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Gracia-Marín E, Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Bijlsma L. Dilute-and-shoot approach for the high-throughput LC-MS/MS determination of illicit drugs in the field of wastewater-based epidemiology. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121864. [PMID: 38852386 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The determination of illicit drugs in urban influent wastewater (IWW) enables the monitoring of spatial and temporal drug usage trends and assessment of community lifestyle habits. The increasing number of wastewater surveillance studies has emphasized the necessity for the development of rapid, high-throughput methods that maintain high quality data. This work evaluates the use of a dilute-and-shoot methodology, based on direct injection (DI) of centrifuged samples, as an alternative approach to the widely applied sample pre-treatment based on solid-phase extraction, for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of seven widely consumed illicit drugs and their metabolites in IWW (amphetamine; cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine; ketamine; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); methamphetamine; cannabis metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH); heroin metabolite, 6-acetylmorphine (6-MAM)). Comparison of both approaches in terms of matrix effects, sensitivity and accuracy, demonstrates the DI method suitability to correctly quantify these analytes in IWW, with a limit of quantification lower than 30 ng L-1 for most compounds. After validation of the method and participation in an interlaboratory exercise, the DI method was applied to the analysis of 54 IWW samples collected from different Spanish wastewater treatment plants. Additionally, quality controls were incorporated in each analysis batch to support the DI method applicability and robustness. The use of a 10 μL-DI reduces time-consuming sample preparation, analysis time and measurement uncertainty. Moreover, it supports green chemistry by reducing the consumption of organic solvents and it facilitates logistics by collecting, transporting, and storing less sample volume. The methodology is therefore especially appropriate for monitoring illicit drugs in large wastewater-based epidemiology sampling campaigns or when fast near real-time results are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gracia-Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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2
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Ai L, Liu L, Zheng L, Liu Y, Sun B, Su G, Xu J, Chen Y, Zhao M. An on-line stop-flow RPLC × SEC-MS/DPPH radical scavenging activity analysis system and its application in separation and identification of antioxidant peptides. Food Chem 2024; 436:137670. [PMID: 37847962 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Food-derived antioxidant peptides have become the focus of research due to their high safety and low cost. However, the discovery is suffering from a low efficient and empirical approach, involving multi-step off-line separation and identification. In this work, an on-line stop-flow RPLC × SEC-MS/DPPH radical scavenging activity analysis system was developed. For optimization, the conditions: 10 m reaction loop, 200 μM DPPH radical concentration, 40℃ temperature and 0.06 % formic acid were recommended. The system was fully validated by its application in glutathione analysis. The system was further applied in analysis of complex mixed standards, and the dipeptides GC (Gly-Cys) and CW (Cys-Trp) with relatively strong DPPH radical scavenging activity were validated. Maize protein hydrolysates were used for tests and the peptide AC (Ala-Cys) of high probability with strong DPPH radical scavenging activity was identified, demonstrating a high potential of the system. This would help to facilitate the discovery of antioxidative peptides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Ai
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences & International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences & International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences & International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guowan Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jucai Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences & International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Gutierrez M, Mutavdžić Pavlović D, Stipaničev D, Repec S, Avolio F, Zanella M, Verlicchi P. A thorough analysis of the occurrence, removal and environmental risks of organic micropollutants in a full-scale hybrid membrane bioreactor fed by hospital wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169848. [PMID: 38190908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive recent draft issued last October 2022 pays attention to contaminants of emerging concern including organic micropollutants (OMPs) and requires the removal of some of them at large urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) calling for their upgrading. Many investigations to date have reported the occurrence of a vast group of OMPs in the influent and many technologies have been tested for their removal at a lab- or pilot-scale. Moreover, it is well-known that hospital wastewater (HWW) contains specific OMPs at high concentration and therefore its management and treatment deserves attention. In this study, a 1-year investigation was carried out at a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating mainly HWW. To promote the removal of OMPs, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was added to the bioreactor at 0.1 g/L and 0.2 g/L which resulted in the MBR operating as a hybrid MBR. Its performance was tested for 232 target and 90 non-target OMPs, analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS using a direct injection method. A new methodology was defined to select the key compounds in order to evaluate the performance of the treatments. It was based on their frequency, occurrence, persistence to removal, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Finally, an environmental risk assessment of the OMP residues was conducted by means of the risk quotient approach. The results indicate that PAC addition increased the removal of most of the key OMPs (e.g., sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, lidocaine) and OMP classes (e.g., antibiotics, psychiatric drugs and stimulants) with the highest loads in the WWTP influent. The hybrid MBR also reduced the risk in the receiving water as the PAC dosage increased mainly for spiramycin, lorazepam, oleandomycin. Finally, uncertainties and issues related to the investigation being carried out at full-scale under real conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gutierrez
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marulićev trg 20, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Draženka Stipaničev
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer Water Institut, Central Water Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siniša Repec
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer Water Institut, Central Water Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Francesco Avolio
- HERA S.p.A., Direzione Acqua, Via Cesare Razzaboni 80, 41122 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Zanella
- HERA S.p.A., Direzione Acqua, Via Cesare Razzaboni 80, 41122 Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Verlicchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
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Honeychurch KC. Development of an On-Column Trace Enrichment Method for the Determination of Sub- μg/L Bisphenol A in Bottled Water by RP-HPLC with Fluorescent Detection. Int J Anal Chem 2024; 2024:8258123. [PMID: 38304923 PMCID: PMC10831038 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8258123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A simple extraction-free, on-column trace enrichment liquid chromatographic method for the determination of trace levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in bottled water samples has been developed. It was found possible to determine ng/L (ppt) levels of BPA by the direct introduction of 6 mL of sample water to the HPLC column utilising fluorescence detection (Exλ = 274 nm, Emλ = 314 nm). Following the loading of the sample and the chromatographic focusing of the BPA on the analytical column, a simple switch from the aqueous sample to the isocratic chromatographic elution step of 50% acetonitrile/deionised water was undertaken. Using a BPA concentration of 0.596 μg/L the effect of sample volume was investigated over the range 1.0 to 12 mL. A linear relationship with the sample volume introduced to the HPLC column and the resulting peak height for BPA was found over the entire range investigated (R2 = 0.999). Using a sample volume of 6.0 mL, a well-defined chromatographic peak was recorded for BPA over the concentration range of 0.1 μg/L to 6.25 μg/L (R2 = 0.9998). A limit of detection of 0.058 μg/L for BPA was calculated based on 3 δ. A mean recovery of 100% with an associated %CV of 7.6% (n = 5) was obtained for a bottled spring water sample fortified with 1.25 μg/L BPA. Samples can be processed in under 12 minutes, much faster than that commonly reported for conventional offline extraction and chromatographic-based methods. The results show that the optimised method holds promise for the determination of BPA in such samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Honeychurch
- School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Wanzek TA, Field JA, Kostarelos K. Repeated Aqueous Film-Forming Foams Applications: Impacts on Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Retention in Saturated Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1659-1668. [PMID: 38198694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Historical practices at firefighter-training areas involved repeated aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) applications, resulting in source zones characterized by high concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Repeated applications of AFFF composed of 14 anionic and 23 zwitterionic perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were conducted on a single one-dimensional saturated soil column to quantify PFAS retention. An electrofluorination-based (3M) Milspec AFFF, which was above the mixture's critical micelle concentration (CMC), was at application strength (3%, v/v). Retention and retardation of PFAS mass increased with each successive AFFF addition, although the PFAS concentration profiles for subsequent applications differed from the initial. Greater degree of mass retention and retardation correlated with longer PFAS carbon-fluorine chain length and charged-headgroup type and as a function of AFFF application number. Anionic PFAS were increasingly retained with each subsequent AFFF application, while zwitterionic PFAS exhibited an alternating pattern of sorption and desorption. Surfactant-surfactant adsorption and competition during repeat AFFF applications that are at concentrations above the CMC resulted in adsorbed PFAS from the first application, changing the nature of the soil surface with preferential sorption of anionic PFAS and release of zwitterionic PFAS due to competitive elution. Applying a polyparameter quantitative structure-property relationship developed to describe sorption of AFFF-derived PFAS to uncontaminated, saturated soil was attempted for our experimental conditions. The model had been derived for data where AFFF is below the apparent CMC and our experimental conditions that included the presence of mixed micelles (aggregates consisting of different kinds of surfactants that exhibit characteristics properties different from micelles composed of a single surfactant) resulted in overall PFAS mass retained by an average of 27.3% ± 2.7% (standard error) above the predicted values. The correlation was significantly improved by adding a "micelle parameter" to account for cases where the applied AFFF was above the apparent CMC. Our results highlight the importance of interactions between the AFFF components that can only be investigated by employing complex PFAS mixtures at concentrations present in actual AFFF at application strength, which are above their apparent CMC. In firefighter-training areas (AFFF source zones), competitive desorption of PFAS may result in downgradient PFAS retention when desorbed PFAS become resorbed to uncontaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wanzek
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Konstantinos Kostarelos
- UH Energy Technology Innovation Center, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Kochale K, Cunha R, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Development of a column switching for direct online enrichment and separation of polar and nonpolar analytes from aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464554. [PMID: 38065029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Trace substances in surface waters may threaten health and pose a risk for the aquatic environment. Moreover, separation and detection by instrumental analysis is challenging due to the low concentration and the wide range of polarities. Separation of polar and nonpolar analytes can be achieved by using stationary phases with different selectivity. Lower limits of detection of trace substances can be obtained by offline enrichment on solid phase materials. However, these practices require substantial effort and are time consuming and costly. Therefore, in this study, a column switching was developed to enrich and separate both polar and nonpolar analytes by an on-column large volume injection of aqueous samples. The column switching can significantly reduce the effort and time for analyzing trace substances without compromising on separation and detection. A reversed phase (RP) column is used to trap the nonpolar analytes. The polar analytes are enriched on a porous graphitized carbon column (PGC) coupled serially behind the RP column. A novel valve switching system is implemented to enable elution of the nonpolar analytes from the RP column and, subsequently, elution of polar analytes from the PGC column and separation on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column. To enable separation of polar analytes dissolved in an aqueous matrix by HILIC, the water plug that is flushed from the PGC column is diluted by dosing organic solvent directly upstream of the HILIC column. The developed method was tested by applying target analysis and non-target screening, highlighting the advantage to effectively separate and detect both polar and nonpolar compounds in a single chromatographic run. In the target analysis, the analytes, with a logD at pH 3 ranging from -2.8 to + 4.5, could be enriched and separated. Besides the 965 features in the RP phase, 572 features from real wastewater were observed in the HILIC phase which would otherwise elute in the void time in conventional one-dimensional RP methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Kochale
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Cunha
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Restrepo-Vieira LH, Busetti F, Linge KL, Joll CA. Development and validation of a direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of illicit drugs and psychopharmaceuticals in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Kanwischer M, Asker N, Wernersson AS, Wirth MA, Fisch K, Dahlgren E, Osterholz H, Habedank F, Naumann M, Mannio J, Schulz-Bull DE. Substances of emerging concern in Baltic Sea water: Review on methodological advances for the environmental assessment and proposal for future monitoring. AMBIO 2022; 51:1588-1608. [PMID: 34637089 PMCID: PMC9005613 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic Sea is among the most polluted seas worldwide. Anthropogenic contaminants are mainly introduced via riverine discharge and atmospheric deposition. Regional and international measures have successfully been employed to reduce concentrations of several legacy contaminants. However, current Baltic Sea monitoring programs do not address compounds of emerging concern. Hence, potentially harmful pharmaceuticals, UV filters, polar pesticides, estrogenic compounds, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or naturally produced algal toxins are not taken into account during the assessment of the state of the Baltic Sea. Herein, we conducted literature searches based on systematic approaches and compiled reported data on these substances in Baltic Sea surface water and on methodological advances for sample processing and chemical as well as effect-based analysis of these analytically challenging marine pollutants. Finally, we provide recommendations for improvement of future contaminant and risk assessment in the Baltic Sea, which revolve around a combination of both chemical and effect-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Kanwischer
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Noomi Asker
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18A, 41390 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Wernersson
- Department for Management of Contaminated Sites, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Hugo Grauers gata 5 B, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marisa A. Wirth
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fisch
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elin Dahlgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, 178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Osterholz
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Friederike Habedank
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fisheries, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Thierfelderstraße 18, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jaakko Mannio
- Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production/Contaminants, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Detlef E. Schulz-Bull
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
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Du X, Yuan J, Cao H, Ye L, Ma A, Du J, Pan J. Ultrasound-assisted micellar cleanup coupled with large-volume-injection enrichment for the analysis of polar drugs in blood and zebrafish samples. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 85:105998. [PMID: 35378462 PMCID: PMC8980499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel ultrasound-assisted micellar cleanup strategy (UAMC) coupled with large volume injection (LVI) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was proposed and successfully applied to the analysis of cefathiamidine in complex biological samples such as whole blood, plasma, serum and even zebrafish, a challenging positive real sample. Based on the micelle-biomacromolecule interaction, the phase-separation feature of surfactant micelles and ultrasound cavitation, UAMC possessed an impressive matrix cleanup capability and could rapidly reach distribution equilibrium (approximately 2 min), which enabled simultaneous sample cleanup and analyte extraction within 8 min. Due to the high cleanup efficiency of UAMC, large volume of pretreated samples could be injected for analysis without peak broadening, impurity interference and column degradation. Thus, online analyte enrichment could be automatically performed to significantly improve method sensitivity by the column-switching LVI-HPLC system, a commercial HPLC system with small modifications. The UAMC-LVI-HPLC method creatively integrated sample cleanup, analyte extraction and on-column enrichment into simple operation. In addition, the UAMC-LVI-HPLC method enabled non-matrix-matched analysis of cefathiamidine in complex biological samples. This feature was helpful to address the problems caused by conventional matrix-matched or internal standard calibration methods, such as matrix bias, increased workload, limited availability of suitable blank matrices and the use of expensive internal standards. The method had low limits of detections (e.g., 0.0051 mg/L and 0.038 μg/g), wide linear ranges (0.030-100 mg/L and 0.15-489 μg/g), good linear correlation (R2 = 0.9999), satisfactory accuracy (97.6-109.7%) and excellent intra- and interday precision (0.5-4.9%). Thus, UAMC-LVI-HPLC is expected to be a promising candidate for bioanalysis in therapeutic drug monitoring or pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Du
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahao Yuan
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjie Cao
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ye
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ande Ma
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Du
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Egli M, Hartmann A, Rapp Wright H, Ng KT, Piel FB, Barron LP. Quantitative Determination and Environmental Risk Assessment of 102 Chemicals of Emerging Concern in Wastewater-Impacted Rivers Using Rapid Direct-Injection Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:5431. [PMID: 34576902 PMCID: PMC8466042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid source identification and environmental risk assessment (ERA) of hundreds of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in river water represent a significant analytical challenge. Herein, a potential solution involving a rapid direct-injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of 102 CECs (151 qualitatively) in river water is presented and applied across six rivers in Germany and Switzerland at high spatial resolution. The method required an injection volume of only 10 µL of filtered sample, with a runtime of 5.5 min including re-equilibration with >10 datapoints per peak per transition (mostly 2 per compound), and 36 stable isotope-labelled standards. Performance was excellent from the low ng/L to µg/L concentration level, with 260 injections possible in any 24 h period. The method was applied in three separate campaigns focusing on the ERA of rivers impacted by wastewater effluent discharges (1 urban area in the Basel city region with 4 rivers, as well as 1 semi-rural and 1 rural area, each focusing on 1 river). Between 25 and 40 compounds were quantified directly in each campaign, and in all cases small tributary rivers showed higher CEC concentrations (e.g., up to ~4000 ng/L in total in the R. Schwarzach, Bavaria, Germany). The source of selected CECs could also be identified and differentiated from other sources at pre- and post- wastewater treatment plant effluent discharge points, as well as the effect of dilution downstream, which occurred over very short distances in all cases. Lastly, ERA for 41 CECs was performed at specific impacted sites, with risk quotients (RQs) at 1 or more sites estimated as high risk (RQ > 10) for 1 pharmaceutical (diclofenac), medium risk (RQ of 1-10) for 3 CECs (carbamazepine, venlafaxine, and sulfamethoxazole), and low risk (RQ = 0.1-1.0) for 7 CECs (i.e., RQ > 0.1 for 11 CECs in total). The application of high-throughput methods like this could enable a better understanding of the risks of CECs, especially in low flow/volume tributary rivers at scale and with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Egli
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| | - Alicia Hartmann
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Helena Rapp Wright
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| | - Keng Tiong Ng
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| | - Frédéric B. Piel
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| | - Leon P. Barron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
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11
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Backe WJ. Suspect and non-target screening of reuse water by large-volume injection liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128961. [PMID: 33243572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eight samples were obtained to characterize the chemical loads in water recycled for reuse applications. The sources included stormwater, rooftop runoff, wastewater, mixed water, and drinking water as a comparison. The water was reused for irrigation, cleaning, toilet flushing, and cooling purposes. Large-volume injection (650 μL) high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were employed to separate and detect features by suspect and non-target screening. The instrumental method had the advantage that no sample extractions were required prior to analysis. Two chromatographic methods were developed to separate positive- and negative-ionizing compounds and retention time models were developed for both. Retention time models provide an additional measure of confidence for probable and tentative identifications. The two models had predictive R2-which indicates how well the models predicts new observations-of 0.87. After data-reduction, the number of features detected in the samples ranged from 304 to 1513. Feature metrics such as the average response-per-feature provided a simple method to characterize similarities and differences between samples. Additionally, a statistical comparison was performed by principal component analysis. Of the 97 suspect-screening compounds, 20 were positively identified. Benzotriazole/benzothiazole-derivatives and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances were the most frequently detectedcompounds during suspect screening. Other compounds detected included pharmaceuticals, drug metabolites, and sucralose. Features were prioritized for non-target analysis based on in-house library matches, magnitude of response, and frequency of occurrence. Fifty-five unique compounds were positively identified via non-target analysis. The identified compounds included 17 pharmaceuticals, 17 pesticides, 13 industrial compounds, four personal-use compounds, and four biological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States.
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12
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Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Pocurull E, Borrull F. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determining 18 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in source and treated drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Dugheri S, Mucci N, Bonari A, Marrubini G, Cappelli G, Ubiali D, Campagna M, Montalti M, Arcangeli G. Liquid phase microextraction techniques combined with chromatography analysis: a review. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment is the first and the most important step of an analytical procedure. In routine analysis, liquid–liquid microextraction (LLE) is the most widely used sample pre-treatment technique, whose goal is to isolate the target analytes, provide enrichment, with cleanup to lower the chemical noise, and enhance the signal. The use of extensive volumes of hazardous organic solvents and production of large amounts of waste make LLE procedures unsuitable for modern, highly automated laboratories, expensive, and environmentally unfriendly. In the past two decades, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) was introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Thanks to the need of only a few microliters of extraction solvent, LPME techniques have been widely adopted by the scientific community. The aim of this review is to report on the state-of-the-art LPME techniques used in gas and liquid chromatography. Attention was paid to the classification of the LPME operating modes, to the historical contextualization of LPME applications, and to the advantages of microextraction in methods respecting the value of green analytical chemistry. Technical aspects such as description of methodology selected in method development for routine use, specific variants of LPME developed for complex matrices, derivatization, and enrichment techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- 1 Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cappelli
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- 3 Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Campagna
- 4 Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manfredi Montalti
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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14
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Henschel J, Hayen H. Application of large volume injection for sensitive LC-MS/MS analysis of seven artificial sweeteners in surface waters. MethodsX 2020; 7:101134. [PMID: 33294396 PMCID: PMC7689179 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Hou F, Tian Z, Peter KT, Wu C, Gipe AD, Zhao H, Alegria EA, Liu F, Kolodziej EP. Quantification of organic contaminants in urban stormwater by isotope dilution and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7791-7806. [PMID: 31701207 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pollutants transported in urban stormwater runoff induce pervasive water quality degradation in receiving waters. To accurately characterize stormwater quality and treatment system performance across the range of possible contaminant characteristics, comprehensive multi-residue analytical methods are necessary. Here, we developed a solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method to quantify representative stormwater-derived organic contaminants across multiple chemical classes, including vehicle-related chemicals, corrosion inhibitors, industrial chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and antioxidants. Extraction conditions, isotope-labeled internal standards, and LC-MS/MS parameters were optimized to enhance recovery, minimize matrix effects, and maximize selectivity and sensitivity. The developed method was sensitive (method quantification limits < 10 ng/L for > 80% of selected analytes) and accurate (mean relative recoveries in the range of 70-130%, with relative standard deviations < 25% for 77% of the analytes) for most of the analytes. The method was used to analyze samples collected from nine urban watersheds during a storm event; 62% of the 39 analytes were detected at least once at concentrations up to 540 ng/L (1,3-diphenylguanidine). Spatial trends in detection and concentration were observed for vehicle-related and industrial chemicals that correlated with vehicle traffic. Total concentrations of pesticides suggested that residential uses could be more important sources than agriculture. This study illustrates the pervasive occurrence of a wide variety of stormwater-derived chemicals in urban receiving waters and highlights the need to better understand their environmental fate and ecological implications. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 306 More Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA.,Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA.,Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA.,Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA
| | - Christopher Wu
- Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA.,Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA
| | - Alex D Gipe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 306 More Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 306 More Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA
| | - Ernesto A Alegria
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA
| | - Fengmao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 306 More Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA.
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16
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Hinnenkamp V, Balsaa P, Schmidt TC. Quantitative screening and prioritization based on UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS as an alternative water sample monitoring strategy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6101-6110. [PMID: 31278550 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening based on the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become more common in water analysis over the past years. However, this only yields lists of features or suspects without quantitative information. To expand the use of HRMS data to a quantitative screening, we have developed and validated a simple and fast method for more than 140 micropollutants using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to traveling wave ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS). Positive findings from suspect and non-target screening can be prioritized and identified by reference standards. The quantitative screening is then performed by additional measurement of calibration standards. This is carried out by means of direct injection and external calibration, without consideration of matrix effects. For all substances, limits of quantification (LOQs) of less or equal than 100 ng/L are achieved. The calibration is carried out in a range of 100 to 1000 ng/L and the results are reported as concentration ranges, in which the concentration of the analyte in the sample is to be expected. All substances were evaluated using quadratic regressions. For the verification of the accuracy, different water matrices (drinking water, groundwater, and surface water) were spiked with five concentration levels (50 ng/L, 300 ng/L, 500 ng/L, 800 ng/L, and 2000 ng/L) and indicate that for the drinking water and groundwater sample, 97% correct assignments were found, whereas for the surface water sample, 88% correct assignments were achieved. A comparative study of water samples of various matrices was accomplished using the quantitative screening analysis method and validated target methods by means of three UPLC tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods and two gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS and MS/MS methods. A total of 510 data could be compared, which showed a good match of both approaches in more than 80% of the results. As an alternative strategy for the monitoring of water samples by UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS, this method provides quantitative information about target components, besides tentatively or identified substances from suspect or non-target screening. Depending on the resulting concentration range and reporting requirements, validated target methods can be further used for the previously detected targets. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hinnenkamp
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Balsaa
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany. .,Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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17
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A simple, fast method for the analysis of 20 contaminants of emerging concern in river water using large-volume direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1601-1610. [PMID: 30680425 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive method for the determination of a structurally and physico-chemically diverse group of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) based on large-volume direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The method can be used to determine 20 CECs belonging to different pollutant families (pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides) in river water at nanogram per liter. A single analytical run is required and the positive and negative ionization modes can be used simultaneously. Because of the large-volume injections of samples and the high sensitivity of the current mass spectrometers, the method has no need of a preconcentration step. The analytes are quantitated with matrix-matched calibration curves. The estimated limits of detection were in the range 0.1-5 ng L-1. The accuracy of the method was in the range 86-114%, and the precision, expressed as a relative standard deviation (RSD %), was below 18% for all the analytes (n = 5, at 5, 10, and 25 ng L-1). The method was applied to water samples taken from different points along the lower course of the Ebro River, Spain. A total of 12 out of the 20 target analytes were detected, and the ones at higher concentrations were caffeine and the pharmaceuticals paracetamol and ibuprofen (184.8 ng L-1, 63.3 ng L-1, and 23.3 ng L-1, respectively).
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18
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Seitz W, Schulz W, Winzenbacher R. Advantage of liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry for the detection of the small and polar molecules trifluoroacetic acid and sulfamic acid. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4437-4448. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Seitz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung; Laboratory for Operation Control and Research; Langenau Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung; Laboratory for Operation Control and Research; Langenau Germany
| | - Rudi Winzenbacher
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung; Laboratory for Operation Control and Research; Langenau Germany
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19
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Direct residue analysis of systemic insecticides and some of their relevant metabolites in wines by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Campos-Mañas MC, Plaza-Bolaños P, Sánchez-Pérez JA, Malato S, Agüera A. Fast determination of pesticides and other contaminants of emerging concern in treated wastewater using direct injection coupled to highly sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1507:84-94. [PMID: 28583389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents usually contain micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals (or their transformation products, TPs) or pesticides, which is a major issue when evaluating their possible reuse (e.g. for irrigation in agriculture). In search for an improved accuracy and simplicity, methods based on the direct injection of the sample (DI) represent a recent trend taking advantage of the increasing sensitivity of new mass spectrometry (MS) instruments. Thus, the present study shows the development and validation of a DI-based method by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-linear ion trap analyser (UHPLC-QqLIT-MS/MS). The proposed method was applied to the monitoring of 115 organic microcontaminants (including pharmaceuticals, TPs and pesticides) at the ngL-1/μgL-1 level in wastewater effluents from urban WWTPs. Sample pre-treatment was reduced to acetonitrile addition and filtration of the mixture previous to LC-MS analysis. Total analysis time was <15min. A subsequent validation protocol was carried out in treated WW (TWW), following indications of SANTE and Eurachem Guidelines. Linearity and matrix effect were evaluated in the range of 10-1000ngL-1. 70% of the analytes showed a moderate matrix effect (≤25%). Trueness (expressed as recovery) and precision (calculated as relative standard deviation, RSD) were evaluated at four concentration levels (20, 50, 500 and 1000ngL-1) in TWW samples. The LODs ranged from 1 to 357ngL-1 and the LOQs from 10 to 500ngL-1. 92% of the compounds showed limits of quantification ≤100ngL-1. In most cases, mean recoveries were in the range 70-120%, and RSD values were ≤20%. The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of 10 TWW samples, demonstrating the occurrence of 67 target compounds at concentration levels from 26705ngL-1 (4-aminoantipyrine) to 10ngL-1 (tebuconazole and bezafibrate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Patricia Plaza-Bolaños
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Sixto Malato
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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21
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Shaikh N, Taujale S, Zhang H, Artyushkova K, Ali AMS, Cerrato JM. Spectroscopic Investigation of Interfacial Interaction of Manganese Oxide with Triclosan, Aniline, and Phenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10978-10987. [PMID: 27668521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the reaction of manganese oxide [MnOx(s)] with phenol, aniline, and triclosan in batch experiments using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and aqueous chemistry measurements. Analyses of XPS high-resolution spectra suggest that the Mn(III) content increased 8-10% and the content of Mn(II) increased 12-15% in the surface of reacted MnOx(s) compared to the control, indicating that the oxidation of organic compounds causes the reduction of MnOx(s). Fitting of C 1s XPS spectra suggests an increase in the number of aromatic and aliphatic bonds for MnOx(s) reacted with organic compounds. The presence of 2.7% Cl in the MnOx(s) surface after reaction with triclosan was detected by XPS survey scans, while no Cl was detected in MnOx-phenol, MnOx-aniline, and MnOx-control. Raman spectra confirm the increased intensity of carbon features in MnOx(s) samples that reacted with organic compounds compared to unreacted MnOx(s). These spectroscopy results indicate that phenol, aniline, triclosan, and related byproducts are associated with the surface of MnOx(s)-reacted samples. The results from this research contribute to a better understanding of interactions between MnOx(s) and organic compounds that are relevant to natural and engineered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Shaikh
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico , MSC01 1070, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Saru Taujale
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University , 1947 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University , 1947 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kateryna Artyushkova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Mexico , MSC01 1120, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Abdul-Mehdi S Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico , MSC03 2040, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - José M Cerrato
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico , MSC01 1070, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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De Vos J, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Enhancing detection sensitivity in gradient liquid chromatography via post-column refocusing and strong-solvent remobilization. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1455:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Place BJ, Perkins MJ, Sinclair E, Barsamian AL, Blakemore PR, Field JA. Trace Analysis of Surfactants in Corexit Oil Dispersant Formulations and Seawater. DEEP-SEA RESEARCH. PART II, TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2016; 129:273-281. [PMID: 27594772 PMCID: PMC5007063 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
After the April 2010 explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, and subsequent release of millions of barrels of oil, two Corexit oil dispersant formulations were used in unprecedented quantities both on the surface and sub-surface of the Gulf of Mexico. Although the dispersant formulations contain four classes of surfactants, current studies to date focus on the anionic surfactant, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (DOSS). Factors affecting the integrity of environmental and laboratory samples for Corexit analysis have not been systematically investigated. For this reason, a quantitative analytical method was developed for the detection of all four classes of surfactants, as well as the hydrolysis products of DOSS, the enantiomeric mixture of α- and β-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (α-/β-EHSS). The analytical method was then used to evaluate which practices for sample collection, storage, and analysis resulted in high quality data. Large volume, direct injection of seawater followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) minimized analytical artifacts, analysis time, and both chemical and solid waste. Concentrations of DOSS in the seawater samples ranged from 71 - 13,000 ng/L, while the nonionic surfactants including Span 80, Tween 80, Tween 85 were detected infrequently (26% of samples) at concentrations from 840 - 9100 ng/L. The enantiomers α-/β-EHSS were detected in seawater, at concentrations from 200 - 1,900 ng/L, and in both Corexit dispersant formulations, indicating α-/β-EHSS were applied to the oil spill and may be not unambiguous indicator of DOSS degradation. Best practices are provided to ensure sample integrity and data quality for environmental monitoring studies and laboratory that require the detection and quantification of Corexit-based surfactants in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt J. Perkins
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Ewan Sinclair
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University-California, Vallejo, CA
| | | | | | - Jennifer A. Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Corresponding Author Information: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, 1007 ALS Building, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, , Phone: 541-737-2265, Fax: 541-737-0497
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Nguyen TV, Reinhard M, Chen H, Gin KYH. Fate and transport of perfluoro- and polyfluoroalkyl substances including perfluorooctane sulfonamides in a managed urban water body. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10382-10392. [PMID: 27146547 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transport and fate of perfluoro- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in an urban water body that receives mainly urban runoff was investigated. Water, suspended solids, and sediment samples were collected during the monsoon (wet) and inter-monsoon (dry) season at different sites and depths. Samples were analyzed for C7 to C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylate homologues (PFCAs) (PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA), perfluorohexane, perfluorooctane, and 6:2-fluorotelomer sulfonate (PFHxS, PFOS, and 6:2FtS, respectively), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), N-ethyl FOSA (sulfluramid), N-ethyl sulfonamidoethanol (N-EtFOSE), and N-methyl and N-ethyl sulfonamidoacetic acid (N-EtFOSAA and N-MeFOSAA, respectively). Concentrations in wet samples were only slightly higher. The sum total PFAS (ΣPFAS) concentrations dissolved in the aqueous phase and sorbed to suspended solids (SS) ranged from 107 to 253 ng/L and 11 to 158 ng/L, respectively. PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFDA contributed most (approximately 90 %) to the dissolved ΣPFASs. N-EtFOSA dominated the particulate PFAS burden in wet samples. K D values of PFOA and PFOS calculated from paired SS and water concentrations varied widely (1.4 to 13.7 and 1.9 to 98.9 for PFOA and PFOS, respectively). Field derived K D was significantly higher than laboratory K D suggesting hydrophobic PFASs sorbed to SS resist desorption. The ΣPFAS concentrations in the top sedimentary layer ranged from 8 to 42 μg/kg and indicated preferential accumulation of the strongly sorbing long-chain PFASs. The occurrence of the metabolites N-MeFOSAA, N-EtFOSAA and FOSA in the water column and sediments may have resulted from biological or photochemical transformations of perfluorooctane sulfonamide precursors while the absence of FOSA, N-EtFOSA and 6:2FtS in sediments was consistent with biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung V Nguyen
- Public Utilities Board (PUB), Environment Building, 40 Scotts Road, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | - Martin Reinhard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Huiting Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Karina Y-H Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
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25
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Backe WJ. An Ultrasensitive (Parts-Per-Quadrillion) and SPE-Free Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Estrogens in Surface Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14311-8. [PMID: 26580084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method is presented here that is sensitive to the parts-per-quadrillion (pg/L) for estrogens in surface water. The estrogens included for study were estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and equilin. The method consisted of the small-scale liquid-liquid extraction of surface water followed by derivation with dansyl chloride. Analyte separation and detection were performed by high-pressure liquid-chromatography and tandem mass-spectrometry. A large volume (100 μL) of the sample was injected on-column to increase the analyte mass sent to the detector. The detection limits of the method were 0.045 ng/L for estrone, 0.086 ng/L for 17β-estradiol, 0.030 ng/L for estriol, 0.049 ng/L for 17α-ethinylestradiol, and 0.13 ng/L for equilin. The whole-method accuracy ranged from 93 ± 5.8% to 105 ± 4.5% for all the analytes at two different spike levels. Similarly, the precision of the method was less than 8.0% relative standard deviation. The final method was used to analyze a series of samples from the Mississippi River spanning 51 river miles. Estrone was detected in all of the samples and 17β-estradiol was detected in one. Concentrations of estrone ranged from between the detection and quantification limits up to 0.63 ng/L. Increases in the concentration of estrone could be observed downstream from potential sources including a drinking water treatment plant. 17β-estradiol was detected below its quantitation limit in a sample taken downstream from a wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health , 601 Robert St. N., P.O. Box 64899, , Saint Paul, Minnesota 55164-0899, United States
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Simultaneous determination of trace benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in water by large-volume injection/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:270-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Flores C, Caixach J. An integrated strategy for rapid and accurate determination of free and cell-bound microcystins and related peptides in natural blooms by liquid chromatography-electrospray-high resolution mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry using both positive and negative ionization modes. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:76-89. [PMID: 26141269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An integrated high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) strategy has been developed for rapid and accurate determination of free and cell-bound microcystins (MCs) and related peptides in water blooms. The natural samples (water and algae) were filtered for independent analysis of aqueous and sestonic fractions. These fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and ESI-Orbitrap-HCD-MS. MALDI, ESI and the study of fragmentation sequences have been provided crucial structural information. The potential of combined positive and negative ionization modes, full scan and fragmentation acquisition modes (TOF/TOF and HCD) by HRMS and high resolution and accurate mass was investigated in order to allow unequivocal determination of MCs. Besides, a reliable quantitation has been possible by HRMS. This composition helped to decrease the probability of false positives and negatives, as alternative to commonly used LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. The analysis was non-target, therefore covered the possibility to analyze all MC analogs concurrently without any pre-selection of target MC. Furthermore, archived data was subjected to retrospective "post-targeted" analysis and a screening of other potential toxins and related peptides as anabaenopeptins in the samples was done. Finally, the MS protocol and identification tools suggested were applied to the analysis of characteristic water blooms from Spanish reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Leendert V, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K. Trends in liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for multi-residue analysis of organic micropollutants in aquatic environments. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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De Vos J, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Peak refocusing using subsequent retentive trapping and strong eluent remobilization in liquid chromatography: A theoretical optimization study. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Leonhardt J, Hetzel T, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Large Volume Injection of Aqueous Samples in Nano Liquid Chromatography Using Serially Coupled Columns. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Fernández-Ramos C, Šatínský D, Šmídová B, Solich P. Analysis of trace organic compounds in environmental, food and biological matrices using large-volume sample injection in column-switching liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Bayen S, Yi X, Segovia E, Zhou Z, Kelly BC. Analysis of selected antibiotics in surface freshwater and seawater using direct injection in liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1338:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vergeynst L, Van Langenhove H, Joos P, Demeestere K. Suspect screening and target quantification of multi-class pharmaceuticals in surface water based on large-volume injection liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2533-47. [PMID: 24633561 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing number of emerging micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals requests rapid and sensitive full-spectrum analytical techniques. Time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (TOF-HRMS) is a promising alternative for the state-of-the-art tandem mass spectrometry instruments because of its ability to simultaneously screen for a virtually unlimited number of suspect analytes and to perform target quantification. The challenge for such suspect screening is to develop a strategy, which minimizes the false-negative rate without restraining numerous false-positives. At the same time, omitting laborious sample enrichment through large-volume injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography (LVI-UPLC) avoids selective preconcentration. A suspect screening strategy was developed using LVI-UPLC-TOF-MS aiming the detection of 69 multi-class pharmaceuticals in surface water without the a priori availability of analytical standards. As a novel approach, the screening takes into account the signal-intensity-dependent accurate mass error of TOF-MS, hereby restraining 95 % of the measured suspect pharmaceuticals present in surface water. Application on five Belgian river water samples showed the potential of the suspect screening approach, as exemplified by a false-positive rate not higher than 15 % and given that 30 out of 37 restrained suspect compounds were confirmed by the retention time of analytical standards. Subsequently, this paper discusses the validation and applicability of the LVI-UPLC full-spectrum HRMS method for target quantification of the 69 pharmaceuticals in surface water. Analysis of five Belgian river water samples revealed the occurrence of 17 pharmaceuticals in a concentration range of 17 ng L(-1) up to 3.1 μg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert Vergeynst
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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The determination of acrylamide in environmental and drinking waters by large-volume injection – hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1334:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ramirez CE, Wang C, Gardinali PR. Fully automated trace level determination of parent and alkylated PAHs in environmental waters by online SPE-LC-APPI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:329-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Backe WJ, Day TC, Field JA. Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic fluorinated chemicals in aqueous film forming foam formulations and groundwater from U.S. military bases by nonaqueous large-volume injection HPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5226-34. [PMID: 23590254 DOI: 10.1021/es3034999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method was developed to quantify 26 newly-identified and 21 legacy (e.g. perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and fluorotelomer sulfonates) per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater and aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) formulations. Prior to analysis, AFFF formulations were diluted into methanol and PFAS in groundwater were micro liquid-liquid extracted. Methanolic dilutions of AFFF formulations and groundwater extracts were analyzed by large-volume injection (900 μL) high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Orthogonal chromatography was performed using cation exchange (silica) and anion exchange (propylamine) guard columns connected in series to a reverse-phase (C18) analytical column. Method detection limits for PFAS in groundwater ranged from 0.71 ng/L to 67 ng/L, and whole-method accuracy ranged from 96% to 106% for analytes for which matched authentic analytical standards were available. For analytes without authentic analytical standards, whole-method accuracy ranged from 78 % to 144 %, and whole-method precision was less than 15 % relative standard deviation for all analytes. A demonstration of the method on groundwater samples from five military bases revealed eight of the 26 newly-identified PFAS present at concentrations up to 6900 ng/L. The newly-identified PFAS represent a minor fraction of the fluorinated chemicals in groundwater relative to legacy PFAS. The profiles of PFAS in groundwater differ from those found in fluorotelomer- and electrofluorination-based AFFF formulations, which potentially indicates environmental transformation of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- 153 Gilbert Hall, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
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Development of a rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for screening of trace naphthenic acids in aqueous environments. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1278:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Berendsen BJ, Stolker L(A, Nielen MW, Nielen MW. Selectivity in the sample preparation for the analysis of drug residues in products of animal origin using LC-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Reemtsma T, Alder L, Banasiak U. A multimethod for the determination of 150 pesticide metabolites in surface water and groundwater using direct injection liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huntscha S, Singer HP, McArdell CS, Frank CE, Hollender J. Multiresidue analysis of 88 polar organic micropollutants in ground, surface and wastewater using online mixed-bed multilayer solid-phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:74-83. [PMID: 23137864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An automated multiresidue method consisting of an online solid-phase extraction step coupled to a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method) was developed for the determination of 88 polar organic micropollutants with a broad range of physicochemical properties (logD(OW) (pH 7): -4.2 to 4.2). Based on theoretical considerations, a single mixed-bed multilayer cartridge containing four different extraction materials was composed for the automated enrichment of water samples. This allowed the simultaneous analysis of pesticides, biocides, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, many of their transformation products, and the artificial sweetener sucralose in three matrices groundwater, surface water, and wastewater. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the environmentally relevant concentration range of 0.1-87 ng/L for groundwater and surface water, and 1.5-206 ng/L for wastewater. The majority of the compounds could be quantified below 10 ng/L in groundwater (82%) and surface water (80%) and below 100 ng/L in wastewater (80%). Relative recoveries were largely between 80 and 120%. Intraday and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, were generally better than 10% and 20%, respectively. 50 isotope labeled internal standards were used for quantification and accordingly, relative recoveries as well as intraday and inter-day precision were better for compounds with corresponding internal standard. The applicability of this method was shown during a sampling campaign at a riverbank filtration site for drinking water production with travel times of up to 5 days. 36 substances of all compound classes investigated could be found in concentrations between 0.1 and 600 ng/L. The results revealed the persistence of carbamazepine and sucralose in the groundwater aquifer as well as degradation of the metamizole metabolite 4-acetamidoantipyrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Huntscha
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Backe WJ, Field JA. Is SPE necessary for environmental analysis? A quantitative comparison of matrix effects from large-volume injection and solid-phase extraction based methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6750-6758. [PMID: 22626028 DOI: 10.1021/es300235z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental analysis by large-volume injection (LVI) was compared to solid-phase extraction (SPE) based methods using matrix effects as a quantitative indicator of analytical signal quality. LVI was performed by the direct injection of 900 μL of wastewater onto a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column while SPE-based methods utilized octadecyl silane (C18) and hydrophobic-lypophilic balance (HLB) solid phases to preconcentrate wastewater prior to analysis. Model analytes from three classes of environmental contaminants were selected for study including four estrogens (estrone, estradiol, estriol, and ethinylestradiol), eight perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C4-C11), and five perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C4, C6-C8, and C10). The matrix effects on analytes were assessed by two approaches (quantitatively by calculating percent matrix effects and qualitatively with postcolumn infusions) and compared across LVI- and SPE-based methods at constant (high and low) analyte-to-matrix mass ratios. The results from this study demonstrated that the LVI-based method produced analytical signals of quality similar to the two SPE-based methods. Furthermore, LVI presented a clear advantage over SPE because it was performed at lower cost, required fewer materials, involved less labor and eliminated the analyte loss associated with SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- Chemistry Department, 153 Gilbert Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
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