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Li X, Wang W, Luo J, Guo L, Zhou Y, Li Y, Chen HX. Comprehensive Glycosylation Characterization of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin by Electron-Activated Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04954-y. [PMID: 38743293 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is a glycoprotein that acts as the main hormone involved in regulating red blood cell production to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease or chemotherapy, which has three N-glycosylation sites and one O-glycosylation site. It contains a variety of different glycosylation modifications, such as sialyation, O-acetylation on sialic acids, etc., which causes a big challenge for the glycosylation analysis of rhEPO. In this study, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method combined with electron-activated dissociation (EAD) technology was used in qualitative and quantitative characterization of rhEPO N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation in just one injection. The usage of EAD not only generated abundant MS/MS fragment ions of glycopeptides and improved the MS/MS sequence coverage but also preserved the glycan structures in the MS/MS fragment ions and the integrity of the glycosidic bond between the glycans and peptides. Three N-glycosylation sites (N24, N38, and N83) and one O-glycosylation site (S126) of rhEPO samples were successfully identified. Among them, the glycosylation ratios of N24, N38, and N83 sites were 82.7%, 100%, and 100% respectively, and 15, 10, and 12 different N-glycans could be identified at the glycopeptide level. The total average number of sialic acids, N-hydroxyacetylneuraminoic acid, and O-acetylation on sialic acid were 7.28, 4.21, and 0.66 at the intact protein level, respectively. For O-glycosylation site S126, O-glycosylation ratios analyzed at the intact protein level and the glycopeptide level were 80.2% and 80.3%, respectively, and two O-glycans were identified, including Core1_S1 and Core1_S2. This study also compared the difference of the glycans and their relative contents in batch-to-batch rhEPO samples. The results proved that the workflow using EAD fragmentation in LC-MS method could be effectively applied for characterizing the glycosylation analysis of rhEPO samples and batch-to-batch consistency analysis, which would help to reasonably guide the optimization of rhEPO production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Division of Recombinant Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 100501, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Wang
- SCIEX, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Luo
- SCIEX, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihai Guo
- SCIEX, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Recombinant Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 100501, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Li
- SiChuan Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Xu Chen
- SCIEX, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China.
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Camperi J, Pichon V, Delaunay N. Separation methods hyphenated to mass spectrometry for the characterization of the protein glycosylation at the intact level. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 178:112921. [PMID: 31671335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins that affects their biological activity, solubility, and half-life. Therefore, its characterization is of great interest in proteomic, particularly from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. However, the number and type of glycosylation sites, the degree of site occupancy and the different possible structures of glycans can lead to a very large number of isoforms for a given protein, called glycoforms. The identification of these glycoforms constitutes an important analytical challenge. Indeed, to attempt to characterize all of them, it is necessary to develop efficient separation methods associated with a sensitive and informative detection mode, such as mass spectrometry (MS). Most analytical methods are based on bottom-up proteomics, which consists in the analysis of the protein at the glycopeptides level after its digestion. Even if this approach provides essential information, including the localization and composition of glycans on the protein, it is also characterized by a loss of information on macro-heterogeneity, i.e. the nature of the glycans present on a given glycoform. The analysis of glycoforms at the intact level can overcome this disadvantage. The aim of this review is to detail the state-of-the art of separation methods that can be easily hyphenated with MS for the characterization of protein glycosylation at the intact level. The different electrophoretic and chromatographic approaches are discussed in detail. The miniaturization of these separation methods is also discussed with their potential applications. While the first studies focused on the development and optimization of the separation step to achieve high resolution between isoforms, the recent ones are much more application-oriented, such as clinical diagnosis, quality control, and glycoprotein monitoring in formulations or biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Pichon
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Delaunay
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France.
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Creamer JS, Oborny NJ, Lunte SM. Recent advances in the analysis of therapeutic proteins by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 6:5427-5449. [PMID: 25126117 PMCID: PMC4128283 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay00447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic proteins and peptides is an expensive and time-intensive process. Biologics, which have become a multi-billion dollar industry, are chemically complex products that require constant observation during each stage of development and production. Post-translational modifications along with chemical and physical degradation from oxidation, deamidation, and aggregation, lead to high levels of heterogeneity that affect drug quality and efficacy. The various separation modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE) are commonly utilized to perform quality control and assess protein heterogeneity. This review attempts to highlight the most recent developments and applications of CE separation techniques for the characterization of protein and peptide therapeutics by focusing on papers accepted for publication in the in the two-year period between January 2012 and December 2013. The separation principles and technological advances of CE, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary electrochromatography and CE-mass spectrometry are discussed, along with exciting new applications of these techniques to relevant pharmaceutical issues. Also included is a small selection of papers on microchip electrophoresis to show the direction this field is moving with regards to the development of inexpensive and portable analysis systems for on-site, high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Creamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nathan J. Oborny
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Leymarie N, Griffin PJ, Jonscher K, Kolarich D, Orlando R, McComb M, Zaia J, Aguilan J, Alley WR, Altmann F, Ball LE, Basumallick L, Bazemore-Walker CR, Behnken H, Blank MA, Brown KJ, Bunz SC, Cairo CW, Cipollo JF, Daneshfar R, Desaire H, Drake RR, Go EP, Goldman R, Gruber C, Halim A, Hathout Y, Hensbergen PJ, Horn DM, Hurum D, Jabs W, Larson G, Ly M, Mann BF, Marx K, Mechref Y, Meyer B, Möginger U, Neusüβ C, Nilsson J, Novotny MV, Nyalwidhe JO, Packer NH, Pompach P, Reiz B, Resemann A, Rohrer JS, Ruthenbeck A, Sanda M, Schulz JM, Schweiger-Hufnagel U, Sihlbom C, Song E, Staples GO, Suckau D, Tang H, Thaysen-Andersen M, Viner RI, An Y, Valmu L, Wada Y, Watson M, Windwarder M, Whittal R, Wuhrer M, Zhu Y, Zou C. Interlaboratory study on differential analysis of protein glycosylation by mass spectrometry: the ABRF glycoprotein research multi-institutional study 2012. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2935-51. [PMID: 23764502 PMCID: PMC3790302 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the principal goals of glycoprotein research is to correlate glycan structure and function. Such correlation is necessary in order for one to understand the mechanisms whereby glycoprotein structure elaborates the functions of myriad proteins. The accurate comparison of glycoforms and quantification of glycosites are essential steps in this direction. Mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of glycoprotein characterization. Its sensitivity, high dynamic range, and mass accuracy provide both quantitative and sequence/structural information. As part of the 2012 ABRF Glycoprotein Research Group study, we explored the use of mass spectrometry and ancillary methodologies to characterize the glycoforms of two sources of human prostate specific antigen (PSA). PSA is used as a tumor marker for prostate cancer, with increasing blood levels used to distinguish between normal and cancer states. The glycans on PSA are believed to be biantennary N-linked, and it has been observed that prostate cancer tissues and cell lines contain more antennae than their benign counterparts. Thus, the ability to quantify differences in glycosylation associated with cancer has the potential to positively impact the use of PSA as a biomarker. We studied standard peptide-based proteomics/glycomics methodologies, including LC-MS/MS for peptide/glycopeptide sequencing and label-free approaches for differential quantification. We performed an interlaboratory study to determine the ability of different laboratories to correctly characterize the differences between glycoforms from two different sources using mass spectrometry methods. We used clustering analysis and ancillary statistical data treatment on the data sets submitted by participating laboratories to obtain a consensus of the glycoforms and abundances. The results demonstrate the relative strengths and weaknesses of top-down glycoproteomics, bottom-up glycoproteomics, and glycomics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Leymarie
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Paula J. Griffin
- §Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Karen Jonscher
- ¶Department of Anesthesiology University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- ‖Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Ron Orlando
- **Complex Carbohydrates Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Mark McComb
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Joseph Zaia
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Jennifer Aguilan
- §§Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - William R. Alley
- ¶¶Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Friederich Altmann
- ‖‖Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-1180, Austria
| | - Lauren E. Ball
- MUSC Proteomic Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Lipika Basumallick
- Applications Development, Dionex Products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California 94085
| | | | - Henning Behnken
- Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | | | - Kristy J. Brown
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20310
| | | | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John F. Cipollo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20993
| | - Rambod Daneshfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Richard R. Drake
- MUSC Proteomic Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Eden P. Go
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007
| | - Clemens Gruber
- ‖‖Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-1180, Austria
| | - Adnan Halim
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20310
| | - Paul J. Hensbergen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 233ZA, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Horn
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134
| | - Deanna Hurum
- Applications Development, Dionex Products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California 94085
| | | | - Göran Larson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Agilent Laboratories, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California 95051
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- ¶¶Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | | | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Uwe Möginger
- ‖Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- ¶¶Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Julius O. Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Nicolle H. Packer
- Biomolecular Frontiers Research Centre, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Petr Pompach
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007
| | - Bela Reiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Rohrer
- Applications Development, Dionex Products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California 94085
| | | | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007
| | - Jan Mirco Schulz
- Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | | | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, 413 90, Sweden
| | - Ehwang Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Gregory O. Staples
- Agilent Laboratories, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California 95051
| | | | - Haixu Tang
- School of informatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Biomolecular Frontiers Research Centre, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Rosa I. Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134
| | - Yanming An
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20993
| | - Leena Valmu
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, 00310, Finland
| | - Yoshinao Wada
- Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, 594–1101, Japan
| | - Megan Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Markus Windwarder
- ‖‖Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-1180, Austria
| | - Randy Whittal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 233ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Yiying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Chunxia Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
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