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Calaf GM, Crispin LA, Muñoz JP, Aguayo F, Narayan G, Roy D. Cell Adhesion Molecules Affected by Ionizing Radiation and Estrogen in an Experimental Breast Cancer Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012674. [PMID: 36293530 PMCID: PMC9604318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer develops in a multi-step process where environmental carcinogenic exposure is a primary etiological component, and where cell–cell communication governs the biological activities of tissues. Identifying the molecular genes that regulate this process is essential to targeting metastatic breast cancer. Ionizing radiation can modify and damage DNA, RNA, and cell membrane components such as lipids and proteins by direct ionization. Comparing differential gene expression can help to determine the effect of radiation and estrogens on cell adhesion. An in vitro experimental breast cancer model was developed by exposure of the immortalized human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10F to low doses of high linear energy transfer α particle radiation and subsequent growth in the presence of 17β-estradiol. The MCF-10F cell line was analyzed in different stages of transformation that showed gradual phenotypic changes including altered morphology, increase in cell proliferation relative to the control, anchorage-independent growth, and invasive capability before becoming tumorigenic in nude mice. This model was used to determine genes associated with cell adhesion and communication such as E-cadherin, the desmocollin 3, the gap junction protein alpha 1, the Integrin alpha 6, the Integrin beta 6, the Keratin 14, Keratin 16, Keratin 17, Keratin 6B, and the laminin beta 3. Results indicated that most genes had greater expression in the tumorigenic cell line Tumor2 derived from the athymic animal than the Alpha3, a non-tumorigenic cell line exposed only to radiation, indicating that altered expression levels of adhesion molecules depended on estrogen. There is a significant need for experimental model systems that facilitate the study of cell plasticity to assess the importance of estrogens in modulating the biology of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Leodan A. Crispin
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Gopeshwar Narayan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos College of the City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
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Kamal Abdel-Aziz A, Dokla EM, Abouzid KA, Minucci S. Discovery of EMD37, a 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative, as a novel endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer with potent anticancer activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Sakamuru S, Huang R, Xia M. Use of Tox21 Screening Data to Evaluate the COVID-19 Drug Candidates for Their Potential Toxic Effects and Related Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935399. [PMID: 35910344 PMCID: PMC9333127 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, various potential therapeutic agents for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are being investigated worldwide mainly through the drug repurposing approach. Several anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, and anti-inflammatory drugs were employed in randomized trials and observational studies for developing new therapeutics for COVID-19. Although an increasing number of repurposed drugs have shown anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in vitro, so far only remdesivir has been approved by the US FDA to treat COVID-19, and several other drugs approved for Emergency Use Authorization, including sotrovimab, tocilizumab, baricitinib, paxlovid, molnupiravir, and other potential strategies to develop safe and effective therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection are still underway. Many drugs employed as anti-viral may exert unwanted side effects (i.e., toxicity) via unknown mechanisms. To quickly assess these drugs for their potential toxicological effects and mechanisms, we used the Tox21 in vitro assay datasets generated from screening ∼10,000 compounds consisting of approved drugs and environmental chemicals against multiple cellular targets and pathways. Here we summarize the toxicological profiles of small molecule drugs that are currently under clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 based on their in vitro activities against various targets and cellular signaling pathways.
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Hypoxia-Induced Cancer Cell Responses Driving Radioresistance of Hypoxic Tumors: Approaches to Targeting and Radiosensitizing. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051102. [PMID: 33806538 PMCID: PMC7961562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Some regions of aggressive malignancies experience hypoxia due to inadequate blood supply. Cancer cells adapting to hypoxic conditions somehow become more resistant to radiation exposure and this decreases the efficacy of radiotherapy toward hypoxic tumors. The present review article helps clarify two intriguing points: why hypoxia-adapted cancer cells turn out radioresistant and how they can be rendered more radiosensitive. The critical molecular targets associated with intratumoral hypoxia and various approaches are here discussed which may be used for sensitizing hypoxic tumors to radiotherapy. Abstract Within aggressive malignancies, there usually are the “hypoxic zones”—poorly vascularized regions where tumor cells undergo oxygen deficiency through inadequate blood supply. Besides, hypoxia may arise in tumors as a result of antiangiogenic therapy or transarterial embolization. Adapting to hypoxia, tumor cells acquire a hypoxia-resistant phenotype with the characteristic alterations in signaling, gene expression and metabolism. Both the lack of oxygen by itself and the hypoxia-responsive phenotypic modulations render tumor cells more radioresistant, so that hypoxic tumors are a serious challenge for radiotherapy. An understanding of causes of the radioresistance of hypoxic tumors would help to develop novel ways for overcoming this challenge. Molecular targets for and various approaches to radiosensitizing hypoxic tumors are considered in the present review. It is here analyzed how the hypoxia-induced cellular responses involving hypoxia-inducible factor-1, heat shock transcription factor 1, heat shock proteins, glucose-regulated proteins, epigenetic regulators, autophagy, energy metabolism reprogramming, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and exosome generation contribute to the radioresistance of hypoxic tumors or may be inhibited for attenuating this radioresistance. The pretreatments with a multitarget inhibition of the cancer cell adaptation to hypoxia seem to be a promising approach to sensitizing hypoxic carcinomas, gliomas, lymphomas, sarcomas to radiotherapy and, also, liver tumors to radioembolization.
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Novel Curcumin Inspired Bis-Chalcone Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Glioblastoma Neurosphere Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030357. [PMID: 30871215 PMCID: PMC6468769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) has a dismal prognosis and successful elimination of GBM stem cells (GSCs) is a high-priority as these cells are responsible for tumor regrowth following therapy and ultimately patient relapse. Natural products and their derivatives continue to be a source for the development of effective anticancer drugs and have been shown to effectively target pathways necessary for cancer stem cell self-renewal and proliferation. We generated a series of curcumin inspired bis-chalcones and examined their effect in multiple patient-derived GSC lines. Of the 19 compounds synthesized, four analogs robustly induced GSC death in six separate GSC lines, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 2.7–5.8 μM and significantly reduced GSC neurosphere formation at sub-cytotoxic levels. Structural analysis indicated that the presence of a methoxy group at position 3 of the lateral phenylic appendages was important for activity. Pathway and drug connectivity analysis of gene expression changes in response to treatment with the most active bis-chalcone 4j (the 3,4,5 trimethoxy substituted analog) suggested that the mechanism of action was the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) mediated cell death. This was confirmed by Western blot analysis in which 4j induced robust increases in CHOP, p-jun and caspase 12. The UPR is believed to play a significant role in GBM pathogenesis and resistance to therapy and as such represents a promising therapeutic target.
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Li Z, Brecher M, Deng YQ, Zhang J, Sakamuru S, Liu B, Huang R, Koetzner CA, Allen CA, Jones SA, Chen H, Zhang NN, Tian M, Gao F, Lin Q, Banavali N, Zhou J, Boles N, Xia M, Kramer LD, Qin CF, Li H. Existing drugs as broad-spectrum and potent inhibitors for Zika virus by targeting NS2B-NS3 interaction. Cell Res 2017; 27:1046-1064. [PMID: 28685770 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) highlight an urgent need for therapeutics. The protease complex NS2B-NS3 plays essential roles during flaviviral polyprotein processing, and thus represents an attractive drug target. Here, we developed a split luciferase complementation-based high-throughput screening assay to identify orthosteric inhibitors that directly target flavivirus NS2B-NS3 interactions. By screening a total of 2 816 approved and investigational drugs, we identified three potent candidates, temoporfin, niclosamide, and nitazoxanide, as flavivirus NS2B-NS3 interaction inhibitors with nanomolar potencies. Significantly, the most potent compound, temoporfin, not only inhibited ZIKV replication in human placental and neural progenitor cells, but also prevented ZIKV-induced viremia and mortality in mouse models. Structural docking suggests that temoporfin potentially binds NS3 pockets that hold critical NS2B residues, thus inhibiting flaviviral polyprotein processing in a non-competitive manner. As these drugs have already been approved for clinical use in other indications either in the USA or other countries, they represent promising and easily developed therapies for the management of infections by ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Matthew Brecher
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Binbin Liu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheri A Koetzner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Christina A Allen
- The Neural Stem Cell Institute, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Susan A Jones
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Na-Na Zhang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Min Tian
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Fengshan Gao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Qishan Lin
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Nilesh Banavali
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, PO Box 509, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nathan Boles
- The Neural Stem Cell Institute, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, PO Box 509, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.,Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, PO Box 509, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Martinez NJ, Rai G, Yasgar A, Lea WA, Sun H, Wang Y, Luci DK, Yang SM, Nishihara K, Takeda S, Sagor M, Earnshaw I, Okada T, Mori K, Wilson K, Riggins GJ, Xia M, Grimaldi M, Jadhav A, Maloney DJ, Simeonov A. A High-Throughput Screen Identifies 2,9-Diazaspiro[5.5]Undecanes as Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response with Cytotoxic Activity in 3D Glioma Cell Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161486. [PMID: 27570969 PMCID: PMC5003374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in Ca2+ signaling and protein folding. ER Ca2+ depletion and accumulation of unfolded proteins activate the molecular chaperone GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) which in turn triggers the ER stress response (ERSR) pathway aimed to restore ER homeostasis. Failure to adapt to stress, however, results in apoptosis. We and others have shown that malignant cells are more susceptible to ERSR-induced apoptosis than their normal counterparts, implicating the ERSR as a potential target for cancer therapeutics. Predicated on these findings, we developed an assay that uses a GRP78 biosensor to identify small molecule activators of ERSR in glioma cells. We performed a quantitative high-throughput screen (qHTS) against a collection of ~425,000 compounds and a comprehensive panel of orthogonal secondary assays was formulated for stringent compound validation. We identified novel activators of ERSR, including a compound with a 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane core, which depletes intracellular Ca2+ stores and induces apoptosis-mediated cell death in several cancer cell lines, including patient-derived and 3D cultures of glioma cells. This study demonstrates that our screening platform enables the identification and profiling of ERSR inducers with cytotoxic activity and advocates for characterization of these compound in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J. Martinez
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Wendy A. Lea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Hongmao Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Diane K. Luci
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Shyh-Ming Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Kana Nishihara
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Mohiuddin Sagor
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Irina Earnshaw
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Kelli Wilson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Grimaldi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States of America
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - David J. Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (DJM)
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (DJM)
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Hassan M, Selimovic D, Hannig M, Haikel Y, Brodell RT, Megahed M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated pathways to both apoptosis and autophagy: Significance for melanoma treatment. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:206-217. [PMID: 26618107 PMCID: PMC4655250 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i4.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Disrupted intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for melanoma's extraordinary resistance to current chemotherapeutic modalities. The pathophysiologic basis for resistance to both chemo- and radiation therapy is rooted in altered genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that, in turn, result in the impairing of cell death machinery and/or excessive activation of cell growth and survival-dependent pathways. Although most current melanoma therapies target mitochondrial dysregulation, there is increasing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated pathways play a role in the potentiation, initiation and maintenance of cell death machinery and autophagy. This review focuses on the reliability of ER-associated pathways as therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.
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Xu LT, Xu HL, Fu MS. Association between glucose-regulated protein and neutrophil apoptosis in severe acute pancreatitis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:9300-9306. [PMID: 26464680 PMCID: PMC4583912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP-78) in the apoptosis of neutrophils in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS A total of 54 SD male rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups: sham group (n=24) and pancreatitis group (n=30). Severe acute pancreatitis was induced by retrograde cholangiopancreatography injection of sodium taurocholate. Rats were sacrified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h after injection. In control group, rats received laparotomy, but the pancreates remained intact. The serum amylase was detected at different time points, and flow cytometry was done to detect the apoptosis of neutrophils. Proteins were extracted from neutrophils and subjected to detection of GRP78 and Mcl-1 expression by Western blot assay. HE staining was performed for pathological scoring of the pancreas. RESULTS The serum amylase in pancreatitis group increased markedly when compared with control group (P<0.01). In SAP group, the serum amylase increased gradually over time (P<0.01). HE staining showed a lot of inflammatory cells and infiltration of red blood cells and the apoptosis rate of neutrophils reduced gradually (P<0.01). Western blot assay showed the protein expression of GRP-78 and Mcl-1 increased in neutrophils over time. CONCLUSION In rats with SAP, the apoptosis rate of neutrophils reduced over time, which may be associated to the stress induced expression of GRP78 and subsequent activation of Mcl-1 resulting in suppression of neutrphil apoptosis over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Tao Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital North Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai 201801, China
| | | | - Ming-Sheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth people’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
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