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Wang X, Chen Z, Cheng D, Cao Y, Xie X, Zhou J, Wu Y, Li X, Yu J, Yang B. Association between urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds and cardiovascular disease in the general population from NHANES 2011-2018. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115412. [PMID: 37714034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contain hundreds of chemicals and human exposure to VOCs is pervasive. However, most studies have considered only a single chemical or a class of similar chemicals. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between urinary volatile organic compound metabolites (mVOCs) and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. METHODS The data in this study were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011-2018. Eligible patients were aged ≥20 years for whom complete data for 20 types of urinary mVOCs and CVD outcomes were available. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to elucidate the association between mVOCs and CVD. Generalized additive models were used to examine the nonlinear relationships between mVOCs and CVD. RESULTS 6814 indiviuals were included in the final analysis, of whom 508 had CVD. Higher urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-l-cysteine (CYMA) and a lower urinary concentration of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) were associated with CVD outcomes after the adjustment for potential confounding factors. A nonlinear relationship and a threshold effect were only observed between N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-l-cysteine (AMCC) and CVD among 20 types of mVOCs. There was a significantly positive correlation between AMCC and CVD when AMCC concentration was >2.32 g/mL. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggested a significant correlation between urinary VOC metabolites and CVD. Urinary mVOCs may indicate hazardous exposure or distinct metabolic traits in patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Zijun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Dian Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Yue Cao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Yizhang Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Jinbo Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
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Wu KY, Wu CF, Luo YS, Huang YF, Uang SN, Lee YY, Chiang SY. Study of urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of human acrylonitrile exposure. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:141-147. [PMID: 36402260 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the vinyl monomer acrylonitrile (AN) is primarily occupational. AN is also found in cigarette smoke. AN can be detoxified to form N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-cysteine (CEMA) or activated to 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) and detoxified to form N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (CHEMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (HEMA). These urinary mercapturic acids (MAs) are considered to be potential biomarkers of AN exposure. This study assessed personal AN exposure, urinary MAs (CEMA, CHEMA, and HEMA), and cotinine (a biomarker of cigarette smoke) in 80 AN-exposed and 23 non-exposed factory workers from urine samples provided before and after work shifts. Unambiguous linear correlations were observed between levels of urinary CEMA and CHEMA with personal AN exposures, indicating their potential as chemically-specific biomarkers for AN exposures. AN exposure was the dominant factor in MA formation for AN-exposed workers, whereas urinary cotinine used as a biomarker showed that cigarette smoke exposure was the primary factor for non-exposed workers. The CHEMA/CEMA and (CHEMA+HEMA)/CEMA ratios in this human study differ from those in similar studies of AN-treated rats and mice in literature, suggesting a possible dose- and species-dependent effect in AN metabolic activation and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Yuh Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Nian Uang
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Lee
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Food and Beverage Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Luo X, Carmella SG, Chen M, Jensen JA, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE, Hecht SS. Urinary Cyanoethyl Mercapturic Acid, a Biomarker of the Smoke Toxicant Acrylonitrile, Clearly Distinguishes Smokers From Nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1744-1747. [PMID: 32391548 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA) is a urinary metabolite of acrylonitrile, a toxicant found in substantial quantities in cigarette smoke, but not in non-combusted products such as e-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco and rarely in the diet or in the general human environment. Thus, we hypothesized that CEMA is an excellent biomarker of combusted tobacco product use. AIMS AND METHODS We tested this hypothesis by analyzing CEMA in the urine of 1259 cigarette smokers (urinary cotinine ≥25 ng/mL) and 1191 nonsmokers. The analyses of CEMA and cotinine were performed by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods. Logistic regression was fit for log-transformed CEMA to construct the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS We found that a CEMA cutpoint of 27 pmol/mL urine differentiated cigarette smokers from nonsmokers with sensitivity and specificity greater than 99%. The use of different cotinine cutpoints to define smokers (10-30 ng/mL) had little effect on the results. CONCLUSIONS CEMA is a highly reliable urinary biomarker to identify users of combusted tobacco products such as cigarettes as opposed to users of non-combusted products, medicinal nicotine, or nonusers of tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS CEMA can be used to distinguish users of combusted tobacco products from non-combusted products such as e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and medicinal nicotine. Levels of CEMA in the urine of people who use these non-combusted products are extremely low, in contrast to cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joni A Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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4
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Walker VE, Fennell TR, Walker DM, Bauer MJ, Upton PB, Douglas GR, Swenberg JA. Analysis of DNA Adducts and Mutagenic Potency and Specificity in Rats Exposed to Acrylonitrile. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1609-1622. [PMID: 32529823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a widely used industrial chemical, induces cancers in multiple organs/tissues of rats by unresolved mechanisms. For this report, evidence for ACN-induced direct/indirect DNA damage and mutagenesis was investigated by assessing the ability of ACN, or its reactive metabolite, 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO), to bind to DNA in vitro, to form select DNA adducts [N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine, N2,3-ethenoguanine, 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine, and 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytidine] in vitro and/or in vivo, and to perturb the frequency and spectra of mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) gene in rats exposed to ACN in drinking water. Adducts and frequencies and spectra of Hprt mutations were analyzed using published methods. Treatment of DNA from human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells with [2,3-14C]-CEO produced dose-dependent binding of 14C-CEO equivalents, and treatment of DNA from control rat brain/liver with CEO induced dose-related formation of N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine. No etheno-DNA adducts were detected in target tissues (brain and forestomach) or nontarget tissues (liver and spleen) in rats exposed to 0, 3, 10, 33, 100, or 300 ppm ACN for up to 105 days or to 0 or 500 ppm ACN for ∼15 months; whereas N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine was consistently measured at nonsignificant concentrations near the assay detection limit only in liver of animals exposed to 300 or 500 ppm ACN for ≥2 weeks. Significant dose-related increases in Hprt mutant frequencies occurred in T-lymphocytes from spleens of rats exposed to 33-500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks. Comparisons of "mutagenic potency estimates" for control rats versus rats exposed to 500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks to analogous data from rats/mice treated at a similar age with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea or 1,3-butadiene suggest that ACN has relatively limited mutagenic effects in rats. Considerable overlap between the sites and types of mutations in ACN-exposed rats and butadiene-exposed rats/mice, but not controls, provides evidence that the carcinogenicity of these epoxide-forming chemicals involves corresponding mutagenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon E Walker
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States.,The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, Vermont 05465, United States
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Dale M Walker
- The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, Vermont 05465, United States.,Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia 20167, United States
| | | | - Patricia B Upton
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - James A Swenberg
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Walker VE, Walker DM, Ghanayem BI, Douglas GR. Analysis of Biomarkers of DNA Damage and Mutagenicity in Mice Exposed to Acrylonitrile. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1623-1632. [PMID: 32529832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a widely used industrial chemical, induces cancers in the mouse via unresolved mechanisms. For this report, complementary and previously described methods were used to assess in vivo genotoxicity and/or mutagenicity of ACN in several mouse models, including (i) female mice devoid of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), which yields the epoxide intermediate cyanoethylene oxide (CEO), (ii) male lacZ transgenic mice, and (iii) female (wild-type) B6C3F1 mice. Exposures of wild-type mice and CYP2E1-null mice to ACN at 0, 2.5 (wild-type mice only), 10, 20, or 60 (CYP2E1-null mice only) mg/kg body weight by gavage for 6 weeks (5 days/week) produced no elevations in the frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes, but induced significant dose-dependent increases in DNA damage, detected by the alkaline (pH >13) Comet assay, in one target tissue (forestomach) and one nontarget tissue (liver) of wild-type mice only. ACN exposures by gavage also caused significant dose-related elevations in the frequencies of mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) reporter gene of T-lymphocytes from spleens of wild-type mice; however, Hprt mutant frequencies were significantly increased in CYP2E1-null mice only at a high dose of ACN (60 mg/kg) that is lethal to wild-type mice. Similarly, drinking water exposures of lacZ transgenic mice to 0, 100, 500, or 750 ppm ACN for 4 weeks caused significant dose-dependent elevations in Hprt mutant frequencies in splenic T-cells; however, these ACN exposures did not increase the frequency of lacZ transgene mutations above spontaneous background levels in several tissues from the same animals. Together, the Comet assay and Hprt mutant frequency data from these studies indicate that oxidative metabolism of ACN by CYP2E1 to CEO is central to the induction of the majority of DNA damage and mutations in ACN-exposed mice, but ACN itself also may contribute to the carcinogenic modes of action via mechanisms involving direct and/or indirect DNA reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon E Walker
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States.,The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, Vermont 05465, United States
| | - Dale M Walker
- The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, Vermont 05465, United States.,Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia 20167, United States
| | - Burhan I Ghanayem
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
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Chen M, Carmella SG, Sipe C, Jensen J, Luo X, Le CT, Murphy SE, Benowitz NL, McClernon FJ, Vandrey R, Allen SS, Denlinger-Apte R, Cinciripini PM, Strasser AA, al’Absi M, Robinson JD, Donny EC, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. Longitudinal stability in cigarette smokers of urinary biomarkers of exposure to the toxicants acrylonitrile and acrolein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210104. [PMID: 30608961 PMCID: PMC6319718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary metabolites cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA) and 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) have been widely used as biomarkers of exposure to acrylonitrile and acrolein, respectively, but there are no published data on their consistency over time in the urine of cigarette smokers. We provided, free of charge over a 20 week period, Spectrum NRC600/601 research cigarettes to cigarette smokers in the control arm of a randomized clinical trial of the reduced nicotine cigarette. Urine samples were collected at weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 and analyzed for CEMA and 3-HPMA, and total nicotine equivalents (TNE) using validated methods. Creatinine-corrected intra-class correlation coefficients for CEMA, 3-HPMA, and TNE were 0.67, 0.46, and 0.68, respectively, indicating good longitudinal consistency for CEMA, while that of 3-HPMA was fair. A strong correlation between CEMA and TNE values was observed. These data support the use of CEMA as a reliable biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. This is the first report of the longitudinal stability of the biomarkers of acrylonitrile and acrolein exposure in smokers. The data indicate that CEMA, the biomarker of acrylonitrile exposure, is consistent over time in cigarette smokers, supporting its use. While 3-HPMA levels were less stable over time, this biomarker is nevertheless a useful monitor of human acrolein exposure because of its specificity to this toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chistopher Sipe
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chap T. Le
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - F. Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon S. Allen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rachel Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mustafa al’Absi
- Behavioral Medicine Laboratories, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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Mathias PI, B'hymer C. Mercapturic acids: recent advances in their determination by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and their use in toxicant metabolism studies and in occupational and environmental exposure studies. Biomarkers 2016; 21:293-315. [PMID: 26900903 PMCID: PMC4894522 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1141988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent selected HPLC/MS methods for the determination of urinary mercapturates that are useful as noninvasive biomarkers in characterizing human exposure to electrophilic industrial chemicals in occupational and environmental studies. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is a sensitive and specific method for analysis of small molecules found in biological fluids. In this review, recent selected mercapturate quantification methods are summarized and specific cases are presented. The biological formation of mercapturates is introduced and their use as indicators of metabolic processing of reactive toxicants is discussed, as well as future trends and limitations in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Mathias
- a Division of Applied Science and Technology , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert a. Taft Laboratories , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Clayton B'hymer
- a Division of Applied Science and Technology , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert a. Taft Laboratories , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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8
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Pérez-Ortuño R, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fernández E, Pascual JA. High-throughput wide dynamic range procedure for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine and cotinine in multiple biological matrices using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8463-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Recent advances in MS methods for nicotine and metabolite analysis in human matrices: clinical perspectives. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2171-83. [PMID: 25331861 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major global health issue and represents the leading cause of preventable death in the developed countries. Nicotine is a major alkaloid found in tobacco products and its detection with its metabolites in human matrices is generally used for assessing tobacco consumption and second hand exposure. Several analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of nicotine and its metabolites, and MS coupled with chromatography is considered the standard reference method because of its superior sensitivity and specificity. In this work, we reviewed nicotine metabolism, clinical MS and the latest (2009-2014) development of MS-based techniques for measurement of nicotine and metabolites in human matrices. Appropriate biomarker and matrix selection are also critically discussed.
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Chiang WC, Chen CY, Lee TC, Lee HL, Lin YW. Fast and simple screening for the simultaneous analysis of seven metabolites derived from five volatile organic compounds in human urine using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 132:469-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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De Smedt T, De Cremer K, Vleminckx C, Fierens S, Mertens B, Van Overmeire I, Bader M, De Paepe P, Göen T, Nemery B, Schettgen T, Stove C, Van Oyen H, Van Loco J, Van Nieuwenhuyse A. Acrylonitrile exposure in the general population following a major train accident in Belgium: A human biomonitoring study. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:344-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Acrylonitrile exposure assessment in the emergency responders of a major train accident in Belgium: A human biomonitoring study. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Mathias PI, B'Hymer C. A survey of liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of mercapturic acid biomarkers in occupational and environmental exposure monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:136-45. [PMID: 24746702 PMCID: PMC4530631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) is sensitive and specific for targeted quantitative analysis and is readily utilized for small molecules from biological matrices. This brief review describes recent selected HPLC/MS methods for the determination of urinary mercapturic acids (mercapturates) which are useful as biomarkers in characterizing human exposure to electrophilic industrial chemicals in occupational and environmental studies. Electrophilic compounds owing to their reactivity are used in chemical and industrial processes. They are present in industrial emissions, are combustion products of fossil fuels, and are components in tobacco smoke. Their presence in both the industrial and general environments are of concern for human and environmental health. Urinary mercapturates which are the products of metabolic detoxification of reactive chemicals provide a non-invasive tool to investigate human exposure to electrophilic toxicants. Selected recent mercapturate quantification methods are summarized and specific cases are presented. The biological formation of mercapturates is introduced and their use as biomarkers of metabolic processing of electrophilic compounds is discussed. Also, the use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in simultaneous determinations of the mercapturates of multiple parent compounds in a single determination is considered, as well as future trends and limitations in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Mathias
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Science and Technology, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, United States.
| | - Clayton B'Hymer
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Science and Technology, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, United States
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Bartolomé M, Gallego-Picó A, Huetos O, Castaño A. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection cotinine method adapted for the assessment of tobacco smoke exposure. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1404-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Bartolomé
- Environmental Toxicology; National Centre for Environmental Health; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Spain
| | - Alejandrina Gallego-Picó
- Department of Analytical Sciences; Faculty of Sciences; National University of Distance Education (UNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Olga Huetos
- Environmental Toxicology; National Centre for Environmental Health; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology; National Centre for Environmental Health; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Spain
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15
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Luttrell WE, LaGrow AL. Toxic tips: Acrylonitrile. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xiaotao Z, Hongwei H, Wei X, Qingyuan H. Simultaneous measurement of N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:719-24. [PMID: 23902664 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile, possibly carcinogenic to humans, is mainly present in tobacco smoke and undergoes metabolism to form N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-cysteine (CEMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (HEMA). A method based on the direct dilution to simultaneously identify and quantify CEMA and HEMA in human urine by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS-MS) was validated for assessing smoking-related acrylonitrile exposure. The recovery rates of the whole analytical procedure were 98.2-106.0% and 97.1-112.7% for HEMA and CEMA, respectively. The linear range of standard solutions was 0.5-100.0 ng/mL for CEMA and was 0.2-40.0 ng/mL for HEMA. RRLC using a small particle size column was combined with a tandem mass spectrometry system, which lowered the detection limit of analytes, reduced the ion suppression of mass and shortened the analysis time. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of 126 urine samples from smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Xiaotao
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou High & New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou Hongwei
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou High & New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Wei
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou High & New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Qingyuan
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou High & New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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Simultaneous measurement of urinary total nicotine and cotinine as biomarkers of active and passive smoking among Japanese individuals. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 18:244-50. [PMID: 23011941 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-012-0307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Measuring urinary cotinine is a popular and established method of biologically monitoring exposure to tobacco smoke. However, the lower detection limit of cotinine often impedes the evaluation of passive (second-hand) smoking and this, together with unconverted nicotine, does not reflect actual levels of exposure. Furthermore, a portion of the Japanese population might have decreased ability to metabolize nicotine. The present study was therefore carried out to validate the simultaneous analysis of total concentrations of free nicotine and cotinine and their glucuronides to determine actual levels of voluntary and involuntary exposure to cigarette smoke. METHODS Urine samples from 118 Japanese smokers and 117 non-smokers were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Voluntary and involuntary smoking status was self-reported and workplace smoking restrictions were objectively evaluated. RESULTS The integrated sum of all concentrations showed 2.2- and 2.4-fold higher total levels (free and glucuronide) of nicotine and cotinine relative to the free levels. Median (quartiles) of total nicotine and cotinine were 1635 (2222) and 3948 (3512) ng/mL in smokers, and 3.5 (5.3) and 2.8 (4.2) ng/mL in non-smokers. Concentrations of urinary nicotine were higher than those of cotinine in 21 % of smokers and in 54 % of non-smokers. Nicotine and cotinine levels were significantly associated with a smoking habit, as well as being significantly associated with the workplace and home environments of non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS The present method can monitor voluntary and involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. Measuring total urinary nicotine levels might be useful for analyzing exposure to cigarette smoke among non-smokers.
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Schettgen T, Bertram J, Kraus T. Accurate quantification of the mercapturic acids of acrylonitrile and its genotoxic metabolite cyanoethylene-epoxide in human urine by isotope-dilution LC-ESI/MS/MS. Talanta 2012; 98:211-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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