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Lukose J, M. SP, N. M, Barik AK, Pai KM, Unnikrishnan VK, George SD, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Photonics of human saliva: potential optical methods for the screening of abnormal health conditions and infections. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:359-385. [PMID: 34093888 PMCID: PMC8170462 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva can be treated as a pool of biological markers able to reflect on the state of personal health. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the use of optical devices for the analysis of body fluids. Several groups have carried out studies investigating the potential of saliva as a non-invasive and reliable clinical specimen for use in medical diagnostics. This brief review aims to highlight the optical technologies, mainly surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which are being used for the probing of saliva for diverse biomedical applications. Advances in bio photonics offer the promise of unambiguous, objective and fast detection of abnormal health conditions and viral infections (such as COVID-19) from the analysis of saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sanoop Pavithran M.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mithun N.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Keerthilatha M. Pai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - V. K. Unnikrishnan
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sajan D. George
- Centre for Applied Nanoscience, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - V. B. Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Anders U, Gulotti-Georgieva M, Zelger-Paulus S, Hibti FE, Frydman C, Suckau D, Sigel RKO, Zenobi R. Screening for potential interaction partners with surface plasmon resonance imaging coupled to MALDI mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2021; 624:114195. [PMID: 33857502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We coupled SPR imaging (SPRi) with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) to identify new potential RNA binders. Here, we improve this powerful method, especially by optimizing the proteolytic digestion (type of reducing agent, its concentration, and incubation time), to work with complex mixtures, specifically a lysate of the rough mitochondrial fraction from yeast. The advantages of this hyphenated method compared to column-based or separate analyses are (i) rapid and direct visual readout from the SPRi array, (ii) possibility of high-throughput analysis of different interactions in parallel, (iii) high sensitivity, and (iv) no sample loss or contamination due to elution or micro-recovery procedures. The model system used is a catalytically active RNA (group IIB intron from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sc.ai5γ) and its cofactor Mss116. The protein supports the RNA folding process and thereby the subsequent excision of the intronic RNA from the coding part. Using the novel approach of coupling SPR with MALDI MS, we report the identification of potential RNA-binding proteins from a crude yeast mitochondrial lysate in a non-targeted approach. Our results show that proteins other than the well-known cofactor Mss116 interact with Sc.ai5γ (Dbp8, Prp8, Mrp13, and Cullin-3), suggesting that the intron folding and splicing are regulated by more than one cofactor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Anders
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maya Gulotti-Georgieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susann Zelger-Paulus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fatima-Ezzahra Hibti
- Horiba France S.A.S, Avenue de La Vauve, Passage Jobin Yvon, CS 45002 - F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Chiraz Frydman
- Horiba France S.A.S, Avenue de La Vauve, Passage Jobin Yvon, CS 45002 - F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Detlev Suckau
- Bruker Daltonics, Fahrenheitstr. 4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Roland K O Sigel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Lima MIS, Capparelli FE, Dias Oliveira JDD, Fujimura PT, Moraes ECDS, Araujo ECB, Silva NM, Alves-Balvedi RP, Brito-Madurro AG, Goulart IMB, Goulart LR. Biotechnological and Immunological Platforms Based on PGL-I Carbohydrate-Like Peptide of Mycobacterium leprae for Antibodies Detection Among Leprosy Clinical Forms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:429. [PMID: 32256479 PMCID: PMC7092704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) is an abundant antigen on the Mycobacterium leprae cell wall, commonly used for operational classification of leprosy patients. Our aim was to develop PGL-I mimotopes with similar characteristics and functions of the native antigen. We have used a random peptide phage display (PD) library for selections against the monoclonal antibody anti-PGL-I. After three selection cycles, six peptides were identified. All sequences were interspersed by a spacer generating a chimeric peptide (PGLI-M3) that was artificially synthesized. The highly reactive peptide was submitted to a reverse PD selection with a single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragment combinatorial library. The most reactive scFv was then validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against both native PGL-I and two derived synthetic (NDO and ND-O-HSA). We have further proved the scFv specificity by detecting M. leprae bacilli in leprosy lesions through immunohistochemistry. We then described its applicability in ELISA for all clinical forms and household contacts (HC). Afterward, we showed differential binding affinities of PGLI-M3 to sera (anti-PGL-I IgM) from all leprosy clinical forms through surface plasmon resonance (SPR). ELISA IgM detection showed 89.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity, considering all clinical forms. Positivity for anti-PGL-I IgM was twofold higher in both HC and patients with paucibacillary forms in hyperendemic regions than in endemic ones. The SPR immunosensor was able to differentiate clinical forms with 100% accuracy. This is the first time that a PGL-I mimotope has efficiently mimicked the carbohydrate group of the M. leprae antigen with successful immunoassay applications and may become a substitute for the native antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Ingrid Sousa Lima
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Fausto Emilio Capparelli
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Tiemi Fujimura
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Neide Maria Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Graci Brito-Madurro
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Isabela Maria Bernardes Goulart
- National Reference Center in Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Clinics' Hospital, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Przybylski C, Gonnet F, Saesen E, Lortat-Jacob H, Daniel R. Surface plasmon resonance imaging coupled to on-chip mass spectrometry: a new tool to probe protein-GAG interactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:507-519. [PMID: 31807804 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor device for the detection and characterization of protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions is being actively sought and constitutes the key to identifying specific carbohydrate ligands, an important issue in glycoscience. Mass spectrometry (MS) hyphenated methods are promising approaches for carbohydrate enrichment and subsequent structural characterization. In the study herein, we report the analysis of interactions between the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) and various cytokines by coupling surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) for thermodynamic analysis method and MALDI-TOF MS for structural determination. To do so, we developed an SPR biochip in a microarray format and functionalized it with a self-assembled monolayer of short poly(ethylene oxide) chains for grafting the human cytokines stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and interferon-γ. The thermodynamic parameters of the interactions between these cytokines and unfractionated HP/HS and derived oligosaccharides were successively determined using SPRi monitoring, and the identification of the captured carbohydrates was carried out directly on the biochip surface using MALDI-TOF MS, revealing cytokine preferential affinity for GAGs. The MS identification was enhanced by on-chip digestion of the cytokine-bound GAGs with heparinase, leading to the detection of oligosaccharides likely involved in the binding sequence of GAG ligands. Although several carbohydrate array-based assays have been reported, this study is the first report of the successful analysis of protein-GAG interactions using SPRi-MS coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Przybylski
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, LAMBE, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Evry, France. .,Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Florence Gonnet
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, LAMBE, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Evry, France
| | - Els Saesen
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, LAMBE, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Evry, France.
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Xue J, Bai Y, Liu H. Hybrid methods of surface plasmon resonance coupled to mass spectrometry for biomolecular interaction analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3721-3729. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ray TR, Choi J, Bandodkar AJ, Krishnan S, Gutruf P, Tian L, Ghaffari R, Rogers JA. Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5461-5533. [PMID: 30689360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bio-integrated wearable systems can measure a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and environmental signals to provide critical insights into overall health status and to quantify human performance. Recent advances in material science, chemical analysis techniques, device designs, and assembly methods form the foundations for a uniquely differentiated type of wearable technology, characterized by noninvasive, intimate integration with the soft, curved, time-dynamic surfaces of the body. This review summarizes the latest advances in this emerging field of "bio-integrated" technologies in a comprehensive manner that connects fundamental developments in chemistry, material science, and engineering with sensing technologies that have the potential for widespread deployment and societal benefit in human health care. An introduction to the chemistries and materials for the active components of these systems contextualizes essential design considerations for sensors and associated platforms that appear in following sections. The subsequent content highlights the most advanced biosensors, classified according to their ability to capture biophysical, biochemical, and environmental information. Additional sections feature schemes for electrically powering these sensors and strategies for achieving fully integrated, wireless systems. The review concludes with an overview of key remaining challenges and a summary of opportunities where advances in materials chemistry will be critically important for continued progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Ray
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Jungil Choi
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Amay J Bandodkar
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Siddharth Krishnan
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Arizona Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Limei Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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Obi N, Fukuda T, Nakayama N, Ervin J, Bando Y, Nishimura T, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Kawamura T. Development of drug discovery screening system by molecular interaction kinetics-mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:665-671. [PMID: 29441684 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug discovery studies invariably require qualitative and quantitative analyses of target compounds at every stage of drug discovery. We have developed a system combining molecular interaction analysis and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using the principle of nanopore optical interferometry (nPOI) called molecular interaction kinetics-mass spectrometry (MIK-MS). Since nPOI has high binding capacity, the bond-dissociated compound can be directly detected using LC-MS. In this study, we use carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) as a ligand and apply six small compounds as analytes and report the affinity analysis using MIK-MS. METHODS CAII was immobilized onto a COOH sensor chip using standard amine coupling. A reference surface was prepared by activating and subsequently blocking the surface under identical conditions. An amount of 50 μL of mix solution was injected over the reference channel and sample channel for CAII immobilization. The solutions eluting from the sensor chip were collected from the waste-line of the SKi Pro system every 30 s. Reconstructed elution samples were then injected into the LC-MS/MS system. RESULTS A mixture containing furosemide, acetazolamide, 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid, 5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalene sulfonamide (DNSA), sulfanilamide and sulpiride (15 μM each) was injected into the CAII-immobilized sensor chip, and the fractions eluted from the SKi Pro system were collected and subjected to selected reaction monitoring LC-MS characterization. Specific results were obtained for acetazolamide, DNSA, furosemide and sulpiride. The results suggest that the association-dissociation curve of a mixed sample can be obtained by one-time MIK-MS analysis. CONCLUSIONS Six small-molecule binders of CAII were analyzed quantitatively using nPOI and MIK-MS, and the results were compared to published surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results. The nPOI and SPR results show good agreement, confirming the reliability of the analysis. Time-dependent binding results may be obtained by our MS sensorgram approach. Drugs that meet medical needs in a short period are required; this nPOI-LC-MS system is considered an important tool for rapid drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noboru Nakayama
- Biosys Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Translational Medicine Informatics, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Research & Development, Biosys Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - John Ervin
- Silicon Kinetics Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Biosys Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Translational Medicine Informatics, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Research & Development, Biosys Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Proteomics Laboratory, Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM), Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Laurinavichyute VK, Nizamov S, Mirsky VM. The Role of Anion Adsorption in the Effect of Electrode Potential on Surface Plasmon Resonance Response. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1552-1560. [PMID: 28294502 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance, being widely used in bioanalytics and biotechnology, is influenced by the electrical potential of the resonant gold layer. To evaluate the mechanism of this effect, we have studied it in solutions of various inorganic electrolytes. The magnitude of the effect decreases according to the series: KBr>KCl>KF>NaClO4 . The data were treated by using different models of the interface. A quantitative description was obtained for the model, which takes into account the local dielectric function of gold being affected by the free electron charge, diffuse ionic layer near the gold/water interface, and specific adsorption of halides to the gold surface with partial charge transfer. Taking into account that most biological experiments are performed in chloride-containing solutions, detailed analysis of the model at these conditions was performed. The results indicate that the chloride adsorption is the main mechanism for the influence of potential on the surface plasmon resonance. The dependencies of surface concentration and residual charge of chloride on the applied potential were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shavkat Nizamov
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Mirsky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
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Anders U, Schaefer JV, Hibti FE, Frydman C, Suckau D, Plückthun A, Zenobi R. SPRi-MALDI MS: characterization and identification of a kinase from cell lysate by specific interaction with different designed ankyrin repeat proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1827-1836. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Bandodkar AJ, Jeerapan I, Wang J. Wearable Chemical Sensors: Present Challenges and Future Prospects. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amay J. Bandodkar
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Wen L, Bai Y, Niu L, Song D, Liu H. A dielectric barrier discharge ionization based interface for online coupling surface plasmon resonance with mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:3343-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00561f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Zhang Y, Li X, Nie H, Yang L, Li Z, Bai Y, Niu L, Song D, Liu H. Interface for Online Coupling of Surface Plasmon Resonance to Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6505-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xianjiang Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Honggang Nie
- Analytical
Instrumentation Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ze Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Daqian Song
- College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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