1
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Telgmann L, Horn H. The behavior of pharmaceutically active compounds and contrast agents during wastewater treatment - Combining sampling strategies and analytical techniques: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174344. [PMID: 38964417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Increasing consumption of pharmaceuticals and the respective consequences for the aquatic environment have been the focus of many studies over the last thirty years. Various aspects in this field were investigated, considering diverse pharmaceutical groups and employing a wide range of research methodologies. Various questions from the perspectives of different research areas were devised and answered, resulting in a large mix of individual findings and conclusions. Collectively, the results of the studies offer a comprehensive overview. The large variety of methods and strategies, however, demands close attention when comparing and combining information from heterogeneous projects. This review critically examines the application of diverse sampling techniques as well as analytical methods in investigations concerning the behavior of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and contrast agents (CAs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The combination of sampling and analysis is discussed with regard to its suitability for specific scientific problems. Different research focuses need different methods and answer different questions. An overview of studies dealing with the fate and degradation of PhACs and CAs in WWTPs is presented, discussing their strategic approaches and findings. This review includes surveys of anticancer drugs, antibiotics, analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, antidiabetics, beta blockers, hormonal contraceptives, lipid lowering agents, antidepressants as well as contrast agents for X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Telgmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Department Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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2
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Liao Z, Jian Y, Lu J, Liu Y, Li Q, Deng X, Xu Y, Wang Q, Yang Y, Luo Z. Distribution, migration patterns, and food chain human health risks of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water, sediments, and fish in the Xiangjiang River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172484. [PMID: 38631636 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in freshwater systems has garnered increasing attention. A comprehensive analysis of the migration patterns, bioaccumulation, and consumer health risk of EDCs along the Xiangjiang River due to fish consumption from the river ecosystem was provided. Twenty natural and synthetic target EDCs were detected and analyzed from the water, sediments, and fish samples collected along the Xiangjiang River. There were significant correlations between the EDC concentrations in fish and the sediments. This revealed that EDCs in sediments play a dominant role in the uptake of EDCs by fish. The bioaccumulation factor and biota-sediment accumulation factor were calculated, with the highest values observed for nonylphenol. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that bisphenol A is the most reliable biological indicator of EDC contamination in fish. Furthermore, based on the threshold of toxicological concerns and the health risk with dietary intake, crucian carp and catfish from the Xiangjiang River pose a certain risk for children and pregnant women compared to grass carp. The Monte Carlo simulation results indicated a certain risk of cumulative ∑EDC exposure for local residents due to fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yu Jian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- Technology Center of Changsha Customs, Hunan Key Laboratory of Food Safety Science & Technology, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Yilin Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Qinyao Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Xunzhi Deng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yin Xu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Qiuping Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Zhoufei Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
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3
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Wu JL, Liu ZH, Ma QG, Wan YP, Dang Z, Liu Y, Liu Y. Combined collection systems of sewage and rainfall runoff seriously affect the spatial distributions of natural estrogens and their conjugates in river water: Insights from the Pearl River of China. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121588. [PMID: 38636120 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
So far, little has been known about how the combined collection systems of sewage and rainfall runoff (CCSs) affect emerging contaminants in river water. To fill up the knowledge gap, this study was conducted to investigate the spatial distributions of three natural estrogens (NEs, i.e., estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3)) and their conjugates (C-NEs) in the Pearl River in the wet and dry seasons. Results showed that the respective average concentrations of NEs and C-NEs at different locations alongside the Pearl River in the wet season were 7.3 and 1.8 times those in the dry season. Based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ), the average estimated EEQ level in the Pearl River waters in the wet season was nearly 10 times that in the dry season. These seemed to imply that the CCSs in the wet season not only cause untreated sewage into the receiving water body, but greatly decrease the removal efficiency of NEs and C-NEs in wastewater treatment plant. Furthermore, the estimated annual loads of E1, E2, and E3 to the Pearl River in the wet season accounted for about 88.6 %, 100 %, and 99.3 % of the total annual loads. Consequently, this work for the first time demonstrated that the CCSs in cities with high precipitation are unfavorable for controlling of emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qing-Guang Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Engineering Laboratory of Low-Carbon Unconventional Water Resources Utilization and Water Quality Assurance, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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4
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Loos R, Daouk S, Marinov D, Gómez L, Porcel-Rodríguez E, Sanseverino I, Amalric L, Potalivo M, Calabretta E, Ferenčík M, Colzani L, DellaVedova L, Amendola L, Saurini M, Di Girolamo F, Lardy-Fontan S, Sengl M, Kunkel U, Svahn O, Weiss S, De Martin S, Gelao V, Bazzichetto M, Tarábek P, Stipaničev D, Repec S, Zacs D, Ricci M, Golovko O, Flores C, Ramani S, Rebane R, Rodríguez JA, Lettieri T. Summary recommendations on "Analytical methods for substances in the Watch List under the Water Framework Directive". THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168707. [PMID: 37992820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The Watch List (WL) is a monitoring program under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) to obtain high-quality Union-wide monitoring data on potential water pollutants for which scarce monitoring data or data of insufficient quality are available. The main purpose of the WL data collection is to determine if the substances pose a risk to the aquatic environment at EU level and subsequently to decide whether a threshold, the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) should be set for them and, potentially to be listed as priority substance in the WFD. The first WL was established in 2015 and contained 10 individual or groups of substances while the 4th WL was launched in 2022. The results of monitoring the substances of the first WL showed that some countries had difficulties to reach an analytical Limit of Quantification (LOQ) below or equal to the Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNEC) or EQS. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission (EC) organised a series of workshops to support the EU Member States (MS) and their activities under the WFD. Sharing the knowledge among the Member States on the analytical methods is important to deliver good data quality. The outcome and the discussion engaged with the experts are described in this paper, and in addition a literature review of the most important publications on the analysis of 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, metaflumizone, fipronil, metformin, and guanylurea from the last years is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Loos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy
| | | | | | - Livia Gómez
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Ferenčík
- Povodí Labe, státní podnik, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Luisa Colzani
- ARPA Lombardia, the Regional Environmental Protection Agency-Lombardy Region, Italy
| | - Luisa DellaVedova
- ARPA Lombardia, the Regional Environmental Protection Agency-Lombardy Region, Italy
| | - Luca Amendola
- ARPA Lazio, the Regional Environmental Protection Agency-Lazio Region, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Saurini
- ARPA Lazio, the Regional Environmental Protection Agency-Lazio Region, Italy
| | | | - Sophie Lardy-Fontan
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), France
| | | | - Uwe Kunkel
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Germany
| | - Ola Svahn
- Kristianstad University, MoLab, Sweden
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Federal Environment Agency, Umweltbundesamt (GmbH), Austria
| | - Stefano De Martin
- ARPA FVG, the Regional Environmental Protection Agency-Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Italy
| | - Vito Gelao
- ARPA FVG, the Regional Environmental Protection Agency-Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Italy
| | - Michele Bazzichetto
- ARPA FVG, the Regional Environmental Protection Agency-Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Italy
| | - Peter Tarábek
- Water Research Institute (VÚVH), National Water Reference Laboratory, Slovakia
| | | | - Siniša Repec
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer Water Institute, Central Water Laboratory, Croatia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Latvia
| | - Marina Ricci
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | | | - Riin Rebane
- Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Estonia
| | - Juan Alández Rodríguez
- Área de Vigilancia y Control de Calidad de las Aguas, Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, Spain
| | - Teresa Lettieri
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy.
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Glineur A, Nott K, Carbonnelle P, Ronkart S, Pollet T, Purcaro G. Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of 4 estrogenic compounds in surface water in Belgium in the frame of the EU Watch List. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:6857-6873. [PMID: 38153577 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of natural estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and synthetic estrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in the aquatic environment has raised concerns because of their high potency as endocrine disrupting chemicals. The European Commission (EC) established a Watch List of contaminants of emerging concerns including E1, E2 and EE2. The proposed environmental quality standards (EQSs) are 3.6, 0.4, 0.035 ng/L, for E1, E2, EE2, respectively. A thorough evaluation of analytical procedures developed by several studies aiming to perform sampling campaigns in different European countries highlighted that the required limits of quantification in surface water were not reached, especially for EE2 and to a lesser extent for E2. Moreover, data regarding the occurrence of these contaminants in Belgian surface water are very limited. A sampling campaign was therefore performed on a wide range of rivers in Belgium (accounting for a total of 63 samples). The detection frequencies of E1, E2, E3 and EE2 were 100, 98, 86 and 48%, respectively. E1 showed the highest mean concentration (= 4.433 ng/L). In contrast, the mean concentration of EE2 was 0.042 ng/L. The risk quotients (RQs) were calculated based on the respective EQS of each analyte. The frequency of exceedance of the EQS was 31.7% for E1, EE2, while it increased to 44.4% for E2. The extent of exceedance of the EQS, represented by the 95th percentile of the RQ dataset, was higher than 1 for E1, E2, EE2. The use of a confusion matrix was investigated to try to predict the risk posed by E2, EE2, based on the concentration of E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Glineur
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Katherine Nott
- La Société Wallonne Des Eaux, Rue de La Concorde 41, 4800, Verviers, Belgium
| | | | - Sébastien Ronkart
- La Société Wallonne Des Eaux, Rue de La Concorde 41, 4800, Verviers, Belgium
| | - Thomas Pollet
- Biodiversity and Landscape, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue Maréchal Juin 27, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Ma T, Kong J, Li W, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Kong D, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L, He H. Inventory, source and health risk assessment of nitrated and parent PAHs in agricultural soils over a rural river in Southeast China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138688. [PMID: 37059199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have become a concerning topic because of their widespread occurrence and carcinogenicity. However, studies on NPAHs in soils, especially in agricultural soils, are still limited. In this study, a systematic monitoring campaign of 15 NPAHs and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in agricultural soils from the Taige Canal basin in 2018, which is a typical agricultural activity area of the Yangtze River Delta. The total concentration of NPAHs and PAHs ranged from 14.4 to 85.5 ng g-1 and 118-1108 ng g-1, respectively. Among the target analytes, 1,8-dinitropyrene and fluoranthene were the most predominant congeners accounting for 35.0% of ∑15NPAHs and 17.2% of ∑16PAHs, respectively. Four-ring NPAHs and PAHs were predominant, followed by three-ring NPAHs and PAHs. NPAHs and PAHs had a similar spatial distribution pattern with high concentrations in the northeastern Taige Canal basin. The soil mass inventory of ∑16PAHs and ∑15NPAHs was evaluated to be 31.7 and 2.55 metric tons, respectively. Total organic carbon had a significant impact on the distribution of PAHs in soils. The correlation between PAH congeners in agricultural soils was higher than that between NPAH congeners. Based on diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression model, vehicle exhaust emission, coal combustion, and biomass combustion were the predominant sources of these NPAHs and PAHs. According to the lifetime incremental carcinogenic risk model, the health risk posed by NPAHs and PAHs in agricultural soils of the Taige Canal basin was virtually negligible. The total health risk in soils of the Taige Canal basin to adults was slightly higher than that to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China; School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Jijie Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Weidi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, PR China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China.
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, PR China.
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Grobin A, Roškar R, Trontelj J. A robust multi-residue method for the monitoring of 25 endocrine disruptors at ultra-trace levels in surface waters by SPE-LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [PMID: 37194301 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00602f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic endocrine disruptors are one of the biggest ecotoxicological threats in water that pose a significant ecological burden and health-risk for humans due to their high biological activity and proven additive effects. Therefore, we have developed and validated the most comprehensive and ultra-sensitive analytical method published to date, for reliable quantification of 25 high-risk endocrine disruptors at their ecologically relevant concentrations: naturally excreted hormones (estradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, corticosterone, and progesterone), synthetic hormones used for contraception and menopausal symptoms (ethinylestradiol, drospirenone, chlormadinone acetate, norgestrel, gestodene, tibolone, norethindrone, dienogest, and cyproterone) and bisphenols (BPS, BPA, BPF, BPE, BPAF, BPB, BPC, and BPZ). It is based on a solid-phase extraction of water samples, followed by a robust dansyl chloride derivatization with detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a single sample preparation and two analytical methods using the same analytical column and mobile phases. The achieved limits of quantitation are in the sub-ng L-1 range, and detection limits as low as 0.02 ng L-1, meeting the newest proposal for environmental quality standards (EQS) by the EU water framework directive for estradiol and ethinylestradiol. The method was extensively validated and applied to seven representative Slovenian water samples, where we detected 21 out of 25 analytes; 13 were quantified in at least one sample. Estrone and progesterone were quantified in all samples, reaching levels up to 50 ng L-1; ethinylestradiol was higher than the current EQS (0.035 ng L-1) in three samples, and estradiol was above its EQS (0.4 ng L-1) in one sample, proving the method's applicability and the necessity for monitoring these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Grobin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jurij Trontelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ciślak M, Kruszelnicka I, Zembrzuska J, Ginter-Kramarczyk D. Estrogen pollution of the European aquatic environment: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119413. [PMID: 36470046 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the plethora of chemicals released into the environment, much attention is paid to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Natural estrogens, such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) are excreted by humans as well as animals, and can enter the environment as a result of discharging domestic sewage and animal waste. These compounds can cause deleterious effects such as feminization, infertility and hermaphroditism in organisms that inhabit water bodies. This study provides an overview of the level of estrogen exposures in surface waters, groundwater and river sediments in European countries. The conducted review shows that estrogen concentrations were within the range of 0.1 ng L - 10 ng /L in the majority of the tested environmental samples. However, the authors of the study point out that there are still many unexplored areas and a limited amount of data that mainly concerns Eastern European countries. The study also analysed the factors that influence the increased emissions of estrogens to the environment, which may be helpful for identifying particularly polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ciślak
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland.
| | - Izabela Kruszelnicka
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembrzuska
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan
| | - Dobrochna Ginter-Kramarczyk
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland
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9
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Ma QG, Wan YP, Liu ZH, Dang Z. Simultaneous trace determination of three natural estrogens and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in municipal waste and river water samples with UPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27357-27371. [PMID: 36378384 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Analytical method for three natural estrogens (NEs) and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in waste and river waters using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) has been available, but problems including poor recovery exist. In order to solve these, some optimizations have been performed in this work. For sample preparation, both rinse and elution solutions were optimized, in which 6 mL of MeOH/water (1:9, v/v), MeOH/Ace/water (10:2:88, v/v/v), and MeOH/NH4OH/water (10:2:88, v/v/v) were determined as the rinse solution, while 6 mL of 2.0% NH4OH/MeOH was determined as the elution solution for conjugated NEs (C-NEs). For mobile phase, addition of NH4F could obviously enhance the signal response of the nine target compounds, and the optimized addition concentration was 0.5 mmol/L. The developed efficient method was validated and showed excellent linearity for each target compound (R2 > 0.998), low limit of quantifications (LOQs, 0.07-1.29 ng/L) in four different water matrices, and excellent recovery efficiencies of 81.0-116.1% in influent, effluent, ultra-pure, and river water samples with low relative standard deviations (RSDs, 0.6-13.6%). The optimized method was successfully applied to influent, effluent, and Pearl River water, among which three NEs were all detected, while five C-NEs were found in the influent, three C-NEs were detected in the effluent, and two C-NEs were found in the Pearl River water, indicating the wide distribution of NEs and C-NEs in different water environments. This work provided a reliable and efficient analytical method for simultaneous trace determination of NEs and C-NEs, which had satisfactory absolute recoveries with low RSDs, low LOQs, and time-saving for both analysis and nitrogen drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Guang Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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10
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Senta I, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Corominas L, Covaci A, Petrovic M. Applicability of an on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry for the wastewater-based assessment of human exposure to chemicals from personal care and household products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157309. [PMID: 35839888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can be a useful complementary approach to assess human exposure to potentially harmful chemicals, including those from personal care and household products. In this work, a fully automated multiresidue method, based on on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry, was developed for the determination of 27 biomarkers of human exposure to selected chemicals from personal care and household products, including parabens, UV filters, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers (PFRs), and bisphenols. These biomarkers include both the parent compounds and their human metabolites. In addition, two oxidative stress biomarkers, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid, were also considered in the study. The method was carefully optimized to tackle the challenges of analyzing compounds with different physico-chemical properties in a highly complex raw wastewater matrix, while model experiments were performed to investigate filtration losses and analyte stability. The applicability of the developed method was tested by analyzing raw wastewater from four European cities: Antwerp, Brussels (Belgium), Girona (Spain), and Zagreb (Croatia). Twenty-one biomarkers (10 parent compounds and 11 metabolites) were detected in all analyzed wastewater samples. The parent compounds with the highest mass loads were PFRs, parabens, and bisphenol S, while phthalate monoesters were the most prominent metabolites. The mass loads of most compounds were quite similar across cities, but geographic differences were observed for some biomarkers, such as metabolites of phthalates and alternative plasticizers. Exposure was then assessed for seven substances for which quantitative urinary excretion data are known. Our results indicate that safe reference values were exceeded for several contaminants, including butylated phthalates, bisphenol A, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, particularly for toddlers. With this relatively simple method, which requires less sample manipulation, it is possible to promptly identify and monitor exposure to harmful chemicals at the population level using the WBE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Zhang J, Wan YP, Liu ZH, Wang H, Dang Z, Liu Y. Stability properties of natural estrogen conjugates in different aqueous samples at room temperature and tips for sample storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24589-24598. [PMID: 34825329 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is important to keep natural estrogen conjugates (C-NEs) intact in aqueous environmental sample before sample preparation; otherwise, this may influence the accurate determination of NEs. Therefore, this work thoroughly investigated the stability of C-NEs in three different aqueous environmental samples under four different storage conditions, room temperature, low temperature of 4 °C, low pH of 3, and addition of HgCl2 at 2 g/L. Results showed that C-NEs in aqueous sample were easily deconjugated under low temperature of 4 °C, which has been widely used in sample collection and storage. Both the low pH of 3 and addition of HgCl2 at 2 g/L under room temperature could keep C-NEs intact in domestic wastewaters and river water within 36 h, but the latter could keep C-NEs stable longer. This work is the first to show that low pH of 3 alone could keep C-NEs intact, which suggested that the combined condition at low temperature of 4 °C that has been widely used could be omitted. Meanwhile, compared to pH adjustment, addition of 2 g/L HgCl2 into aqueous sample is more convenient and practical for 24-h composite sampling, which may be widely applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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12
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A Fully Automated Online SPE-LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 10 Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Samples. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030103. [PMID: 35324728 PMCID: PMC8955396 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of pharmaceuticals, their presence in the aquatic environment, and the associated toxic effects, have raised concerns in recent years. In this work, a new multi-residue analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of 10 pharmaceuticals in wastewaters using online solid-phase extraction (online SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The compounds included in the method were antineoplastics (cabazitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, irinotecan, methotrexate, paclitaxel, and topotecan), renin inhibitors (aliskiren), and antidepressants (maprotiline). The method was developed through several experiments on four online SPE cartridges, three reversed phase chromatography columns, and four combinations of mobile phase components. Under optimal conditions, very low limits of detection (LODs) of 1.30 to 10.6 ng L−1 were obtained. The method was repeatable, with relative standard deviations (RSD, %) for intraday and interday precisions ranged from 1.6 to 7.8 and from 3.3 to 13.2, respectively. Recovery values ranged from 78.4 to 111.4%, indicating the reproducibility of the method. Matrix effects were mainly presented as signal suppression, with topotecan and doxorubicin being the two most affected compounds (31.0% signal suppression). The proposed method was successfully applied to hospital effluents, detecting methotrexate (4.7–9.3 ng L−1) and maprotiline (11.2–23.1 ng L−1). Due to the shorter overall run time of 15 min, including sample preparation, and reduced sample volume (0.9 mL), this on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method was extremely convenient and efficient in comparison to the classical off-line SPE method. The proposed method was also highly sensitive and can be used for ultratrace quantification of the studied pharmaceuticals in wastewaters, providing useful data for effective environmental monitoring.
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13
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Chen Y, Xie H, Junaid M, Xu N, Zhu Y, Tao H, Wong M. Spatiotemporal distribution, source apportionment and risk assessment of typical hormones and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental and biological samples from the mariculture areas in the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150752. [PMID: 34619214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work studied the levels, distribution, potential sources, ecological and human health risks of typical hormones and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the mariculture areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The environmental levels of 11 hormones (6 estrogens, 4 progestogens, and 1 androgen) and 2 phenolic EDCs were quantified in various matrices including water, sediment, cultured fish and shellfish. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry analyses showed that all the 13 target compounds were detected in biotic samples, whereas 10 were detected in water and sediment, respectively. The total concentrations ranged from 35.06-364.53 ng/L in water and 6.31-29.30 ng/g in sediment, respectively. The average contaminant levels in shellfish (Ostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis and Mimachlamys nobilis) were significantly higher than those in fish (Culter alburnus, Ephippus orbis and Ephippus orbis). Source apportionment revealed that the pollution of hormones and phenolic EDCs in PRD mariculture areas was resulted from the combination of coastal anthropogenic discharges and mariculture activities. The hazard quotient values of the contaminants were all less than 1, implying no immediate human health risk. Overall, the present study is of great significance for scientific mariculture management, land-based pollution control, ecosystem protection, and safeguarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiwen Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Youchang Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huchun Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Minghung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Goeury K, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Assessment of automated off-line solid-phase extraction LC-MS/MS to monitor EPA priority endocrine disruptors in tap water, surface water, and wastewater. Talanta 2022; 241:123216. [PMID: 35042051 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
EPA method 539.1 recently introduced an expanded list of priority endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), some of which were also included in the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3 (UCMR3). Though standardized methods are available for drinking water, analysis of steroid hormones and bisphenol A (BPA) at the ultra-trace level remains challenging. This study set out to evaluate the suitability of automated off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of EPA-priority EDCs in environmental water matrixes (tap water, surface water, and wastewater influents and effluents). The target molecules included 14 steroid hormones (altrenogest, androstenedione, equilenin, equilin, α-estradiol, β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, progesterone, testosterone) and BPA. Factors that may influence the analytical performance were assessed. This involved, for instance, testing combinations of SPE materials from different brands and protocol variations. Several materials presented absolute extraction efficiencies in acceptable ranges. Initial sample pH, nature of reconstitution medium, and mobile phase salt concentration were among the potential factors affecting analyte signal. Storage conditions (different preservative agents) possibly exerted the strongest influence, in agreement with the literature. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.03-0.5 ng/L in drinking water, 0.1-0.5 ng/L in surface water, and 0.16-1 ng/L in wastewater. Method validation also involved testing linearity, accuracy, and precision in reagent water and matrix-matched extracted calibrants. The method was applied to field-collected water samples in Eastern Canada. Summed EDC concentrations remained low in tap water (<LOQ-0.92 ng/L), while higher detection frequencies and contamination levels were reported in riverine surface waters (2.6-37 ng/L) and municipal wastewaters (10-424 ng/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Goeury
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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15
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Hu J, Liu J, Lv X, Yu L, Lan S, Li Y, Yang Y. Assessment of epigenotoxic profiles of Dongjiang River: A comprehensive of chemical analysis, in vitro bioassay and in silico approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:116961. [PMID: 33823309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research explored the occurrence, epigenetic toxic profiling and main toxic pollutants of POPs in surface water of Dongjiang River, southern China. The concentrations of selected POPs including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) of surface water from 18 sites were investigated. ∑16PAHs and ∑4EDCs were at a moderate level, while ∑6PAEs and ∑6PBDEs had low pollution levels. PAHs, EDCs and PAEs showed higher concentrations in dry season than those in wet season, and the loading of selected POPs in tributaries was higher than those in mainstream due to intensive manufactures and lower runoff volume. Moreover, activities of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)1, histone deacetylase (HDAC2, HDAC8) were confirmed to be sensitive indicators for epigenetic toxicity. The DNMT1-mediated epigenetic equivalency toxicity of organic extracts in Dongjiang River were more serious than those of HDAC2 and HDAC8. Correlation analysis shown binding affinity between POPs and DNMT1, HDAC2 and HDAC8 could be regarded as toxic equivalency factors. Risk assessment suggested that 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A were the largest contributors to epigenetic risk. This study is the first attempt to quantify epigenetic toxicity and epigenetic risk evaluation of river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jinhuan Liu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Lv
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lili Yu
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Shanhong Lan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yanliang Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, PR China.
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16
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Liu ZH, Dang Z, Liu Y. Legislation against endocrine-disrupting compounds in drinking water: essential but not enough to ensure water safety. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:19505-19510. [PMID: 33620688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the last several decades, there has been a growing concern on the presence of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in potable water due to their negative impacts on public health of mankind. As such, more and more EDCs have been regulated in many national drinking water quality standards. Given this situation, this work attempted to deliberately offer new insights into some remaining scientific challenges, i.e., (1) what should the allowable EDC concentration be in drinking water?; (2) should the main chlorinated byproducts of EDCs be regulated in potable water?; and (3) what concentration should be regulated for each chlorinated EDC? It is expected that these could help to better design the water quality regulations for EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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17
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Ng B, Quinete N, Maldonado S, Lugo K, Purrinos J, Briceño H, Gardinali P. Understanding the occurrence and distribution of emerging pollutants and endocrine disruptors in sensitive coastal South Florida Ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143720. [PMID: 33288250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure risk to different xenobiotics, which can potentially alter the function of the endocrine system, remains a great health and safety concern for aquatic species and humans. Steroid hormones, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been identified as important aquatic contaminants due to their widespread occurrence in surface waters and their endocrine disrupting properties. Heavily populated areas in South Florida not served by municipal wastewater collection present an unexpected high risk of anthropogenic contaminants to nearby coastal systems through surface runoff and groundwater flow. Previous studies in South Florida have been largely concentrated on assessing the relevance of the fate and transport of inorganic nutrients, heavy metals and pesticides with regulatory criteria. Therefore, a significant gap exists in assessing occurrence, distribution and biological significance of the presence of human related organic contaminants in natural surface waters. In this study, we have developed a fast and sensitive online solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-HRMS) method using a Q-Exactive system for the determination of the occurrence and distribution of selected wastewater tracers/indicators, recalcitrant PPCPs and steroid hormones in South Florida surface waters. Seasonal and spatial variations of these contaminants were monitored from 2017 to 2019. The presence of total coliforms and E. coli were also evaluated in order to further assess water quality. Correlations between hormones and anthropogenic tracers were explored to better elucidate the sources, pathways and exposure risks to these contaminants. Caffeine, sucralose, Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and carbamazepine were frequently detected in the water samples, which is indicative of extensive wastewater intrusion impacting the surface water. Estrone (E1), 17-β-estradiol (E2), and 17-α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) levels found in surface water raises concern of potential endocrine disruption effects in the aquatic ecosystem. Hazard quotient has been calculated to identify areas with high ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ng
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Stephanie Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Deparment of Chemistry, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Humacao 00791, Puerto Rico
| | - Kathleen Lugo
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Julian Purrinos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Henry Briceño
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Piero Gardinali
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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18
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Wang H, Liu ZH, Tang Z, Zhang J, Dang Z, Liu Y. Possible overestimation of bisphenol analogues in municipal wastewater analyzed with GC-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116505. [PMID: 33484998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work for the first time showed that sulfated BPA could be directly analyzed as BPA with GC-MS after the derivatization with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA)+1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), i.e. the deconjugation step was not necessary. This was because sulfated BPA indeed could be simultaneously deconjugated and derivatized to BPA derivative during derivatization, suggesting that any co-elution of BPA and sulfated BPA during sample extraction led to BPA overestimation in the GC-MS method with BSTFA +1% TMCS as the derivative reagent. Using BPA 4,4'-disulfates (BPA diS) as the pure standard, the co-elution phenomena of sulfated BPA was confirmed with two widely used elution solvents (i.e. methanol and ethyl acetate) or their mixed solutions with different ratios, which further suggested if only sulfated BPA existed in any wastewater sample, BPA was likely over-determined. To further confirm this finding, both influent and effluent samples collected from a local municipal wastewater treatment plant were analyzed, which clearly showed the overestimation of BPA in the two wastewaters due to co-existence of sulfated BPA in the wastewater samples. In addition to BPA, the results also showed the overestimation of other nine bisphenol analogues. As sulfated micropollutants including estrogens, androgens, phytoestrogens, etc., have been widely found in municipal wastewater, the overestimating phenomenon observed in this study may also be extended to determination of other micropollutants, which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006; Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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19
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Liu ZH, Dang Z, Yin H, Liu Y. Making waves: Improving removal performance of conventional wastewater treatment plants on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs): their conjugates matter. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116469. [PMID: 33011607 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are well known emerging contaminants, which have the capacity to elicit negative effects on endocrine systems of both humans and wildlife. As the conventional wastewater treatment plants cannot stably remove these EDCs, post-treatment with advanced chemical oxidation methods such as ozonation are proven effective to further remove EDCs, but this additional treatment increase the wastewater treatment cost, which is impractical for worldwide application. To find potential alternative effective method, this work presents the importance of EDCs conjugates. Specifically, two important facts are described: 1) concentrations of EDCs conjugates in raw municipal wastewater vary with temperature, and their existence results in underestimated removal performance of WWTPs; 2) Strategies to enhance the cleavage rates of EDCs conjugates are most effective to improve the observed removal performance of conventional WWTPs on EDCs. Further work should be performed to check whether effective solutions can be found to increase their cleavage rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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20
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Zhang H, Hu S, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhu Y, Shen G. Measurement of free and conjugated estrogens in a cattle farm-farmland system by UHPLC–MS/MS. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Čelić M, Škrbić BD, Insa S, Živančev J, Gros M, Petrović M. Occurrence and assessment of environmental risks of endocrine disrupting compounds in drinking, surface and wastewaters in Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114344. [PMID: 32443213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study is the first comprehensive monitoring of 13 selected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in untreated urban and industrial wastewater in Serbia to assess their impact on the Danube River basin and associated freshwaters used as sources for drinking water production in the area. Results showed that natural and synthetic estrogens were present in surface and wastewater at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 64.8 ng L-1. Nevertheless, they were not detected in drinking water. For alkylphenols concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 78.3 ng L-1 in wastewater and from 0.1 to 37.2 ng L-1 in surface water, while in drinking water concentrations varied from 0.4 to 7.9 ng L-1. Bisphenol A (BPA) was the most abundant compound in all water types, with frequencies of detection ranging from 57% in drinking water, to 70% in surface and 84% in wastewater. Potential environmental risks were characterized by calculating the risk quotients (RQs) and the estrogenic activity of EDCs in waste, surface and drinking water samples, as an indicator of their potential detrimental effects. RQ values of estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) were the highest, exceeding the threshold value of 1 in 60% of wastewater samples, while in surface water E1 displayed potential risks in only two samples. Total estrogenic activity (EEQt) surpassed the threshold of 1 ng E2 L-1 in about 67% of wastewater samples, and in 3 surface water samples. In drinking water, EEQt was below 1 ng L-1 in all samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Čelić
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Serbia.
| | - Sara Insa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Serbia
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrović
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of 34 priority and emerging pollutants in water from the influent and effluent of a drinking water treatment plant. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461090. [PMID: 32360059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the applicability of a method based on the direct injection of a large volume of water samples to identify and quantify 34 priority and emerging substances, most of them discussed in Directive 2013/39/EU on priority substances in the field of water policy, and Decision 2018/840/EU (Watch List). The method directly injects 500 µL of filtered water sample and so does not use a pre-concentration step. The method was satisfactorily validated for influent and effluent water from a drinking water treatment plant, at three concentrations (1, 10 and 100 ng L-1) with precision and accuracies in the range 1-17% and 71-122% respectively. Sensitivity was good with detection limits in the range 0.15-10 ng L-1 and complied with EU limits in all cases except for estrone, 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol. For these hormones, an on-line solid phase extraction was developed and evaluated. The methods were applied to the analysis of water collected at the influent and effluent of a drinking water treatment plant and revealed the presence of 18 of the target compounds in the influent water and 8 in the effluent water. This showed that most the compounds had been efficiently removed by the processes of the drinking water treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Borrull
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Agustí Colom
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Josepa Fabregas
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Antić I, Škrbić BD, Matamoros V, Bayona JM. Does the application of human waste as a fertilization material in agricultural production pose adverse effects on human health attributable to contaminants of emerging concern? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109132. [PMID: 32069746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) ultrasound-assisted method was successfully used to determine the presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in both the growing medium (i.e. soil) and vegetable samples (i.e. potato, onion, celery, parsnip and carrot) cultivated in household gardens under field conditions impacted by the application of livestock manure mixed with human waste. CECs with a broad range of physico-chemical properties including pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, herbicides, personal care products, and biocides were investigated. Among all studied CECs, diclofenac (DCL), carbamazepine, bisphenol A (BPA) and estrogenic hormones (estrone (E1), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2)) were detected and quantified in vegetable samples with a concentration range from 0.114 to 13.3 ng/g fresh weight (f.w.), while BPA, E1, and EE2 were detected in soil samples with concentration ranges from 0.526 to 0.830 ng/g f.w., 0.121-0.199 ng/g f.w. and 0.118-0.333 ng/g f.w., respectively. DCL was only quantified above the limit of quantification in one soil sample (0.151 ng/g f.w.). The human health risk was estimated using the threshold of toxicological concern approach and a standard diet for two segments of the population (i.e. adult and child). The consumption of investigated vegetables contaminated with CECs poses no risk for the Serbian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Antić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Víctor Matamoros
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Bayona
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Kinetic Model of the Action of 17α-Ethynylestradiol on the Capacitation of Mouse Sperm, Monitored by HPLC-MS/MS. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen used in contraceptive pills, is resistant to hepatic degradation and is excreted in the urine. It is chemically stable and has a negative impact on the endocrine system. The aim of this work was to mathematically describe the possible interaction of EE2 (200, 20, and 2 μg/L) with sperm estrogen receptors during sperm maturation, which is called capacitation. The concentrations of the unbound EE2 remaining in capacitating medium during 180 min of sperm capacitation were determined at 30 min intervals by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS) and the data obtained (relative concentrations Bt) were subjected to kinetic analysis. The suggested kinetic schema was described by the system of differential equations with the optimization of rate constants used to calculate the theoretical Bt values. Optimal parameters (overall rate constants K1–K5 and molar ratio n) were determined by searching the minimum of absolute values of the difference between theoretical and experimental Bt values. These values were used for the design of the theoretical B(t) curves which fit to experimental points. The proposed kinetic model assumes the formation of an unstable adduct between EE2 and the receptor in cytoplasm, which acts as an autocatalytic agent and gradually decomposes.
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25
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Zhao GZ, Wei M, Wang YJ, Wang XW, Zhao H, Shen J, Zhao B. Detection of four phenolic oestrogens by a novel electrochemical immunosensor based on a hexestrol monoclonal antibody. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8677-8684. [PMID: 35496517 PMCID: PMC9050000 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel HEX monoclonal antibody/MACA/nanogold electrochemical immunosensor was constructed to detect four phenolic oestrogens by a nanosized effect, layer by layer self-assembly and antigen–antibody specific immune technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-zheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials
- Ministry of Education
- The School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
| | - Meng Wei
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Ya-juan Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Xiu-wen Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Hu Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Bo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
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26
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Pan G, Zhao G, Wei M, Wang Y, Zhao B. Design of nanogold electrochemical immunosensor for detection of four phenolic estrogens. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Denver N, Khan S, Homer NZM, MacLean MR, Andrew R. Current strategies for quantification of estrogens in clinical research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105373. [PMID: 31112747 PMCID: PMC6726893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and their bioactive metabolites play key roles in regulating diverse processes in health and disease. In particular, estrogens and estrogenic metabolites have shown both protective and non-protective effects on disease pathobiology, implicating the importance of this steroid pathway in disease diagnostics and monitoring. All estrogens circulate in a wide range of concentrations, which in some patient cohorts can be extremely low. However, elevated levels of estradiol are reported in disease. For example, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) elevated levels have been reported in men and postmenopausal women. Conventional immunoassay techniques have come under scrutiny, with their selectivity, accuracy and precision coming into question. Analytical methodologies such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled to single and tandem mass spectrometric approaches (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS) have been developed to quantify endogenous estrogens and in some cases their bioactive metabolites in biological fluids such as urine, serum, plasma and saliva. Liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction approaches are favoured with derivatization remaining a necessity for detection in lower volumes of sample. The limits of quantitation of individual assays vary but are commonly in the range of 0.5-5 pg/mL for estrone and estradiol, with limits for their bioactive metabolites being higher. This review provides an overview of current approaches for measurement of unconjugated estrogens in biological matrices by MS, highlighting the advances in this field and the challenges remaining for routine use in the clinical and research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Khan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
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28
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Analysis of Environmental Protection Agency priority endocrine disruptor hormones and bisphenol A in tap, surface and wastewater by online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:87-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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A simple, fast method for the analysis of 20 contaminants of emerging concern in river water using large-volume direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1601-1610. [PMID: 30680425 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive method for the determination of a structurally and physico-chemically diverse group of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) based on large-volume direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The method can be used to determine 20 CECs belonging to different pollutant families (pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides) in river water at nanogram per liter. A single analytical run is required and the positive and negative ionization modes can be used simultaneously. Because of the large-volume injections of samples and the high sensitivity of the current mass spectrometers, the method has no need of a preconcentration step. The analytes are quantitated with matrix-matched calibration curves. The estimated limits of detection were in the range 0.1-5 ng L-1. The accuracy of the method was in the range 86-114%, and the precision, expressed as a relative standard deviation (RSD %), was below 18% for all the analytes (n = 5, at 5, 10, and 25 ng L-1). The method was applied to water samples taken from different points along the lower course of the Ebro River, Spain. A total of 12 out of the 20 target analytes were detected, and the ones at higher concentrations were caffeine and the pharmaceuticals paracetamol and ibuprofen (184.8 ng L-1, 63.3 ng L-1, and 23.3 ng L-1, respectively).
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30
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Škrbić BD, Kadokami K, Antić I. Survey on the micro-pollutants presence in surface water system of northern Serbia and environmental and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:130-140. [PMID: 29886389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the occurrence of 940 organic micro-pollutants in surface water of four rivers, one irrigation canal system, and two lakes in Vojvodina Province, the northern part of Serbia, summing in total eighteen samples. The number of detected chemicals ranged from 22 to 84, with 127 micro-pollutants detected at least once, representing 13% of the studied substances. The targeted compounds include n-alkanes, sterols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, pharmaceutical active compounds, industrial chemicals, plasticizers, etc. Among the analysed compounds, sterols were the most dominant with maximum quantified concentrations. The substances which were quantified with frequency over 50% were two PAHs (2-methylnaphthalene, benzo(ghi)perylene), five sterols (cholesterol, cholestanol, stigmasterol, fucosterol, beta-sitosterol), three pharmaceuticals and personal care products (L-menthol, diethyltoluamide, caffeine), and ten household chemicals (4-tert-octylphenol, dimethyl phthalate, methyl palmitate, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-nonanol, alpha-terpineol, 2-phenoxy-ethanol, methyl myristate, acetophenone, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol). The list of priority substances under the European Union Directive 2013/39/EU includes 49 priority substances (PSs) out of which 34 were analysed. Among these, eleven PSs were quantified, and only two compounds (fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene) exceeded EU Environmental Quality Standards targeted values. The obtained results were compared with the previously published data that dealt with the same targeted number of micro-pollutants in sediment samples. This revealed connections between the same sampling locations. Environmental risk assessment showed the existence of potential ecological risk as 72% of the obtained values for the ecological hazard index (HI) at investigated locations were higher that the targeted value (HI > 1). Estimated values for hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for non-carcinogenic risk were lower than the targeted value, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk through dermal contact and non-intentional ingestion of water. Estimated values for cancer risk were all below 1 × 10-6, which is not considered to pose significant human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Igor Antić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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31
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Liang Y, Zhou T. Recent advances of online coupling of sample preparation techniques with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:226-242. [PMID: 30136406 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography techniques are favored because of their high efficiency and fast analysis speed. Although many sample preparation techniques have been coupled with common liquid chromatography online, the online coupling of sample preparation with the two popular chromatography techniques have gained increasing attention owing to the increasing requirements of efficiency and sensitivity. In this review, we have discussed and summarized the recent advances of the online coupling of sample preparation with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography techniques. The main sample preparation techniques that have been coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography online are solid-phase extraction and in-tube solid-phase microextraction, while solid-phase extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are the main techniques that have been coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography online. Especially, the strategies for online coupling of sample preparation with chromatography techniques were summarized. Typical applications and growing trends of the online coupling techniques were also discussed in detail. With the increasing demands of improving the efficiency, throughput, and analytical capability toward complex samples of the analysis methods, online coupling of sample preparation with chromatography techniques will acquire further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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32
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Prochazkova T, Sychrova E, Vecerkova J, Javurkova B, Otoupalikova A, Pernica M, Simek Z, Smutna M, Lepsova-Skacelova O, Hilscherova K. Estrogenic activity and contributing compounds in stagnant water bodies with massive occurrence of phytoplankton. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 136:12-21. [PMID: 29486257 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stagnant water bodies have generally received little attention regarding the presence of endocrine disruptive compounds, although they can integrate diverse pollutants from multiple different sources. Many compounds of anthropogenic as well as natural origin can contribute to the overall estrogenicity of surface waters and some of them can exhibit adverse effects on aquatic biota even in very low concentrations. This study focused on freshwater ponds and reservoirs affected by water blooms and determined the estrogenic activity of water by in vitro bioassay as well as concentrations of several important groups of estrogenic compounds (estrogenic hormones, alkylphenols, and phytoestrogens) by LC-MS/MS analyses. Estrogenic hormones were found at concentrations up to 7.1 ng.L-1, similarly to flavonoids, whose concentrations did not exceed 12.5 ng.L-1. Among alkylphenols, only bisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol were detected in levels reaching 100 ng.L-1 at maximum. Estrogenic activity of water samples varied from below the quantification limit to 1.95 ng.L-1. There does not seem to be any general causal link of the massive phytoplankton occurrence with the estrogenicity of water or concentration of phytoestrogens, since they showed no direct relationship with the phytoplankton abundance or composition across sites. The contribution of the analysed compounds to the estrogenic activity was calculated in three scenarios. In minimum scenario, just the compounds above quantification limit (LOQ) were taken into account and for most samples, only minor part (<6%) of the biological activity could be explained. In the mean and maximum scenarios, we included also compounds below LOQ into the calculations at the level of LOQ/2 and LOQ, respectively. In these cases, a considerable part of the estrogenic activity could be attributed to the possible presence of steroid estrogens below LOQ. However, for the samples with estrogenic activity greater than 1 ng.L-1, more than 50% of the estrogenic activity remained unexplained even in the maximum scenario. Probably other compounds or possible interactions between individual substances cause the estrogenic activity in these types of water bodies and in this case, the results of LC-MS/MS analyses cannot sufficiently predict the biological effects. A complex approach including bioassays is needed when assessing the estrogenicity of these types of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Prochazkova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Sychrova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Vecerkova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Javurkova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Otoupalikova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Pernica
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Z Simek
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Smutna
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - O Lepsova-Skacelova
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - K Hilscherova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic.
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33
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Kou Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Sun Y, Zhang H, MeeJung Y. Detection and Identification of Estrogen Based on Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS). Molecules 2018; 23:E1330. [PMID: 29857591 PMCID: PMC6099535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that it is important to consider the harmful effects of phenolic hormones on the human body. Traditional UV detection has many limitations, so there is a need to develop new detection methods. We demonstrated a simple and rapid surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) based detection method of trace amounts of phenolic estrogen. As a result of the coupling reaction, there is the formation of strong SERRS activity of azo compound. Therefore, the detection limits are as low as 0.2 × 10-4 for estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and bisphenol A (BPA). This method is universal because each SERRS fingerprint of the azo dyes a specific hormone. The use of this method is applicable for the testing of phenolic hormones through coupling reactions, and the investigation of other phenolic molecules. Therefore, this new method can be used for efficient detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Qiangwei Kou
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Yantao Sun
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Honglin Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Young MeeJung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
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Gusmaroli L, Insa S, Petrovic M. Development of an online SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the multiresidue analysis of the 17 compounds from the EU "Watch list". Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4165-4176. [PMID: 29691601 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the quality of aquatic ecosystems has been threatened by increasing levels of pollutions, caused by the discharge of man-made chemicals, both via accidental release of pollutants as well as a consequence of the constant outflow of inadequately treated wastewater effluents. For this reason, the European Union is updating its legislations with the aim of limiting the release of emerging contaminants. The Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/495 published in March 2015 drafts a "Watch list" of compounds to be monitored Europe-wide. In this study, a methodology based on online solid-phase extraction (SPE) ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of the 17 compounds listed therein. The proposed method offers advantages over already available methods, such as versatility (all 17 compounds can be analyzed simultaneously), shorter time required for analysis, robustness, and sensitivity. The employment of online sample preparation minimized sample manipulation and reduced dramatically the sample volume needed and time required, dramatically the sample volume needed and time required, thus making the analysis fast and reliable. The method was successfully validated in surface water and influent and effluent wastewater. Limits of detection ranged from sub- to low-nanogram per liter levels, in compliance with the EU limits, with the only exception of EE2. Graphical abstract Schematic of the workflow for the analysis of the Watch list compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gusmaroli
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Insa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain. .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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