the town of Modena, ETS exposure was evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire and by the measurement of urinary cotinine (COT-U). PAH exposure was assessed by the measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) and of ten urinary PAHs. In all subjects, median (5th⁻95th percentile) COT-U was 0.47 (.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Petra Bechtold
- Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Gatti
- Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Quattrini
- Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Luca Olgiati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Michael Romolo
- Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia Romagna, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Unit of Environmental Epidemiology and Disease Registries, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giuliano Carrozzi
- Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.
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Cho SH, Lee SK, Kim CH. The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4166. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Cho
- Center for Chemical Analysis; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Center for Chemical Analysis; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Korea University; Anam-dong Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul Korea
| | - Chong Hyeak Kim
- Center for Chemical Analysis; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Korea
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Hamidi S, Alipour-Ghorbani N, Hamidi A. Solid Phase Microextraction Techniques in Determination of Biomarkers. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:239-251. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1396885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hamidi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Alipour-Ghorbani
- Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nanopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Hamidi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Naccarato A, Gionfriddo E, Elliani R, Pawliszyn J, Sindona G, Tagarelli A. Investigating the robustness and extraction performance of a matrix-compatible solid-phase microextraction coating in human urine and its application to assess 2-6-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using GC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:929-939. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Naccarato
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche; Università della Calabria; Arcavacata di Rende Italy
| | | | - Rosangela Elliani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche; Università della Calabria; Arcavacata di Rende Italy
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Giovanni Sindona
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche; Università della Calabria; Arcavacata di Rende Italy
| | - Antonio Tagarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche; Università della Calabria; Arcavacata di Rende Italy
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Gatti MG, Bechtold P, Campo L, Barbieri G, Quattrini G, Ranzi A, Sucato S, Olgiati L, Polledri E, Romolo M, Iacuzio L, Carrozzi G, Lauriola P, Goldoni CA, Fustinoni S. Human biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsand metals in the general population residing near the municipal solid waste incinerator of Modena, Italy. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:546-557. [PMID: 28806681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A cross-sectional biomonitoring study was carried out to investigate exposure to incinerator emission in relation to the body burden of selected biomarkers in the population living around the plant. METHODS Approximately 500 people, aged 18-69 yrs, living within 4 km from the incinerator were randomly selected form the population register. Exposure was measured through fall-out maps of particulate matter (PM), used as tracer for incinerator emissions. Ten metabolized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), from naphthalene to chrysene, 1-hydroxypyrene and twelve metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Ni, Zn, V, Tl, As, Sn) were measured in spot urine samples. Confounders, such as diet, smoking, traffic, occupation and personal characteristics were assessed by questionnaires and objective measurements, and included into multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS Metal concentrations in urine were in line with or higher than Italian reference limits, besides Cr and V with more than twofold concentrations. Metal levels did not show clear association to exposure categories. Most abundant PAHs were naphthalene (median 26.2 ng/L) and phenanthrene (7.4 ng/L). All PAHs, but benz[a]anthracene and 1-hydroxypyrene, were found in more than 52% of samples, and included in regression models. Significant associations between urinary PAHs and exposure were found, strong for fluorene, and weaker for naphthalene, fluoranthene and pyrene. Results were confirmed by sensitivity analyses. Correlation with variables reported in literature were observed. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that the emissions were very low and highlights that specific urinary PAHs provided useful information about the internal dose arising from incinerator emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Gatti
- Epidemiology and Risk Communication Unit, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Strada Martiniana, 21, 41126, Modena, Italy.
| | - Petra Bechtold
- Epidemiology and Risk Communication Unit, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Strada Martiniana, 21, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Barbieri
- Epidemiology and Risk Communication Unit, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Strada Martiniana, 21, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Quattrini
- Epidemiology and Risk Communication Unit, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Strada Martiniana, 21, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli, 13, 41121, Modena, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sucato
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Olgiati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Romolo
- Epidemiology and Risk Communication Unit, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Strada Martiniana, 21, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Iacuzio
- Post Graduate School in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuliano Carrozzi
- Epidemiology and Risk Communication Unit, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Strada Martiniana, 21, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli, 13, 41121, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo A Goldoni
- Epidemiology and Risk Communication Unit, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Strada Martiniana, 21, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8, 20122, Milan, Italy
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Grova N, Faÿs F, Hardy EM, Appenzeller BMR. New insights into urine-based assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-exposure from a rat model: Identification of relevant metabolites and influence of elimination kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:484-495. [PMID: 28575812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method dedicated to the analysis of 50 metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) was applied to urine specimens collected from female Long Evans rats under controlled exposure to a mixture of PAHs (at 7 doses ranging from 0.01 to 0.8 mg/kg, by gavage, 3 times per week for 90 days). On four occasions (day 1, 28, 60 and 90), urine samples were collected over a 24 h period. Among these 50 OH-PAHs, 41 were detected in urine samples. Seven additional OH-PAHs were identified for the first time: 1 corresponding to metabolite of pyrene and 3 of anthracene. Strong linear dose versus urinary concentration relationships were observed for 25 of the 41 OH-PAHs detected in rat urine, confirming their suitability for assessing exposure to their respective parent compound. In addition, some isomers (e.g. 1-OH-pyrene, 3-OH-/4-OH-chrysene, 10-OH-benz[a]anthracene, 8-OH-benzo[k]fluoranthene, 11-OH-benzo[b]fluoranthene and 3-OH-benzo[a]pyrene) that were detected starting from the lowest levels of exposure or even in controls were considered particularly relevant biomarkers compared to metabolites only detected at higher levels of exposure. Finally, on the basis of the excretion profiles (on days 1, 28, 60 and 90) and urinary elimination kinetics of each OH-PAH detected at days 1 and 60, this study highlighted the fact that sampling time may influence the measurement of metabolites in urine. Taken together, these results provide interesting information on the suitability of the analysis of OH-PAHs in urine for the assessment of PAH exposure, which could be taken into consideration for the design of epidemiological studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grova
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - F Faÿs
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - E M Hardy
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - B M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Hanchi M, Campo L, Polledri E, Olgiati L, Consonni D, Saidane-Mosbahi D, Fustinoni S. Urinary 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2′-Deoxyguanosine in Tunisian Electric Steel Foundry Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:333-343. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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De Craemer S, Croes K, van Larebeke N, Sioen I, Schoeters G, Loots I, Nawrot T, Nelen V, Campo L, Fustinoni S, Baeyens W. Investigating unmetabolized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in adolescents' urine as biomarkers of environmental exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:48-56. [PMID: 27105152 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of interest to human biomonitoring studies due to their carcinogenic potential. Traditionally metabolites of these compounds, like 1-hydroxypyrene, are monitored in urine, but recent methods allow the determination of the parent compounds in urine, which give additional information regarding sources and toxicity of PAHs. In order to assess the feasibility of incorporating these methods in a human biomonitoring study, the 16 USEPA parent PAHs were determined in 20 urine samples. These samples were obtained from 10 boys and 10 girls aged 14-16 years, participating in the third Flemish Environment and Health Study (Flanders, Belgium). Of these 16 parent PAHs, nine could be determined in more than 95% of the samples and three (including benzo(a)pyrene) in more than 50%. Several correlations were found between different PAHs, but not between pyrene and its metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene. Diagnostic PAH ratios in urine and air samples pointed towards combustion sources and are in line with the ratios in environmental samples. Benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene and fluorene have the highest carcinogenic potential in our cohort, when using toxic equivalency factors. Some associations between PAH congeners and determinants of exposure were found, while fluorene and acenaphthylene were positively associated with thyroid hormone levels and benzo(a)pyrene showed a positive correlation with DNA damage by comet assay. These results confirm that parent PAHs in urine are useful as biomarkers of exposure in biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam De Craemer
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium.
| | - Kim Croes
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Nicolas van Larebeke
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium; Study Centre for Carcinogenesis and Primary Prevention of Cancer, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Ilse Loots
- Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Leuven University (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Campo
- Department of Prevention, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Prevention, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
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Chen YF, Kao CL, Lee WK, Huang PC, Hsu CY, Kuei CH. 13C-Isotope Labeled Surrogate for Estimating Organophosphorus Pesticides in Agricultural Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan City 701 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chang-Long Kao
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan City 701 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Kun Lee
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan City 701 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ping-Chih Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Cheng Shiu University; Kaohsiung City 83347 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Yun Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Cheng Shiu University; Kaohsiung City 83347 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Hsiung Kuei
- Department of Chemistry; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan City 701 Taiwan, R.O.C
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21
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Campo L, Hanchi M, Olgiati L, Polledri E, Consonni D, Zrafi I, Saidane-Mosbahi D, Fustinoni S. Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Electric Steel Foundry in Tunisia. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:700-16. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Juhasz AL, Tang W, Smith E. Using in vitro bioaccessibility to refine estimates of human exposure to PAHs via incidental soil ingestion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 145:145-153. [PMID: 26697808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PAH bioaccessibility in contaminated soil was determined using the organic physiologically based extraction test with the inclusion of a sorption sink. Silicone cord was incorporated into the assay in order to overcome the limited capacity of the in vitro medium to accommodate desorbable PAHs. Initially, silicone cord sorption efficacy was determined by assessing sorption kinetics using PAH-spiked sand (phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene; 10-1000mgkg(-1)). Irrespective of PAH and concentration, >95% of the initial PAH mass partitioned into the silicone cord within 12h although rates were lower at higher concentration and with increasing hydrophobicity. When PAH bioaccessibility was assessed in contaminated soil (n=18), contamination source (i.e. pyrogenic versus petrogenic) influenced PAH bioaccessibility. Individual PAH bioaccessibility ranged up to 81.7±2.7% although mean values ranged from 2.1 (acenaphthalene) to 20.8% (benzo[k]fluoranthene) with upper 95% confidence intervals of the means of 4.5 and 28.3% respectively. Although a PAH in vivo-in vitro correlation is yet to be established, bioaccessibility approaches incorporating sorption sinks represent a robust approach for estimating PAH bioavailability as the desorbable fraction may be a conservative measure of the absorbable fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Juhasz
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Wayne Tang
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Euan Smith
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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Zhao Y, Cao L, Zhou Q, Que Q. Effects of oil pipeline explosion on ambient particulate matter and their associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:440-449. [PMID: 25467693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effects of the oil pipeline explosion on PM(2.5)-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their substituted (alkylated, nitrated, oxygenated, hydroxyl and chlorinated) derivatives are assessed near the accident scene of Qingdao, China. Compared with those in TSP-PM(2.5), gaseous phase, burn residue and unburned crude oil, eighty-nine PAHs in PM(2.5) are identified and quantified to investigate the composition, temporal and spatial distribution, and sources. The concentrations of PM(2.5)-associated parent PAHs increase approximately seven times from the non-explosion samples to the explosion samples (mean ± standard deviation: 112 ± 2 vs 764 ± 15 ng/m(3)), while some substituted products (nitro- and oxy-) increase by two orders of magnitude (3117 ± 156 pg/m(3) vs 740 ± 37 ng/m(3)). The toxicity evaluation indicates the BaP equivalent concentrations (based on the US EPA's toxicity factors) in PM(2.5) are much higher than those in the other phases, especially for a long duration after the tragic accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Abstract
Since the complexity origin of biological samples, the research trends have been directed to the development of new miniaturized sample preparation techniques. This review provides a comprehensive survey of past and present microextraction methods followed by GC analysis for preconcentration and determination of various analytes in urine samples. These techniques have been classified in three general groups, including liquid-, solid- and membrane-based techniques. The principal of different microextraction methods that are located in each general group as well as their various extraction modes and the recent developments introduced for them has been presented. Subsequently, a comparison survey has been carried out among different microextraction techniques and finally a future perspective has been predicted based on the existing literature.
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Lu SS, Sobus JR, Sallsten G, Albin M, Pleil JD, Gudmundsson A, Madden MC, Strandberg B, Wierzbicka A, Rappaport SM. Are urinary PAHs biomarkers of controlled exposure to diesel exhaust? Biomarkers 2014; 19:332-9. [PMID: 24754404 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.910553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated as possible biomarkers of exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in two controlled-chamber studies. We report levels of 14 PAHs from 28 subjects in urine that were collected before, immediately after and the morning after exposure. Using linear mixed-effects models, we tested for effects of DE exposure and several covariates (time, age, gender and urinary creatinine) on urinary PAH levels. DE exposures did not significantly alter urinary PAH levels. We conclude that urinary PAHs are not promising biomarkers of short-term exposures to DE in the range of 106-276 µg/m(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin S Lu
- College of Natural Resources, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA
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Juhasz AL, Weber J, Stevenson G, Slee D, Gancarz D, Rofe A, Smith E. In vivo measurement, in vitro estimation and fugacity prediction of PAH bioavailability in post-remediated creosote-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:147-154. [PMID: 24368196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PAH bioavailability was assessed in creosote-contaminated soil following bioremediation in order to determine potential human health exposure to residual PAHs from incidental soil ingestion. Following 1,000 days of enhanced natural attenuation (ENA), a residual PAH concentration of 871 ± 8 mg kg(-1) (∑16 USEPA priority PAHs in the <250 μm soil particle size fraction) was present in the soil. However, when bioavailability was assessed to elucidate potential human exposure using an in vivo mouse model, the upper-bound estimates of PAH absolute bioavailability were in excess of 65% irrespective of the molecular weight of the PAH. These results indicate that a significant proportion of the residual PAH fraction following ENA may be available for absorption following soil ingestion. In contrast, when PAH bioavailability was estimated/predicted using an in vitro surrogate assay (FOREhST assay) and fugacity modelling, PAH bioavailability was up to 2000 times lower compared to measured in vivo values depending on the methodology used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Juhasz
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - John Weber
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Slee
- National Measurement Institute, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
| | - Dorota Gancarz
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Gilles Plains, SA 5086, Australia
| | - Allan Rofe
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Gilles Plains, SA 5086, Australia
| | - Euan Smith
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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Ranzi A, Fustinoni S, Erspamer L, Campo L, Gatti MG, Bechtold P, Bonassi S, Trenti T, Goldoni CA, Bertazzi PA, Lauriola P. Biomonitoring of the general population living near a modern solid waste incinerator: a pilot study in Modena, Italy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 61:88-97. [PMID: 24103350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND GOALS As part of the authorization process for the solid waste incinerator (SWI) in Modena, Italy, a human biomonitoring cross-sectional pilot study was conducted to investigate the degree to which people living and working in the proximity of the plant were exposed to SWI emissions. METHODS Between May and June 2010, 65 subjects living and working within 4km of the incinerator (exposed) and 103 subjects living and working outside this area (unexposed) were enrolled in the study. Blood, serum and urinary metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Ni), urinary benzene, toluene, xylene (BTEX), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), and urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed. Information about lifestyle, anthropometric characteristics, residence, and health status was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) emitted from the SWI was estimated using fall-out maps from a quasi-Gaussian dispersion model. A multiple linear regression analysis investigated the relationship between biomarkers and the distance of a subject's place of residence from the SWI plant or the exposure to PM. RESULTS Urinary BTEX and SPMA and blood, serum and urinary metals showed no differences between exposed and unexposed subjects. PAHs were higher in exposed than in unexposed subjects for phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene (median levels: 9.5 vs. 7.2ng/L, 0.8 vs. <0.5ng/L and 1.6 vs. 1.3ng/L, respectively, p<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood Cd and Hg and urinary Mn, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene were inversely correlated to the distance of a subject's residence from the SWI. Urinary Mn, fluorene and phenanthrene were directly correlated to PM exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study, although not representative of the general population, suggests that specific biomarkers may provide information about the degree of exposure the subjects working and living in the proximity of the SWI plant may have to emissions from that facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
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Grova N, Salquèbre G, Appenzeller BMR. Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of 52 monohydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hairs of rats after controlled exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8897-911. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Campo L, Fustinoni S, Consonni D, Pavanello S, Kapka L, Siwinska E, Mielzyňska D, Bertazzi P. Urinary carcinogenic 4-6 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coke oven workers and in subjects belonging to the general population: role of occupational and environmental exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:231-8. [PMID: 23867119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM A new solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (SPME-GC-MS) to detect urinary unmetabolized 3-, 6-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was applied to coke oven workers and general population subjects with the aim to assess exposure to carcinogenic PAHs, to evaluate the role of occupational and environmental variables on PAHs levels, and to compare present results with those previously obtained with a less sensitive method. METHODS A total of 104 coke oven workers (CW) from Poland [recruited in 2000 (CW-2000; n=55) and 2006 (CW-2006; n=49)], and 45 control subjects from the same area, provided urine spot samples for measurement of 10 PAHs (from phenanthrene to benzo[g,h,i]perylene). The comparison between the two methods was performed only on CW-2000 subjects. Information regarding personal characteristics and job variables was collected by a questionnaire. RESULTS The new method enables the quantification of 5-, 6-ring PAHs; precision and accuracy were in the 7.3-20.8% and 89.4-110% range, respectively; in CW-2000 samples results obtained with the new and the old method were highly correlated (Lin's concordance correlation coefficients: from 0.790 to 0.965); the mean difference between measured PAHS increased with the molecular weight of the analytes (from +5 to +27%). Urinary PAHs were above or equal to the quantification limit, depending on the compound, in 67-100% (min-max), 26-100% and 6-100% of samples from CW-2000, CW-2006 and controls, respectively. Chrysene and benz[a]anthracene were the most abundant carcinogenic PAHs with median levels of 43.4, 13.4, and 2.3 ng/L and 45.9, 14.9, and 0.7 ng/L in CW-2000, CW-2006, and controls, respectively, while benzo[a]pyrene levels were 6.5, 0.7 and <0.5 ng/L. The multiple linear regression model showed that the determinants of exposure were the use of wood and/or coke for house heating for controls, and job title or the plant for CW-2006. CONCLUSIONS Urinary benzo[a]pyrene and other carcinogenic PAHs were, for the first time, quantified in urine samples from both occupationally and environmentally exposed subjects. These results show that urinary PAHs can discriminate exposure at different levels. Moreover, the simultaneous determination of several PAHs allows for the development of excretion profiles to assess exposure to specific compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucyna Kapka
- Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Siwinska
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Danuta Mielzyňska
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - PierAlberto Bertazzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Yang S, Chen C, Yan Z, Cai Q, Yao S. Evaluation of metal-organic framework 5 as a new SPE material for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental waters. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1283-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
| | - Zhihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
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Fan R, Ramage R, Wang D, Zhou J, She J. Determination of ten monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid–liquid extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 93:383-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang YC, Lin AYC, Wang SL, Ding WH. Determination of Perfluorochemicals in Human Milk Using Isotope-dilution Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fan R, Wang D, Ramage R, She J. Fast and Simultaneous Determination of Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and Ten Monohydroxylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:491-9. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200517h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and
Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life
Science, South China Normal University,
Guangzhou, China 510631
- Environmental Health Laboratory
Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804, United States
| | - Dongli Wang
- Environmental Health Laboratory
Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804, United States
| | - Robert Ramage
- Environmental Health Laboratory
Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804, United States
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory
Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804, United States
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