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Chen T, Sun C, Abbas SC, Alam N, Qiang S, Tian X, Fu C, Zhang H, Xia Y, Liu L, Ni Y, Jiang X. Multi-dimensional microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for noninvasive testing: A review of structural design and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1321:342877. [PMID: 39155092 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of microfluidic paper-based devices as point-of-care testing (POCT) tools for early disease diagnosis and health monitoring, particularly in resource-limited areas, holds immense potential for enhancing healthcare accessibility. Leveraging the numerous advantages of paper, such as capillary-driven flow, porous structure, hydrophilic functional groups, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility, it has become a pivotal choice for microfluidic substrates. The repertoire of microfluidic paper-based devices includes one-dimensional lateral flow assays (1D LFAs), two-dimensional microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (2D μPADs), and three-dimensional (3D) μPADs. In this comprehensive review, we provide and examine crucial information related to paper substrates, design strategies, and detection methods in multi-dimensional microfluidic paper-based devices. We also investigate potential applications of microfluidic paper-based devices for detecting viruses, metabolites and hormones in non-invasive samples such as human saliva, sweat and urine. Additionally, we delve into capillary-driven flow alternative theoretical models of fluids within the paper to provide guidance. Finally, we critically examine the potential for future developments and address challenges for multi-dimensional microfluidic paper-based devices in advancing noninvasive early diagnosis and health monitoring. This article showcases their transformative impact on healthcare, paving the way for enhanced medical services worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ce Sun
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Syed Comail Abbas
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Nur Alam
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sheng Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiuzhi Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Chenglong Fu
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Xia
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
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Akhavan-Mahdavi S, Mirbagheri MS, Assadpour E, Sani MA, Zhang F, Jafari SM. Electrospun nanofiber-based sensors for the detection of chemical and biological contaminants/hazards in the food industries. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 325:103111. [PMID: 38367336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Food contamination reveals a major health risk globally and presents a significant challenge for the food industry. It can stem from biological contaminants like pathogens, parasites, and viruses, or chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, drugs, and hormones. There is also the possibility of naturally occurring hazardous chemicals. Consequently, the development of sensing platforms has become crucial to accurately and rapidly identify contaminants and hazards in food products. Electrospun nanofibers (NFs) offer a promising solution due to their unique three-dimensional architecture, large specific surface area, and ease of preparation. Moreover, NFs exhibit excellent biocompatibility, degradability, and adaptability, making monitoring more convenient and environmentally friendly. These characteristics also significantly reduce the detection process of contaminants. NF-based sensors have the ability to detect a wide range of biological, chemicals, and physical hazards. Recent research on NFs-based sensors for the detection of various food contaminants/hazards, such as pathogens, pesticide/drugs residues, toxins, allergens, and heavy metals, is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Akhavan-Mahdavi
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Sadat Mirbagheri
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Elham Assadpour
- Food Industry Research Co., Gorgan, Iran; Food and Bio-Nanotech International Research Center (Fabiano), Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fuyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
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Asghari S, Ekrami E, Barati F, Avatefi M, Mahmoudifard M. The role of the nanofibers in lateral flow assays enhancement: a critical review. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2090360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Asghari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elena Ekrami
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Barati
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Manizheh Avatefi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Mahmoudifard
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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4
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Pavlova E, Maslakova A, Prusakov K, Bagrov D. Optical sensors based on electrospun membranes – principles, applications, and prospects for chemistry and biology. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01821g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun membranes are promising substrates for receptor layer immobilization in optical sensors. Either colorimetric, luminescence, or Raman scattering signal can be used to detect the analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Pavlova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Physical–Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aitsana Maslakova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Prusakov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Physical–Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Bagrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Wang X, Xue CH, Yang D, Jia ST, Ding YR, Lei L, Gao KY, Jia TT. Modification of a nitrocellulose membrane with nanofibers for sensitivity enhancement in lateral flow test strips. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26493-26501. [PMID: 35479983 PMCID: PMC9037416 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lateral-flow analysis (LFA) is a convenient, low-cost, and rapid detection method, which has been widely used for screening of diseases. However, sensitivity enhancement in LFA is still a focus in this field and remains challenging. Herein, we propose an electrospinning coating method to modify the conventional nitrocellulose (NC) membrane and optimize the liquid flow rate for enhancing the sensitivity of the NC based LFA strips in the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). It can be seen that coating the NC membrane with nitrocellulose fibers could obtain a NC based strip with HCG and LH detection limits of 0.22 and 0.36 mIU mL-1 respectively, and a quantitative linear range of 0.5-500 mIU mL-1. The results show that electrospinning is effective in modifying conventional NC membranes for LFA applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Chao-Hua Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Shun-Tian Jia
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Ya-Ru Ding
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Lei Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Ke-Yi Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Tong-Tong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
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6
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Wang X, Yang D, Jia ST, Zhao LL, Jia TT, Xue CH. Electrospun nitrocellulose membrane for immunochromatographic test strip with high sensitivity. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:644. [PMID: 33155110 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this work is to develop an economical, portable, disposable, and reliable point of care paper biosensor based on visualization, which can be used to detect viruses, bacteria, and proteins. However, the sensitivity of immunochromatography test (ICT) strips based on nitrocellulose to target detection has always been a problem. Here, we use an electrospun nitrocellulose (ENC) fiber membrane instead of traditional nitrocellulose fiber membrane to construct ICT strips for early pregnancy detection. By proper selection of the diameter of the ENC fiber to adjust the pore size, porosity, and morphology of the membrane, ICT strips with low flow rate and high protein loading were obtained. Based on these properties, a convenient and sensitive method for the colorimetric determination of human chorionic gonadotropin was developed. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit of ICT based on ENC membrane is 10 mIU mL-1 (S/N = 3), the linear detection range is 5-1000 mIU mL-1, and the linear relationship is Y = 0.0434 X - 0.0136 (R2 = 0.9802). In addition, the test strip has good specificity and stability, and will not produce false-positive results. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Shun-Tian Jia
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Tong-Tong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Chao-Hua Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China. .,College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
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Rao LT, Dubey SK, Javed A, Goel S. Development of Membraneless Paper‐pencil Microfluidic Hydrazine Fuel Cell. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanka Tata Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
| | - Sanket Goel
- Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
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Rezaei Z, Mahmoudifard M. Pivotal role of electrospun nanofibers in microfluidic diagnostic systems - a review. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:4602-4619. [PMID: 31364667 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00682f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the usage of electrospinning technology for the fabrication of fine fibers with a good deal of variation in morphology and structure has drawn the attention of many researchers around the world. These fibers have found their way in the many fields of science including medical diagnosis, tissue engineering, drug delivery, replica molding, solar cells, catalysts, energy conversion and storage, physical and chemical sensors and other applications. Among all applications, biosensing with the aim of rapid and sensitive biomarker detection is an area that warrants attention. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes enjoy numerous factors which benefit them to be used as potential candidates in biosensing platforms. Some of these factors include a high surface to volume ratio, analogous scale compared to bioactive molecules and relatively defect-free properties of nanofibers (NFs). In this review, we focused on the recent advances in electrospun nanofibrous membrane-based micro-analytical devices with an application as diagnostic systems. Hence, a study on the electrospun nanofiber usage in lab-on-a-chip and paper-based point-of-care devices, with an opening introduction to biosensors, nanofibers, the electrospinning method, and microfluidics as the principles of the intended subject, is provided. It is anticipated that the given examples in this paper will provide sufficient evidence for the potential of electrospun NFs for being used as a substrate in the commercial fabrication of highly sensitive and selective biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rezaei
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran and Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Matin Mahmoudifard
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Nandanwadkar SM, Mastiholimath V. A novel USP-HPTLC protocol compliant method for the simultaneous quantification of E-102, E-124, and E-133 azo dyes in consumer goods. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-020-00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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An aptasensor strip-based colorimetric determination method for kanamycin using cellulose acetate nanofibers decorated DNA-gold nanoparticle bioconjugates. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:360. [PMID: 32468208 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of portable colorimetric biosensor strips is described by combining aptamer-immobilized electrospun nanofiber membranes (A-NFMs) with signal probes (DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)) for determination of kanamycin (KMC) as a model analyte. The A-NFMs were decorated with complementary single-stranded DNA (cDNA) of KMC aptamer-conjugated AuNPs (cDNA@Au) to get the colorimetric biosensor strips. The constructed biosensor strips showed a significant absorbance decreasing band at 510 nm which induce a visual color change from pink to white when exposed to KMC, with a low detection limit of 2.5 nM (at S/N = 3). The effect is due to disassembling of cDNA@Au from NFMs in the presence of KMC because the aptamer has a higher affinity to KMC than its complementary DNA, which resulted in replacing cDNA@Au with KMC. Satisfactory performance was observed in real sample (drinking water and milk) analysis with a recovery of 98.9-102.2%. The constructed colorimetric biosensor test strips hold great application promise for food safety control. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of biosensor strips for kanamycin detection prepared with the cDNA@Au immobilized aptamer-based cellulose acetate nanofibers.
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11
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Polymethacrylate Sphere-Based Assay for Ultrasensitive miRNA Detection. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7310657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as increasingly important target analytes, their biorecognition remains challenging due to their small size, high sequence homology, and low abundance in clinical samples. Nanospheres and microspheres have also gained increasing attention in biosensor applications due to their high specific surface area and the wide variety of compositions available. In this study, chemically designed and synthesized microspheres with active functional groups were used to promote effective miRNA immobilization resulting in better biorecognition. Upon conjugation with fluorescence-labeled complimentary probes, acylate-based spheres have indirectly detected MiR159, offering significantly enhanced analytical sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy while yielding a considerably low limit of detection (LOD) of 40 picomolar. Furthermore, MiR159 presence, which is known to be inversely correlated to breast cancer incidence and progression, was successfully detected in a competitive assay, which is promising for upgrading the current assay to clinical use.
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Pimentel ES, Brito-Pereira R, Marques-Almeida T, Ribeiro C, Vaz F, Lanceros-Mendez S, Cardoso VF. Tailoring Electrospun Poly(l-lactic acid) Nanofibers as Substrates for Microfluidic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:60-69. [PMID: 31808332 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel microfluidic substrates based on electrospun poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) membranes were developed to increase the limited range of commercially available paper substrates, commonly used for the fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. PLLA's advantageous properties include biodegradability, biocompatibility, ease of being processed in various tailored morphologies, and cost effectiveness, among others. Oriented and nonoriented electrospun PLLA membranes were fabricated using electrospinning and the influence of fiber orientation, addition of hydrophilic additives, and plasma treatments on the morphology, physicochemical properties, and capillary flow rates were evaluated and compared with the commercial Whatman paper. In addition, a proof-of-concept application based on the colorimetric detection of glucose in printed PLLA and paper-based microfluidic systems was also performed. The results show the potential of PLLA substrates for the fabrication of portable, disposable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective microfluidic systems with controllable properties that can be tailored according to specific biotechnological application requirements, being a suitable alternative to conventional paper-based substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Brito-Pereira
- CMEMS-UMinho , Universidade do Minho , Campus de Azurém , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures , UPV/EHU Science Park , 48940 Leioa , Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Vanessa F Cardoso
- CMEMS-UMinho , Universidade do Minho , Campus de Azurém , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal
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Mobed A, Hasanzadeh M, Shadjou N, Hassanpour S, Saadati A, Agazadeh M. Immobilization of ssDNA on the surface of silver nanoparticles-graphene quantum dots modified by gold nanoparticles towards biosensing of microorganism. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Hubbe H, Mendes E, Boukany PE. Polymeric Nanowires for Diagnostic Applications. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10040225. [PMID: 30934898 PMCID: PMC6523414 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanowire-related research has shown considerable progress over the last decade. The wide variety of materials and the multitude of well-established chemical modifications have made polymer nanowires interesting as a functional part of a diagnostic biosensing device. This review provides an overview of relevant publications addressing the needs for a nanowire-based sensor for biomolecules. Working our way towards the detection methods itself, we review different nanowire fabrication methods and materials. Especially for an electrical signal read-out, the nanowire should persist in a single-wire configuration with well-defined positioning. Thus, the possibility of the alignment of nanowires is discussed. While some fabrication methods immanently yield an aligned single wire, other methods result in disordered structures and have to be manipulated into the desired configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Hubbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Eduardo Mendes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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Yew CHT, Azari P, Choi JR, Muhamad F, Pingguan-Murphy B. Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibers as a Reaction Membrane for Lateral Flow Assay. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1387. [PMID: 30961312 PMCID: PMC6401928 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers have emerged as a promising material in diverse biomedical applications due to their various favorable features. However, their application in the field of biosensors such as point-of-care lateral flow assays (LFA) has not been investigated. The present study demonstrates the use of electrospun PCL nanofibers as a reaction membrane for LFA. Electrospun PCL nanofibers were treated with NaOH solution for different concentrations and durations to achieve a desirable flow rate and optimum detection sensitivity in nucleic acid-based LFA. It was observed that the concentration of NaOH does not affect the physical properties of nanofibers, including average fiber diameter, average pore size and porosity. However, interestingly, a significant reduction of the water contact angle was observed due to the generation of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the nanofibers, which increased their hydrophilicity. The optimally treated nanofibers were able to detect synthetic Zika viral DNA (as a model analyte) sensitively with a detection limit of 0.5 nM. Collectively, the benefits such as low-cost of fabrication, ease of modification, porous nanofibrous structures and tunability of flow rate make PCL nanofibers a versatile alternative to nitrocellulose membrane in LFA applications. This material offers tremendous potential for a broad range of point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Hong Takahiro Yew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Pedram Azari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Jane Ru Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Farina Muhamad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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16
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From nano to micro to macro: Electrospun hierarchically structured polymeric fibers for biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yew CHT, Azari P, Choi JR, Li F, Pingguan-Murphy B. Electrospin-coating of nitrocellulose membrane enhances sensitivity in nucleic acid-based lateral flow assay. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1009:81-88. [PMID: 29422135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care biosensors are important tools developed to aid medical diagnosis and testing, food safety and environmental monitoring. Paper-based biosensors, especially nucleic acid-based lateral flow assays (LFA), are affordable, simple to produce and easy to use in remote settings. However, the sensitivity of such assays to infectious diseases has always been a restrictive challenge. Here, we have successfully electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) on nitrocellulose (NC) membrane to form a hydrophobic coating to reduce the flow rate and increase the interaction rate between the targets and gold nanoparticles-detecting probes conjugates, resulting in the binding of more complexes to the capture probes. With this approach, the sensitivity of the PCL electrospin-coated test strip has been increased by approximately ten-fold as compared to the unmodified test strip. As a proof of concept, this approach holds great potential for sensitive detection of targets at point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Hong Takahiro Yew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Centre (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Pedram Azari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jane Ru Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Centre (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for the Initiation of Talent and Industrial Training (CITra), University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Sapountzi E, Braiek M, Chateaux JF, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Lagarde F. Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofiber Interfaces for Biosensing Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1887. [PMID: 28813013 PMCID: PMC5579928 DOI: 10.3390/s17081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning has emerged as a very powerful method combining efficiency, versatility and low cost to elaborate scalable ordered and complex nanofibrous assemblies from a rich variety of polymers. Electrospun nanofibers have demonstrated high potential for a wide spectrum of applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, energy conversion and storage, or physical and chemical sensors. The number of works related to biosensing devices integrating electrospun nanofibers has also increased substantially over the last decade. This review provides an overview of the current research activities and new trends in the field. Retaining the bioreceptor functionality is one of the main challenges associated with the production of nanofiber-based biosensing interfaces. The bioreceptors can be immobilized using various strategies, depending on the physical and chemical characteristics of both bioreceptors and nanofiber scaffolds, and on their interfacial interactions. The production of nanobiocomposites constituted by carbon, metal oxide or polymer electrospun nanofibers integrating bioreceptors and conductive nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles) has been one of the major trends in the last few years. The use of electrospun nanofibers in ELISA-type bioassays, lab-on-a-chip and paper-based point-of-care devices is also highly promising. After a short and general description of electrospinning process, the different strategies to produce electrospun nanofiber biosensing interfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Sapountzi
- Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mohamed Braiek
- Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et des Matériaux Avancés, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia.
| | - Jean-François Chateaux
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, UMR5270, Bâtiment Léon Brillouin, 6, rue Ada Byron, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France.
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Florence Lagarde
- Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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Inkjet printed polyelectrolyte patterns for analyte separation on inherently porous microfluidic analytical designs. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Włodarczyk E, Zarzycki PK. Chromatographic behavior of selected dyes on silica and cellulose micro-TLC plates: Potential application as target substances for extraction, chromatographic, and/or microfluidic systems. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1298028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Włodarczyk
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental, and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Paweł K. Zarzycki
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental, and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, Poland
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Abstract
Clinical and environmental analyses frequently necessitate rapid, simple, and inexpensive point-of-care or field tests. These semiquantitative tests may be later followed up by confirmatory laboratory-based assays, but provide an initial scenario assessment important for resource mobilization and threat confinement. Lateral-flow assays (LFAs) and dip-stick assays, which are typically antibody-based and yield a visually detectable signal, provide an assay format suiting these applications extremely well. Signal generation is commonly obtained through the use of colloidal gold or latex beads, which yield a colored band either directly proportional or inversely proportional to the concentration of the analyte of interest. Here, dye-encapsulating liposomes as a highly visible alternative are discussed. The semiquantitative LFA biosensor described in this chapter relies on a sandwich immunoassay for the detection of myoglobin in whole blood. After an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) event, several cardiac markers are released into the blood, the most common of which are troponin, creatine kinase MB, C-reactive protein, and myoglobin. Due to its early release, myoglobin has value as an indicator of a recent heart attack amongst conditions which present with similar symptoms and its lack of elevation can effectively rule out a heart attack (Brogan et al., Ann Emerg Med 24:665-671, 1994). The assay described within relies on sandwich complex formation between a membrane immobilized capture monoclonal antibody against myoglobin, a detector biotinylated monoclonal antibody against a different epitope on myoglobin, and streptavidin-conjugated visible dye (sulforhodamine B)-encapsulating liposomes to allow for signal generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Edwards
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 140 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ricki Korff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 140 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 140 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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Intrant ELISA: A Novel Approach to Fabrication of Electrospun Fiber Mat-Assisted Biosensor Platforms and Their Integration within Standard Analytical Well Plates. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kumar M, Rahikainen R, Unruh D, Hytönen VP, Delbrück C, Sindelar R, Renz F. Mixture of PLA-PEG and biotinylated albumin enables immobilization of avidins on electrospun fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:356-362. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Material Science Faculty II; University of Applied Science and Arts; Ricklinger Stadtweg 120 Hannover 30459 Germany
- Laboratorium of Nano and Quantum Engineering; Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 39 Hannover 30167 Germany
| | - Rolle Rahikainen
- BioMediTech University of Tampere; Lääkärinkatu 1 Tampere Finland 33520
- Fimlab Laboratories; Biokatu 4 Tampere Finland 33520
| | - Daniel Unruh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Leibniz Universität Hannover; Callinstraße 9 Hannover 30167 Germany
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- BioMediTech University of Tampere; Lääkärinkatu 1 Tampere Finland 33520
- Fimlab Laboratories; Biokatu 4 Tampere Finland 33520
| | - Cesare Delbrück
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Leibniz Universität Hannover; Callinstraße 9 Hannover 30167 Germany
| | - Ralf Sindelar
- Department of Material Science Faculty II; University of Applied Science and Arts; Ricklinger Stadtweg 120 Hannover 30459 Germany
| | - Franz Renz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Leibniz Universität Hannover; Callinstraße 9 Hannover 30167 Germany
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Camci-Unal G, Laromaine A, Hong E, Derda R, Whitesides GM. Biomineralization Guided by Paper Templates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27693. [PMID: 27277575 PMCID: PMC4899756 DOI: 10.1038/srep27693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the fabrication of partially mineralized scaffolds fabricated in 3D shapes using paper by folding, and by supporting deposition of calcium phosphate by osteoblasts cultured in these scaffolds. This process generates centimeter-scale free-standing structures composed of paper supporting regions of calcium phosphate deposited by osteoblasts. This work is the first demonstration that paper can be used as a scaffold to induce template-guided mineralization by osteoblasts. Because paper has a porous structure, it allows transport of O2 and nutrients across its entire thickness. Paper supports a uniform distribution of cells upon seeding in hydrogel matrices, and allows growth, remodelling, and proliferation of cells. Scaffolds made of paper make it possible to construct 3D tissue models easily by tuning material properties such as thickness, porosity, and density of chemical functional groups. Paper offers a new approach to study mechanisms of biomineralization, and perhaps ultimately new techniques to guide or accelerate the repair of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Camci-Unal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Catalunya, E-08193 Spain
| | - Estrella Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Xia Y, Si J, Li Z. Fabrication techniques for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices and their applications for biological testing: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:774-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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González E, Shepherd LM, Saunders L, Frey MW. Surface Functional Poly(lactic Acid) Electrospun Nanofibers for Biosensor Applications. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9010047. [PMID: 28787847 PMCID: PMC5456551 DOI: 10.3390/ma9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, biotin surface functionalized hydrophilic non-water-soluble biocompatible poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers are created for their potential use as biosensors. Varying concentrations of biotin (up to 18 weight total percent (wt %)) were incorporated into PLA fibers together with poly(lactic acid)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-b-PEG) block polymers. While biotin provided surface functionalization, PLA-b-PEG provided hydrophilicity to the final fibers. Morphology and surface-available biotin of the final fibers were studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and competitive colorimetric assays. The incorporation of PLA-b-PEG block copolymers not only decreased fiber diameters but also dramatically increased the amount of biotin available at the fiber surface able to bind avidin. Finally, fiber water stability tests revealed that both biotin and PLA-b-PEG, migrated to the aqueous phase after relatively extended periods of water exposure. The functional hydrophilic nanofiber created in this work shows a potential application as a biosensor for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne González
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Larissa M Shepherd
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Laura Saunders
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261, USA.
| | - Margaret W Frey
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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28
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Fast assessment of planar chromatographic layers quality using pulse thermovision method. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:211-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Matlock-Colangelo L, Baeumner AJ. Biologically inspired nanofibers for use in translational bioanalytical systems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:23-42. [PMID: 25014340 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofiber mats are characterized by large surface-area-to-volume ratios, high porosities, and a diverse range of chemical functionalities. Although electrospun nanofibers have been used successfully to increase the immobilization efficiency of biorecognition elements and improve the sensitivity of biosensors, the full potential of nanofiber-based biosensing has not yet been realized. Therefore, this review presents novel electrospun nanofiber chemistries developed in fields such as tissue engineering and drug delivery that have direct application within the field of biosensing. Specifically, this review focuses on fibers that directly encapsulate biological additives that serve as immobilization matrices for biological species and that are used to create biomimetic scaffolds. Biosensors that incorporate these nanofibers are presented, along with potential future biosensing applications such as the development of cell culture and in vivo sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Matlock-Colangelo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
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