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Wu Q, Tian L, Shan X, Li H, Yang S, Li C, Song Y, Li R, Guo Y, Lu J. A molecule-imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on CdS@MWCNTs for ultrasensitive detection of fenpropathrin. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:269. [PMID: 38630309 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A molecularly-imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor was constructed for the determination of fenpropathrin (FPT) by molecular imprinting technology. In this sensing platform, the introduction of CdS@MWCNTs significantly enhanced the initial ECL signal of the luminol-O2 system. Specifically, MWCNTs was used as a carrier to adsorb more CdS, in which CdS acted as a co-reaction promoter for luminescence. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) containing specific recognition sites of FPT was used as the material for selective recognition. With increasing amount of FPT the ECL signal decreased. Under the optimum conditions, the ECL response was linearly related to the logarithm of FPT concentration. The developed ECL sensor allowed for sensitive determination of FPT and exhibited a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10- 10 mol L- 1 to 1.0 × 10- 6 mol L- 1. The limit of detection was 3.3 × 10- 11 mol L- 1 (S/N = 3). It can be used for the detection of FPT in vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyu Shan
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuning Yang
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Song
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruidan Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjia Guo
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
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Salesa B, Sancho E, Ferrando-Rodrigo MD, Torres-Gavilá J. The prochloraz chronic exposure to Daphnia magna derived in biochemical alterations of F0 generation daphnids and malformed F1 progeny. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135848. [PMID: 35948089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, D. magna individuals were exposed to several sublethal prochloraz concentrations (87, 130, 170, 230 and 380 μg/L) for 21 days according to; the previous acute toxicity results. The fungicide effects on reproduction, survival, individual size, and growth population rate were evaluated after an exposure of 21 days, and no changes were observed compared to the control group. On the other hand, F1 generation neonates were collected and their external morphology evaluated; to estimate if the fungicide concentrations used induced effects during oogenesis and; embryogenesis processes. Neonates from parents which were previously exposed to 170 μg/L and higher concentrations were malformed since 16-d of exposure onward. All animals presented the same malformation: asymmetrical shell morphology and separated valves that did not cover the complete animal body regardless of the; concentration. The biochemical parameters tested in the broodstock were cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and LDH activity. At the end of the chronic exposure experiment, cholesterol and triglycerides remained unaltered while glucose and the LDH enzyme levels increased significantly. The results of the present work showed a direct effect of; prochloraz on D. magna individual growth, along with mobilization of some; biochemical intermediate metabolism. A daphnid stress response as a result of the fungicide presence in the medium could be an explanation for the metabolic disorders. On the other hand, the F1 malformed neonates found in the present study suggested an effect of prochloraz among different daphnid generations and more studies would be necessary in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Salesa
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Sancho
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Dept. Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology. Faculty of Biology. University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ferrando-Rodrigo
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Dept. Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology. Faculty of Biology. University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Gavilá
- Instituto de Investigación en Medio Ambiente y Ciencia Marina (IMEDMAR-UCV). C/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Cedergreen N, Bellisai G, Herrero-Nogareda L, Boesen E, Dalhoff K. Using TKTD Models in Combination with In Vivo Enzyme Inhibition Assays to Investigate the Mechanisms behind Synergistic Interactions across Two Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13990-13999. [PMID: 34590483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the azole synergy across an insect, Chironomus riparius, and a crustacean species, Daphnia magna. We use a combination of in vivo measurements of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) biotransformation potential and toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) modeling to understand the mechanism behind the synergy of two azole fungicides: the imidazole prochloraz and the triazole propiconazole on the pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin. For both species, the synergistic effect of prochloraz was well-described by its effect on in vivo CYP activity, which corresponded to the biotransformation rate of the TK model parameterized on the survival data of the mixture experiment. For propiconazole, however, there were 100-fold and 50-fold differences between the 50% effect concentration of in vivo CYP activity and the modeled biotransformation rate for C. riparius and D. magna, respectively. Propiconazole, therefore, seems to induce synergy through a mechanism that cannot be quantified solely by the CYP activity assay used in this study in either of the two species. We discuss the differences between prochloraz and propiconazole as synergists across the two species in the light of the type and time dynamics of affected biotransformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Giulia Bellisai
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- School of Biosciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Laia Herrero-Nogareda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Emil Boesen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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4
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Application of Chiral and Achiral Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Pesticide Analysis: A Review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Magnetic nanoparticle-assisted in situ ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of pyrethroid pesticides in urine samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Dalhoff K, Hansen AMB, Rasmussen JJ, Focks A, Strobel BW, Cedergreen N. Linking Morphology, Toxicokinetic, and Toxicodynamic Traits of Aquatic Invertebrates to Pyrethroid Sensitivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5687-5699. [PMID: 32227918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are known to be highly toxic to most aquatic nontarget organisms, but little is known about the mechanisms causing some species to be highly sensitive while others are hardly affected by the pyrethroids. The aim of the present study was to measure the sensitivity (EC50-values) of 10 aquatic invertebrates toward a 24 h pulse of the pyrethroid cypermethrin and subsequently test if the difference in sensitivity could be explained by measured morphological and physiological traits and modeled toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) parameters. Large differences were observed for the measured uptake and elimination kinetics, with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranging from 53 to 2337 at the end of the exposure. Similarly, large differences were observed for the TDs, and EC50-values after 168 h varied 120-fold. Modeling the whole organism cypermethrin concentrations indicated compartmentation into a sorbed fraction and two internal fractions: a bioavailable and non-bioavailable internal fraction. Strong correlations between surface/volume area and the TK parameters (sorption and uptake rate constants and the resulting BCF) were found, but none of the TK parameters correlated with sensitivity. The only parameter consistently correlating with sensitivity across all species was the killing rate constant of the GUTS-RED-SD model (the reduced general unified threshold models of survival assuming stochastic death), indicating that sensitivity toward cypermethrin is more related to the TD parameters than to TK parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anna M B Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jes J Rasmussen
- Department of Bioscience-Stream and Wetland Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Focks
- Team Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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7
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Kuhlmann J, Kretschmann AC, Bester K, Bollmann UE, Dalhoff K, Cedergreen N. Enantioselective mixture toxicity of the azole fungicide imazalil with the insecticide α-cypermethrin in Chironomus riparius: Investigating the importance of toxicokinetics and enzyme interactions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:166-173. [PMID: 30875499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide imazalil is a chiral compound with one R- and one S-enantiomer. Enantiomers, while having the same chemical properties, can differ in their biological activity expressed as efficacy/toxicity as well as in their degradation kinetics and pathways. Azoles such as imazalil have been shown to synergize the effect of pyrethroid insecticides like α-cypermethrin through inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for pyrethroid detoxification. The aim of this study was to investigate, if the enantiomers of imazalil are selective in their synergistic potential in a mixture with a pyrethroid insecticide tested in Chironomus riparius. Potential enantioselectivity was studied on the level of uptake and elimination, inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity measured in vitro and in vivo and on synergistic potential of α-cypermethrin induced immobilization. Synergy was measured as an increase in α-cypermethrin toxicity after 144h applying a constant non-lethal imazalil concentration of 0.65 μmol/L. The R- and S-imazalil enantiomers increased α-cypermethrin toxicity from an EC50 of 1580 ± 980 pmol/L to an EC50 of 83 ± 10 pmol/L and 53 ± 8 pmol/L, respectively. The relatively small potency difference between imazalil enantiomers could not be explained by the in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition, as the IC50 values were similar (0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.09 ± 0.01 μmol/L for R- and S-imazalil). Measuring in vivo P450 inhibition and the toxicokinetic of imazalil did not show a clear trend of selectivity towards one or the other enantiomer. The study therefore suggests that cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in detoxification in C. riparius are not enantioselective for imazalil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Kuhlmann
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas C Kretschmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Analytical Biosciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Hou Y, Chen H, Li X, Liao Y, Tsunoda M, Zhang Y, Deng S, Song Y. A Modified QuEChERS Method for Determination of Pyrethroid Residues in Traditional Chinese Medicine Oral Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081470. [PMID: 31013952 PMCID: PMC6515331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid residues in traditional Chinese medicines have been a serious threat to the health and treatment of patients. However, because of the matrix complexity of traditional Chinese medicine, the detection of pyrethroid residues remains a challenge. Therefore, we developed a QuEChERS method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for the determination of pyrethroid pesticides in three kinds of traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid preparations, and we investigated and optimized the extraction conditions. The matrix effect was estimated in the organic solvent and the actual samples by comparing the slopes of calibration curves, and the results showed that the matrix effect is not significant when using the modified QuEChERS method. The pyrethroid pesticides could be completely separated in 30 min. The linear correlation coefficients were more than 0.999, and the recoveries of all the pyrethroid pesticides ranged from 87.2% to 104.8%. The intra-day precisions (n = 5) were 2.44–4.62%, and the inter-day precisions (n = 5) were 1.06–3.02%. Moreover, the limits of detection were in the range of 0.007–0.018 ng mL−1, while the limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.022–0.057 ng mL−1. This simple, low-cost, and highly sensitive analytical method can be a potential tool for the analysis of pyrethroid residues in traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuge Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yiyi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shiming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yanting Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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9
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Gottardi M, Cedergreen N. The synergistic potential of azole fungicides does not directly correlate to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity in aquatic invertebrates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:187-196. [PMID: 30579157 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of azole fungicides to inhibit cytochrome P450 dependent metabolism is proposed to be the main mechanism for their synergizing effect on pyrethroid insecticide toxicity in aquatic invertebrates. This study investigates the correlation between inhibition strength and synergistic potential of azole fungicides in the crustacean Daphnia magna and the insect larvae Chironomus riparius. Inhibition strength was measured in vivo toward the cytochrome P450 catalysed conversion of 7-ethoxycoumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin (ECOD). Synergistic potentials were determined as the ratio between predicted and observed toxicity of mixtures based on the model of concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA). Azoles (n = 9-11) enhanced the toxicity of α-cypermethrin in D. magna (Synergy ratios CA: 0.8 - 16; IA: 1.1 - 22) and inhibited cytochrome P450 activity by different degrees (IC50: 0.0023 - 36 μM for D. magna and 0.08 - 24 μM for C. riparius). Inhibition strengths were strongly correlated in the two organisms (r: 0.937 p: 0.019 for triazoles and r: 0.903 p: 0.097 for imidazoles). Lipophilicity governed the inhibition strength of triazoles in both species (r > 0.9, p < 0.05). No correlation was observed between inhibition strengths and synergistic potentials. Several reasons for the apparent lack of correlation were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gottardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Cedergreen N, Dalhoff K, Li D, Gottardi M, Kretschmann AC. Can Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic Modeling Be Used to Understand and Predict Synergistic Interactions between Chemicals? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14379-14389. [PMID: 28901128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Some chemicals are known to enhance the effect of other chemicals beyond what can be predicted with standard mixture models, such as concentration addition and independent action. These chemicals are called synergists. Up until now, no models exist that can predict the joint effect of mixtures including synergists. The aim of the present study is to develop a mechanistic toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) model for the synergistic mixture of the azole fungicide, propiconazole (the synergist), and the insecticide, α-cypermethrin, on the mortality of the crustacean Daphnia magna. The study tests the hypothesis that the mechanism of synergy is the azole decreasing the biotransformation rate of α-cypermethrin and validates the predictive ability of the model on another azole with a different potency: prochloraz. The study showed that the synergistic potential of azoles could be explained by their effect on the biotransformation rate but that this effect could only partly be explained by the effect of the two azoles on cytochrome P450 activity, measured on D. magna in vivo. TKTD models of interacting mixtures seem to be a promising tool to test mechanisms of interactions between chemicals. Their predictive ability is, however, still uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michele Gottardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andreas C Kretschmann
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Toxicology Lab, Department of Pharmacy and Analytical Biosciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Cheng Z, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Chen Z, Pan X, Gan J, Zheng Y. Simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables using atmospheric pressure gas chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 231:365-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of pyrethroid insecticides in high salinity and biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 143:222-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Gottardi M, Birch MR, Dalhoff K, Cedergreen N. The effects of epoxiconazole and α-cypermethrin on Daphnia magna growth, reproduction, and offspring size. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2155-2166. [PMID: 28145595 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two of the main classes of pesticides commonly used in agriculture are azole fungicides and pyrethroid insecticides. Because azoles have been shown to synergize the effect of pyrethroids, the effect of their mixture is of concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sublethal concentrations of epoxiconazole and α-cypermethrin and their mixture on growth, reproduction, and in vivo cytochrome P450 activity of the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna over 42 d. Continuous exposure to nonlethal concentrations of α-cypermethrin at 20 ng/L negatively affected adult growth and number and size of neonates within the first 14 d of exposure. Exposure to epoxiconazole at 25 μg/L increased protein content of adults within 1 to 3 d after initiating exposure and increased cumulative number of offspring at exposure times >31 d. Epoxiconazole enhanced the negative effect of α-cypermethrin up to 3-fold leading to decreased growth, cytochrome P450 activity, and reproduction of D. magna within the first 14 d of exposure. After 14 d, the synergistic interactions disappeared. The reported effects, although lacking direct negative consequence in the long term, might have cumulative toxicity with other stressors such as food scarcity, predation, and pathogens, posing an additional hazard for the organisms at the beginning of their life cycle. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2155-2166. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gottardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michala Rosa Birch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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14
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Bjergager MBA, Dalhoff K, Kretschmann A, Nørgaard KB, Mayer P, Cedergreen N. Determining lower threshold concentrations for synergistic effects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 182:79-90. [PMID: 27875797 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Though only occurring rarely, synergistic interactions between chemicals in mixtures have long been a point of focus. Most studies analyzing synergistic interactions used unrealistically high chemical concentrations. The aim of the present study is to determine the threshold concentration below which proven synergists cease to act as synergists towards the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna. To do this, we compared several approaches and test-setups to evaluate which approach gives the most conservative estimate for the lower threshold for synergy for three known azole synergists. We focus on synergistic interactions between the pyrethroid insecticide, alpha-cypermethrin, and one of the three azole fungicides prochloraz, propiconazole or epoxiconazole measured on Daphnia magna immobilization. Three different experimental setups were applied: A standard 48h acute toxicity test, an adapted 48h test using passive dosing for constant chemical exposure concentrations, and a 14-day test. Synergy was defined as occuring in mixtures where either EC50 values decreased more than two-fold below what was predicted by concentration addition (horizontal assessment) or as mixtures where the fraction of immobile organisms increased more than two-fold above what was predicted by independent action (vertical assessment). All three tests confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of a lower azole threshold concentration below which no synergistic interaction was observed. The lower threshold concentration, however, decreased with increasing test duration from 0.026±0.013μM (9.794±4.897μgL-1), 0.425±0.089μM (145.435±30.46μgL-1) and 0.757±0.253μM (249.659±83.44μgL-1) for prochloraz, propiconazole and epoxiconazole in standard 48h toxicity tests to 0.015±0.004μM (5.651±1.507μgL-1), 0.145±0.025μM (49.619±8.555μgL-1) and 0.122±0.0417μM (40.236±13.75μgL-1), respectively, in the 14-days tests. Testing synergy in relation to concentration addition provided the most conservative values. The threshold values for the vertical assessments in tests where the two could be compared were in general 1.2 to 4.7 fold higher than the horizontal assessments. Using passive dosing rather than dilution series or spiking did not lower the threshold significantly. Below the threshold for synergy, slight antagony could often be observed. This is most likely due to induction of enzymes active in metabolization of alpha-cypermethrin. The results emphasize the importance of test duration when assessing synergy, but also show that azole concentrations within the typically monitored range of up to 0.5μgL-1 are not likely to cause severe synergy concerning Daphnia magna immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj-Britt Andersen Bjergager
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Kretschmann
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Katrine Banke Nørgaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, Denmark.
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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15
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Long N, Xu X, Qian H, Zhang S, Lu L. A Putative Mitochondrial Iron Transporter MrsA in Aspergillus fumigatus Plays Important Roles in Azole-, Oxidative Stress Responses and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:716. [PMID: 27433157 PMCID: PMC4922219 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient and enzyme co-factor required for a wide range of cellular processes, especially for the function of mitochondria. For the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, the ability to obtain iron is required for growth and virulence during the infection process. However, knowledge of how mitochondria are involved in iron regulation is still limited. Here, we show that a mitochondrial iron transporter, MrsA, a homolog of yeast Mrs4p, is critical for adaptation to iron-limited or iron-excess conditions in A. fumigatus. Deletion of mrsA leads to disruption of iron homeostasis with a decreased sreA expression, resulted in activated reductive iron assimilation (RIA) and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition (SIA). Furthermore, deletion of mrsA induces hypersusceptibility to azole and oxidative stresses. An assay for cellular ROS content in ΔmrsA combined with rescue from the mrsA-defective phenotype by the antioxidant reagent L-ascorbic acid indicates that the increased sensitivity of ΔmrsA to the azole itraconazole and to oxidative stress is mainly the result of abnormal ROS accumulation. Moreover, site-directed mutation experiments verified that three conserved histidine residues related to iron transport in MrsA are required for responses to oxidative and azole stresses. Importantly, ΔmrsA causes significant attenuation of virulence in an immunocompromised murine model of aspergillosis. Collectively, our results show that the putative mitochondrial iron transporter MrsA plays important roles in azole- and oxidative-stress responses and virulence by regulating the balance of cellular iron in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanbiao Long
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing, China
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