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Ji Z, Liao L, Ge Y, Liu M, Fang X, Sun H, Zheng S, Deng X. Screening anabolic androgenic steroids in human urine: an application of the state-of-the-art gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3223-3237. [PMID: 38573345 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) have been abused in and out of competition for their performance-enhancing and muscle-building properties. Traditionally, AASs were commonly detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the initial testing procedure for doping control purposes. Gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-HRMS) is a new technology that has many advantages in comparison with GC-MS (e.g., a maximum resolving power of 240,000 (FWHM at m/z 200), excellent sub-ppm mass accuracy, and retrospective data analysis after data acquisition). Anti-doping practitioners are encouraged to take full advantage of the updated techniques of chromatography-mass spectrometry to develop sensitive, specific, and rapid screening methods for AASs. A new method for screening a wide range of AASs in human urine using GC-Orbitrap-HRMS was developed and validated. The method can qualitatively determine 70 anabolic androgenic steroids according to the minimum required performance limit of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Moreover, the validated method was successfully applied to detect six metabolites in urine after the oral administration of metandienone, and their excretion curves in vivo were studied. Metandienone M6 (17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one) has been identified as a long-term urinary metabolite which can be detected up to 7 weeks, thus providing a longer detection window compared with previous studies. This study provides a rationale for GC-Orbitrap-HRMS in drug metabolism and non-targeted screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Ji
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqi Ge
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengpan Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Fang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyi Sun
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Zheng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Deng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, 900 Xinjiangwancheng Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
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Franzin M, Ruoso R, Peruch M, Stocco G, D'Errico S, Addobbati R. Quantification of 108 illicit drugs and metabolites in bile matrix by LC-MS/MS for the toxicological testing of sudden death cases. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:135-149. [PMID: 38051366 PMCID: PMC10761401 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sudden death could occur after assumption of illicit drugs for recreational purposes in adults or after intoxication in children, and toxicological testing would help identify the cause of the death. Analytical methods sensitive and specific for the quantification of a great number of drugs and metabolites in at least 2 matrices should be used. Bile, collected postmortem, may be considered a specimen alternative to blood and urine to perform toxicological testing because of its extended detection window. The present study proposed a LC-MS/MS method to quantify 108 drugs and metabolites in bile. Compounds belonging to the drugs of abuse classes of amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine derivatives, barbiturates, opioids, z-drugs, and psychedelics were analyzed. The sample preparation is simple and does not require solid-phase extraction. The proposed method showed an appropriate selectivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision of the calibrators and quality controls tested (precision < 15%; accuracy < 100 ± 15%). The sensitivity allowed to identify low amounts of drugs (e.g., morphine limit of detection = 0.2 µg/L; limit of quantification = 1.1 µg/L). There is no significant matrix effect, except for buprenorphine and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Carry-over was not present. Analytes were stable at least for 1 month at - 20 °C. Analyzing 13 postmortem specimens, methadone (50%), and cocaine (37.5%) resulted to be the most prevalent consumed substances; the concentrations quantified in bile resulted to be higher than the ones in blood suggesting bile as a potential new matrix for identifying illicit drugs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Franzin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Rachele Ruoso
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Peruch
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Errico
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Addobbati
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
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3
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Victoria Zhang Y, Garg U. Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratory: Applications in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2737:1-13. [PMID: 38036805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3541-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) has been proven to be a powerful platform in research and specialized clinical laboratories for decades. In clinical laboratories, it is used for compound identification and quantification. Due to the ability to provide specific identification, high sensitivity, and simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes (>100) in recent years, application of MS in routine clinical laboratories has increased significantly. Although MS is used in many laboratory areas, therapeutic drug monitoring, drugs of abuse, and clinical toxicology remain the primary focuses of the field. Due to rapid increase in the number of prescription drugs and drugs of abuse (e.g., novel psychoactive substances), clinical laboratories are challenged with developing new MS assays to meet the clinical needs of the patients. We are here to present "off-the-shelf" and "ready-to-use" protocols of recent developments in new assays to help the clinical laboratory community adopt the technology and analysis for the betterment of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Peters FT, Wissenbach D. Current state-of-the-art approaches for mass spectrometry in clinical toxicology: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:487-500. [PMID: 37615282 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2252324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyphenated mass spectrometry (MS) has evolved into a very powerful analytical technique of high sensitivity and specificity. It is used to analyze a very wide spectrum of analytes in classical and alternative matrices. The presented paper will provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art of hyphenated MS applications in clinical toxicology primarily based on review articles indexed in PubMed (1990 to April 2023). AREAS COVERED A general overview of matrices, sample preparation, analytical systems, detection modes, and validation and quality control is given. Moreover, selected applications are discussed. EXPERT OPINION A more widespread use of hyphenated MS techniques, especially in systematic toxicological analysis and drugs of abuse testing, would help overcome limitations of immunoassay-based screening strategies. This is currently hampered by high instrument cost, qualification requirements for personnel, and less favorable turnaround times, which could be overcome by more user-friendly, ideally fully automated MS instruments. This would help making hyphenated MS-based analysis available in more laboratories and expanding analysis to a large number of organic drugs, poisons, and/or metabolites. Even the most recent novel psychoactive substances (NPS) could be presumptively identified by high-resolution MS methods, their likely presence be communicated to treating physicians, and be confirmed later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Peters
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Becam J, Pelissier-Alicot AL, Doudka N, Richez M, Solas C, Fabresse N. Validation of a non-targeted method devoted to identification and quantitation of toxicologically relevant compounds in plasma with HRMS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1224:123739. [PMID: 37172558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a simple method using liquid chromatography hyphenated to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allowing both the performance of a non-targeted screening and the simultaneous quantification of 29 compounds of interest in clinical and forensic toxicology. Extraction was done with QuEChERS salts and acetonitrile, after addition of internal standard to 200 μL of human plasma samples. The mass spectrometer was an Orbitrap, with a heated electrospray ionization (HESI) probe. The analyses were carried out in full scan experiment with a nominal resolving power of 60,000 FWHM within the 125-650 m/z mass range, followed by four cycles of data dependent analysis (DDA) with a mass resolution of 16,000 FWHM. The untargeted screening was evaluated using 132 compounds, mean limit of identification (LOI) was 8.8 ng/mL (min = 0.05 ng/mL, max = 500 ng/mL) and mean limit of detection (LOD) was 0.25 ng/mL (min = 0.05 ng/mL, max = 5 ng/mL). The method was linear in the 5 to 500 ng/mL range (0.5 to 50 ng/mL for cannabinoids, 6-acetylmorphine and buprenorphine) with correlation coefficients > 0.99, intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were < 15% for all compounds. The method was successfully applied to 31 routine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Becam
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Natalia Doudka
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Magali Richez
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Caroline Solas
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicolas Fabresse
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Economic and Social Sciences of Health and Medical Information Processing, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
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Lynch KL. A case series evaluation of comprehensive drug testing in the pediatric acute care setting. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 28:75-79. [PMID: 36909288 PMCID: PMC9995460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Drug testing typically follows a one-size-fits-all approach that is inadequate in some clinical scenarios, such as child maltreatment, neglect, and unintentional drug exposure. Results from immunoassay-based testing, which are non-specific, insensitive, and far from comprehensive, can lead to unintended consequences for children and their families. Objectives The objective of this retrospective case series study is to evaluate the utility of real-time (0-1 day) comprehensive drug testing as an alternative to immunoassay-based testing in the pediatric acute care setting. Methods Comprehensive drug testing results obtained by mass spectrometry testing and associated medical data for all pediatric cases (0-12 years) at one institution from 2019 to 2022 were included in the analysis. The final case series (n = 7) included all cases from patients <3 years with comprehensive drug testing results that were inconsistent with medication history and/or toxicology results by immunoassay. Results Comprehensive drug testing by mass spectrometry was ordered for 174 urine and blood samples representing 97 patients (0-12 years) from 2019 to 2022. Of these, 76 cases were from patients <3 years old; results were consistent with medication history and confirmatory for immunoassay results (n = 34), consistent with medication history (n = 14), confirmatory for immunoassay results (n = 10), negative (n = 9), or medical history was incomplete (n = 2). The remaining 7 cases were included in the final case series. Conclusions The cases highlight the value of real-time comprehensive drug testing in acute pediatric cases. Testing results can rule out toxic exposure from the diagnostic differential when negative, and lead to appropriate medical and social interventions when positive.
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Key Words
- Analytical toxicology
- CT, computerized tomography
- Clinical toxicology
- Comprehensive drug testing
- DARS2, asparyl-tRNA sythetase 2
- Drug exposure
- Drug testing
- EKG, electrocardiogram
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale
- High resolution mass spectrometry
- LC-HRMS, liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- LDT, laboratory developed test
- Laboratory developed test
- MS, mass spectrometry
- OTC, over-the-counter
- POUNCE, pediatric opioid-use-associated neurotoxicity with cerebellar edema syndrome
- Pediatric toxicology
- UCSF, University of California San Francisco
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., Building 5, 2M16, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Gozdzialski L, Wallace B, Hore D. Point-of-care community drug checking technologies: an insider look at the scientific principles and practical considerations. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:39. [PMID: 36966319 PMCID: PMC10039693 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug checking is increasingly being explored outside of festivals and events to be an ongoing service within communities, frequently integrated within responses to illicit drug overdose. The choice of instrumentation is a common question, and the demands on these chemical analytical instruments can be challenging as illicit substances may be more complex and include highly potent ingredients at trace levels. The answer remains nuanced as the instruments themselves are not directly comparable nor are the local demands on the service, meaning implementation factors heavily influence the assessment and effectiveness of instruments. In this perspective, we provide a technical but accessible introduction to the background of a few common drug checking methods aimed at current and potential drug checking service providers. We discuss the following tools that have been used as part of the Vancouver Island Drug Checking Project in Victoria, Canada: immunoassay test strips, attenuated total reflection IR-absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy from powder samples, surface-enhanced Raman scattering in a solution of colloidal gold nanoparticles, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using four different drug mixtures received and tested at the service, we illustrate the strengths, limitations, and capabilities of such instruments, and expose the scientific theory to give further insight into their analytical results. Each case study provides a walk-through-style analysis for a practical comparison between data from several different instruments acquired on the same sample. Ideally, a single instrument would be able to achieve all of the objectives of drug checking. However, there is no clear instrument that ticks every box; low cost, portable, rapid, easy-to-use and provides highly sensitive identification and accurate quantification. Multi-instrument approaches to drug checking may be required to effectively respond to increasingly complex and highly potent substances demanding trace level detection and the potential for quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gozdzialski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Bruce Wallace
- School of Social Work, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Dennis Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W 3V6, Canada.
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W 3P6, Canada.
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Sharma JR, Dludla PV, Dwivedi G, Johnson R. Measurement Tools and Utility of Hair Analysis for Screening Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication. Glob Heart 2023; 18:17. [PMID: 36968302 PMCID: PMC10038111 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor adherence to the prescribed antihypertensive therapy is an understated public health problem and is one of the main causes of the high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. Medication adherence is vital for the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment and is key to ameliorating the clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients. However, it has often been ignored because the current methods used to assess medication adherence are not reliable, limiting their utilization in clinical practice. Therefore, the identification of the most accurate and clinically feasible method for measuring medication adherence is critical for tailoring effective strategies to improve medication adherence and consequently achieve blood pressure goals. This review not only explores various available methods for estimating medication adherence but also proposes therapeutic drug monitoring in hair for the measurement of medication adherence to the antihypertensive medication period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti R. Sharma
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Girish Dwivedi
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Sciences, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Verdun Street, Nedlands WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
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Feliu C, Konecki C, Cazaubon Y, Binet L, Vautier D, Fouley A, Gozalo C, Djerada Z. Development and Validation of a Non-Targeted Screening Method for Most Psychoactive, Analgesic, Anaesthetic, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Coagulant and Anti-Hypertensive Drugs in Human Whole Blood and Plasma Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010076. [PMID: 36678573 PMCID: PMC9865759 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In toxicological laboratories, various screening methods can be used to identify compounds involved in intoxication. High-resolution mass spectrometry has been increasingly used in this context for the last years, because of its sensitivity and reliability. Here, we present the development and validation of a screening method that uses liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. (2) Methods: This method required only 100 µL of whole blood or plasma sample. Pretreatment consisted of a rapid and simple deproteinisation with methanol/acetonitrile and zinc sulphate. This new assay was validated according to international guidelines. (3) Results: To perform the method validation, 53 compounds were selected. The selection criteria were as follows: various chemical structures and therapeutic families (>15), large m/z distribution, positive or negative ionisation mode, and various elution times. The assays showed high selectivity and specificity, with optimal process efficiency. The identification limits, determined using predefined criteria, were established at sub-therapeutic or therapeutic concentrations. Applicability was evaluated using spiked plasma controls and external quality controls. (4) Conclusions: The new method was then successfully applied to routine clinical and forensic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Feliu
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (Z.D.)
| | - Celine Konecki
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Yoann Cazaubon
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, INSERM, Montpellier University, Department of Pharmacology, Montpellier University Hospital, Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Binet
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Damien Vautier
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Aurélie Fouley
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Claire Gozalo
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Zoubir Djerada
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (Z.D.)
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Hao Y, Lynch K, Fan P, Jurtschenko C, Cid M, Zhao Z, Yang HS. Development of a Machine Learning Algorithm for Drug Screening Analysis on High-Resolution UPLC-MSE/QTOF Mass Spectrometry. J Appl Lab Med 2023; 8:53-66. [PMID: 36610415 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MSE/quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) high-resolution mass spectrometry employs untargeted, data-independent acquisition in a dual mode that simultaneously collects precursor ions and product ions at low and ramped collision energies, respectively. However, algorithmic analysis of large-scale multivariate data of comprehensive drug screening as well as the positivity criteria of drug identification have not been systematically investigated. It is also unclear whether ion ratio (IR), the intensity ratio of a defined product ion divided by the precursor ion, is a stable parameter that can be incorporated into the MSE/QTOF data analysis algorithm. METHODS IR of 91 drugs were experimentally determined and variation of IR was investigated across 5 concentrations measured on 3 different days. A data-driven machine learning approach was employed to develop multivariate linear regression (MLR) models incorporating mass error, retention time, number of detected fragment ions and IR, accuracy of isotope abundance, and peak response using drug-supplemented urine samples. Performance of the models was evaluated in an independent data set of unknown clinical urine samples in comparison with the results of manual analysis. RESULTS IR of most compounds acquired by MSE/QTOF were low and concentration-dependent (i.e., IR increased at higher concentrations). We developed an MLR model with composite score outputs incorporating 7 parameters to predict positive drug identification. The model achieved a mean accuracy of 89.38% in the validation set and 87.92% agreement in the test set. CONCLUSIONS The MLR model incorporating all contributing parameters can serve as a decision-support tool to facilitate objective drug identification using UPLC-MSE/QTOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kara Lynch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pengcheng Fan
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Maria Cid
- Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Laboratory, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Laboratory, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - He S Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Laboratory, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine Center, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Detection and Identification of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Analogs via Recognition-Enabled “Chromatographic” 19F NMR. J Fluor Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2023.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Abstract
The widespread application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in detection is currently hampered by its inherently low sensitivity and complications resulting from the undesired signal overlap. Here, we report a detection scheme to address these challenges, where analytes are recognized by 19F-labeled probes to induce characteristic shifts of 19F resonances that can be used as "chromatographic" signatures to pin down each low-concentration analyte in complex mixtures. This unique signal transduction mechanism allows detection sensitivity to be enhanced by using massive chemically equivalent 19F atoms, which was achieved through the proper installation of nonafluoro-tert-butoxy groups on probes of high structural symmetry. It is revealed that the binding of an analyte to the probe can be sensed by as many as 72 chemically equivalent 19F atoms, allowing the quantification of analytes at nanomolar concentrations to be routinely performed by NMR. Applications on the detection of trace amounts of prohibited drug molecules and water contaminants were demonstrated. The high sensitivity and robust resolving ability of this approach represent a first step toward extending the application of NMR to scenarios that are now governed by chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques. The detection scheme also makes possible the highly sensitive non-invasive multi-component analysis that is difficult to achieve by other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Siyi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Brandão-Dias PFP, Deatsch AE, Tank JL, Shogren AJ, Rosi EJ, Ruggiero ST, Tanner CE, Egan SP. Novel Field-Based Protein Detection Method Using Light Transmission Spectroscopy and Antibody Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2611-2617. [PMID: 35362986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein detection is a universal tool critical to many applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. We developed a novel protein detection method combining light transmission spectroscopy and particle-size analysis of gold nanospheres monovalently functionalized with polyclonal antibodies and applied it to an emerging challenge for such technologies─the monitoring of environmental proteins (eProteins) present in natural aquatic systems. These are an underreported source of pollution and include the pseudopersistent Cry toxins that enter aquatic ecosystems from surrounding genetically engineered crops. The assay is capable of detecting proteins in complex matrices, such as water samples collected in the field, making it a competitive assay for eProtein detection. It is sensitive, reaching 1.25 ng mL-1, and we demonstrate its application to the detection of Cry1Ab from subsurface tile-drain and streamwater samples from agricultural waterways. The assay can also be quickly adapted for other protein detection applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison E Deatsch
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jennifer L Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Arial J Shogren
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - Emma J Rosi
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545, United States
| | - Steven T Ruggiero
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Carol E Tanner
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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14
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Goncalves R, Castaing N, Richeval C, Ducint D, Titier K, Morvan E, Grélard A, Loquet A, Molimard M. Methoxpropamine (MXPr) in powder, urine and hair samples: Analytical characterization and metabolite identification of a new threat. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 333:111215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Musiał J, Czarny J, Gadzała-Kopciuch R. Overview of analytical methods for determining novel psychoactive substances, drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:239-258. [PMID: 36040410 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing in interest in psychoactive substances, particularly those available in e-commerce. These have led to an increase in the number of drug-related poisonings, deaths, and road accidents. Illegal drugs are available on an unprecedented scale and cause previously unknown adverse effects, which creates a challenge for analysts to find rapid methods for identifying these substances and taking appropriate action in the shortest possible time. New psychoactive substances (NPSs) can be lethal at very low concentrations, which give particularly serious cause for concern. These drugs are easily accessible and often regarded (or claimed) to be safe, which encourages many people, in particular young people, to try them. The widespread use of these substances is compounded by the awareness that they are difficult to detect with the existing rapid screening tests. Simple, fast, sensitive, and specific methods for determining the largest possible number of black-market psychoactive substances and their metabolites are therefore essential. Such methods will facilitate treatment and increase the effectiveness of measures aiming to reduce drug addiction. The objective of this review article was to critically compare the most commonly used analytical methods for determining NPS and their metabolites in biological material, with special emphasis on the sample preparation process, and to highlight the possibilities offered by the existing analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Musiał
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jakub Czarny
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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16
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Marlier D. Doping in Racing Pigeons ( Columba livia domestica): A Review and Actual Situation in Belgium, a Leading Country in This Field. Vet Sci 2022; 9:42. [PMID: 35202294 PMCID: PMC8880243 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon racing is a sport in which trained homing pigeons (Columba livia domestica) are released between 60 and 1200 km from their loft and then have to return home as quickly as possible. The first race was held in 1818 in Belgium and since then, Belgium has led the world in pigeon breeding. Unfortunately, as in other sports, doping has become a major issue and doping controls have been implemented. This review provides information about pigeon racing, rules from the Royal Federation Colombophile of Belgium, and laws applicable in Belgium as doping control issues cannot be understood without including them as part of pigeon racing. The main pharmacological data concerning corticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anabolic steroids, pain relievers and narcotic analgesics, bronchodilators and β-agonists, drugs acting on the central nervous system and other performance-enhancing drugs, in addition to methods relevant to doping in pigeons are presented. Moreover, the chosen matrix and analytical methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Marlier
- Bird, Rabbit and Rodent Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B4000 Liege, Belgium
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17
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Zhu C, Lai G, Jin Y, Xu D, Chen J, Jiang X, Wang S, Liu G, Xu N, Shen R, Wang L, Zhu M, Wu C. Suspect screening and untargeted analysis of veterinary drugs in food by LC-HRMS: Application of background exclusion-dependent acquisition for retrospective analysis of unknown xenobiotics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 210:114583. [PMID: 35033942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of veterinary drug and pesticide residues in food products pose considerable threats to human health. Monitoring of these residues in food is mainly carried out using targeted analysis by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. However, these methods are not suitable for suspect screening and untargeted analysis of unknowns. The main objectives of this study were to develop a new high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based analytical strategy for retrospective analysis of suspect and unknown xenobiotics and to evaluate its performance in the tentative identification of 48 veterinary drugs as "unknowns" spiked in a pork sample. In the analysis, a newly developed background exclusion data-dependent acquisition (BE-DDA) technique was employed to trigger the product ion (MS/MS) spectral acquisition of the "unknowns", and an in-house precise-and-thorough background-subtraction (PATBS) technique was applied to detect these "unknowns". Results showed that untargeted data mining of the acquired LC-MS dataset by PATBS was able to find all the 48 veterinary drugs and 46 of them were triggered by BE-DDA to generate accurate MS/MS spectra. The dataset of recorded accurate full-scan mass and MS/MS spectra of all the xenobiotics of the test pork sample is defined as the xenobiotics profile. Searching the xenobiotic profile of the test pork sample using mass spectral data of selected veterinary drugs (as suspects) from the mzCloud spectral library led to the correct hits. Searching against the mzCloud spectral library using the mass spectral data of selected individual veterinary drugs (as unknowns) from the xenobiotics profile tentatively confirmed their identities. In contrast, analysis of the same sample using ion intensity-data dependent acquisition only recorded the MS/MS spectra for 34 veterinary drugs. In addition, a data independent acquisition method enabled the acquisition of the fragment spectra for 44 veterinary drugs, but their spectral data displayed only one or a few true product ions of individual analytes of interest along with many fragments from coeluted biological components and background noises. This study demonstrates that this analytical strategy has a potential to become a practical tool for the retrospective suspect screening and untargeted analysis of unknown xenobiotics in a biological sample such as veterinary drugs and pesticides in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guoyin Lai
- Xiamen Customs Technology Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dunming Xu
- Xiamen Customs Technology Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayun Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaojuan Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Suping Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | | | | | - Rong Shen
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Luxiao Wang
- Xiamen Customs Technology Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Caisheng Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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18
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Kaya SI, Yıldırım S, Cetinkaya A, Erkmen C, Uslu B, Ozkan SA. Nanomaterial-based electroanalytical sensors for the selected prohibited anabolic agents, hormones and metabolic modulators and their sensitive assays. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Swanson DM, Pearson JM, Evans-Nguyen T. Comparing ELISA and LC-MS/MS: A Simple, Targeted Postmortem Blood Screen. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:797-802. [PMID: 34521103 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive screening method that is specific, accurate, and customizable is necessary in any forensic toxicology laboratory. Most laboratories utilize some form of immunoassay testing as it is reliable and sensitive with minimal sample preparation and is relatively inexpensive to simultaneously screen for multiple classes of drugs with different chemical properties. However, accessibility to more specific technology and instrumentation such as mass spectrometry has increased and therefore using immunoassay as the screening method of choice may be revisited. A screening method for 42 drugs in postmortem blood was developed and validated following the Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science (OSAC) guidelines for toxicology method validation. The method was developed using minimal sample preparation of postmortem blood consisting only of a protein precipitation. Only two internal standards were used which greatly reduces the cost of implementing this method. Limit of detection (LOD), interference studies, processed sample stability and ion suppression/enhancement were examined. Additionally, over 100 case samples were analyzed by both the current enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing procedure and the proposed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) screening method. The comparison determined that the LC/MS-MS method performed as well as or better than the ELISA in nearly all cases. The ability to add additional target drugs increases the laboratory's scope of analysis as well. This method is ideal for forensic laboratories wishing to improve screening while working within budget constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Swanson
- Hillsborough County Medical Examiner Department, 11025 N. 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617.,University of South Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Julia M Pearson
- Hillsborough County Medical Examiner Department, 11025 N. 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617
| | - Theresa Evans-Nguyen
- University of South Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
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20
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Luo YR, Goodnough R, Yun C, Wu AHB, Lynch KL. Establishment of a High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Spectral Library for Screening Toxic Natural Products. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:303-321. [PMID: 33506876 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many natural products have biological effects on humans and animals. Poisoning caused by natural products is common in clinical toxicology cases. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution-mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has recently emerged as a powerful analytical tool for large-scale target screening, and the application of LC-HRMS can be expanded to evaluate potential natural product poisoning in clinical cases. We report the construction of an LC-HRMS spectral library of 95 natural products commonly implicated in poisoning, and an LC-HRMS assay was validated for definitive detection of natural products in urine and serum samples. For each compound, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined in the analytical range of 1.0 - 1000 ng/mL for urine samples and 0.50 - 500 ng/mL for serum samples. The mean (SD) of matrix effects for urine samples and that for serum samples were both -21% (22%), and the mean (SD) of recovery for serum samples was 89% (26%). The LC-HRMS assay was successfully applied to identify natural products in clinical cases. The spectral library parameters of each compound are provided in the supplementary material to aid other laboratories in identification of unknown natural toxins and development of similar methods on different mass spectrometry platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Ruben Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Goodnough
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan H B Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Judák P, Esposito S, Coppieters G, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Doping control analysis of small peptides: A decade of progress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122551. [PMID: 33848801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides are handled in the field of sports drug testing analysis as a separate group doping substances. It is a diverse group, which includes but is not limited to growth hormone releasing-factors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Significant progress has been achieved during the past decade in the doping control analysis of these peptides. In this article, achievements in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodologies are reviewed. To meet the augmenting demands for analyzing an increasing number of samples for the presence of an increasing number of prohibited small peptides, testing methods have been drastically simplified, whilst their performance level remained constant. High-resolution mass spectrometers have been installed in routine laboratories and became the preferred detection technique. The discovery and implementation of metabolites/catabolites in testing methods led to extended detection windows of some peptides, thus, contributed to more efficient testing in the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Simone Esposito
- ADME/DMPK Department, Drug Discovery Division, IRBM S.p.A, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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22
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Dos Santos NA, Macrino CJ, Allochio Filho JF, Gonçalves FF, Almeida CM, Agostini F, Guizolfi T, Moura S, Lacerda V, Filgueiras PR, Ortiz RS, Romão W. Exploring the chemical profile of designer drugs by ESI(+) and PSI(+) mass spectrometry-An approach on the fragmentation mechanisms and chemometric analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4596. [PMID: 32729201 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of design drugs, frequently known as new psychoactive substances (NPS), has increased considerably worldwide, becoming a severe issue for the responsible governmental agencies. These illicit substances can be defined as synthetic compounds produced in clandestine laboratories in order to act as analogs of schedule drugs mimetizing its chemical structure and improving its pharmacological effects while hampering the control and making regulation more complicated. In this way, the development of new methodologies for chemical analysis of NPS drugs is indispensable to determine a novel class of drugs arising from the underground market. Therefore, this work shows the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) applying different ionization sources such as paper spray ionization (PSI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) in the evaluation of miscellaneous of seized drugs samples as blotter paper (n = 79) and tablet (n = 100). Also, an elucidative analysis was performed by ESI(+)MS/MS experiments, and fragmentation mechanisms were proposed to confirm the chemical structure of compounds identified. Besides, the results of ESI(+) and PSI(+)-FT-ICR MS were compared with those of GC-MS, revealing that ESI(+)MS showed greater detection efficiency among the methodologies employed in this study. Moreover, this study stands out as a guide for the chemical analysis of NPS drugs, highlighting the differences between the techniques of ESI(+)-FT-ICR MS, PSI(+)-FT-ICR MS, and GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara A Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP: 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Clebson J Macrino
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP: 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - João Francisco Allochio Filho
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP: 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES), Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 58, Litorâneo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, 29932-540, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP: 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Camila M Almeida
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP: 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Agostini
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 95020260, Brazil
| | - Tainara Guizolfi
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 95020260, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 95020260, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP: 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP: 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Ortiz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
- Superintendência da Polícia Federal no Rio Grande Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Romão
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP: 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Vitoria, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES), Av. Ministro Salgado Filho, Soteco, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29106-010, Brazil
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23
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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24
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Wong JKY, Chan GHM, Choi TLS, Kwok KY, Lau MY, Leung GNW, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. A high-throughput and broad-spectrum screening method for analysing over 120 drugs in horse urine using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:900-917. [PMID: 32267632 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput method has been developed for the doping control analysis of 124 drug targets, processing up to 154 horse urine samples in as short as 4.5 h, from the time the samples arrive at the laboratory to the reporting deadline of 30 min before the first race, including sample receipt and registration, preparation and instrument analysis and data vetting time. Sample preparation involves a brief enzyme hydrolysis step (30 min) to detect both free and glucuronide-conjugated drug targets. This is followed by extraction using solid-supported liquid extraction (SLE) and analysis using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The entire set-up comprised of four sets of Biotage Extrahera automation systems for conducting SLE and five to six sets of Orbitrap for instrumental screening using LC-HRMS. Suspicious samples flagged were subject to confirmatory analyses using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The method comprises 124 drug targets from a spectrum of 41 drug classes covering acidic, basic and neutral drugs. More than 85% of the targets had limits of detection at or below 5 ng/mL in horse urine, with the lowest at 0.02 ng/mL. The method was validated for qualitative identification, including specificity, sensitivity, extraction recovery and precision. Method applicability was demonstrated by the successful detection of different drugs, namely (a) butorphanol, (b) dexamethasone, (c) diclofenac, (d) flunixin and (e) phenylbutazone, in post-race or out-of-competition urine samples collected from racehorses. This method was developed for pre-race urine testing in Hong Kong; however, it is also suitable for testing post-race or out-of-competition urine samples, especially when a quick total analysis time is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - George H M Chan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Timmy L S Choi
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen Y Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Y Lau
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary N W Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
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25
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Santillo MF. Trends using biological target-based assays for drug detection in complex sample matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3975-3982. [PMID: 32372275 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, drug molecules interact with their biological targets (e.g., enzymes, receptors, ion channels, transporters), thereby eliciting therapeutic effects. Assays that measure the interaction between drugs and bio-targets may be used as drug biosensors, which are capable of broadly detecting entire drug classes without prior knowledge of their chemical structure. This Trends article covers recent developments in bio-target-based screening assays for detecting drugs associated with the following areas: illicit products marketed as dietary supplements, food-producing animals, and bodily fluids. General challenges and considerations associated with using bio-target assays are also presented. Finally, future applications of these assays for drug detection are suggested based upon current needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 8301 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
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Klont F, Jahn S, Grivet C, König S, Bonner R, Hopfgartner G. SWATH data independent acquisition mass spectrometry for screening of xenobiotics in biological fluids: Opportunities and challenges for data processing. Talanta 2020; 211:120747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Li Y, Cao Y, Guo Y. Recent Advances in Atmospheric Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Developments and Applications. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in ShanghaiShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yuqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in ShanghaiShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in ShanghaiShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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Simultaneous Analysis of Drugs in Forensic Cases by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Qin S, Xin G, Wang Y, Qiao J, Zhang W, Xu D, Xu Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Lu J. Characterization and tentative identification of new flunitrazepam metabolites in authentic human urine specimens using liquid chromatography-Q exactive-HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-QE-HF-MS). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:704-715. [PMID: 31233253 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flunitrazepam (FNZ) is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat severe insomnia. In our recent study, FNZ metabolic profiles were investigated carefully. Six authentic human urine samples were purified using solid phase extraction (SPE) without enzymatic hydrolysis, and urine extracts were then analyzed by liquid chromatography-Q exactive-HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-QE-HF-MS), using the full scan positive ion mode and targeted MS/MS (ddms2) technique to make accurate mass measurements. There were 25 metabolites, including 13 phase I and 12 phase II metabolites, which were detected and tentatively identified by LC-QE-HF-MS. In addition, nine previously unreported phase II glucuronide conjugates and four phase I metabolites are reported here for the first time. Eight metabolic pathways, including N-reduction and O-reduction, N-glucuronidation, O-glucuronidation, mono-hydroxylation and di-hydroxylation, demethylation, acetylation, and combinations, were implicated in this work, and 2-O-reduction together with dihydroxylation were two novel metabolic pathways for FNZ that were identified tentatively. Although 7-amino FNZ is widely considered to be the primary metabolite, a previously unreported metabolites (M12) can also serve as a potential biomarker for FNZ misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guobin Xin
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, 100025, Beijing, China
- China Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, 100025, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Duoqi Xu
- China University of Political Science and Law, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Zizhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- Drug and Food Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029, Beijing, China
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30
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Orr A, Stotesbury T, Wilson P, Stock NL. The use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of DNA and other macromolecules: A how-to guide for forensic chemistry. Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Høj LJ, Mollerup CB, Rasmussen BS, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Dalsgaard PW. Identification of phenobarbital and other barbiturates in forensic drug screening using positive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography−high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1258-1263. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jakobsen Høj
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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32
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Whitman JD, Lynch KL. Optimization and Comparison of Information-Dependent Acquisition (IDA) to Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Spectra (SWATH) for High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Toxicology. Clin Chem 2019; 65:862-870. [PMID: 30996055 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Untargeted data acquisition on high-resolution mass spectrometers (HRMSs) has been used in clinical toxicology for screening and identifying unknown compounds in patient samples. A common modality for untargeted HRMS data acquisition is information-dependent acquisition (IDA), which analyzes the most abundant small molecules within an acquisition cycle. This process can potentially lead to false negatives of clinically relevant compounds at low concentrations. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) has emerged as a method of unbiased, untargeted HRMS data acquisition in which no spectral data are lost. SWATH has yet to be optimized and assessed for use in clinical toxicology. METHOD We developed a variable-window SWATH method (vSWATH) and compared it to IDA by limit of detection studies in drug-supplemented urine (81 compounds) and against a retrospective cohort of 50 clinical urine samples characterized by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS vSWATH had a lower limit of detection than IDA for 33 (41%) drugs and metabolites added into urine samples. Both IDA and vSWATH were equivalent in discovering compounds from clinical urine samples and confirmed 26 additional compounds not previously discovered by targeted LC-MS/MS. Lastly, the unbiased acquisition of spectra in vSWATH allowed for identification of 5 low-abundance compounds missed by IDA. CONCLUSIONS This vSWATH method for clinical toxicology demonstrated equivalent analytical sensitivity and specificity for untargeted drug screening and identification in urine samples. vSWATH provided the additional benefit of collecting all tandem mass spectrometry spectra in a sample, which could be useful in discovering low-abundance compounds not discovered by IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Whitman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Cannaert A, Vandeputte M, Wille SMR, Stove CP. Activity-based reporter assays for the screening of abused substances in biological matrices. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:95-109. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1576588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Cannaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Federal Public Service Justice, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marthe Vandeputte
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah M. R. Wille
- Department of Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Federal Public Service Justice, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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34
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Wang S, Li F, Liu Y, Zhao H, Chen H. High-throughput screening of toxic substances by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and their identification via databank construction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4049-4054. [PMID: 30635664 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
More than 200 toxic substances (including narcotic drugs, psychotropic drugs, organic phosphorus compounds, carbamates, pyrethroids and other pesticides, veterinary drugs, rodenticides, natural toxins, and other drugs) were identified and quantified using an ion-trap mass spectrometer. The advantages of this technique-its selectivity, accuracy, precision, utilization of only small amounts of the sample, and short analysis time for a single sample (less than 30s)-render it a rapid and accurate methodology for toxin screening. Subsequently, an extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) mass spectrometry database was established by combining the Xcalibur data processing system with NIST database software. This allowed unknown toxicants in urine and blood samples, stomach contents, and liver samples, as provided by the Jiangxi Provincial Public Security Department, to be analyzed and identified. This EESI methodology and databank has the potential for widespread application to the large-scale analysis of practical samples. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Faliang Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - YongZi Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Jiangxi Provincial Public Security Bureau, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huian Zhao
- Institute of Forensic Science, Jiangxi Provincial Public Security Bureau, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China.
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35
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Mollerup CB, Rasmussen BS, Johansen SS, Mardal M, Linnet K, Dalsgaard PW. Retrospective analysis for valproate screening targets with liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization: An omics‐based approach. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:730-738. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Marie Mardal
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Frederik V's vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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36
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Development and validation of an open screening method for doping substances in urine by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1042:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Celma A, Bijlsma L, López FJ, Sancho JV. Development of a Retention Time Interpolation scale (RTi) for liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ionization modes. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:101-107. [PMID: 30005941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy and sensitivity of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) enables the identification of candidate compounds with the use of mass spectrometric databases among other tools. However, retention time (RT) data in identification workflows has been sparingly used since it could be strongly affected by matrix or chromatographic performance. Retention Time Interpolation scaling (RTi) strategies can provide a more robust and valuable information than RT, gaining more confidence in the identification of candidate compounds in comparison to an analytical standard. Up to our knowledge, no RTi has been developed for LC-HRMS systems providing information when acquiring in either positive or negative ionization modes. In this work, an RTi strategy was developed by means of the use of 16 isotopically labelled reference standards, which can be spiked into a real sample without resulting in possible false positives or negatives. For testing the RTi performance, a mixture of several reference standards, emulating suspect analytes, were used. RTi values for these compounds were calculated both in solvent and spiked in a real matrix to assess the effect of either chromatographic parameters or matrix in different scenarios. It has been demonstrated that the variation of injection volume, chromatographic gradient and initial percentage of organic solvent injected does not considerably affect RTi calculation. Column aging and solid support of the stationary phase of the column, however, showed strong effects on the elution of several test compounds. Yet, RTi permitted the correction of elution shifts of most compounds. Furthermore, RTi was tested in 47 different matrices from food, biological, animal feeding and environmental origin. The application of RTi in both positive and negative ionization modes showed in general satisfactory results for most matrices studied. The RTi developed can be used in future LC-HRMS screening analysis giving an additional parameter, which facilitates tedious processing tasks and gain more confidence in the identification of (non)-suspect analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Celma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Francisco J López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
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38
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Metushi IG, Wakefield MR, Lynch K, Stone J, Fitzgerald RL. Reproducibility assessment for a broad spectrum drug screening method from urine using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bruderer T, Varesio E, Hidasi AO, Duchoslav E, Burton L, Bonner R, Hopfgartner G. Metabolomic spectral libraries for data-independent SWATH liquid chromatography mass spectrometry acquisition. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1873-1884. [PMID: 29411086 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
High-quality mass spectral libraries have become crucial in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Here, we investigate a workflow to generate accurate mass discrete and composite spectral libraries for metabolite identification and for SWATH mass spectrometry data processing. Discrete collision energy (5-100 eV) accurate mass spectra were collected for 532 metabolites from the human metabolome database (HMDB) by flow injection analysis and compiled into composite spectra over a large collision energy range (e.g., 10-70 eV). Full scan response factors were also calculated. Software tools based on accurate mass and predictive fragmentation were specially developed and found to be essential for construction and quality control of the spectral library. First, elemental compositions constrained by the elemental composition of the precursor ion were calculated for all fragments. Secondly, all possible fragments were generated from the compound structure and were filtered based on their elemental compositions. From the discrete spectra, it was possible to analyze the specific fragment form at each collision energy and it was found that a relatively large collision energy range (10-70 eV) gives informative MS/MS spectra for library searches. From the composite spectra, it was possible to characterize specific neutral losses as radical losses using in silico fragmentation. Radical losses (generating radical cations) were found to be more prominent than expected. From 532 metabolites, 489 provided a signal in positive mode [M+H]+ and 483 in negative mode [M-H]-. MS/MS spectra were obtained for 399 compounds in positive mode and for 462 in negative mode; 329 metabolites generated suitable spectra in both modes. Using the spectral library, LC retention time, response factors to analyze data-independent LC-SWATH-MS data allowed the identification of 39 (positive mode) and 72 (negative mode) metabolites in a plasma pool sample (total 92 metabolites) where 81 previously were reported in HMDB to be found in plasma. Graphical abstract Library generation workflow for LC-SWATH MS, using collision energy spread, accurate mass, and fragment annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruderer
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 24, Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 24, Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eva Duchoslav
- Sciex, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Lyle Burton
- Sciex, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Ron Bonner
- Ron Bonner Consulting, Newmarket, ON, L3Y 3C7, Canada
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 24, Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Wolgast E, Josefsson A, Josefsson M, Lilliecreutz C, Reis M. Drug use in pregnant women-a pilot study of the coherence between reported use of drugs and presence of drugs in plasma. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 74:535-539. [PMID: 29264642 PMCID: PMC5849659 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In Sweden, information on drug use during pregnancy is obtained through an interview and recorded in a standardized medical record at every visit to the antenatal care clinic throughout the pregnancy. Antenatal, delivery, and neonatal records constitute the basis for the Swedish Medical Birth Register (MBR). The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the reliability of reported drug use by simultaneous screening for drug substances in the blood stream of the pregnant woman and thereby validate self-reported data in the MBR. Methods Plasma samples from 200 women were obtained at gestational weeks 10–12 and 25 and screened for drugs by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS). The results from the analysis were then compared to medical records. Results At the first sampling occasion, the drugs found by screening had been reported by 86% of the women and on the second sampling, 85.5%. Missed reported information was clearly associated with drugs for occasional use. The most common drugs in plasma taken in early and mid-pregnancy were meclizine and paracetamol. Two types of continuously used drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and propranolol, were used. All women using them reported it and the drug screening revealed a 100% coherence. Conclusions This study shows good coherence between reported drug intake and the drugs found in plasma samples, which in turn positively validates the MBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Wolgast
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ann Josefsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Josefsson
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Caroline Lilliecreutz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Margareta Reis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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41
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Muñoz-Muñoz AC, Pekol T, Schubring D, Johnson C, Andrade L. Identification of Novel Opioid Interferences using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry†. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 42:6-16. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Pekol
- Dominion Diagnostics, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA
| | - Dana Schubring
- Dominion Diagnostics, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA
| | - Charlene Johnson
- Dominion Diagnostics, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA
| | - Lawrence Andrade
- Dominion Diagnostics, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA
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42
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Soares JX, Alves EA, Silva AMN, de Figueiredo NG, Neves JF, Cravo SM, Rangel M, Netto ADP, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Afonso CM. Street-Like Synthesis of Krokodil Results in the Formation of an Enlarged Cluster of Known and New Morphinans. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1609-1621. [PMID: 28708940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Xavier Soares
- LAQV, REQUIMTE,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emanuele Amorim Alves
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Prof. Hernâni Monteiro Alameda, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- EPSJV−Polytechnic School of Health Joaquim Venâncio,
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil 4.365
Avenue, Manguinhos, 21.040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- IINFACTS-Institute
of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies,
Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Central de Gandra Street, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - André M. N. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campo Alegre Street, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Guimarães de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Derivatives, Analytical Chemistry
Division, National Institute of Technology, Venezuela Avenue, 82, Praça
Mauá, 20081-312 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João F. Neves
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Manuela Cravo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Institute
of Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, Valonguinho Campus, Centro,
Niterói, 24020-150, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Prof. Hernâni Monteiro Alameda, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- IINFACTS-Institute
of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies,
Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Central de Gandra Street, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Manuel Afonso
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR), General Norton de Matos Avenue, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Sundström M, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Comparison of Post-targeted and Pre-targeted Urine Drug Screening by UHPLC–HR-QTOFMS. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:623-630. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Current applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of new psychoactive substances: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Geldof L, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Identification and characterization of novel long‐term metabolites of oxymesterone and mesterolone in human urine by application of selected reaction monitoring GC‐CI‐MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1673-1684. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Lore Geldof
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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Helfer AG, Michely JA, Weber AA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry using Orbitrap technology for comprehensive screening to detect drugs and their metabolites in blood plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 965:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Bruns K, Mönnikes R, Lackner KJ. Quantitative determination of four immunosuppressants by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 54:1193-200. [PMID: 26641969 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) utilizing triple-quadrupole instruments has been widely used for quantification of endogenous compounds, drugs or metabolites in clinical laboratories. In contrast, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is typically used for compound identification due to its limited dynamic range. Recently HRMS instruments with enhanced linear dynamic range have become available. The aim of this study was to evaluate HRMS for fast quantitative applications in a clinical laboratory. METHODS A high throughput UPLC-TOF-MS assay for simultaneous quantification of cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus was developed. All immunosuppressants were analyzed as sodium adducts in TOF-only mode using an Agilent 6540 Q-TOF system. Extracted ion chromatograms of analytes and internal standards were created from full-scan data. The assay was evaluated and compared to an established LC-MS/MS assay according to CLSI recommendations. RESULTS The novel HRMS assay has a total run time of 3 min. The assay is linear in a clinical relevant concentration range for all four immunosupressants. Method correlations vs. established LC-MS/MS assay were between R2=0.99 and R2=0.97. Total coefficients of variation (CVT) ranges were 4.5%-6.4% (tacrolimus), 7.4%-8.0% (sirolimus), 8.0%-8.8% (everolimus) and 6.1%-7.4% (cyclosporine A) for three relevant concentration levels each. CONCLUSIONS High resolution TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS show equivalent quantitative performance for monitoring of cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus. HRMS has the potential to replace conventional LC-MS/MS in clinical laboratories because it simplifies assay development (no optimization of fragmentations and product ions necessary) and its full-scan data can provide additional information.
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Chepyala D, Tsai IL, Liao HW, Chen GY, Chao HC, Kuo CH. Sensitive screening of abused drugs in dried blood samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion booster-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1491:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Screening of over 100 drugs in horse urine using automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for doping control. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Erny GL, Acunha T, Simó C, Cifuentes A, Alves A. Background correction in separation techniques hyphenated to high-resolution mass spectrometry - Thorough correction with mass spectrometry scans recorded as profile spectra. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:98-105. [PMID: 28267998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Separation techniques hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry have been a true revolution in analytical separation techniques. Such instruments not only provide unmatched resolution, but they also allow measuring the peaks accurate masses that permit identifying monoisotopic formulae. However, data files can be large, with a major contribution from background noise and background ions. Such unnecessary contribution to the overall signal can hide important features as well as decrease the accuracy of the centroid determination, especially with minor features. Thus, noise and baseline correction can be a valuable pre-processing step. The methodology that is described here, unlike any other approach, is used to correct the original dataset with the MS scans recorded as profiles spectrum. Using urine metabolic studies as examples, we demonstrate that this thorough correction reduces the data complexity by more than 90%. Such correction not only permits an improved visualisation of secondary peaks in the chromatographic domain, but it also facilitates the complete assignment of each MS scan which is invaluable to detect possible comigration/coeluting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume L Erny
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tanize Acunha
- Laboratory of Foodomics, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carolina Simó
- Laboratory of Foodomics, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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