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Aslam N, Fatima R, Altemimi AB, Ahmad T, Khalid S, Hassan SA, Aadil RM. Overview of industrial food fraud and authentication through chromatography technique and its impact on public health. Food Chem 2024; 460:140542. [PMID: 39079380 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Food fraud is widespread nowadays in the food products supply chain, from raw materials processing to the final product and during storage and transport. The most frequent fraud is practiced in staple food commodities like cereals. Their origin, variety, genotype, and bioactive compounds are altered to deceive consumers. Similarly, in various food sectors like beverage, baking, and confectionary, items like melamine, flour improver, and food colors are used in the market to temple consumers. To tackle food fraud and authentication, non-destructive techniques are being used. These techniques have limitations like lack of standardization, interference from multiple absorbing species, ambiguous results, and time-consuming to perform, depending on the type, size, and location of the system proved difficult to quantify the samples of adulteration. Chromatography has been introduced as an effective technique. It serves to safeguard public health due to its detection capabilities. Chromatography proved a crucial tool against fraudulent practices to preserve consumer trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Aslam
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rida Fatima
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ammar B Altemimi
- Food Science Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq
| | - Talha Ahmad
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Samran Khalid
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Hassan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
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2
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Millbern Z, Trettin A, Wu R, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Synthetic dyes: A mass spectrometry approach and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:327-344. [PMID: 36353972 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are found in a wide variety of applications today, including but not limited to textiles, foods, and medicine. The analysis of these molecules is pertinent to several fields such as forensics, environmental monitoring, and quality control, all of which require the sensitivity and selectivity of analysis provided by mass spectrometry (MS). Recently, there has been an increase in the implementation of MS evaluation of synthetic dyes by various methods, with the majority of research thus far falling under electrospray ionization and moving toward direct ionization methods. This review covers an overview of the chemistry of synthetic dyes needed for the understanding of MS sample preparation and spectral results, current fields of application, ionization methods, and fragmentation trends and works that have been reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Trettin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Poole CF. Sample preparation for planar chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300071. [PMID: 36965178 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography has favorable properties for high-throughput separations with a high matrix tolerance. Sample preparation, however, is sometimes required to control specific matrix interferences and to enhance the detectability of target compounds. Trends in contemporary applications have shifted from absorbance and fluorescence detection to methods employing bioassays and mass spectrometry. Traditional methods (shake-flask, heat at reflux, Soxhlet, and hydrodistillation) are being challenged by automated instrumental approaches (ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction) and the quick, easy cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe extraction method for faster and streamlined sample processing. Liquid-liquid extraction remains the most widely used approach for sample clean-up with increasing competition from solid-phase extraction. On-layer sample, clean-up by planar solid-phase extraction is increasingly used for complex samples and in combination with heart-cut multimodal systems. The automated spray-on sample applicator, the elution head interface, biological detection of target and non-target compounds, and straightforward mass spectrometric detection are highlighted as the main factors directing current interest toward faster and simpler sample workflows, analysis of more complex samples, and the determination of minor contaminants requiring high concentration factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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4
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Venugopalan P, Vidya N. Long pepper (Piper longum) derived carbon dots as fluorescent sensing probe for sensitive detection of Sudan I. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:401-409. [PMID: 36755504 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In this piece of work, microwave-assisted conversion of a natural precursor in to high-valued nano-scale material was carried out by a completely greener method. The fluorescent carbon dots prepared, designated as long pepper derived carbon dots (LPCDs), have been thoroughly characterized to explore the physical and chemical properties. The system exhibits excitation dependent emission behavior and from the optimal studies the excitation and emission wavelength of the system was found to be 330 nm and 455 nm respectively. On account of the superior fluorescent behavior of the LPCDs, it was successfully employed as a fluorescent sensing probe to detect Sudan I with good level of selectivity and sensitivity. This carcinogenic dye extensively used as food adulterant can impart several health issues. Food product safety is of high concern, therefore a simple facile and economical analytical method was proposed based on the fluorescence of LPCDs for this dye detection with satisfactory statistical parameters. A linear relationship was maintained in the range of 0 to 27.27 μM Sudan I with limit of detection of 0.92 μM. The quenching mechanism was studied and finally attributed to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. In addition, the probe was effectively implemented for Sudan I detection in commercial chili powder samples with good level of recovery parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Venugopalan
- Department of Chemistry, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College (Affiliated to University of Calicut), Pattambi, Kerala, India
| | - N Vidya
- Department of Chemistry, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College (Affiliated to University of Calicut), Pattambi, Kerala, India
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Pesticide Residues and Unauthorized Dyes as Adulteration Markers in Chilli Pepper and Tomato. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:5337150. [PMID: 36684413 PMCID: PMC9859701 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5337150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess the contamination of processed chilli pepper and tomatoes, a report over the past four decades since the establishment of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) was retrieved and analysed. Out of the 887 notification reports assessed for eligibility, 446 were found regarding chilli pepper and tomato contamination. This study identified India as the country of origin with the highest number of reported cases relating to chilli pepper contamination. Italy and Türkiye were the countries with the highest number of reported cases regarding the exportation of adulterated tomatoes to other countries according to the RASFF report. Unauthorized dyes such as Sudan I, III, IV, orange II, rhodamine B, and para red were reported to have been detected in either chilli pepper or tomato in the supply chain. Almost all unauthorized dyes in this study were found to be more than the range (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) of the detection limit of Sudan dye and other related dyes using analytical methods set by the European Union. Unapproved pesticides by the European Union (EU) found in this study were acetamiprid, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, methomyl, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxamyl, and thiophanate methyl. The present study indicates the persistence of chilli pepper and tomato contamination with harmful dyes and pesticide residues despite the ban on the use of certain chemicals in the food chain.
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Advances in analytical techniques coupled to in vitro bioassays in the search for new peptides with functional activity in effect-directed analysis. Food Chem 2022; 397:133784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cabezudo I, Salazar MO, Ramallo IA, Furlan RLE. Effect-directed analysis in food by thin-layer chromatography assays. Food Chem 2022; 390:132937. [PMID: 35569399 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is widely used for food analysis and quality control. As an open chromatographic system, TLC is compatible with microbial-, biochemical-, and chemical-based derivatization methods. This compatibility makes it possible to run in situ bioassays directly on the plate to obtain activity-profile chromatograms, i.e., the effect-directed analysis of the sample. Many of the properties that can be currently measured using this assay format are related to either desired or undesired features for food related products. The TLC assays can detect compounds related to the stability of foods (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibrowning, etc.), contaminants (antibiotics, pesticides, estrogenic compounds, etc.), and compounds that affect the absorption, metabolism or excretion of nutrients and metabolites or could improve the consumers health (enzyme inhibitors). In this article, different food related TLC-assays are reviewed. The different detection systems used, the way in which they are applied as well as selected examples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cabezudo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mario O Salazar
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - I Ayelen Ramallo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L E Furlan
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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Yin S, Niu L, Liu Y. Recent Progress on Techniques in the Detection of Aflatoxin B 1 in Edible Oil: A Mini Review. Molecules 2022; 27:6141. [PMID: 36234684 PMCID: PMC9573432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of agricultural products and foods by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is becoming a serious global problem, and the presence of AFB1 in edible oil is frequent and has become inevitable, especially in underdeveloped countries and regions. As AFB1 results from a possible degradation of aflatoxins and the interaction of the resulting toxic compound with food components, it could cause chronic disease or severe cancers, increasing morbidity and mortality. Therefore, rapid and reliable detection methods are essential for checking AFB1 occurrence in foodstuffs to ensure food safety. Recently, new biosensor technologies have become a research hotspot due to their characteristics of speed and accuracy. This review describes various technologies such as chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, ELISA techniques, and biosensing techniques, along with their advantages and weaknesses, for AFB1 control in edible oil and provides new insight into AFB1 detection for future work. Although compared with other technologies, biosensor technology involves the cross integration of multiple technologies, such as spectral technology and new nano materials, and has great potential, some challenges regarding their stability, cost, etc., need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liqiong Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
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9
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Mehl A, Hudel L, Bücker M, Morlock GE. Validated Screening Method for 81 Multiclass Veterinary Drug Residues in Food via Online-Coupling High-Throughput Planar Solid-Phase Extraction to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10886-10898. [PMID: 36018326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current screening capabilities for veterinary drugs (VDs) in foods are limited, requiring time-consuming and expensive trace-level analyses. For the first time, a high-throughput planar solid-phase extraction (HTpSPE) cleanup, controlled by UV/vis/FLD imaging, was developed for screening 81 VDs from 6 different groups (glucocorticoids, anthelmintics, antiparasitics, coccidiostats, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics) in 4 different matrices (honey, pig muscle, cow milk, and chicken eggs). It consumed 13 times less solvent and was more eco-friendly and 5 times faster than routine methods. The VDs were automatically eluted using the autoTLC-LC-MS interface, separated online on a high-performance liquid chromatography column via a 10-min gradient, and detected by Orbitrap high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The screening method was validated according to the latest European Commission Implementing Regulation 2021/808. Most VDs except penicillins and cephalosporins were detected at the 5-μg/kg level in pig muscle, cow milk, and chicken eggs and 25-μg/kg level in honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Mehl
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lorena Hudel
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maja Bücker
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Dong MY, Wu HL, Long WJ, Wang T, Yu RQ. Simultaneous and rapid screening and determination of twelve azo dyes illegally added into food products by using chemometrics-assisted HPLC-DAD strategy. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Engel KM, Schiller J. The value of coupling thin-layer chromatography to mass spectrometry in lipid research - a review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1185:123001. [PMID: 34715571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has emerged as an extremely powerful analytical tool, which is widely used in many fields. This broad application range became possible with the invention of MALDI and ESI as "soft ionization" techniques that keep fragmentation of the analyte to a minimum. However, when these techniques are applied to mixture analysis, less-sensitively detectable compounds may be suppressed by more sensitively detectable compounds, a process called "ion suppression". Thus, previous separation of the mixture into the individual lipid classes is necessary to be able to detect all compounds. This review summarizes the current knowledge in the field of combined TLC/MS and discusses the most important strengths and weaknesses of the different MS (particularly ionization) techniques with respect to phospholipids. This comprises techniques such as MALDI and ESI, but less established approaches such as plasma desorption will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Leipzig University, Medical Faculty, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Leipzig University, Medical Faculty, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Germany
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Dračínská H, Indra R, Jelínková S, Černá V, Arlt VM, Stiborová M. Benzo[ a]pyrene-Induced Genotoxicity in Rats Is Affected by Co-Exposure to Sudan I by Altering the Expression of Biotransformation Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8062. [PMID: 34360828 PMCID: PMC8347376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a human carcinogen that reacts with DNA after metabolic activation catalysed by cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1 together with microsomal epoxide hydrolase. The azo dye Sudan I is a potent inducer of CYP1A1/2. Here, Wistar rats were either treated with single doses of BaP (150 mg/kg bw) or Sudan I (50 mg/kg bw) alone or with both compounds in combination to explore BaP-derived DNA adduct formation in vivo. Using 32P-postlabelling, DNA adducts generated by BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide were found in livers of rats treated with BaP alone or co-exposed to Sudan I. During co-exposure to Sudan I prior to BaP treatment, BaP-DNA adduct levels increased 2.1-fold in comparison to BaP treatment alone. Similarly, hepatic microsomes isolated from rats exposed to Sudan I prior to BaP treatment were also the most effective in generating DNA adducts in vitro with the activated metabolites BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol or BaP-9-ol as intermediates. DNA adduct formation correlated with changes in the expression and/or enzyme activities of CYP1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 in hepatic microsomes. Thus, BaP genotoxicity in rats in vivo appears to be related to the enhanced expression and/or activity of hepatic CYP1A1/2 and 1B1 caused by exposure of rats to the studied compounds. Our results indicate that the industrially employed azo dye Sudan I potentiates the genotoxicity of the human carcinogen BaP, and exposure to both substances at the same time seems to be hazardous to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Dračínská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
| | - Sandra Jelínková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
| | - Věra Černá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
| | | | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
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Yu Y, Wu S, Zhang C, Chen F. Separation and Enrichment of Sudan III Using Surface Modified Hollow Glass Microspheres and Colorimetric Detection. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:165-171. [PMID: 33751063 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudan III has been shown to be carcinogenic to human beings due to the azo chemical structure. A simple, highly selective, and environmentally friendly pretreatment method is usually required before the analysis of Sudan III in complex practical samples due to low concentration and matrix interference. OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to prepare buoyant adsorbents, octyl trimethoxysilane caped hollow glass microspheres (HGMs), and establish a new pretreatment method for the detection of Sudan III in real samples. METHOD HGMs were activated and transferred to a flask containing 80 mL ethanol solution (9:1, v/v) and 0.9 mL ammonia. The octyl trimethoxysilane was added to the slurry and covalently coupled on the surface of the HGMs. The modified HGMs were used as adsorbents for the enrichment of Sudan III. After adsorption and desorption, the UV-Vis absorption spectrum was recorded under excitation at 506 nm. RESULTS Under the optimum conditions, the linear range and detection limit were 0.10-4.0 mg/L and 0.048 mg/L, respectively. The proposed method was successfully employed to detect Sudan III in chili products with acceptable recoveries of spikes (90.7-102%). CONCLUSIONS The adsorbent, which could be separated by flotation, provided a new solid phase extraction method for the pretreatment of complex samples. HIGHLIGHTS A new solid phase extraction method was provided for the pretreatment of complex samples. In addition, the adsorbents with high enrichment efficiency can be easily separated by flotation and repeatedly used for separation and enrichment of Sudan III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST), Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Shu Wu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST), Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Cengceng Zhang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST), Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Fang Chen
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST), Wuhan, China, 430074
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Mehl A, Schwack W, Morlock GE. On-surface autosampling for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462334. [PMID: 34153734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An on-surface multi-purpose autosampler was built for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on the autoTLC-MS interface, taking advantage of open-source hard- and software developments as well as 3D printing. Termed autoTLC-LC-MS system, it is introduced for orthogonal hyphenation of normal phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography with reversed phase high-performance LC (HPLC) and high-resolution MS (HRMS). For verification of its functionality, a multi-class antibiotic mixture was applied as a calibration band pattern on an adsorbent layer and detected by the Bacillus subtilis bioassay. This effect-image was uploaded as a template in the updated TLC-MS_manager software. The clicked-on antibiotic zones were sequentially eluted without intervention from the planar counterpart (without bioassay) via a monolithic HPLC column into the HRMS system. For elution of antibiotics of 7 structural classes at 5 different calibration levels, the new on-surface autosampler achieved intra-day precisions of 2.1-14.1%, while inter-day precisions ranged 2.5-16.1% (all n = 3). The new hyphenation offers potential for planar sample clean-up prior to HPLC, concentration of liquid samples, increase of peak capacity and proof of peak purity or isomers. The integrated autoTLC-LC-MS system enabled high sample throughput, efficiency and reproducibility for the first time through fully automated TLC-LC-MS sequence operation. Its contact-closure signal functionality, versatile 3D printed planar sample holder and open-source software made it readily adjustable for new analytical tasks. Undoubtedly, any planar material can be investigated for leachables, such as textiles, foils, papers and other packagings, as well as planar biological samples for ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Mehl
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schwack
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Mohamed SH, Salim AI, Issa YM, Atwa MA, Nassar RH. Evaluation of Different Sudan Dyes in Egyptian Food Samples Utilizing Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Xiao X, Hu S, Lai X, Peng J, Lai W. Developmental trend of immunoassays for monitoring hazards in food samples: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schreiner T, Morlock GE. Non-target bioanalytical eight-dimensional hyphenation including bioassay, heart-cut trapping, online desalting, orthogonal separations and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462154. [PMID: 33957351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is still a challenge to discover and identify individual bioactive compounds directly in multicomponent mixtures. Current workflows are too tedious for routine use. Hence, the hyphenation of separation and detection techniques is a powerful tool to maximize the information obtained by a single sample run. A robust eight-dimensional (8D) hyphenation was developed. Orthogonal separations, biological assay detection, analyte trapping, desalting, and physico-chemical detections were arranged in the following order, i.e. 1) normal phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (NP-HPTLC) separation, 2) Vis detection, 3) UV detection, 4) fluorescence detection (FLD), 5) bioassay for effect-directed analysis (EDA), 6) heart-cut trapping/desalting/elution to reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) separation, 7) photodiode array (PDA) and 8) mass spectrometry (MS) detection. For the first time, the hyphenation exploited online analyte trapping to desalt the eluted bioactive zone from the plate containing highly salted bioassay media. Subsequent valve switching guided the trapped analyte(s) to the main column, followed by multiple detection. As proof-of-principle, cinnamon samples were analyzed by NP-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-EDA-RP-HPLC-PDA-MS, whereby a bioactive zone was separated into two distinct peaks detected by PDA and MS to be 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde. The developed 8D hyphenation is applicable for routine, allowing the non-target high-throughput screening of complex samples for individual bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schreiner
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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High-performance thin-layer chromatography hyphenated to high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry for characterization of coeluting isomers. Talanta 2020; 219:121306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Januschewski E, Bischof G, Thanh BN, Bergmann P, Jerz G, Winterhalter P, Heinz V, Juadjur A. Rapid UV/Vis Spectroscopic Dye Authentication Assay for the Determination and Classification of Reactive Dyes, Monascus Pigments, and Natural Dyes in Coloring Foodstuff. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11839-11845. [PMID: 33035423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food authenticity in the field of food dyes can be interpreted as the correctness of the coloring ingredients indicated. The Rapid UV/vis Spectroscopic Dye Authentication Assay (RaSDAY) presented in this work was used to verify the authenticity of water-soluble reddish colorings for food use. RaSDAY includes the processing of samples under different experimental conditions with pH variations and heat exposure. The absorbances measured are analyzed by principal component analysis and a k-nearest neighbors algorithm. As a result, classification of anthocyanins, betalains, and carmine and the detection of Monascus pigments, undeclared artificial food dyes, and reactive textile azo dyes can be performed by utilizing a rapid screening method. In 17 out of 20 samples of coloring food additives that were included in this work, reactive dyes, unpermitted Monascus pigments, and artificial food dyes were detected using the developed method. "Reactive Red 120", "Reactive Red 195", and "Reactive Red 198" were identified by subsequent 1H NMR spectroscopy in eight of those samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Januschewski
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Chemical Analytics, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Greta Bischof
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Chemical Analytics, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Binh Nguyen Thanh
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pia Bergmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gerold Jerz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Winterhalter
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Chemical Analytics, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Juadjur
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Chemical Analytics, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
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20
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Luminescent Chemosensor Based on Ru(II) Bipyridine Complex for Detection of Sudan I through Inner Filter Effect. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:1543-1551. [PMID: 32803523 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Presence of Sudan I in food stuff can be problematic and need to be checked in order to protect our health from possible carcinogen. Therefore, it is essential to detect Sudan I by efficient, rapid and reliable method. In this work, we have designed a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, [Ru(bpy)2(CIP)]2+ probe for the selective and sensitive detection of Sudan I. Upon addition of Sudan I to the solution of [Ru(bpy)2(CIP)]2+ in ethanol, the luminescence quenched rapidly, and linear concentration range with analyte has been obtained from 0.8 to 100 μM with the limit of detection as low as 0.26 μM (S/N = 3). The effective luminescence quenching was resulted due to the inner filter effect (IFE) between luminophore, [Ru(bpy)2(CIP)]2+ and quencher, Sudan I. Our spectroscopic study was essentially provided sufficient analytical evidences in order to prove occurrence of IFE mechanism. As there were no interferences observed in luminescence measurement from the other substances the present probe has been successfully applied for the detection of Sudan I in commercial chili powder sample, making the probe suitable for practical usage.
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21
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Yousefinejad S, Honarasa F, Akbari S, Nekoeinia M. Structure–retardation factor relationship of natural amino acids in two different mobile phases of RP-TLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1774388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Yousefinejad
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Honarasa
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Akbari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nekoeinia
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 1935-4697 Tehran, Iran
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22
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Kirchert S, Morlock GE. Orthogonal Hyphenation of Planar and Liquid Chromatography for Mass Spectrometry of Biomarkers out of the Bioassay Matrix (NP-HPTLC-UV/vis/FLD-Bioassay-RP/IEX-HPLC-UV/vis-ESI-MS). Anal Chem 2020; 92:9057-9064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kirchert
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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23
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Gu H, Li X, Wang X, Liu X. High-precision differential measurement of dye concentration based on two cascaded fiber Bragg gratings. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:413-417. [PMID: 32225321 DOI: 10.1364/ao.376631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A high-precision differential detection system based on two cascaded fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is proposed to detect dye concentration. In this system, two low-quality common FBGs are connected in a series, and one is corroded by 20% hydrofluoric solutions for 210 min. A novel demodulation method-differential measurement-is proposed to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The working point is not in the central but in the waist region of the reflection spectra of the etched FBG, which has the best sensitivity and minimal nonlinearity (∼0.018%). After adopting the differential measurement, the detection precision of the dye concentration has been obviously improved. According to our analysis, the theoretical limit sensitivity of the sensor can reach 7×10-4ppm.
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Dubenska L, Dmukhailo A, Tvorynska S, Rydchuk P, Dubenska L. Synthetic Food Dyes – Some Aspects Of Use And Methods Of Determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.17721/moca.2020.5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Color is one of the key ingredients for increasing the appetizing of food, so food dyes have become firmly established in food production technologies. However, with the acquisition of toxicity data of synthetic food dyes (SFD), there were restrictions and standards for their content in food have emerged. Numerous papers published in recent years demonstrate the importance of the problem of the use and definition of SFD. The review contains over 180 literary references in the field of usage and methods of determination of synthetic food dyes, among them regulatory documents (regulations), official internet resources of international and Ukrainian organizations, review articles and original works. Varieties of chromatography, enzyme-linked immunoassay, optical and electrochemical methods are used to identify and determine SFD. Special attention was paid to voltammetry (VA) as a method that is cheaper than chromatography and completely satisfies selectivity, sensitivity, reliability requirements and is compatible with the concept of green analytical chemistry, as it doesn't need organic solvents. Moreover, single sweep voltammetry can be considered as a screening method with low limits of determination and rapid respons
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25
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Determination of Sudan dyes in chili products by micellar electrokinetic chromatography-MS/MS using a volatile surfactant. Food Chem 2019; 310:125963. [PMID: 31838374 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new MEKC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of four Sudan dyes in chili products. The separation and MS detection conditions were optimized to achieve fast, efficient, selective, and sensitive determination of Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, and Sudan IV dyes. The target compounds were extracted from chili samples with acetonitrile and cleaned by freeze-out. This two-step sample preparation led to excellent extraction efficiency and minimal matrix effect. The analytical performance of the method was very good, with r2 ≥ 0.9914 and limits of quantification lower than 22 μg kg-1. The precision was below 15.7%. The recovery for spiked samples ranged from 84.4 to 99.6%, with relative standard deviations less than 8.0%. For all evaluated samples, the matrix effects did not exceed ± 10%. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated with 20 chili products, two of which were found to contain Sudan I and IV residues.
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26
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Friis UF, Dahlin J, Isaksson M, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. CI Solvent Yellow 14 (Sudan I) identified as the allergen in a plastic part of glasses. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:183-185. [PMID: 31657462 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Fischer Friis
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
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Berlina AN, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. ELISA and Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Food Colorants: State of the Art. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:209-223. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1503942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Berlina
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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28
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eicCluster software, an open-source in silico tool, and on-surface syntheses, an in situ concept, both exploited for signal highlighting in high-resolution mass spectrometry to ease structure elucidation in planar chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1577:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Häbe TT, Jamshidi-Aidji M, Macho J, Morlock GE. Direct bioautography hyphenated to direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry: Chromatographic separation, bioassay and mass spectra, all in the same sample run. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:188-196. [PMID: 30076006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectra were recorded directly in situ the bioautogram, i.e., in the presence of microorganisms, bioassay medium and substrate reagent. The desorption-based direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) was applied immediately after direct bioautography (DB). It turned out to be an advantageous combination, as it offered the possibility of a straightforward mass spectrometric detection of bioactive analytes within the bioautogram, and at the same time, it was discriminating microorganism cells and highly polar bioassay medium ingredients which could otherwise stress the MS system. DB-DART-MS was investigated for bioactive compounds in cosmetics using the Bacillus subtilis and Aliivibrio fischeri bioassays for detection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative antimicrobials, respectively, and the planar yeast estrogen screen for detection of estrogen-effective compounds. The influences of the three different bioassay matrices on the analyte response and DB-DART-MS performance on different layers were studied on the example of parabens in hand creams. It was shown that with increasing culture medium complexity, the ion suppression increased. As proof-of-principle, the mass spectrometric quantification at the nanogram level in situ the bioautogram was verified by comparison to HPTLC-DART-MS. The total paraben contents of hand creams 1 and 2 were 0.17-0.20% and 0.30-0.34%, respectively, depending on the method used (DB-DART-MS with two different bioassays or HPTLC-DART-MS as well as on RPW or NP plate). In contrast to the current practice of applying the sample twice and subjecting one track to the bioassay and another to MS, the introduced hyphenation DB-DART-MS is straightforward and highly efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim T Häbe
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maryam Jamshidi-Aidji
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Macho
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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