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Fischer T, Fischer M, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Behandlung der mukokutanen Leishmaniose – eine systematische Übersicht. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:763-774. [PMID: 38857099 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15424_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie mukokutane Leishmaniose ist eine schwere Infektionskrankheit, die überwiegend in Zentral‐ und Südamerika endemisch ist und sich klinisch mit granulomatösen, destruierenden Schleimhautläsionen im Mund‐Nasen‐Rachenraum manifestiert. Sie wird durch Protozoen, Leishmania spp., ausgelöst, die durch Sandmücken auf den Menschen übertragen werden. Sie tritt nach vorangegangener kutaner Leishmaniose auf, wenn diese nicht oder nur unzureichend behandelt wurde und kommt gehäuft bei immunsupprimierten Patienten vor. Das Ziel dieser systematischen Übersicht besteht darin, alle publizierten Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für die mukokutane Leishmaniose zusammenzufassen. Sie basiert auf allen englischen, deutschen, französischen, spanischen und portugiesischen Artikeln, die in den Datenbanken „PubMed“ und „Lilacs“ von 1995 bis 2020 veröffentlicht wurden. Die medizinische Literatur beschränkt sich auf Einzelfallberichte, kleine Fallserien, retrospektive Studien und nur wenige randomisierte kontrollierte Studien. Zu den Therapieoptionen gehören pentavalente Antimonverbindungen wie Megluminantimonat oder Natriumstibogluconat, Amphotericin B (liposomal, Desoxycholat, Lipidkomplex, kolloidale Dispersion), Miltefosin und Pentamidin. Weitere mögliche Therapien sind Itraconazol, Fluconazol, Ketoconazol, Aminosidinsulfat und Azithromycin. Die Wahl des geeigneten Medikaments richtet sich in erster Hinsicht nach der Verfügbarkeit im Endemiegebiet und den begleitenden Erkrankungen des Patienten.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcellus Fischer
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Hamburg
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Fischer T, Fischer M, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - A systematic review. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:763-773. [PMID: 38769082 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a severe infectious disease, predominantly endemic in Central and South America and is characterized by granulomatous, destructive mucosal lesions in the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities. It is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp. transmitted to humans by sandflies. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occurs after untreated or inadequately treated cutaneous leishmaniasis and is more common in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize all reported treatment options for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. This review is based on all English, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese articles published in the databases "PubMed" and "Lilacs" from 1995 to 2020. Most of the medical literature is limited to case reports, small case series, retrospective studies, and a few randomized controlled trials. Various treatment options include pentavalent antimonates such as meglumine antimonate or sodium stibogluconate, amphotericin B (liposomal, deoxycholate, lipid complex, colloidal dispersion), miltefosine, and pentamidine. Other therapeutic options include itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, aminosidine sulfate, and azithromycin. The choice of drug depends primarily on its availability in the endemic area and the patient's comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcellus Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Gera, Germany
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3
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Andrade FFD, Vitório JG, Canuto GAB, Nunes FFC, Rodrigues IA, Almeida APMM, Nascimento FC, Costa AO, Vieira TDS, Silva ACC, André LC, Gontijo CMF, Junqueira C, de Toledo JS, Fernandes AP, Soares RP. Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae versus pathogenic species: comparative evaluation of protease activity, glycoconjugates, resistance to complement and metabolome composition. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e230243. [PMID: 38775551 PMCID: PMC11111114 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania tarentolae is a non-pathogenic species found in lizards representing an important model for Leishmania biology. However, several aspects of this Sauroleishmania remain unknown to explain its low level of virulence. OBJECTIVES We reported several aspects of L. tarentolae biology including glycoconjugates, proteolytic activities and metabolome composition in comparison to pathogenic species (Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major). METHODS Parasites were cultured for extraction and purification of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), immunofluorescence probing with anti-gp63 and resistance against complement. Parasite extracts were also tested for proteases activity and metabolome composition. FINDINGS Leishmania tarentolae does not express LPG on its surface. It expresses gp63 at lower levels compared to pathogenic species and, is highly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. This species also lacks intracellular/extracellular activities of proteolytic enzymes. It has metabolic differences with pathogenic species, exhibiting a lower abundance of metabolites including ABC transporters, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and steroids, TCA cycle, glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism and pentose-phosphate pathways. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The non-pathogenic phenotype of L. tarentolae is associated with alterations in several biochemical and molecular features. This reinforces the need of comparative studies between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of virulence during host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Fideles Duarte Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Gardone Vitório
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Fernanda Freire Campos Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Isabela Aurora Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Martins Morais Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Frederico Crepaldi Nascimento
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Adriana Oliveira Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Tamara da Silva Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Carvalho Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Leiliane Coelho André
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Caroline Junqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juliano Simões de Toledo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Seyedi F, Sharifi I, Khosravi A, Molaakbari E, Tavakkoli H, Salarkia E, Bahraminejad S, Bamorovat M, Dabiri S, Salari Z, Kamali A, Ren G. Comparison of cytotoxicity of Miltefosine and its niosomal form on chick embryo model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2482. [PMID: 38291076 PMCID: PMC10827708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Various drugs have been used for the treatment of leishmaniasis, but they often have adverse effects on the body's organs. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of one type of drug, Miltefosine (MIL), and its analogue or modifier, liposomal Miltefosine (NMIL), on several fetal organs using both in silico analysis and practical tests on chicken embryos. Our in silico approach involved predicting the affinities of MIL and NMIL to critical proteins involved in leishmaniasis, including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A), the Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR1), and apoptotic-regulator proteins (Bcl-2-associate). We then validated and supported these predictions through in vivo investigations, analyzing gene expression and pathological changes in angiogenesis and apoptotic mediators in MIL- and NMIL-treated chicken embryos. The results showed that NMIL had a more effective action towards VEGF-A and KDR1 in leishmaniasis, making it a better candidate for potential operative treatment during pregnancy than MIL alone. In vivo, studies also showed that chicken embryos under MIL treatment displayed less vascular mass and more degenerative and apoptotic changes than those treated with NMIL. These results suggest that NMIL could be a better treatment option for leishmaniasis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Seyedi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elaheh Molaakbari
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hadi Tavakkoli
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Bahraminejad
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Afzalipour School of Medicine and Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Salari
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Kamali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Guogang Ren
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
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Yuan D, Chen J, Zhao Z, Qin H. Metabolomics analysis of visceral leishmaniasis based on urine of golden hamsters. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:304. [PMID: 37649093 PMCID: PMC10469881 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases and is spread mainly in impoverished regions of the world. Although many studies have focused on the host's response to Leishmania invasion, relatively less is known about the complex processes at the metabolic level, especially the metabolic alterations in the infected hosts. METHODS In this study, we conducted metabolomics analysis on the urine of golden hamsters in the presence or absence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system tandem high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS). The metabolic characteristics of urine samples, along with the histopathological change and the parasite burden of liver and spleen tissues, were detected at 4 and 12 weeks post infection (WPI), respectively. RESULTS Amino acid metabolism was extensively affected at both stages of VL progression. Meanwhile, there were also distinct metabolic features at different stages. At 4 WPI, the significantly affected metabolic pathways involved alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), histidine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and tyrosine metabolism. At 12 WPI, the markedly enriched metabolic pathways were almost concentrated on amino acid metabolism, including tyrosine metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and tryptophan metabolism. The dysregulated metabolites and metabolic pathways at 12 WPI were obviously less than those at 4 WPI. In addition, seven metabolites that were dysregulated at both stages through partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) tests were screened to be of diagnostic potential. The combination of these metabolites as a potential biomarker panel showed satisfactory performance in distinguishing infection groups from control groups as well as among different stages of infection. CONCLUSION Our findings could provide valuable information for further understanding of the host response to Leishmania infection from the aspect of the urine metabolome. The proposed urine biomarker panel could help in the development of a novel approach for the diagnosis and prognosis of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yuan
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanxiao Qin
- Clinical Trial Center, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610021, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Pontes Pereira TT, Fideles Duarte-Andrade F, Gardone Vitório J, do Espírito Santo Pereira T, Braga Martins FR, Marques Souza JA, Malacco NL, Mathias Melo E, Costa Picossi CR, Pinto E, Santiago Gomez R, Martins Teixeira M, Nori de Macedo A, André Baptista Canuto G, Soriani FM. Chronic alcohol administration alters metabolomic profile of murine bone marrow. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128352. [PMID: 37090737 PMCID: PMC10113543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction People with hazardous alcohol use are more susceptible to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections due to the effect of alcohol on immune system cell function. Metabolized ethanol reduces NAD+ to NADH, affecting critical metabolic pathways. Here, our aim was to investigate whether alcohol is metabolized by bone marrow cells and if it impacts the metabolic pathways of leukocyte progenitor cells. This is said to lead to a qualitative and quantitative alteration of key metabolites which may be related to the immune response. Methods We addressed this aim by using C57BL/6 mice under chronic ethanol administration and evaluating the metabolomic profile of bone marrow total cells by gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results We identified 19 metabolites. Our data demonstrated that chronic ethanol administration alters the metabolomic profile in the bone marrow, resulting in a statistically diminished abundance of five metabolites in ethanol-treated animals: uracil, succinate, proline, nicotinamide, and tyrosine. Discussion Our results demonstrate for the first time in the literature the effects of alcohol consumption on the metabolome content of hematopoietic tissue and open a wide range of further studies to investigate mechanisms by which alcohol compromises the cellular function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jéssica Gardone Vitório
- Department of Clinic, Pathology and Dental Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliza Mathias Melo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ernani Pinto
- Nuclear Energy Center in Agriculture, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santiago Gomez
- Department of Clinic, Pathology and Dental Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele André Baptista Canuto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry of the Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Rey-Stolle F, Dudzik D, Gonzalez-Riano C, Fernández-García M, Alonso-Herranz V, Rojo D, Barbas C, García A. Low and high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for untargeted metabolomics: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1210:339043. [PMID: 35595356 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
GC-MS for untargeted metabolomics is a well-established technique. Small molecules and molecules made volatile by derivatization can be measured and those compounds are key players in main biological pathways. This tutorial provides ready-to-use protocols for GC-MS-based metabolomics, using either the well-known low-resolution approach (GC-Q-MS) with nominal mass or the more recent high-resolution approach (GC-QTOF-MS) with accurate mass, discussing their corresponding strengths and limitations. Analytical procedures are covered for different types of biofluids (plasma/serum, bronchoalveolar lavage, urine, amniotic fluid) tissue samples (brain/hippocampus, optic nerve, lung, kidney, liver, pancreas) and samples obtained from cell cultures (adipocytes, macrophages, Leishmania promastigotes, mitochondria, culture media). Together with the sample preparation and data acquisition, data processing strategies are described specially focused on Agilent equipments, including deconvolution software and database annotation using spectral libraries. Manual curation strategies and quality control are also deemed. Finally, considerations to obtain a semiquantitative value for the metabolites are also described. As a case study, an illustrative example from one of our experiments at CEMBIO Research Centre, is described and findings discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Danuta Dudzik
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Alonso-Herranz
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rojo
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain.
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Carter NS, Kawasaki Y, Nahata SS, Elikaee S, Rajab S, Salam L, Alabdulal MY, Broessel KK, Foroghi F, Abbas A, Poormohamadian R, Roberts SC. Polyamine Metabolism in Leishmania Parasites: A Promising Therapeutic Target. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:24. [PMID: 35645240 PMCID: PMC9149861 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a variety of devastating and often fatal diseases in humans and domestic animals worldwide. The need for new therapeutic strategies is urgent because no vaccine is available, and treatment options are limited due to a lack of specificity and the emergence of drug resistance. Polyamines are metabolites that play a central role in rapidly proliferating cells, and recent studies have highlighted their critical nature in Leishmania. Numerous studies using a variety of inhibitors as well as gene deletion mutants have elucidated the pathway and routes of transport, revealing unique aspects of polyamine metabolism in Leishmania parasites. These studies have also shed light on the significance of polyamines for parasite proliferation, infectivity, and host-parasite interactions. This comprehensive review article focuses on the main polyamine biosynthetic enzymes: ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and spermidine synthase, and it emphasizes recent discoveries that advance these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets against Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sigrid C. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (N.S.C.); (Y.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.E.); (S.R.); (L.S.); (M.Y.A.); (K.K.B.); (F.F.); (A.A.); (R.P.)
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Peralta MF, Usseglio NA, Bracamonte ME, Guzmán ML, Olivera ME, Marco JD, Barroso PA, Carrer DC. Efficacy of topical Miltefosine formulations in an experimental model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:180-196. [PMID: 33502733 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease endemic in ~ 90 countries, with an increasing incidence. Presently available pharmacotherapy implies the systemic administration of moderately/very toxic drugs. Miltefosine (Milt) is the only FDA-approved drug to treat CL via the oral route (Impavido®). It produces side effects; in particular, teratogenic effects are of concern. A topical treatment would have the great advantage of minimising the systemic circulation of the drug, preventing side effects. We prepared dispersions containing Milt and liposomes of different compositions to enhance/modulate trans-epidermal penetration and evaluated in vitro and in vivo efficacy and toxicity, in vitro release rate of the drug and particles size stability with time. Treatments were topically administered to BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The dispersions containing 0.5% Milt eliminated 99% of the parasites and cured the lesions with a complete re-epithelisation, no visible scar and re-growth of hair. Fluid liposomes decreased the time to heal the lesion and the time needed to eliminate viable amastigotes from the lesion site. Relapse of the infection was not found 1 month after treatment in any case. Ultraflexible liposomes on the other hand had no significant in vitro effect but decreased in vivo efficacy. A topical Milt formulation including fluid liposomes seems a promising treatment against CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Florencia Peralta
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET- UNC, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nadina A Usseglio
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET- UNC, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, UNITEFA - CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ma Estefanía Bracamonte
- Instituto de Patología Experimental - CONICET - , Universidad Nacional de Salta, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Ma Laura Guzmán
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, UNITEFA - CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ma Eugenia Olivera
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, UNITEFA - CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J Diego Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental - CONICET - , Universidad Nacional de Salta, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Paola A Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental - CONICET - , Universidad Nacional de Salta, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Dolores C Carrer
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET- UNC, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Analytical Platforms for Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics of Polar and Ionizable Metabolites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:215-242. [PMID: 34628634 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics studies rely on the availability of suitable analytical platforms to determine a vast collection of chemically diverse metabolites in complex biospecimens. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry operated under reversed-phase conditions is the most commonly used platform in metabolomics, which offers extensive coverage for nonpolar and moderately polar compounds. However, complementary techniques are required to obtain adequate separation of polar and ionic metabolites, which are involved in several fundamental metabolic pathways. This chapter focuses on the main mass-spectrometry-based analytical platforms used to determine polar and/or ionizable compounds in metabolomics (GC-MS, HILIC-MS, CE-MS, IPC-MS, and IC-MS). Rather than comprehensively describing recent applications related to GC-MS, HILIC-MS, and CE-MS, which have been covered in a regular basis in the literature, a brief discussion focused on basic principles, main strengths, limitations, as well as future trends is presented in this chapter, and only key applications with the purpose of illustrating important analytical aspects of each platform are highlighted. On the other hand, due to the relative novelty of IPC-MS and IC-MS in the metabolomics field, a thorough compilation of applications for these two techniques is presented here.
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New insights into the mechanism of action of the cyclopalladated complex - CP2 in Leishmania: Calcium Dysregulation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0076721. [PMID: 34633848 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00767-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment of leishmaniasis is based on few drugs that present several drawbacks such as high toxicity, difficult administration route, and low efficacy. These disadvantages raise the necessity to develop novel antileishmanial compounds allied to a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms of action. Here, we elucidate the probably mechanism of action of the antileishmanial binuclear cyclopalladated complex [Pd(dmba)(μ-N3)]2 (CP2) in Leishmania amazonensis. CP2 causes oxidative stress in the parasite resulting in disruption of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, cell cycle arrest at S-phase, increasing the ROS production and overexpression of stress-related and cell detoxification proteins, collapsing the Leishmania mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes apoptotic-like features in promastigotes leading to necrosis or directs programmed cell death (PCD)-committed cells toward necrotic-like destruction. Moreover, CP2 is able to reduce the parasite load in both liver and spleen in Leishmania infantum-infected hamsters when treated for 15 days with 1.5 mg/Kg/day CP2, expanding its potential application in addition to the already known effectiveness on cutaneous leishmaniasis for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, showing the broad spectrum of action of this cyclopalladated complex. The data herein presented bring new insights into the CP2 molecular mechanisms of action, assisting to promote its rational modification to improve both safety and efficacy.
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Arya R, Dhembla C, Makde RD, Sundd M, Kundu S. An overview of the fatty acid biosynthesis in the protozoan parasite Leishmania and its relevance as a drug target against leishmaniasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 246:111416. [PMID: 34555376 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the fast-growing parasitic diseases worldwide. The treatment of this fatal disease presents a daunting challenge because of its adverse effects, necessity for long-term treatment regime, unavailability of functional drugs, emergence of drug resistance and the related expenditure. This calls for an urgent need for novel drugs and the evaluation of new targets. Proteins of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway are validated as drug targets in pathogenic bacteria and certain viruses. Likewise, this pathway has been speculated as a suitable target against parasite infections. Fatty acid synthesis in parasites seems to be very complex and distinct from the counterpart mammalian host due to the presence of unique mechanisms for fatty acid biosynthesis and acquisition. In recent times, there have been few evidences of the existence of this pathway in the bloodstream form of some pathogens. The fatty acid biosynthesis thus presents a viable and attractive target for emerging therapeutics. Understanding the mechanisms underlying fatty acid metabolism is key to identifying a potential drug target. However, investigations in this direction are still limited and this article attempts to outline the existing knowledge, while highlighting the scope and relevance of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway as a drug target. This review highlights the advances in the treatment of leishmaniasis, the importance of lipids in the pathogen, known facts about the fatty acid biosynthesis in Leishmania and how this pathway can be manipulated to combat leishmaniasis, suggesting novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Arya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Chetna Dhembla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Ravindra D Makde
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Monica Sundd
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Twenty years of amino acid determination using capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1174:338233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Yadav S, Ali V, Singh Y, Kanojia S, Goyal N. Leishmania donovani chaperonin TCP1γ subunit protects miltefosine induced oxidative damage. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2607-2620. [PMID: 33736277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T-complex protein-1 (TCP1) is a chaperonin protein known to fold various proteins like actin and tubulin. In Leishmania donovani only one subunit of TCP1 that is gamma subunit (LdTCP1γ) has been functionally characterized. It not only performs ATP dependent protein folding but is also essential for survival and virulence. The present work demonstrates that LdTCP1γ also has a role in miltefosine resistance. Overexpression of LdTCP1γ in L. donovani promastigotes results in decreased sensitivity of parasites towards miltefosine, while single-allele replacement mutants exhibited increased sensitivity as compared to wild-type promastigotes. This response was specific to miltefosine with no cross-resistance to other drugs. The LdTCP1γ-mediated drug resistance was directly related to miltefosine-induced apoptotic death of the parasite, as was evidenced by 2 to 3-fold decrease in cell death parameters in overexpressing cells and >2-fold increase in single-allele replacement mutants. Further, deciphering the mechanism revealed that resistance of overexpressing cells was associated with efficient ROS neutralization due to increased levels of thiols and upregulation of cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase (cTxnPx). Further, modulation of LdTCP1γ expression in parasite also modulates the levels of proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) of the host macrophages. The study provides evidence for the involvement of a chaperonin protein LdTCP1γ in the protection against miltefosine induced oxidative damage and reveals the fundamental role of LdTCP1γ in parasite biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Yadav
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India-800007
| | - Yatendra Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sanjeev Kanojia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Neena Goyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Van den Kerkhof M, Sterckx YGJ, Leprohon P, Maes L, Caljon G. Experimental Strategies to Explore Drug Action and Resistance in Kinetoplastid Parasites. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E950. [PMID: 32599761 PMCID: PMC7356981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastids are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, and American trypanosomiasis. They are responsible for high mortality and morbidity in (sub)tropical regions. Adequate treatment options are limited and have several drawbacks, such as toxicity, need for parenteral administration, and occurrence of treatment failure and drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgency for the development of new drugs. Phenotypic screening already allowed the identification of promising new chemical entities with anti-kinetoplastid activity potential, but knowledge on their mode-of-action (MoA) is lacking due to the generally applied whole-cell based approach. However, identification of the drug target is essential to steer further drug discovery and development. Multiple complementary techniques have indeed been used for MoA elucidation. In this review, the different 'omics' approaches employed to define the MoA or mode-of-resistance of current reference drugs and some new anti-kinetoplastid compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Van den Kerkhof
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Yann G.-J. Sterckx
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
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Reimão JQ, Pita Pedro DP, Coelho AC. The preclinical discovery and development of oral miltefosine for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: a case history. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:647-658. [PMID: 32202449 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1743674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania donovani or Leishmania infantum. Closely related to poverty, VL is fatal and represents one of the main burdens on public health in developing countries. Treatment of VL relies exclusively on chemotherapy, a strategy still experiencing numerous limitations. Miltefosine (MF) has been used in the chemotherapy of VL in some endemic areas, and has been expanded to other regions, being considered crucial in eradication programs. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the most relevant preclinical and clinical aspects of MF, its mechanism of action and resistance to Leishmania parasites, as well as its limitations. The authors also give their perspectives on the treatment of VL. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of MF represented an enormous advance in the chemotherapy of VL, since it was the first oral drug for this neglected disease. Beyond selection of resistant parasites due to drug pressure, several other factors can lead to treatment failure such as, for example, factors intrinsic to the host, parasite and the drug itself. Although its efficacy as a monotherapy has reduced over recent years, MF is still an important alternative in VL chemotherapy, especially when used in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Q Reimão
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí , Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Débora P Pita Pedro
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí , Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Adriano C Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, Brazil
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Crepaldi F, de Toledo JS, do Carmo AO, Ferreira Marques Machado L, de Brito DDV, Serufo AV, Almeida APM, de Oliveira LG, Ricotta TQN, Moreira DDS, Murta SMF, Diniz AB, Menezes GB, López-Gonzálvez Á, Barbas C, Fernandes AP. Mapping Alterations Induced by Long-Term Axenic Cultivation of Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes With a Multiplatform Metabolomic Fingerprint Approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:403. [PMID: 31867285 PMCID: PMC6904349 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are widespread neglected diseases with an incidence of 1.6 million new cases and 40 thousand deaths per year. Leishmania parasites may show distinct, species-specific patterns of virulence that lead to different clinical manifestations. It is well known that successive in vitro passages (SIVP) lead to the attenuation of virulence, but neither the metabolism nor the pathways involved in these processes are well understood. Herein, promastigotes of a virulent L. amazonensis strain recently isolated from mice was compared to SIVP derived and attenuated promastigotes, submitted to 10, 40, and 60 axenic passages and named R10, R40, and R60, respectively. In vitro assays and in vivo tests were performed to characterize and confirmed the attenuation profiles. A metabolomic fingerprint comparison of R0, R10, and R60 was performed by means of capillary electrophoresis, liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. To validate the metabolomic data, qPCR for selected loci, flow cytometry to measure aPS exposure, sensitivity to antimony tartrate and ROS production assays were conducted. The 65 identified metabolites were clustered in biochemical categories and mapped in eight metabolic pathways: ABC transporters; fatty acid biosynthesis; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; β-alanine metabolism; glutathione metabolism; oxidative phosphorylation; glycerophospholipid metabolism and lysine degradation. The obtained metabolomic data correlated with previous proteomic findings of the SVIP parasites and the gene expression of 13 selected targets. Late SIVP cultures were more sensitive to SbIII produced more ROS and exposed less phosphatidylserine in their surface. The correspondent pathways were connected to build a biochemical map of the most significant alterations involved with the process of attenuation of L. amazonensis. Overall, the reported data pointed out to a very dynamic and continuous metabolic reprogramming process, accompanied by changes in energetic, lipid and redox metabolisms, membrane remodeling and reshaping of parasite-host cells interactions, causing impacts in chemotaxis, host inflammatory responses and infectivity at the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Crepaldi
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis, Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Juliano Simões de Toledo
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis, Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Anderson Oliveira do Carmo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Markers, General Biology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Diniz Viana de Brito
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Angela Vieira Serufo
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Martins Almeida
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leandro Gonzaga de Oliveira
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tiago Queiroga Nery Ricotta
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ariane Barros Diniz
- Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis, Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis, Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Veronica J, Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Devender M, Prajapati VK, Sundar S, Maurya R. Iron superoxide dismutase contributes to miltefosine resistance in
Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2019; 286:3488-3503. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Veronica
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | | | - Alti Dayakar
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine IMS Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
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Rojo D, Barbas C, López-Gonzálvez Á. Metabolomics Analysis of Leishmania by Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1859:253-260. [PMID: 30421234 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8757-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry is an analytical platform ideal for the analysis of ionic or polar metabolites. It constitutes a perfect complement to reversed-phase liquid chromatography, offering a good alternative to polar stationary phases where reproducibility is not guaranteed. Herein, we describe a robust standardized methodology for the fingerprinting analysis of Leishmania, a taxonomic genus which comprises more than 20 protozoa species.
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MESH Headings
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Chromatography, Reverse-Phase/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Reverse-Phase/methods
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Leishmania/metabolism
- Metabolomics/instrumentation
- Metabolomics/methods
- Reproducibility of Results
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanállisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanállisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanállisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Although capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is a separation technique not extensively implemented, it offers differential possibilities in the study of polar and ionic metabolites in complex matrices with minimum sample treatment. However, in order to get successful results, some efforts at early stages and following specific recommendations are necessary.In this chapter, we describe our updated and well-tested methods for untargeted metabolomics using CE-MS-TOF for common biological samples: urine, serum or plasma, feces, tissues, and cells. Sample treatment, as well as separation and detection conditions are described in detail and other steps in the workflow for untargeted metabolomics are also explained. Special attention is paid to instrumental setup and advices for daily practice.Characteristic electropherograms obtained with each type of sample are depicted as well as groups of metabolites easily measured by this technique. Their global or individual comparisons have been given undoubtedly important information to unveil altered metabolic pathways, diagnosis, and prognosis or biomarker discovery in the study of diseases or conditions over decades.
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Molecular Basis of the Leishmanicidal Activity of the Antidepressant Sertraline as a Drug Repurposing Candidate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01928-18. [PMID: 30297370 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01928-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing affords the implementation of new treatments at a moderate cost and under a faster time-scale. Most of the clinical drugs against Leishmania share this origin. The antidepressant sertraline has been successfully assayed in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, sertraline targets in Leishmania were poorly defined. In order to get a detailed insight into the leishmanicidal mechanism of sertraline on Leishmania infantum, unbiased multiplatform metabolomics and transmission electron microscopy were combined with a focused insight into the sertraline effects on the bioenergetics metabolism of the parasite. Sertraline induced respiration uncoupling, a significant decrease of intracellular ATP level, and oxidative stress in L. infantum promastigotes. Metabolomics evidenced an extended metabolic disarray caused by sertraline. This encompasses a remarkable variation of the levels of thiol-redox and polyamine biosynthetic intermediates, as well as a shortage of intracellular amino acids used as metabolic fuel by Leishmania Sertraline killed Leishmania through a multitarget mechanism of action, tackling essential metabolic pathways of the parasite. As such, sertraline is a valuable candidate for visceral leishmaniasis treatment under a drug repurposing strategy.
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Lipase Precursor-Like Protein Promotes Miltefosine Tolerance in Leishmania donovani by Enhancing Parasite Infectivity and Eliciting Anti-inflammatory Responses in Host Macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00666-18. [PMID: 30297367 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00666-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral drug miltefosine (MIL) was introduced in the Indian subcontinent in the year 2002 for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, recent reports on its declining efficacy and increasing relapse rates pose a serious concern. An understanding of the factors contributing to MIL tolerance in Leishmania parasites is critical. In the present study, we assessed the role of the lipase precursor-like protein (Lip) in conferring tolerance to miltefosine by episomally overexpressing Lip in Leishmania donovani (LdLip++). We observed a significant increase (∼3-fold) in the MIL 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at both the promastigote (3.90 ± 0.68 µM; P < 0.05) and intracellular amastigote (9.10 ± 0.60 µM; P < 0.05) stages compared to the wild-type counterpart (LdNeo) (MIL IC50s of 1.49 ± 0.20 µM at the promastigote stage and 3.95 ± 0.45 µM at the amastigote stage). LdLip++ parasites exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased infectivity to host macrophages and increased metacyclogenesis and tolerance to MIL-induced oxidative stress. The susceptibility of LdLip++ to other antileishmanial drugs (sodium antimony gluconate and amphotericin B) remained unchanged. In comparison to LdNeo, the LdLip++ parasites elicited high host interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine expression levels (1.6-fold; P < 0.05) with reduced expression of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (1.5-fold; P < 0.05), leading to a significantly (P < 0.01) increased ratio of IL-10/TNF-α. The above-described findings suggest a role of lipase precursor-like protein in conferring tolerance to the oral antileishmanial drug MIL in L. donovani parasites.
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Zhang N, Prasad S, Huyghues Despointes CE, Young J, Kima PE. Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole membranes display phosphoinositides that create conditions for continuous Akt activation and a target for miltefosine in Leishmania infections. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12889. [PMID: 29993167 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Miltefosine is an important drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis; however, its mechanism of action is still poorly understood. In these studies, we tested the hypothesis that like in cancer cells, miltefosine's efficacy in leishmaniasis is due to its inhibition of Akt activation in host cells. We show using pharmacologic agents that block Akt activation by different mechanisms and also using an inducible knockdown approach that miltefosine loses its efficacy when its access to Akt1 is limited. Interestingly, limitation of Akt activation results in clearance of established Leishmania infections. We then show, using fluorophore-tagged probes that bind to phosphoinositides, that Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole membranes (LPVMs) display the relevant phosphoinositides to which Akt can be recruited and activated continuously. Taken together, we propose that the acquisition of PI(4) P and the display of PI (3,4)P2 on LPVMs initiate the machinery that supports continuous Akt activation and sensitivity to miltefosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Samiksha Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Young
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Armitage EG, Alqaisi AQI, Godzien J, Peña I, Mbekeani AJ, Alonso-Herranz V, López-Gonzálvez Á, Martín J, Gabarro R, Denny PW, Barrett MP, Barbas C. Complex Interplay between Sphingolipid and Sterol Metabolism Revealed by Perturbations to the Leishmania Metabolome Caused by Miltefosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02095-17. [PMID: 29463533 PMCID: PMC5923112 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02095-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the World Health Organization reporting over 30,000 deaths and 200,000 to 400,000 new cases annually, visceral leishmaniasis is a serious disease affecting some of the world's poorest people. As drug resistance continues to rise, there is a huge unmet need to improve treatment. Miltefosine remains one of the main treatments for leishmaniasis, yet its mode of action (MoA) is still unknown. Understanding the MoA of this drug and parasite response to treatment could help pave the way for new and more successful treatments for leishmaniasis. A novel method has been devised to study the metabolome and lipidome of Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes treated with miltefosine. Miltefosine caused a dramatic decrease in many membrane phospholipids (PLs), in addition to amino acid pools, while sphingolipids (SLs) and sterols increased. Leishmania major promastigotes devoid of SL biosynthesis through loss of the serine palmitoyl transferase gene (ΔLCB2) were 3-fold less sensitive to miltefosine than wild-type (WT) parasites. Changes in the metabolome and lipidome of miltefosine-treated L. major mirrored those of L. donovani A lack of SLs in the ΔLCB2 mutant was matched by substantial alterations in sterol content. Together, these data indicate that SLs and ergosterol are important for miltefosine sensitivity and, perhaps, MoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Armitage
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences & Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amjed Q I Alqaisi
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
- University of Baghdad, College of Science, Biology Department, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Joanna Godzien
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imanol Peña
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alison J Mbekeani
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Vanesa Alonso-Herranz
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Martín
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gabarro
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences & Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Wu XH, Zhao C, Zhang AH, Zhang JQ, Wang X, Sun XL, Sun Z, Wang XJ. High-throughput metabolomics used to identify potential therapeutic targets of Guizhi Fuling Wan against endometriosis of cold coagulation and blood stasis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19238-19250. [PMID: 35539642 PMCID: PMC9080683 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00978c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging and robust discipline and involves the comprehensive evaluation of small molecule endogenous metabolites and enables the exploration of the pathogenesis of diseases. For example, endometriosis – a common disease which mostly occurs in women of childbearing age. A cure for endometriosis of cold coagulation and blood stasis (ECB) is highly sought after. This study was conducted to discover the potential biomarkers of ECB and the effective mechanism undertaken by Guizhi Fuling Wan (GFW) in treating ECB in rats. Urinary metabolomics were performed by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS with pattern recognition methods to evaluate the changes in metabolic profiles and to identify biomarkers for elucidating the mechanism of the treatment of ECB with GFW. The results showed that urinary metabolism in the two groups were distinctly separated on the 28th day, and a total of 20 differential biomarkers (16 in the positive mode, 4 in the negative mode) were confirmed involving several key metabolic pathways which included phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, tyrosine metabolism and the citrate cycle. Following the oral administration of GFW, certain pathways were affected; these included the following: phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, citrate cycle, steroid hormone biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. This study also demonstrated that the administration of GFW affected the levels of urine endogenous metabolites, thereby laying a foundation for further study of the pharmacodynamical mechanism of GFW. Metabolomics is an emerging and robust discipline and involves the comprehensive evaluation of small molecule endogenous metabolites and enables the exploration of the pathogenesis of diseases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-hong Wu
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Chuang Zhao
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Ai-hua Zhang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jin-qi Zhang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xu Wang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiao-lan Sun
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Ze Sun
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xi-jun Wang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
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Deep DK, Singh R, Bhandari V, Verma A, Sharma V, Wajid S, Sundar S, Ramesh V, Dujardin JC, Salotra P. Increased miltefosine tolerance in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani is associated with reduced drug accumulation, increased infectivity and resistance to oxidative stress. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005641. [PMID: 28575060 PMCID: PMC5470736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miltefosine (MIL) is an oral antileishmanial drug used for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent. Recent reports indicate a significant decline in its efficacy with a high rate of relapse in VL as well as post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). We investigated the parasitic factors apparently involved in miltefosine unresponsiveness in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. METHODOLOGY L. donovani isolated from patients of VL and PKDL at pretreatment stage (LdPreTx, n = 9), patients that relapsed after MIL treatment (LdRelapse, n = 7) and parasites made experimentally resistant to MIL (LdM30) were included in this study. MIL uptake was estimated using liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Reactive oxygen species and intracellular thiol content were measured fluorometrically. Q-PCR was used to assess the differential expression of genes associated with MIL resistance. RESULTS LdRelapse parasites exhibited higher IC50 both at promastigote level (7.92 ± 1.30 μM) and at intracellular amastigote level (11.35 ± 6.48 μM) when compared with LdPreTx parasites (3.27 ± 1.52 μM) and (3.85 ± 3.11 μM), respectively. The percent infectivity (72 hrs post infection) of LdRelapse parasites was significantly higher (80.71 ± 5.67%, P<0.001) in comparison to LdPreTx (60.44 ± 2.80%). MIL accumulation was significantly lower in LdRelapse parasites (1.7 fold, P<0.001) and in LdM30 parasites (2.4 fold, P<0.001) when compared with LdPreTx parasites. MIL induced ROS levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in macrophages infected with LdRelapse while intracellular thiol content were significantly higher in LdRelapse compared to LdPreTx, indicating a better tolerance for oxidative stress in LdRelapse isolates. Genes associated with oxidative stress, metabolic processes and transporters showed modulated expression in LdRelapse and LdM30 parasites in comparison with LdPreTx parasites. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the parasitic factors and pathways responsible for miltefosine unresponsiveness in VL and PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Deep
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Vasundhra Bhandari
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Verma
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Vanila Sharma
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - V. Ramesh
- Dermatology Department, Safdarjung Hospital and Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC), New Delhi, India
| | - Jean Claude Dujardin
- Unit of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Poonam Salotra
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry as a tool for untargeted metabolomics. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:99-130. [PMID: 27921456 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly polar and ionic metabolites, such as sugars, most amino acids, organic acids or nucleotides are not retained by conventional reversed-phase LC columns and polar stationary phases and hydrophilic-interaction LC lacks of robustness, which is still limiting their applications for untargeted metabolomics where reproducibility is a must. Biological samples such as blood, urine or even tissues include many hydrophilic compounds secreted from cells, their analysis is essential for biomarker discovery, disease progression or treatment effects. This review focuses on CE coupled to MS as a mature technique for untargeted metabolomics including sample pretreatment, types of matrices, analytical methods, applications and data treatment strategies for polar compound analysis in biological matrices. The main applications and results of CE-MS in untargeted metabolomics are discussed and presented in a tabulated format.
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Týčová A, Ledvina V, Klepárník K. Recent advances in CE-MS coupling: Instrumentation, methodology, and applications. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:115-134. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Týčová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Ledvina
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
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Abstract
Eukaryotic microbial pathogens are major contributors to illness and death globally. Although much of their impact can be controlled by drug therapy as with prokaryotic microorganisms, the emergence of drug resistance has threatened these treatment efforts. Here, we discuss the challenges posed by eukaryotic microbial pathogens and how these are similar to, or differ from, the challenges of prokaryotic antibiotic resistance. The therapies used for several major eukaryotic microorganisms are then detailed, and the mechanisms that they have evolved to overcome these therapies are described. The rapid emergence of resistance and the restricted pipeline of new drug therapies pose considerable risks to global health and are particularly acute in the developing world. Nonetheless, we detail how the integration of new technology, biological understanding, epidemiology and evolutionary analysis can help sustain existing therapies, anticipate the emergence of resistance or optimize the deployment of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H. Fairlamb
- Dundee Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Wellcome Trust Strategic Award in Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Keith R. Matthews
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical and Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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31
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Genomic Appraisal of the Multifactorial Basis for In Vitro Acquisition of Miltefosine Resistance in Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4089-100. [PMID: 27114280 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00478-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex are the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form of leishmaniasis, with high rates of mortality if left untreated. Leishmania parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotominae), and approximately 500,000 new cases of VL are reported each year. In the absence of a safe human vaccine, chemotherapy, along with vector control, is the sole tool with which to fight the disease. Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphatidylcholine [HePC]), an antitumoral drug, is the only successful oral treatment for VL. In the current study, we describe the phenotypic traits of L. donovani clonal lines that have acquired resistance to HePC. We performed whole-genome and RNA sequencing of these resistant lines to provide an inclusive overview of the multifactorial acquisition of experimental HePC resistance, circumventing the challenge of identifying changes in membrane-bound proteins faced by proteomics. This analysis was complemented by assessment of the in vitro infectivity of HePC-resistant parasites. Our work underscores the importance of complementary "omics" to acquire the most comprehensive insight for multifaceted processes, such as HePC resistance.
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32
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New insight on obesity and adipose-derived stem cells using comprehensive metabolomics. Biochem J 2016; 473:2187-203. [PMID: 27208167 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity affects the functional capability of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and their effective use in regenerative medicine through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. In the present study we used a multiplatform [LC/MS, GC/MS and capillary electrophoresis/MS (CE/MS)], metabolomics, untargeted approach to investigate the metabolic alteration underlying the inequalities observed in obesity-derived ASCs. The metabolic fingerprint (metabolites within the cells) and footprint (metabolites secreted in the culture medium), from obesity- and non-obesity-derived ASCs of humans or mice, were characterized to provide valuable information. Metabolites associated with glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and the polyol pathway were increased in the footprint of obesity-derived human ASCs, indicating alterations in carbohydrate metabolism, whereas, from the murine model, deep differences in lipid and amino acid catabolism were highlighted. Therefore, new insights on the ASCs' metabolome were provided that enhance our understanding of the processes underlying ASCs' stemness capacity and its relationship with obesity, in different cell models.
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Mondelaers A, Sanchez-Cañete MP, Hendrickx S, Eberhardt E, Garcia-Hernandez R, Lachaud L, Cotton J, Sanders M, Cuypers B, Imamura H, Dujardin JC, Delputte P, Cos P, Caljon G, Gamarro F, Castanys S, Maes L. Genomic and Molecular Characterization of Miltefosine Resistance in Leishmania infantum Strains with Either Natural or Acquired Resistance through Experimental Selection of Intracellular Amastigotes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154101. [PMID: 27123924 PMCID: PMC4849676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade miltefosine (MIL) has been used as first-line treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas with antimonial resistance, but a decline in clinical effectiveness is now being reported. While only two MIL-resistant Leishmania infantum strains from HIV co-infected patients have been documented, phenotypic MIL-resistance for L. donovani has not yet been identified in the laboratory. Hence, a better understanding of the factors contributing to increased MIL-treatment failure is necessary. Given the paucity of defined MIL-resistant L. donovani clinical isolates, this study used an experimental amastigote-selected MIL-resistant L. infantum isolate (LEM3323). In-depth exploration of the MIL-resistant phenotype was performed by coupling genomic with phenotypic data to gain insight into gene function and the mutant phenotype. A naturally MIL-resistant L. infantum clinical isolate (LEM5159) was included to compare both datasets. Phenotypically, resistance was evaluated by determining intracellular amastigote susceptibility in vitro and actual MIL-uptake. Genomic analysis provided supportive evidence that the resistance selection model on intracellular amastigotes can be a good proxy for the in vivo field situation since both resistant strains showed mutations in the same inward transporter system responsible for the acquired MIL-resistant phenotype. In line with previous literature findings in promastigotes, our data confirm a defective import machinery through inactivation of the LiMT/LiRos3 protein complex as the main mechanism for MIL-resistance also in intracellular amastigotes. Whole genome sequencing analysis of LEM3323 revealed a 2 base pair deletion in the LiMT gene that led to the formation an early stop codon and a truncation of the LiMT protein. Interestingly, LEM5159 revealed mutations in both the LiMT and LiRos3 genes, resulting in an aberrant expression of the LiMT protein. To verify that these mutations were indeed accountable for the acquired resistance, transfection experiments were performed to re-establish MIL-susceptibility. In LEM3323, susceptibility was restored upon expression of a LiMT wild-type gene, whereas the MIL-susceptibility of LEM5159 could be reversed after expression of the LiRos3 wild-type gene. The aberrant expression profile of the LiMT protein could be restored upon rescue of the LiRos3 gene both in the LEM5159 clinical isolate and a ΔLiRos3 strain, showing that expression of LdMT is dependent on LdRos3 expression. The present findings clearly corroborate the pivotal role of the LiMT/LiRos3 complex in resistance towards MIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Mondelaers
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria P. Sanchez-Cañete
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eline Eberhardt
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Raquel Garcia-Hernandez
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Laurence Lachaud
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie et Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Montpellier 39, Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - James Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Advanced Database Research and Modeling (ADReM) research group, University of Antwerp, Middelheimlaan 1,2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Hideo Imamura
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Castanys
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Shaw CD, Lonchamp J, Downing T, Imamura H, Freeman TM, Cotton JA, Sanders M, Blackburn G, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, Khanal B, Illingworth CJR, Coombs GH, Carter KC. In vitro selection of miltefosine resistance in promastigotes of Leishmania donovani from Nepal: genomic and metabolomic characterization. Mol Microbiol 2016; 99:1134-48. [PMID: 26713880 PMCID: PMC4832254 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we followed the genomic, lipidomic and metabolomic changes associated with the selection of miltefosine (MIL) resistance in two clinically derived Leishmania donovani strains with different inherent resistance to antimonial drugs (antimony sensitive strain Sb-S; and antimony resistant Sb-R). MIL-R was easily induced in both strains using the promastigote-stage, but a significant increase in MIL-R in the intracellular amastigote compared to the corresponding wild-type did not occur until promastigotes had adapted to 12.2 μM MIL. A variety of common and strain-specific genetic changes were discovered in MIL-adapted parasites, including deletions at the LdMT transporter gene, single-base mutations and changes in somy. The most obvious lipid changes in MIL-R promastigotes occurred to phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines and results indicate that the Kennedy pathway is involved in MIL resistance. The inherent Sb resistance of the parasite had an impact on the changes that occurred in MIL-R parasites, with more genetic changes occurring in Sb-R compared with Sb-S parasites. Initial interpretation of the changes identified in this study does not support synergies with Sb-R in the mechanisms of MIL resistance, though this requires an enhanced understanding of the parasite's biochemical pathways and how they are genetically regulated to be verified fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Shaw
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - J Lonchamp
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - T Downing
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- College of Science, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - H Imamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde Nationalestraat, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - T M Freeman
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Blackburn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - J C Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde Nationalestraat, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - S Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - B Khanal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - G H Coombs
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - K C Carter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
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Poinsot V, Ong-Meang V, Gavard P, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by capillary electromigration methods, 2013-2015. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:142-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Pierre Gavard
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - François Couderc
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
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From sample treatment to biomarker discovery: A tutorial for untargeted metabolomics based on GC-(EI)-Q-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 900:21-35. [PMID: 26572836 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial provides a comprehensive description of the GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics workflow including: ethical approval requirement, sample collection and storage, equipment maintenance and setup, sample treatment, monitoring of analytical variability, data pre-processing including deconvolution by free software such as AMDIS, data processing, statistical analysis and validation, detection of outliers and biological interpretation of the results. For each stage tricks will be suggested, pitfalls will be highlighted and advice will be provided on how to get the best from this methodology and technique. In addition, a step-by-step procedure and an example of our in-house library have been included in the supplementary material to lead the user through the concepts described herein. As a case study, an interesting example from one of our experiments at CEMBIO Research Centre is described, presenting an example of the use of this ready-to use protocol for identification of a metabolite that was not previously included in Fiehn commercial target library.
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Mitochondrial Proteomics of Antimony and Miltefosine Resistant Leishmania infantum. Proteomes 2015; 3:328-346. [PMID: 28248274 PMCID: PMC5217391 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimony (SbIII) and miltefosine (MIL) are important drugs for the treatment of Leishmania parasite infections. The mitochondrion is likely to play a central role in SbIII and MIL induced cell death in this parasite. Enriched mitochondrial samples from Leishmania promastigotes selected step by step for in vitro resistance to SbIII and MIL were subjected to differential proteomic analysis. A shared decrease in both mutants in the levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase was observed, as well as a differential abundance in two calcium-binding proteins and the unique dynamin-1-like protein of the parasite. Both mutants presented a shared increase in the succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase and the abundance of numerous hypothetical proteins was also altered in both mutants. In general, the proteomic changes observed in the MIL mutant were less pronounced than in the SbIII mutant, probably due to the early appearance of a mutation in the miltefosine transporter abrogating the need for a strong mitochondrial adaptation. This study is the first analysis of the Leishmania mitochondrial proteome and offers powerful insights into the adaptations to this organelle during SbIII and MIL drug resistance.
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Alves-Ferreira EVC, Toledo JS, De Oliveira AHC, Ferreira TR, Ruy PC, Pinzan CF, Santos RF, Boaventura V, Rojo D, López-Gonzálvez Á, Rosa JC, Barbas C, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, Cruz AK. Differential Gene Expression and Infection Profiles of Cutaneous and Mucosal Leishmania braziliensis Isolates from the Same Patient. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004018. [PMID: 26366580 PMCID: PMC4569073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a complex disease in which clinical outcome depends on factors such as parasite species, host genetics and immunity and vector species. In Brazil, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is a major etiological agent of cutaneous (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (MCL), a disfiguring form of the disease, which occurs in ~10% of L. braziliensis-infected patients. Thus, clinical isolates from patients with CL and MCL may be a relevant source of information to uncover parasite factors contributing to pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated two pairs of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from mucosal (LbrM) and cutaneous (LbrC) sites of the same patient to identify factors distinguishing parasites that migrate from those that remain at the primary site of infection. Methodology/Principal Findings We observed no major genomic divergences among the clinical isolates by molecular karyotype and genomic sequencing. RT-PCR revealed that the isolates lacked Leishmania RNA virus (LRV). However, the isolates exhibited distinct in vivo pathogenesis in BALB/c mice; the LbrC isolates were more virulent than the LbrM isolates. Metabolomic analysis revealed significantly increased levels of 14 metabolites in LbrC parasites and 31 metabolites in LbrM parasites that were mainly related to inflammation and chemotaxis. A proteome comparative analysis revealed the overexpression of LbrPGF2S (prostaglandin f2-alpha synthase) and HSP70 in both LbrC isolates. Overexpression of LbrPGF2S in LbrC and LbrM promastigotes led to an increase in infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per cell at 24–48 h post-infection (p.i.). Conclusions/Significance Despite sharing high similarity at the genome structure and ploidy levels, the parasites exhibited divergent expressed genomes. The proteome and metabolome results indicated differential profiles between the cutaneous and mucosal isolates, primarily related to inflammation and chemotaxis. BALB/c infection revealed that the cutaneous isolates were more virulent than the mucosal parasites. Furthermore, our data suggest that the LbrPGF2S protein is a candidate to contribute to parasite virulence profiles in the mammalian host. Leishmaniasis is a critical public health problem worldwide. The clinical outcome of leishmaniasis depends on the infecting parasite species, host genetics and immune response and insect species. Leishmania braziliensis is a major etiological agent of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in Brazil. Fewer than 10% of L. braziliensis-infected patients with CL develop the mucosal form (a severe clinical manifestation). The small number of parasites in the mucosae increases the difficulty of obtaining clinical isolates, and parasite samples are frequently derived from individuals with different genetic backgrounds. Therefore, clinical isolates from cutaneous and mucosal sites from the same patient represent unique tools to understand parasite factors that contribute to disease outcome and pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated parasite factors involved in disease progression using two pairs of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from mucosal (LbrM) and cutaneous (LbrC) sites of the same patient. In conclusion, the murine infection and proteome and metabolome data suggest that the differences between the cutaneous and mucosal isolates are mainly related to inflammation and chemotaxis. Our data also suggest that the LbrPGF2S protein plays a role in parasite virulence in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza V. C. Alves-Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juliano S. Toledo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arthur H. C. De Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tiago R. Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia C. Ruy
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila F. Pinzan
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ramon F. Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Viviane Boaventura
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángelez López-Gonzálvez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C. Rosa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Angela K. Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Castilho-Martins EA, Canuto GAB, Muxel SM, daSilva MFL, Floeter-Winter LM, Del Aguila C, López-Gonzálvez Á, Barbas C. Capillary electrophoresis reveals polyamine metabolism modulation in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis wild-type and arginase-knockout mutants under arginine starvation. Electrophoresis 2015. [PMID: 26202519 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
l-Arginine is an essential amino acid in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis metabolism. A key enzyme for parasite l-arginine metabolism is arginase (ARG) that uses arginine to produce urea and ornithine, a precursor of polyamine pathway guaranteeing parasite replication in both insect and mammal hosts. There is an alternative pathway to produce ornithine via l-proline and glutamate, but this mechanism is not described in Leishmania. In the mammal host, two enzymes can use l-arginine as substrate, the host ARG and the induced nitric oxide synthase that produces nitric oxide. The competition between induced nitric oxide synthase and both parasite and host ARG can favor the success of the infection or its control. Here, we established the metabolomics profile of the polyamine pathway of wild type (WT) L. (L.) amazonensis, submitted or not to l-arginine starvation, and compared to the ARG-knockout mutant (arg- ). Our results indicated that arginine starvation induces a decrease in arginine, ornithine, and putrescine, but we could not detect the significative level changes of spermidine, spermine, or agmatine. However, the absence of ARG on the arg- induced an increase of arginine and citrulline levels, but decreased the levels of ornithine and putrescine. Similarly to the WT arginine-starved parasites, the arg- parasites presented lower levels of proline when compared to the WT ones. This could be indicative of an alternative pathway to surpass the enzyme or its substrate absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson A Castilho-Martins
- Colegiado de Medicina and Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Amapá, Brazil.,Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gisele A B Canuto
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carmen Del Aguila
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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Canuto GAB, da Cruz PLR, Faccio AT, Klassen A, Tavares MFM. Neglected diseases prioritized in Brazil under the perspective of metabolomics: A review. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2336-2347. [PMID: 26095472 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article compiles in a critical manner literature publications regarding seven neglected diseases (ND) prioritized in Brazil (Chagas disease, dengue, leishmaniasis, leprosy, malaria, schistosomiasis, and tuberculosis) under the perspective of metabolomics. Both strategies, targeted and untargeted metabolomics, were considered in the compilation. The majority of studies focused on biomarker discovery for diagnostic purposes, and on the search of novel or alternative therapies against the ND under consideration, although temporal progression of the infection at metabolic level was also addressed. Tuberculosis, followed by schistosomiasis, malaria and leishmaniasis are the diseases that received larger attention in terms of number of publications. Dengue and leprosy were the least studied and Chagas disease received intermediate attention. NMR and HPLC-MS technologies continue to predominate among the analytical platforms of choice in the metabolomic studies of ND. A plethora of metabolites were identified in the compiled studies, with expressive predominancy of amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, lipids, fatty acids, and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A B Canuto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro L R da Cruz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea T Faccio
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Klassen
- Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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Turner KG, Vacchina P, Robles-Murguia M, Wadsworth M, McDowell MA, Morales MA. Fitness and Phenotypic Characterization of Miltefosine-Resistant Leishmania major. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003948. [PMID: 26230675 PMCID: PMC4521777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease with several clinical manifestations. Leishmania major is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which is largely characterized by ulcerative lesions appearing on the skin. Current treatments of leishmaniasis include pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B, however, the toxic side effects of these drugs and difficulty with distribution makes these options less than ideal. Miltefosine (MIL) is the first oral treatment available for leishmaniasis. Originally developed for cancer chemotherapy, the mechanism of action of MIL in Leishmania spp. is largely unknown. While treatment with MIL has proven effective, higher tolerance to the drug has been observed, and resistance is easily developed in an in vitro environment. Utilizing stepwise selection we generated MIL-resistant cultures of L. major and characterized the fitness of MIL-resistant L. major. Resistant parasites proliferate at a comparable rate to the wild-type (WT) and exhibit similar apoptotic responses. As expected, MIL-resistant parasites demonstrate decreased susceptibility to MIL, which reduces after the drug is withdrawn from culture. Our data demonstrate metacyclogenesis is elevated in MIL-resistant L. major, albeit these parasites display attenuated in vitro and in vivo virulence and standard survival rates in the natural sandfly vector, indicating that development of experimental resistance to miltefosine does not lead to an increased competitive fitness in L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimbra G. Turner
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paola Vacchina
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Maricela Robles-Murguia
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mariha Wadsworth
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Miguel A. Morales
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ortiz-Villanueva E, Jaumot J, Benavente F, Piña B, Sanz-Nebot V, Tauler R. Combination of CE-MS and advancedchemometricmethods for high-throughput metabolic profiling. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2324-2335. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquim Jaumot
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; IDAEA-CSIC; Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Benjamín Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; IDAEA-CSIC; Barcelona Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; IDAEA-CSIC; Barcelona Spain
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43
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Pérez LM, Bernal A, de Lucas B, San Martin N, Mastrangelo A, García A, Barbas C, Gálvez BG. Altered metabolic and stemness capacity of adipose tissue-derived stem cells from obese mouse and human. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123397. [PMID: 25875023 PMCID: PMC4395137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are an appealing source of cells for therapeutic intervention; however, the environment from which ASCs are isolated may impact their usefulness. Using a range of functional assays, we have evaluated whether ASCs isolated from an obese environment are comparable to cells from non-obese adipose tissue. Results showed that ASCs isolated from obese tissue have a reduced proliferative ability and a loss of viability together with changes in telomerase activity and DNA telomere length, suggesting a decreased self-renewal capacity. Metabolic analysis demonstrated that mitochondrial content and function was impaired in obese-derived ASCs resulting in changes in favored oxidative substrates. These findings highlight the impact of obesity on adult stem properties. Hence, caution should be exercised when considering the source of ASCs for cellular therapies since their therapeutic potential may be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Lucas
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria San Martin
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (UEM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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44
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Bestatin induces specific changes in Trypanosoma cruzi dipeptide pool. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2921-5. [PMID: 25712359 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05046-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases and peptidases in Trypanosoma cruzi are considered potential targets for antichagasic chemotherapy. We monitored changes in low-mass metabolites in T. cruzi epimastigotes treated with bestatin, a dipeptide metalloaminopeptidase inhibitor. After treatment, multiple dipeptides were shown to be increased, confirming in situ inhibition of the leucine aminopeptidase of T. cruzi (LAPTc) and probably other peptidases.
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45
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Experimental resistance to drug combinations in Leishmania donovani: metabolic and phenotypic adaptations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2242-55. [PMID: 25645828 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04231-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with vector control, chemotherapy is an essential tool for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), but its efficacy is jeopardized by growing resistance and treatment failure against first-line drugs. To delay the emergence of resistance, the use of drug combinations of existing antileishmanial agents has been tested systematically in clinical trials for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In vitro, Leishmania donovani promastigotes are able to develop experimental resistance to several combinations of different antileishmanial drugs after 10 weeks of drug pressure. Using an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics approach, we identified metabolic changes in lines that were experimentally resistant to drug combinations and their respective single-resistant lines. This highlighted both collective metabolic changes (found in all combination therapy-resistant [CTR] lines) and specific ones (found in certain CTR lines). We demonstrated that single-resistant and CTR parasite cell lines show distinct metabolic adaptations, which all converge on the same defensive mechanisms that were experimentally validated: protection against drug-induced and external oxidative stress and changes in membrane fluidity. The membrane fluidity changes were accompanied by changes in drug uptake only in the lines that were resistant against drug combinations with antimonials, and surprisingly, drug accumulation was higher in these lines. Together, these results highlight the importance and the central role of protection against oxidative stress in the different resistant lines. Ultimately, these phenotypic changes might interfere with the mode of action of all drugs that are currently used for the treatment of VL and should be taken into account in drug development.
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Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. CE-MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2012-2014. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:212-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Division of Analytical Biosciences; LACDR; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- AIMMS research group BioMolecular Analysis; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gerhardus J. de Jong
- Biomolecular Analysis; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Vincent IM, Barrett MP. Metabolomic-based strategies for anti-parasite drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:44-55. [PMID: 25281738 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114551519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics-based studies are proving of great utility in the analysis of modes of action (MOAs) and resistance mechanisms of drugs in parasitic protozoa. They have helped to determine the MOA of eflornithine, half of the gold standard combination therapy in use against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), as well as the mechanism of resistance to this drug. In Leishmania, metabolomics has also given insight into the MOA of miltefosine, an alkylphospholipid. Several studies on antimony resistance in Leishmania have been conducted, analyzing the metabolic content of resistant lines, offering clues as to the MOA of this class of drugs. A study of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum combined metabolomics techniques with other genetic and proteomic techniques to offer new insight into the role of the PfCRT protein. The MOA and mechanism of resistance to a group of halogenated pyrimidines in Trypanosoma brucei have also recently been elucidated. Effective as metabolomics techniques are, care must be taken in the design and implementation of these experiments, to ensure the resulting data are meaningful. This review outlines the steps required to conduct a metabolomics experiment as well as provide an overview of metabolomics-based drug research in protozoa to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Vincent
- The Glasgow Polyomics Facility and Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael P Barrett
- The Glasgow Polyomics Facility and Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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