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Tsochatzis ED, Gika H, Theodoridis G, Maragou N, Thomaidis N, Corredig M. Microplastics and nanoplastics: Exposure and toxicological effects require important analysis considerations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32261. [PMID: 38882323 PMCID: PMC11180319 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) pervade both the environment and the food chain, originating from the degradation of plastic materials from various sources. Their ubiquitous presence raises concerns for ecosystem safety, as well as the health of animals and humans. While evidence suggests their infiltration into mammalian and human tissues and their association with several diseases, the precise toxicological effects remain elusive and require further investigation. MPs and NPs sample preparation and analytical methods are quite scattered without harmonized strategies to exist at the moment. A significant challenge lies in the limited availability of methods for the chemical characterization and quantification of these contaminants. MPs and NPs can undergo further degradation, driven by abiotic or biotic factors, resulting in the formation of cyclic or linear oligomers. These oligomers can serve as indicative markers for the presence or exposure to MPs and NPs. Moreover, recent finding concerning the aggregation of oligomers to form NPs, makes their analysis as markers very important. Recent advancements have led to the development of sensitive and robust analytical methods for identifying and (semi)quantifying these oligomers in environmental, food, and biological samples. These methods offer a valuable complementary approach for determining the presence of MPs and NPs and assessing their risk to human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil D Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Foods, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gika
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niki Maragou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Milena Corredig
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Foods, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
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Ren T, Zhan H, Xu H, Chen L, Shen W, Xu Y, Zhao D, Shao Y, Wang Y. Recycling and high-value utilization of polyethylene terephthalate wastes: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118428. [PMID: 38325788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyethelene terephthalate (PET) is a well-known thermoplastic, and recycling PET waste is important for the natural environment and human health. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the recycling and reuse of PET waste through energy recovery and physical, chemical, and biological recycling. This article summarizes the recycling methods and the high-value products derived from PET waste, specifically detailing the research progress on regenerated PET prepared by the mechanical recycling of fiber/yarn, fabric, and composite materials, and introduces the application of PET nanofibers recycled by physical dissolution and electrospinning in fields such as filtration, adsorption, electronics, and antibacterial materials. This article explains the energy recovery of PET through thermal decomposition and comprehensively discusses various chemical recycling methods, including the reaction mechanisms, catalysts, conversion efficiencies, and reaction products, with a brief introduction to PET biodegradation using hydrolytic enzymes provided. The analysis and comparison of various recycling methods indicated that the mechanical recycling method yielded PET products with a wide range of applications in composite materials. Electrospinning is a highly promising recycling strategy for fabricating recycled PET nanofibers. Compared to other methods, physical recycling has advantages such as low cost, low energy consumption, high value, simple processing, and environmental friendliness, making it the preferred choice for the recycling and high-value utilization of waste PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sub-center of National Carbon Fiber Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaoxing Sub-center of National Engineering Research Center for Fiber-based Composites, Shaoxing Key Laboratory of High Performance fibers & products, College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Haihua Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sub-center of National Carbon Fiber Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaoxing Sub-center of National Engineering Research Center for Fiber-based Composites, Shaoxing Key Laboratory of High Performance fibers & products, College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Huaizhong Xu
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Lifeng Chen
- Shaoxing Baojing Composite Materials Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Shaoxing Baojing Composite Materials Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yudong Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Defang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sub-center of National Carbon Fiber Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaoxing Sub-center of National Engineering Research Center for Fiber-based Composites, Shaoxing Key Laboratory of High Performance fibers & products, College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Hailiang Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Yuanyi Shao
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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3
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Wu X, Su QZ, Yue X, Li H, Yang J, Wu S, Zhong HN, Li D, Jianguo Z, Chen S, Dong B. Occurrence and prioritization of non-volatile substances in recycled PET flakes produced in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141508. [PMID: 38387658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Recycled PET (rPET) is gaining popularity for use in the production of new food contact materials (FCMs) under the context of circular economy. However, the limited information on contaminants in rPET from China and concerns about their potential risk are major obstacles to their use in FCM in China. Fifty-five non-volatile compounds were tentatively identified in 126 batches of hot-washed rPET flakes aimed for food packaging applications in China. Although the 55 substances are not necessarily migratable and may not end up in the contacting media, their presence indicates a need for proper management and control across the value chain. For this reason, the 55 substances prioritized on the basis of level of concerns and in-silico genotoxicity profiler. Among them, dimethoxyethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were classified as level V substances, and Michler's ketone and 4-nitrophenol were both categorized as level V substances and had the genotoxic structure alert, while 2,4,5-trimethylaniline was specified with genotoxic structure alert. The above substances have high priority and may pose a potential risk to human health, therefore special attention should be paid to their migration from rPET. Aside from providing valuable information on non-volatile contaminants present in hot-washed rPET flakes coming from China, this article proposed a prioritization workflow that can be of great help to identify priority substances deserving special attention across the value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Xin Yue
- Danone open science research center (OSRC), Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Danone open science research center (OSRC), Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Zheng Jianguo
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China.
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Bridson JH, Masterton H, Theobald B, Risani R, Doake F, Wallbank JA, Maday SDM, Lear G, Abbel R, Smith DA, Kingsbury JM, Pantos O, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Leaching and transformation of chemical additives from weathered plastic deployed in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115810. [PMID: 38006872 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution causes detrimental environmental impacts, which are increasingly attributed to chemical additives. However, the behaviour of plastic additives in the marine environment is poorly understood. We used a marine deployment experiment to examine the impact of weathering on the extractables profile, analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, of four plastics at two locations over nine months in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The concentration of additives in polyethylene and oxo-degradable polyethylene were strongly influenced by artificial weathering, with deployment location and time less influential. By comparison, polyamide 6 and polyethylene terephthalate were comparatively inert with minimal change in response to artificial weathering or deployment time. Non-target analysis revealed extensive differentiation between non-aged and aged polyethylene after deployment, concordant with the targeted analysis. These observations highlight the need to consider the impact of leaching and weathering on plastic composition when quantifying the potential impact and risk of plastic pollution within receiving environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Hayden Masterton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Beatrix Theobald
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Regis Risani
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Fraser Doake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Wallbank
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Stefan D M Maday
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Olga Pantos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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5
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Kubicova M, Eckardt M, Simat TJ. Migration of oligomers from Tritan™ copolyester: application of hydrolysis for overall oligomer determination. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1074-1095. [PMID: 37489979 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Tritan™ (a kind of glycol-modified polycyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) is a novel copolyester mainly in use for the production of sports bottles and food storage containers. Oligomers in three food-grade Tritan™ samples were identified after dissolution-precipitation by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and mass spectrometry and quantified after alkaline hydrolysis to the monomers. The obtained overall oligomer content <1000 Da determined by hydrolysis ranged from 7.2 to 10.6 mg/g material. Three consecutive migration experiments were performed according to the Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. Oligomer migration values decreased from first to third migration during all simulations. Less than 25 µg/kg (third migrate) were detected in bottle migrates when tested under room temperature storage conditions (40 °C, 24 h) with simulants 3% acetic acid, 20 and 50% ethanol and during hot-fill testing (70 °C, 2 h) with simulants 3% acetic acid and 20% ethanol, respectively, while 170 µg/kg were determined in 50% ethanol after migration at 70 °C for 2 h. Food storage containers that were labelled as microwave-suitable by the supplier were tested according to the Joint Research Centre recommendations for microwave dishware. A strong deformation of the containers as well as a loss of transparency were observed during the tests (100 °C, 2 h with 10% ethanol and 3% acetic acid in an autoclave, 121 °C, 30 min with sunflower oil), questioning the suitability of the material for microwave applications. Maximum oligomer migration was 379 µg/kg during the third migration (sunflower oil at 121 °C for 30 min). Based on the migration data and an in silico oligomer evaluation according to the threshold of toxicological concern concept, no exceedances of daily thresholds for oligomers are expected from a proper use of Tritan™ drinking bottles, even with hot drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubicova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Eckardt
- Department of Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Department of Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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6
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Diamantidou D, Tsochatzis E, Kalogiannis S, Alberto Lopes J, Theodoridis G, Gika H. Analysis of Migrant Cyclic PET Oligomers in Olive Oil and Food Simulants Using UHPLC-qTOF-MS. Foods 2023; 12:2739. [PMID: 37509830 PMCID: PMC10379823 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomers are a particular category of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) that may be present in food contact materials (FCMs), such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and consequently migrate into foods. Here, an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS) method was developed for the analysis of 1st series cyclic PET oligomers in virgin olive oil (VOO) following a QuEChERS clean-up protocol. Oligomer migration was evaluated with two different migration experiments using bottles from virgin and recycled PET: one with VOO samples stored in household conditions for a year and one using the food simulant D2 (95% v/v ethanol in water) at 60 °C for 10 days. Calibration curves were constructed with fortified VOO samples, with the LOQs ranging from 10 to 50 µg L-1 and the recoveries ranging from 86.6 to 113.0%. Results showed no migration of PET oligomers in VOO. However, in the simulated study, significant amounts of all oligomers were detected, with the migration of cyclic PET trimers from recycled bottles being the most abundant. Additional substances were tentatively identified as linear derivatives of PET oligomers. Again, open trimer structures in recycled bottles gave the most significant signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Diamantidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, iFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Stavros Kalogiannis
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thermi, Greece
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Joao Alberto Lopes
- European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency (EISMEA), 1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Helen Gika
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thermi, Greece
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Escamilla-Lara KA, Lopez-Tellez J, Rodriguez JA. Adsorbents obtained from recycled polymeric materials for retention of different pollutants: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139159. [PMID: 37290512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric waste is an environmental problem, with an annual world production of approximately 368 million metric tons, and increasing every year. Therefore, different strategies for polymer waste treatment have been developed, and the most common are (1) redesign, (2) reusing and (3) recycling. The latter strategy represents a useful option to generate new materials. This work reviews the emerging trends in the development of adsorbent materials obtained from polymer wastes. Adsorbents are used in filtration systems or in extraction techniques for the removal of contaminants such as heavy metals, dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic compounds from air, biological and water samples. The methods used to obtain different adsorbents are detailed, as well as the interaction mechanisms with the compounds of interest (contaminants). The adsorbents obtained are an alternative to recycle polymeric and they are competitive with other materials applied in the removal and extraction of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Escamilla-Lara
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184, Mineral de La Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tellez
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184, Mineral de La Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184, Mineral de La Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico.
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Bridson JH, Abbel R, Smith DA, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Solving a microplastic dilemma? Evaluating additive release with a dynamic leaching method for microplastic assessment (DyLeMMA). MethodsX 2023; 10:102221. [PMID: 37255577 PMCID: PMC10225925 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics and plastic additives are contaminants of emerging environmental concern. Static leaching methods are commonly applied to assess the rate and extent of additive release from microplastics. However, this approach may not be representative of environmental conditions where near infinite dilution or percolation commonly occur. We evaluated three different approaches for assessing additive leaching under environmentally relevant sink conditions, culminating in the refinement and validation of DyLeMMA (Dynamic Leaching Method for Microplastic Assessment). Analysis was performed using a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method enabling targeted quantification of additives and screening for non-intentionally added substances. Using four different plastics, sink conditions were maintained over the duration of the test, thereby avoiding solubility limited release and ensuring environmental relevance. Background contamination from ubiquitous additive chemicals was minimised, thereby providing good sensitivity and specificity. Resulting data, in the form of additive release curves, should prove suitable for fitting to release models and derivation of parameters describing additive leaching from microplastics.Key attributes of DyLeMMA:•Environmentally relevant dynamic leaching method for microplastics, demonstrated to maintain sink conditions over the test duration,•Simple, fast, and cost-effective approach without complication of using a solid phase sink,•Provide data suitable for understanding microplastic leaching kinetics and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A. Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Grant L. Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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9
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Schreier VN, Çörek E, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Brüschweiler BJ, Geueke B, Wilks MF, Schilter B, Muncke J, Simat TJ, Smieško M, Roth N, Odermatt A. Evaluating the food safety and risk assessment evidence-base of polyethylene terephthalate oligomers: A systematic evidence map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107978. [PMID: 37210807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oligomers in food contact materials (FCMs) is well-documented. Consumers are exposed through their migration into foods and beverages; however, there is no specific guidance for their safety evaluation. OBJECTIVES This systematic evidence map (SEM) aims to identify and organize existing knowledge and associated gaps in hazard and exposure information on 34 PET oligomers to support regulatory decision-making. METHODS The methodology for this SEM was recently registered. A systematic search in bibliographic and gray literature sources was conducted and studies evaluated for inclusion according to the Populations, Exposures, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study type (PECOS) framework. Inclusion criteria were designed to record hazard and exposure information for all 34 PET oligomers and coded into the following evidence streams: human, animal, organism (non-animal), ex vivo, in vitro, in silico, migration, hydrolysis, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/toxicokinetics/pharmacokinetics (ADME/TK/PK) studies. Relevant information was extracted from eligible studies and synthesized according to the protocol. RESULTS Literature searches yielded 7445 unique records, of which 96 were included. Data comprised migration (560 entries), ADME/TK/PK-related (253 entries), health/bioactivity (98 entries) and very few hydrolysis studies (7 entries). Cyclic oligomers were studied more frequently than linear PET oligomers. In vitro results indicated that hydrolysis of cyclic oligomers generated a mixture of linear oligomers, but not monomers, potentially allowing their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Cyclic dimers, linear trimers and the respective smaller oligomers exhibit physico-chemical properties making oral absorption more likely. Information on health/bioactivity effects of oligomers was almost non-existent, except for limited data on mutagenicity. CONCLUSIONS This SEM revealed substantial deficiencies in the available evidence on ADME/TK/PK, hydrolysis, and health/bioactivity effects of PET oligomers, currently preventing appropriate risk assessment. It is essential to develop more systematic and tiered approaches to address the identified research needs and assess the risks of PET oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Schreier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Emre Çörek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Beat J Brüschweiler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Benoit Schilter
- Consultant of Food Contact Materials Safety, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair of Food Contact Materials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Dong B, Wu X, Wu S, Li H, Su QZ, Li D, Lin Q, Chen S, Zheng J, Zhu L, Zhong HN. Occurrence of volatile contaminants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) by HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics for authenticity assessment of geographical recycling regions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130407. [PMID: 36444813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was performed on various methods detecting the volatile contaminants (VCs) in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) flakes, the results demonstrated that head-space solid phase micro-extraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph-tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS) was a sensitive, effective, accurate method, and successfully applied to analyze 57 rPET flakes collected from different recycling plants in China. A total of 212 VCs were tentatively identified, and the possible source were associated with plastic, food, and cosmetics. 45 VCs are classified as high-priority compounds with toxicity level IV or V and may pose a risk to human health. Combined chemometrics for further analysis revealed that significant differences among these three geographical recycling regions. 6, 7, and 6 volatile markers were chosen based on VIP values and S-plot among plant1 plant 2 and plant 3, respectively. The markers differed significantly between recycled rPET samples in three geographical recycling regions based on chemometrics analysis. The initial classification rate and cross-validation accuracy were 100% on the identified VCs. These significant differences demonstrate that a systematic study is needed to obtain a comprehensive data on the contamination of rPET for food contact applications in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qinbao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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11
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Kim HS, Lee KY, Jung JS, Sin HS, Lee HG, Jang DY, Lee SH, Lim KM, Choi D. Comparison of migration and cumulative risk assessment of antioxidants, antioxidant degradation products, and other non-intentionally added substances from plastic food contact materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Alberto Lopes J, Tsochatzis ED. Poly(ethylene terephthalate), Poly(butylene terephthalate), and Polystyrene Oligomers: Occurrence and Analysis in Food Contact Materials and Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2244-2258. [PMID: 36716125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyesters (PES) and polystyrene (PS) are among the most used plastics in the production of food contact materials (FCM). The existence of compounds that could migrate from these materials into food requires a constant analytical control to ensure the safety of consumers due to consumption. It also implies a significant research challenge for their identification and quantification. One of the most important groups of known FCM migrants are the substances known as oligomers. PES and PS oligomers have long been suspected to possess some toxicological effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the European Food Safety Authority alerted recently to the potential carcinogenicity of styrene, with its oligomers consequently being also in the spotlight. At the same time, PES cyclic oligomers are categorized as having Cramer III toxicity. Many recent works on the occurrence of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and PS oligomers in FCM and food have been published. The oligomeric chemical analysis requires the use of demanding analytical strategies to address their different physicochemical characteristics (melting points, octanol/water partition coefficients, and solubility properties). Chromatographic methods are normally preferred due to the intrinsic complexity of the target matrices, but the reduced amount of reliable analytical standards still hinders the widespread screening analysis of oligomers in food. This work presents the most relevant recent studies and analytical methodologies used in the analysis of PET, PBT, and PS oligomers in food and FCM, as well as current and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Lopes
- European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency, 1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E D Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
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13
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Zhang H, Su QZ, Shang GQ, Weng YX, Zhu L. Elucidation of Non-Intentionally Added Substances from Plant Fiber/Plastic Composites by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030678. [PMID: 36766206 PMCID: PMC9913899 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant fiber/plastic composites (PPCs) have been widely used in food contact materials (FCMs) for many benefits, such as their claimed better environmental footprint compared to conventional plastics. However, their safety is still not fully understood and must be comprehensively evaluated. Non-volatiles extracted from six PPCs with different plant fibers and polymer matrices were characterized by employing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in combination with various spectral libraries and manual elucidation, taking into account spectral similarity and characteristic product ions. A total of 115 compounds were tentatively identified, 50 of which were oligomers or their derivatives from the sample with polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) as the polymer matrix, and some of them were Cramer rules class III substances based on the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC). Seven reaction products between PLA and PBAT monomers, as well as four derivatives of melamine, were elucidated and well detailed for the first time. In addition, bisphenol S was detected in all samples even though its origin remains to be further explored. Isoprothiolane, as an insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of rice pests, was identified in the sample with rice husk as fillers, experimentally confirming the presence of agrochemicals in samples containing plant fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Gui-Qin Shang
- Nanjing Customs Testing Center for Dangerous Goods and Packaging, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Yun-Xuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plastic Hygiene and Safety Quality Evaluation Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-X.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-X.W.); (L.Z.)
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14
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Groh KJ, Arp HPH, MacLeod M, Wang Z. Assessing and managing environmental hazards of polymers: historical development, science advances and policy options. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:10-25. [PMID: 36511246 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00386d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are the main constituents of many materials and products in our modern world. However, their environmental safety is not assessed with the same level of detail as done for non-polymeric chemical substances. Moreover, the fundamentals of contemporary regulatory approaches for polymers were developed in the early 1990s, with little change occurring since then. Currently, the European Commission is working on a proposal to initiate registration of polymers under the European Union's (EU) chemicals legislation REACH. This provides a unique opportunity for regulation to catch up on recent scientific advances. To inform this process, we here critically appraise the suggested regulatory approaches to the environmental assessment and management of polymers against the latest scientific findings regarding their environmental fate, exposure, and effects, and identify the remaining critical knowledge gaps. While we use the EU draft proposal as an example, our findings are broadly applicable to other polymer legislations worldwide, due to the similarity of polymer assessment criteria being used. We emphasize four major aspects that require more attention in the regulation of polymers: (i) increased transparency about chemical identities, physical characteristics and grouping approaches for in-use polymers; (ii) improved understanding of the environmental fate of polymers and materials composed of polymers across size and density categories and exposure profiles; (iii) comprehensive assessment of the environmental hazards of polymers, considering the effects of degradation and weathering and taking into account the actual uptake, long-term toxicity, and geophysical impacts; and (iv) consideration of the production volume and use/release patterns in determining regulatory data and testing requirements. Transitioning toward a toxic-free and sustainable circular economy will likely require additional policy instruments that will reduce the overall complexity and diversity of in-use polymers and polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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15
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Undas AK, Groenen M, Peters RJB, van Leeuwen SPJ. Safety of recycled plastics and textiles: Review on the detection, identification and safety assessment of contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137175. [PMID: 36370761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, 368 mln tonnes of plastics were produced worldwide. Likewise, the textiles and apparel industry, with an annual revenue of 1.3 trillion USD in 2016, is one of the largest fast-growing industries. Sustainable use of resources forces the development of new plastic and textile recycling methods and implementation of the circular economy (reduce, reuse and recycle) concept. However, circular use of plastics and textiles could lead to the accumulation of a variety of contaminants in the recycled product. This paper first reviewed the origin and nature of potential hazards that arise from recycling processes of plastics and textiles. Next, we reviewed current analytical methods and safety assessment frameworks that could be adapted to detect and identify these contaminants. Various contaminants can end up in recycled plastic. Phthalates are formed during waste collection while flame retardants and heavy metals are introduced during the recycling process. Contaminants linked to textile recycling include; detergents, resistant coatings, flame retardants, plastics coatings, antibacterial and anti-mould agents, pesticides, dyes, volatile organic compounds and nanomaterials. However, information is limited and further research is required. Various techniques are available that have detected various compounds, However, standards have to be developed in order to identify these compounds. Furthermore, the techniques mentioned in this review cover a wide range of organic chemicals, but studies covering potential inorganic contamination in recycled materials are still missing. Finally, approaches like TTC and CoMSAS for risk assessment should be used for recycled plastic and textile materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Undas
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marc Groenen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Ruud J B Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands
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16
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Schreier VN, Odermatt A, Welle F. Migration Modeling as a Valuable Tool for Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate Oligomers. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010173. [PMID: 36615365 PMCID: PMC9822255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most widely used food contact materials due to its excellent mechanical properties and recyclability. Migration of substances from PET and assessment of compliance are usually determined by experimental testing, which can be challenging depending on the migrants of interest. Low concentrations and missing reference standards, among other factors, have led to inadequate investigation of the migration potential of PET oligomers. Migration modeling can overcome such limitations and is therefore a suitable starting point for exposure and risk assessment. In this study, the activation energy-based (EA) model and the AP model were used to systematically evaluate the migration potential of 52 PET oligomers for 12 different application scenarios. Modeling parameters and conditions were evaluated to investigate their impact and relevance on the assessment of realistic exposures. Obtained results were compared with safety thresholds known from the concept of toxicological thresholds of concern. This allowed the evaluation and identification of oligomers and/or applications where migration or exposure levels may be associated with a potential risk because they exceed these safety thresholds. Overall, this study demonstrated that migration modeling can be a high-throughput, fast, flexible, and suitable approach for comprehensive exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N. Schreier
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Welle
- Product Safety and Analytics Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), 85354 Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
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17
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Chen YL, Mu YS, He ZJ, Pu XM, Wang DQ, Zhou M, Yang LP. New bio-based polyester with excellent spinning performance: poly(tetrahydrofuran dimethanol- co-ethylene terephthalate). RSC Adv 2022; 12:29516-29524. [PMID: 36320739 PMCID: PMC9562050 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04484f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With the excessive consumption of fossil energy, technologies that transform bio-based resources into materials have received more and more attention from researchers in recent decades. In this paper, a series of poly(ethylene 2,5-tetrahydrofuran dimethyl terephthalate; PEFTs) with different components were synthesized from 2,5-tetrahydrofuran dimethanol (THFDM), terephthalic acid (TPA), and ethylene glycol (EG). Their chemical structures and compositions were determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. With the increase in THFDM content, the crystallization, T m, and tensile strength of PEFTs gradually decrease because the introduced THFDM breaks the order of molecular chains, while the thermal stability and T g remain stable. PEFTs seem to present a significant shear thinning phenomenon, which was indicated by the rheological test. Electrospinning technology was used to explore the spinnability of PEFT; it was found that PEFTs have better spinning performance than PET. In addition, due to the good hydrophobicity and porosity of PEFT nanofiber films, they have potential application value in the manufacture of hydrophobic nanofiber and filter films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Yue-Song Mu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Ze-Jian He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ming Pu
- Wankai New Material Co., Ltd. Haining 314415 China
| | - Dong-Qi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Yang
- Wankai New Material Co., Ltd. Haining 314415 China
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18
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Wu S, Wu X, Li H, Li D, Zheng J, Lin Q, Nerín C, Zhong H, Dong B. The characterization and influence factors of semi-volatile compounds from mechanically recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) by combining GC×GC-TOFMS and chemometrics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129583. [PMID: 35872450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A non-targeted method was developed for screening the semi-volatile compounds of different mechanically recycled PET intended for food contact materials. The data was further analyzed by multiple chemometrics methods to obtain the difference level, and the potential influence factors were investigated. The results showed that total dissolution with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was more effective than other reported methods. Based on the difference level, 97 compounds were characterized into 4 levels. 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone originating from organic solvent was recognized as level IV and could be determined as the primary difference indicator. The contaminant is mainly attributed to the residuum derived from non-food consumer products. The specific types of contaminants and process parameters of the recycling, such as moisture content, properties of rPET, and temperature, were the potential key factors affecting the presence of semi-volatile compounds of mechanically recycled rPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qinbao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Huaining Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China.
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19
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Schreier VN, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Brüschweiler BJ, Geueke B, Wilks MF, Simat TJ, Schilter B, Smieško M, Muncke J, Odermatt A, Roth N. Evaluating the food safety and risk assessment evidence-base of polyethylene terephthalate oligomers: Protocol for a systematic evidence map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107387. [PMID: 35841728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oligomers are ubiquitous in PET used in food contact applications. Consumer exposure by migration of PET oligomers into food and beverages is documented. However, no specific risk assessment framework or guidance for the safety evaluating of PET oligomers exist to date. AIM The aim of this systematic evidence map (SEM) is to identify and organize existing knowledge clusters and associated gaps in hazard and exposure information of PET oligomers. Research needs will be identified as an input for chemical risk assessment, and to support future toxicity testing strategies of PET oligomers and regulatory decision-making. SEARCH STRATEGY AND ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Multiple bibliographic databases (incl. Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection), chemistry databases (SciFinder-n, Reaxys), and gray literature sources will be searched, and the search results will be supplemented by backward and forward citation tracking on eligible records. The search will be based on a single-concept PET oligomer-focused strategy to ensure sensitive and unbiased coverage of all evidence related to hazard and exposure in a data-poor environment. A scoping exercise conducted during planning identified 34 relevant PET oligomers. Eligible work of any study type must include primary research data on at least one relevant PET oligomer with regard to exposure, health, or toxicological outcomes. STUDY SELECTION For indexed scientific literature, title and abstract screening will be performed by one reviewer. Selected studies will be screened in full-text by two independent reviewers. Gray literature will be screened by two independent reviewers for inclusion and exclusion. STUDY QUALITY ASSESSMENT Risk of bias analysis will not be conducted as part of this SEM. DATA EXTRACTION AND CODING Will be performed by one reviewer and peer-checked by a second reviewer for indexed scientific literature or by two independent reviewers for gray literature. SYNTHESIS AND VISUALIZATION The extracted and coded information will be synthesized in different formats, including narrative synthesis, tables, and heat maps. SYSTEMATIC MAP PROTOCOL REGISTRY AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6224302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Schreier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Beat J Brüschweiler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair of Food Contact Materials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Benoit Schilter
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Song XC, Canellas E, Dreolin N, Goshawk J, Nerin C. Identification of Nonvolatile Migrates from Food Contact Materials Using Ion Mobility-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and in Silico Prediction Tools. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9499-9508. [PMID: 35856243 PMCID: PMC9354260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of migrates from food contact materials (FCMs) is challenging due to the complex matrices and limited availability of commercial standards. The use of machine-learning-based prediction tools can help in the identification of such compounds. This study presents a workflow to identify nonvolatile migrates from FCMs based on liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high-resolution mass spectrometry together with in silico retention time (RT) and collision cross section (CCS) prediction tools. The applicability of this workflow was evaluated by screening the chemicals that migrated from polyamide (PA) spatulas. The number of candidate compounds was reduced by approximately 75% and 29% on applying RT and CCS prediction filters, respectively. A total of 95 compounds were identified in the PA spatulas of which 54 compounds were confirmed using reference standards. The development of a database containing predicted RT and CCS values of compounds related to FCMs can aid in the identification of chemicals in FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Song XC, Dreolin N, Canellas E, Goshawk J, Nerin C. Prediction of Collision Cross-Section Values for Extractables and Leachables from Plastic Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9463-9473. [PMID: 35730527 PMCID: PMC9261268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of ion mobility separation (IMS) in conjunction with high-resolution mass spectrometry has proved to be a reliable and useful technique for the characterization of small molecules from plastic products. Collision cross-section (CCS) values derived from IMS can be used as a structural descriptor to aid compound identification. One limitation of the application of IMS to the identification of chemicals from plastics is the lack of published empirical CCS values. As such, machine learning techniques can provide an alternative approach by generating predicted CCS values. Herein, experimental CCS values for over a thousand chemicals associated with plastics were collected from the literature and used to develop an accurate CCS prediction model for extractables and leachables from plastic products. The effect of different molecular descriptors and machine learning algorithms on the model performance were assessed. A support vector machine (SVM) model, based on Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) descriptors, provided the most accurate prediction with 93.3% of CCS values for [M + H]+ adducts and 95.0% of CCS values for [M + Na]+ adducts in testing sets predicted with <5% error. Median relative errors for the CCS values of the [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ adducts were 1.42 and 1.76%, respectively. Subsequently, CCS values for the compounds in the Chemicals associated with Plastic Packaging Database and the Food Contact Chemicals Database were predicted using the SVM model developed herein. These values were integrated in our structural elucidation workflow and applied to the identification of plastic-related chemicals in river water. False positives were reduced, and the identification confidence level was improved by the incorporation of predicted CCS values in the suspect screening workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, U.K.
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, U.K.
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- .
Phone: +34 976761873
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22
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Gerassimidou S, Lanska P, Hahladakis JN, Lovat E, Vanzetto S, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Muncke J, Maffini M, Martin OV, Iacovidou E. Unpacking the complexity of the PET drink bottles value chain: A chemicals perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128410. [PMID: 35295000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals can migrate from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drink bottles to their content and recycling processes may concentrate or introduce new chemicals to the PET value chain. Therefore, even though recycling PET bottles is key in reducing plastic pollution, it may raise concerns about safety and quality. This study provides a systematic evidence map of the food contact chemicals (FCCs) that migrate from PET drink bottles aiming to identify challenges in closing the plastic packaging loop. The migration potential of 193 FCCs has been investigated across the PET drink bottles lifecycle, of which 150 have been detected to migrate from PET bottles into food simulants/food samples. The study reveals that much research has focused on the migration of antimony (Sb), acetaldehyde and some well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It indicates and discusses the key influential factors on FCCs migration, such as physical characteristics and geographical origin of PET bottles, storage conditions, and reprocessing efficiency . Although, safety and quality implications arising from the recycling of PET bottles remain underexplored, the higher migration of Sb and Bishphenol A has been reported in recycled (rPET) compared to virgin PET. This is attributed to multiple contamination sources and the variability in the collection, sorting, and decontamination efficiency. Better collaboration among stakeholders across the entire PET bottles lifecycle is needed to ensure sustainable resource management and food contact safety of rPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Gerassimidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Lanska
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elena Lovat
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS), Addis Ababa Office, Kebena, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Silvia Vanzetto
- Centro Internazionale per l'Infanzia e la Famiglia (CIFA) Onlus, Hawassa Field Office, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), Zurich 8045, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), Zurich 8045, Switzerland
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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23
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Song XC, Canellas E, Dreolin N, Goshawk J, Nerin C. A Collision Cross Section Database for Extractables and Leachables from Food Contact Materials. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4457-4466. [PMID: 35380813 PMCID: PMC9011387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemicals in food contact materials (FCMs) can migrate into food and endanger human health. In this study, we developed a database of traveling wave collision cross section in nitrogen (TWCCSN2) values for extractables and leachables from FCMs. The database contains a total of 1038 TWCCSN2 values from 675 standards including those commonly used additives and nonintentionally added substances in FCMs. The TWCCSN2 values in the database were compared to previously published values, and 85.7, 87.7, and 64.9% [M + H]+, [M + Na]+, and [M - H]- adducts showed deviations <2%, with the presence of protomers, post-ion mobility spectrometry dissociation of noncovalent clusters and inconsistent calibration are possible sources of CCS deviations. Our experimental TWCCSN2 values were also compared to CCS values from three prediction tools. Of the three, CCSondemand gave the most accurate predictions. The TWCCSN2 database developed will aid the identification and differentiation of chemicals from FCMs in targeted and untargeted analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- . Phone: +34 976761873
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24
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Nerín C, Bourdoux S, Faust B, Gude T, Lesueur C, Simat T, Stoermer A, Van Hoek E, Oldring P. Guidance in selecting analytical techniques for identification and quantification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:620-643. [PMID: 35081016 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2012599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous approaches and methodologies for assessing the identity and quantities of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMs). They can give different results and it can be difficult to make meaningful comparisons. The initial approach was to attempt to prepare a prescriptive methodology but as this proved impossible; this paper develops guidelines that need to be taken into consideration when assessing NIAS. Different approaches to analysing NIAS in FCMs are reviewed and compared. The approaches for preparing the sample for analysis, recommended procedures for screening, identification, and quantification of NIAS as well as the reporting requirements are outlined. Different analytical equipment and procedures are compared. Limitations of today's capabilities are raised along with some research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Birgit Faust
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting (TERC), Dow Olefinverbund GmbH, Schkopau, Germany
| | - Thomas Gude
- Swiss Quality Testing Services, Dietikon, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lesueur
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Danone, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Simat
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Stoermer
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging, Freising, Germany
| | - Els Van Hoek
- Organic Contaminants & Additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Oldring
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Sherwin Williams, Witney, UK
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25
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Dattilo S, Gugliuzzo C, Mirabella EF, Puglisi C, Scamporrino AA, Zampino DC, Samperi F. Characterization of VOCs and additives in Italian PET bottles and studies on potential functional aldehydes scavengers. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-03973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study focused on characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as contaminants and non-volatile additives in Italian PET bottles, also suggesting potential functional aldehydes scavengers. Several VOCs, such as acetic aldehyde (AA), butanal, 3-methyl butanal, 1,3-dioxolane, pentanal, hexanal, octanal, 5-hepten-2-one, nonanal, and decanal, were identified by Head Space-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) in the PET bottles used for the packaging of six Italian brands mineral waters. AA, 1,3-dioxolane, octanal, 5-hepten-2-one, nonanal, and decanal were the most abundant compounds identified. These contaminants were also identified in the PET-bottled mineral waters. Different experiments using bottle-grade PET pellets (Btlg-PET) and PET bottles’ fragments with and without the addition of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) or erucamide as lubricant/plasticizer additives, poly(m-xylene adipamide) (MXD6), and/or anthranilamide (2-aminobenzamide) as potential aldehydes scavengers were carried out. Mostly VOCs observed in the PET bottles analysed were identified in a neat ESBO sample. The presence of the ESBO additive in the PET-bottle fragments was also observed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analysis (MALDI–TOF MS). The ESBO sub-products were not observed in the virgin btlg-PET pellets analysed by both HS-GC/MS and MALDI–TOF MS. These results suggest that the VOCs come from an ESBO additive probably loaded during the blow-moulding processes used for the manufacturing of PET bottles. Further studies established that MXD6 (1%w), an efficient oxygen scavenger, could be also used as AA scavenger even in the presence of the commonly used anthranilamide.
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26
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Song XC, Dreolin N, Damiani T, Canellas E, Nerin C. Prediction of Collision Cross Section Values: Application to Non-Intentionally Added Substance Identification in Food Contact Materials. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1272-1281. [PMID: 35041428 PMCID: PMC8815070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic chemicals in food contact materials can migrate into food and endanger human health. In this study, the traveling wave collision cross section in nitrogen values of more than 400 chemicals in food contact materials were experimentally derived by traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry. A support vector machine-based collision cross section (CCS) prediction model was developed based on CCS values of food contact chemicals and a series of molecular descriptors. More than 92% of protonated and 81% of sodiated adducts showed a relative deviation below 5%. Median relative errors for protonated and sodiated molecules were 1.50 and 1.82%, respectively. The model was then applied to the structural annotation of oligomers migrating from polyamide adhesives. The identification confidence of 11 oligomers was improved by the direct comparison of the experimental data with the predicted CCS values. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of current machine-learning models on CCS prediction were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, U.K.
| | - Tito Damiani
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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27
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Hao Z, Wang Q. Comment on "Comparison of Detection Methods of Microplastics in Landfill Mineralized Refuse and Selection of Degradation Degree Indexes". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1469-1470. [PMID: 34983183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Zhang Y, Peng Y, Peng C, Wang P, Lu Y, He X, Wang L. Response to Comment on "Comparison of Detection Methods of Microplastics in Landfill Mineralized Refuse and Selection of Degradation Degree Indexes". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1471-1472. [PMID: 34986632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yawen Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chu Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ping Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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29
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Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate cyclic oligomers in blood samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1503-1512. [PMID: 35024915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCM) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) used extensively in food packaging may contain cyclic oligomers which may migrate into food and thus cause toxic effects on human health. A simple, fast, and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer was developed for the analysis of 7 cyclic oligomers in post-mortem blood samples. The targeted analytes were separated on a Waters BEH C18 (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) analytical column by gradient elution. Calibration curves were constructed based on standard solutions and blood samples and Student's t-test was applied to evaluate the matrix effect. The LODs ranged from 1.7 to 16.7 μg mL-1, while the method accuracy was assessed by recovery experiments and resulting within the range 84.2-114.6%. Such an analytical method for the determination of PET and PBT cyclic oligomers in biological samples is reported for the first time. The developed methodology allows the determination of these oligomers in blood providing a useful analytical tool to assess the exposure and thus the potential hazard and health risks associated with these non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) from PET and PBT FCM through food consumption. The method was validated and successfully applied to the analysis of 34 post-mortem whole blood samples. Polyethylene terephthalate trimer was detected in four of them, for the first time in literature.
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30
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Dhaka V, Singh S, Anil AG, Sunil Kumar Naik TS, Garg S, Samuel J, Kumar M, Ramamurthy PC, Singh J. Occurrence, toxicity and remediation of polyethylene terephthalate plastics. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:1777-1800. [PMID: 35039752 PMCID: PMC8755403 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate is a common plastic in many products such as viscose rayon for clothing, and packaging material in the food and beverage industries. Polyethylene terephthalate has beneficial properties such as light weight, high tensile strength, transparency and gas barrier. Nonetheless, there is actually increasing concern about plastic pollution and toxicity. Here we review the properties, occurrence, toxicity, remediation and analysis of polyethylene terephthalate as macroplastic, mesoplastic, microplastic and nanoplastic. Polyethylene terephthalate occurs in groundwater, drinking water, soils and sediments. Plastic uptake by humans induces diseases such as reducing migration and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells of bone marrow and endothelial progenitor cells. Polyethylene terephthalate can be degraded by physical, chemical and biological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Dhaka
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Amith G. Anil
- Department of Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - T. S. Sunil Kumar Naik
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Shashank Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Jastin Samuel
- Waste Valorization Research Lab, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835205 India
| | - Praveen C. Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
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31
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Osorio J, Aznar M, Nerín C, Elliott C, Chevallier O. Comparison of LC-ESI, DART, and ASAP for the analysis of oligomers migration from biopolymer food packaging materials in food (simulants). Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1335-1345. [PMID: 34748032 PMCID: PMC8724096 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers based on polylactic acid (PLA) and starch have numerous advantages, such as coming from renewable sources or being compostable, though they can have deficiencies in mechanical properties, and for this reason, polyester resins are occasionally added to them in order to improve their properties. In this work, migration from a PLA sample and from another starch-based biopolymer to three different food simulants was studied. Attention was focused on the determination of oligomers. The analysis was first performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF–MS), which allowed the identification of the oligomers present in migration. Then, the samples were analyzed by two ambient desorption/ionization techniques directly coupled to mass spectrometry (ADI), direct analysis in real-time coupled to standardized voltage and pressure (DART-MS) and atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP-MS). These methodologies were able to detect simultaneously the main oligomers migrants and their adducts in a very rapid and effective way. Nineteen different polyester oligomers, fourteen linear and five cyclic, composed of different combinations of adipic acid [AA], propylene glycol [PG], dipropylene glycol [DPG], 2,2-dibutyl-1,3-propanediol [DBPG], or isobutanol [i-BuOH] were detected in migration samples from PLA. In migration samples from starch-based biopolymer, fourteen oligomers from poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate) polyester (PBAT) were identified, twelve cyclic and two linear. The results from ADI techniques showed that they are a very promising alternative tool to assess the safety and legal compliance of food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Osorio
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 9, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher Elliott
- ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 9, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Olivier Chevallier
- ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 9, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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32
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Identification of Potential Migrants in Polyethylene Terephthalate Samples of Ecuadorian Market. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213769. [PMID: 34771326 PMCID: PMC8588110 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the plastic packaging material most widely used to produce bottles intended for contact with food and beverages. However, PET is not inert, and therefore, some chemical compounds present in PET could migrate to food or beverages in contact, leading to safety issues. To evaluate the safety of PET samples, the identification of potential migrants is required. In this work, eight PET samples obtained from the Ecuadorian market at different phases of processing were studied using a well-known methodology based on a solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and overall migration test. Several chemical compounds were identified and categorized as lubricants (carboxylic acids with chain length of C12 to C18), plasticizers (triethyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate), thermal degradation products (p-xylene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid), antioxidant degradation products (from Irgafos 168 and Irganox), and recycling indicator compounds (limonene, benzophenone, alkanes, and aldehydes). Additionally, overall migration experiments were performed in PET bottles, resulting in values lower than the overall migration limit (10 mg/dm2); however, the presence of some compounds identified in the samples could be related to contamination during manufacturing or to the use of recycled PET-contaminated flakes. In this context, the results obtained in this study could be of great significance to the safety evaluation of PET samples in Ecuador and would allow analyzing the PET recycling processes and avoiding contamination by PET flakes from nonfood containers.
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33
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Ubeda S, Aznar M, Nerín C, Kabir A. Fabric phase sorptive extraction for specific migration analysis of oligomers from biopolymers. Talanta 2021; 233:122603. [PMID: 34215091 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers are potential migrants from polymers or biopolymers intended to food packaging and they have to be under control. In order to comply with European regulation 10/2011, their concentration in migration must be below 0.01 μg g-1. In this work, fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) was explored as an effective method for extraction and pre-concentration of oligomers migrated from a blend PLA-polyester material. Both food simulant B (3% acetic acid) and juice, as real food, were used for migration experiments. The parameters of FPSE were optimized and the analysis was done by UHPLC-QTOF and UHPLC-QqQ. A total of 21 oligomers were identified, 9 of them coming from PLA and 12 oligomers from the polyester part. These oligomers were formed by adipic acid (AA), phthalic acid (PA) and/or butanediol (BD), ten were cyclic and 11 were linear molecules. Using the optimized FPSE procedure in 3% acetic acid as food simulant, it was possible to identify 3 new compounds that were not detected by direct injection of the simulant into UHPLC-QTOF. In addition, 2 extra compounds, cyclic PA-BD4-AA3 and cyclic PA2-BD3-AA, were only identified in juice samples after FPSE extraction. Besides, in order to quantify the compounds identified, an isolation procedure for PLA oligomers was carried out. Two oligomers were isolated: cyclic (LA)6 and linear HO-(LA)4-H, both with a purity higher than 90% (LA: lactic acid). The highest concentration value was found for the cyclic oligomer [AA-BD]2, that showed 22.63 μg g-1 in 3% acetic acid and 19.64 μg g-1 in juice. The concentration of the total amount of remaining oligomers was below 7.56 μg g-1 in 3% acetic acid as well as in juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ubeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Madre de Lune 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Madre de Lune 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Madre de Lune 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Fl, 33199, USA
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Damayanti D, Supriyadi D, Amelia D, Saputri DR, Devi YLL, Auriyani WA, Wu HS. Conversion of Lignocellulose for Bioethanol Production, Applied in Bio-Polyethylene Terephthalate. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2886. [PMID: 34502925 PMCID: PMC8433819 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for petroleum-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) grows population impacts daily. A greener and more sustainable raw material, lignocellulose, is a promising replacement of petroleum-based raw materials to convert into bio-PET. This paper reviews the recent development of lignocellulose conversion into bio-PET through bioethanol reaction pathways. This review addresses lignocellulose properties, bioethanol production processes, separation processes of bioethanol, and the production of bio-terephthalic acid and bio-polyethylene terephthalate. The article also discusses the current industries that manufacture alcohol-based raw materials for bio-PET or bio-PET products. In the future, the production of bio-PET from biomass will increase due to the scarcity of petroleum-based raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damayanti Damayanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Huwi, Kec. Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia; (D.S.); (D.A.); (D.R.S.); (Y.L.L.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Didik Supriyadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Huwi, Kec. Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia; (D.S.); (D.A.); (D.R.S.); (Y.L.L.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Devita Amelia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Huwi, Kec. Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia; (D.S.); (D.A.); (D.R.S.); (Y.L.L.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Desi Riana Saputri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Huwi, Kec. Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia; (D.S.); (D.A.); (D.R.S.); (Y.L.L.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Yuniar Luthfia Listya Devi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Huwi, Kec. Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia; (D.S.); (D.A.); (D.R.S.); (Y.L.L.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Wika Atro Auriyani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Huwi, Kec. Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia; (D.S.); (D.A.); (D.R.S.); (Y.L.L.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Ho Shing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan;
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Kato LS, Conte-Junior CA. Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2077. [PMID: 34202594 PMCID: PMC8271870 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several food contact materials (FCMs) contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are unknown. This review aimed to situate the main challenges involving unknown NIAS in plastic food packaging in terms of identification, migration tests, prediction, sample preparation, determination methods and risk assessment trials. Most studies have identified NIAS in plastic materials as polyurethane adhesives (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester coatings, polypropylene materials (PP), multilayers materials, plastic films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), recycled materials, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Degradation products are almost the primary source of NIAS in plastic FCMs, most from antioxidants as Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, following by oligomers and side reaction products. The NIAS assessment in plastics FCMs is usually made by migration tests under worst-case conditions using food simulants. For predicted NIAS, targeted analytical methods are applied using GC-MS based methods for volatile NIAS and GC-MS and LC-MS based methods for semi- and non-volatile NIAS; non-targeted methods to analyze unknown NIAS in plastic FCMs are applied using GC and LC techniques combined with QTOF mass spectrometry (HRMS). In terms of NIAS risk assessment and prioritization, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept is the most applied tool for risk assessment. Bioassays with sensitive analytical techniques seem to be an efficient method to identify NIAS and their hazard to human exposure; the combination of genotoxicity testing with analytical chemistry could allow the Cramer class III TTC application to prioritize unknown NIAS. The scientific justification for implementing a molecular weight-based cut-off (<1000 Da) in the risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated. Although official guides and opinions are being issued on the subject, the whole chain's alignment is needed, and more specific legislation on the steps to follow to get along with NIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Seiko Kato
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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Damayanti, Wu HS. Strategic Possibility Routes of Recycled PET. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1475. [PMID: 34063330 PMCID: PMC8125656 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) application has many challenges and potential due to its sustainability. The conventional PET degradation was developed for several technologies to get higher yield products of ethylene glycol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) and terephthalic acid. The chemical recycling of PET is reviewed, such as pyrolysis, hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis, ionic-liquid, phase-transfer catalysis and combination of glycolysis-hydrolysis, glycolysis-methanolysis and methanolysis-hydrolysis. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics and reaction conditions were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The recycling of PET is to solve environmental problems and find another source of raw material for petrochemical products and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damayanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
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37
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Favela KA, Hartnett MJ, Janssen JA, Vickers DW, Schaub AJ, Spidle HA, Pickens KS. Nontargeted Analysis of Face Masks: Comparison of Manual Curation to Automated GCxGC Processing Tools. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:860-871. [PMID: 33395529 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Masks constructed of a variety of materials are in widespread use due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and people are exposed to chemicals inherent in the masks through inhalation. This work aims to survey commonly available mask materials to provide an overview of potential exposure. A total of 19 mask materials were analyzed using a nontargeted analysis two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC)-mass spectrometric (MS) workflow. Traditionally, there has been a lack of GCxGC-MS automated high-throughput screening methods, resulting in trade-offs with throughput and thoroughness. This work addresses the gap by introducing new machine learning software tools for high-throughput screening (Floodlight) and subsequent pattern analysis (Searchlight). A recursive workflow for chemical prioritization suitable for both manual curation and machine learning is introduced as a means of controlling the level of effort and equalizing sample loading while retaining key chemical signatures. Manual curation and machine learning were comparable with the mask materials clustering into three groups. The majority of the chemical signatures could be characterized by chemical class in seven categories: organophosphorus, long chain amides, polyethylene terephthalate oligomers, n-alkanes, olefins, branched alkanes and long-chain organic acids, alcohols, and aldehydes. The olefin, branched alkane, and organophosphorus components were primary contributors to clustering, with the other chemical classes having a significant degree of heterogeneity within the three clusters. Machine learning provided a means of rapidly extracting the key signatures of interest in agreement with the more traditional time-consuming and tedious manual curation process. Some identified signatures associated with plastics and flame retardants are potential toxins, warranting future study to understand the mask exposure route and potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Favela
- Southwest Research Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Michael J Hartnett
- Southwest Research Institute, Intelligent Systems, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Jake A Janssen
- Southwest Research Institute, Intelligent Systems, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - David W Vickers
- Southwest Research Institute, Intelligent Systems, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Andrew J Schaub
- Southwest Research Institute, Intelligent Systems, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Heath A Spidle
- Southwest Research Institute, Intelligent Systems, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Keith S Pickens
- Southwest Research Institute, Space Science and Engineering, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
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38
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Canellas E, Vera P, Song XC, Nerin C, Goshawk J, Dreolin N. The use of ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry to assess the migration of polyamide 6 and polyamide 66 oligomers from kitchenware utensils to food. Food Chem 2021; 350:129260. [PMID: 33618093 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers, are, in general, unknown components of the polymer. These oligomers can migrate from the polymer into the food and become a non-intentionally added substance to the food. In this work, ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to identify oligomers migrating from kitchenware. The structure elucidation of oligomers from polyamide 6 and polyamide 66 was achieved through the analysis of accurate m/z values of adducts and collision cross section values of precursor ions together with high-energy fragmentation patterns. Additionally, a method to extract oligomers from sunflower oil, cooked beans, soup and whole milk has been developed. Extraction recoveries ranged from 87 to 102% and limits of detection were from 0.03 to 0.11 mg/kg. It was observed that the migration from kitchenware to real food was below the specified migration limit of 5 mg/kg. However, this limit was exceeded for food simulants, which therefore overestimated the oligomer migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canellas
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Paula Vera
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Xue-Chao Song
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Nerin
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
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39
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Oligomers: Hidden sources of bisphenol A from reusable food contact materials. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109959. [PMID: 33509509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A recent European Regulation further restricted the use of bisphenol A in food-contact materials, reducing its limit of migration. However, all analytical systems of control are aimed at identifying and quantifying the molecules of this monomer without taking in consideration the possible presence of its oligomers, species originating from material degradation and able to follow an in-vivo hydrolysis providing bisphenol A generation. Thus, the presence of oligomers of polycarbonate deriving by unreacted species or polymer degradation can be considered a hidden source of several bisphenol A units, that remains outside the control of legislation and should be considered of high concern. This work was focused on the identification and the description of kinetics of release of different molecules migrating from polycarbonate food contact materials to simulants and to a model food sample such as melted chocolate. Analyses were performed by UHPLC system coupled to a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer. Targeted and untargeted analysis through data dependent acquisition mode allowed to detect the occurrence of several species deriving from polycarbonate, and permitted to investigate the polymer degradation pattern and explore the correlation of the recorded amounts of each product with age, hours of usage, and washing cycles of the plastic items.
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40
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Tsochatzis ED, Alberto Lopes J, Gika H, Kastrup Dalsgaard T, Theodoridis G. Development and validation of an UHPLC-qTOF-MS method for the quantification of cyclic polyesters oligomers in pasta by applying a modified QuEChERS clean-up. Food Chem 2021; 347:129040. [PMID: 33484960 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An Ultra High-Performance Liquid chromatography method quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been developed for the analysis of 11 cyclic polyesters oligomers, following a modified QuEChERS clean-up with alumina/primary secondary amine, in pasta. Target analytes were polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 1st series cyclic dimer to heptamer, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) dimer to pentamer and a polyurethane oligomer. Standard addition method was applied for the calibration, and the limits of quantification ranged from 3.2 to 17.2 ng g-1. Recoveries ranged from 86.4 to 109.8%, RSDs were lower than 12% for all analytes, and matrix effect never exceeded ± 2.5%. The method was successfully applied to real commercial pasta samples, where the PET 1st series cyclic trimer was the most abundant oligomer, being found in all tested samples. The 1st series PET cyclic dimer and tetramer, as well as 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione, were found in considerable amounts. Traces of the 2nd and 3rd series PET cyclic dimers were also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil D Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, iFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | | | - Helen Gika
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Trine Kastrup Dalsgaard
- Department of Food Science, iFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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41
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Alberto Lopes J, Tsochatzis ED, Karasek L, Hoekstra EJ, Emons H. Analysis of PBT and PET cyclic oligomers in extracts of coffee capsules and food simulants by a HPLC-UV/FLD method. Food Chem 2020; 345:128739. [PMID: 33333359 PMCID: PMC7896039 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PET and PBT cyclic oligomers in food contact materials (plastic coffee capsules). Validation and application of a HPLC-UV/FLD for quantification of the studied PET and PBT oligomers. Method validation for 1st Series PET cyclic oligomers and PBT, with proper analytical standards, with known purity. Exposure assessment based on TTC and EFSA scientific opinions.
A HPLC-UV/FLD method was validated for the quantification of six polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and four polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) oligomers. PBT oligomers are EU regulated, while the PET ones are considered non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). LOQs were higher than 0.4 and 3.5 μg kg−1 for the simulants and in the polymer extracts, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 95 to 114 % with RSDs below 12%. Migration testing of PBT and polypropylene coffee capsules were performed with H2O and simulant C, and extracts were obtained with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). For the latter legislative limits weren’t surpassed. As no migration limits are existing for the analytes, both EFSA’s toxicological threshold of concern (TTC) and sum of oligomers approaches were applied. The majority of oligomers were below the TTC (90 µg/person/day), but the limit value of 50 µg/kg food was surpassed for some capsules, which indicates a significant intake in both single and multiple consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lubomir Karasek
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Eddo J Hoekstra
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Hendrik Emons
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
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42
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Song XC, Canellas E, Wrona M, Becerril R, Nerin C. Comparison of two antioxidant packaging based on rosemary oleoresin and green tea extract coated on polyethylene terephthalate for extending the shelf life of minced pork meat. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Brenz F, Linke S, Simat TJ. Linear and cyclic oligomers in PET, glycol-modified PET and Tritan™ used for food contact materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:160-179. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1828626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrian Brenz
- Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Linke
- Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Simat
- Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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44
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Saller KM, Gnatiuk I, Holzinger D, Schwarzinger C. Semiquantitative Approach for Polyester Characterization Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Approved by 1H NMR. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15221-15228. [PMID: 33138357 PMCID: PMC7675608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight (MALDI/ToF) mass spectrometry and 1H NMR were used for the structural investigation of isophthalic and maleic acid copolyesters with neopentyl glycol. Since both methods provided information on the ratio of incorporated acid components and terminating groups, results were compared and linear correlations (R2 = 0.96-0.98) could be found. This suggests that MALDI/ToF MS is a suitable tool for the semiquantitative characterization of polyester systems. For the isophthalic/maleic acid ratio, MALDI results yielded constantly lower values than 1H NMR, which was attributed to varying ionization efficiencies of homo- and copolyesters. Ratios of carboxylic and hydroxylic terminating groups, which are conventionally still measured by time consuming complex titrations, were measured with MALDI and 1H NMR and were in good agreement. Both methods either excluded or distinguished unreacted monomers in the polyester bulk in contrast to acid-base titrations where those monomers severely distort the results. Additional structural information could be gained including the observation of cyclic structures (MALDI), E/Z isomerism from maleic to fumaric acid, and the statistical distribution of the acid components within the polyester chain (1H NMR). While 1H NMR peak assignments have to be verified by 13C NMR and multidimensional techniques, MALDI/ToF MS provides a straightforward technique that can be applied to other polyester systems without major alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara M Saller
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | | | | | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
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45
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Wu P, Tang Y, Cao G, Li J, Wang S, Chang X, Dang M, Jin H, Zheng C, Cai Z. Determination of Environmental Micro(Nano)Plastics by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14346-14356. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiangpeng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Siqing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Miao Dang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
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Tsochatzis ED, Gika H, Theodoridis G. Development and validation of a fast gas chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantification of selected non-intentionally added substances and polystyrene/polyurethane oligomers in liquid food simulants. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1130:49-59. [PMID: 32892938 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple, fast, sensitive and reliable method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 13 food contact materials (FCM) regulated substances and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) migrating into official food simulants. The method has been optimized to quantify the monomers styrene and α-methyl styrene, selected polystyrene oligomers (dimers, trimers) and polyester urethane-based oligomers (PU) cyclic oligomers, as well as cyclic NIAS originating from food packaging such as 2,6-Di-tert-butylbenzoquinone and 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione. The method employs liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous ethanol food simulants with dichloromethane, and analysis with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with a total analysis time of less than 16 min, with limits of detections ranging from 0.32 ng mL-1 (1,1-diphenyl-ethylene) to 14.8 ng mL-1 for 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione and respective limits of quantification from 1.0 ng mL-1 to 41.7 ng mL-1, for the same analytes. Accuracy and precision results showed that the method is sufficiently accurate for all target analytes, with recoveries ranging between 80 and 110% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) smaller than 16% at the three selected concentration levels. The method has been successfully applied to seven FCM. Results indicated that significant amounts of polystyrene monomers, dimers and trimers are migrating into food simulants; this is also the case for polyester urethane-based oligomers (PU). Exposure assessment estimation was performed using EFSA's approach on the total sum of migrating oligomers. In certain cases, amounts of PS and PU oligomers found to be in some cases higher than the respective limits, for the sum of oligomers with a MW lower than 1000 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil D Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Helen Gika
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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47
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Ubeda S, Aznar M, Rosenmai AK, Vinggaard AM, Nerín C. Migration studies and toxicity evaluation of cyclic polyesters oligomers from food packaging adhesives. Food Chem 2020; 311:125918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Dhahak A, Grimmer C, Neumann A, Rüger C, Sklorz M, Streibel T, Zimmermann R, Mauviel G, Burkle-Vitzthum V. Real time monitoring of slow pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by different mass spectrometric techniques. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 106:226-239. [PMID: 32240939 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the context of waste upgrading of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by pyrolysis, this study presents three on-line mass spectrometric techniques with soft ionization for monitoring the emitted decomposition products and their thermal dependent evolution profiles. Pyrolysis experiments were performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 5 °C/min from 30 °C to 600 °C. Single-photon ionization (SPI at 118 nm/10.5 eV) and resonance enhanced multiple photon ionization (REMPI at 266 nm) were used with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for evolved gas analysis (TGA-SPI/REMPI-TOFMS). Additionally, the chemical signature of the pyrolysis products was investigated by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ultra high resolution Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) which enables assignment of molecular sum formulas (TGA-APCI FT-ICR MS). Despite the soft ionization by SPI, the fragmentation of some compounds with the loss of the [O-CH = CH2] fragment is observed. The major compounds were acetaldehyde (m/z 44), benzoic acid (m/z 122) and a fragment of m/z 149. Using REMPI, aromatic species were selectively detected. Several series of pyrolysis products were observed in different temperature intervals, showing the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially at high temperatures. FT-ICR MS data showed, that the CHO4 class was the most abundant compound class with a relative abundance of 45.5%. The major compounds detected with this technique corresponded to m/z 193.0495 (C10H9O4+) and 149.0233 (C8H5O3+). Based on detailed chemical information, bulk reaction pathways are proposed, showing the formation of both cyclic monomer/dimer and linear structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Dhahak
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (LRGP), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), University of Lorraine, National School of Chemical Industries (ENSIC), 1 Rue Grandville, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Christoph Grimmer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Neumann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Guillain Mauviel
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (LRGP), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), University of Lorraine, National School of Chemical Industries (ENSIC), 1 Rue Grandville, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Burkle-Vitzthum
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (LRGP), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), University of Lorraine, National School of Chemical Industries (ENSIC), 1 Rue Grandville, 54000 Nancy, France.
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49
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Quantification of PET cyclic and linear oligomers in teabags by a validated LC-MS method - In silico toxicity assessment and consumer's exposure. Food Chem 2020; 317:126427. [PMID: 32092611 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Determination of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) dimer up to heptamer 1st series cyclic oligomers, applying an LC-qTOF-MS method, has been developed and validated. Recoveries ranged between 80 and 112% with RSDs lower than 15%. An innovative semi-quantitative approach has been applied for 2nd and 3rd series cyclic oligomers, using the closest structural-similar 1st series cyclic oligomer standard as analytical reference. Oligomers from the three series were quantified in PET teabags after migration experiments with water and food simulants C (20% v/v ethanol in water) and D1 (50% v/v ethanol in water). No legal migration limits exist currently for these substances. In silico genotoxicity assessment of all identified oligomers has been performed and showed no genotoxicity alert for linear or cyclic molecules. Exposure assessment was performed using EFSA's approach on the total sum of migrating oligomers and on toxicological threshold-of-concern. Amounts found in water were in some cases significantly higher than the respective limits, especially in the worst-case scenario of multiple consumption.
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50
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Otoukesh M, Nerín C, Aznar M, Kabir A, Furton KG, Es'haghi Z. Determination of adhesive acrylates in recycled polyethylene terephthalate by fabric phase sorptive extraction coupled to ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:56-63. [PMID: 31155144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article presents fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) as a simple and effective pre-concentration method for the enrichment of acrylate compounds in different food simulants and subsequent analysis of the extracts by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (UPLC-MS). Acrylate compounds come from acrylic adhesives used commonly for sticking the paper labels on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and therefore, they may exist in recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET). Four acrylates were studied: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM), pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), triethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). Five different types of FPSE media coated with different sol-gel sorbents were studied and finally sol-gel polyethylene glycol- polypropylene glycol-polyethylene glycol triblock copolymer (PEG-PPG-PEG) coated FPSE media was chosen for its satisfactory results. The optimal conditions affecting the extraction efficiency of compounds were determined in three different food simulants. Statistical evaluation of this method reveals good linearity and precision. Under the optimized conditions, the method provided limits of detection of the compounds in the range of (0.1-1.9 ng g-1, 0.1-1.2 ng g-1, 0.2-2.3 ng g-1) in EtOH 10%, HAc 3% and EtOH 20% and the enrichment factor values (EFs) after applying N2 were in the range of 11.1-25.0, 13.8-26.3, 8.3-21.9, in simulants A, B and C respectively. The optimized method was applied successfully to analyze thirteen types of recycled PET samples. Acrylates were found in some of the samples at ng g-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Otoukesh
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Zarrin Es'haghi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran
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