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Czech-Załubska K, Klich D, Jackowska-Tracz A, Didkowska A, Bogdan J, Anusz K. Dyes Used in Processed Meat Products in the Polish Market, and Their Possible Risks and Benefits for Consumer Health. Foods 2023; 12:2610. [PMID: 37444348 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Manufacturers are obliged to label processed meat products with information concerning the additives used and nutritional values. The aim of the study was to identify the dyes most frequently used in processed meat, evaluate their influence on specific food qualities, assess whether their use was correct and review their effect on health. The analysis was based on information on the labels and images of processed meat, and used a generalised linear model with a binary dependent variable. The risks and benefits for human health were defined based on the available literature. Twelve dyes were found to be used in the manufacture of processed meat. Carmine was found in 183 of 273 (67.03%) evaluated assortments containing dyes. The occurrence of water, flavourings and high fat and carbohydrate contents increased the chances that a dye would be present in a particular product. Unauthorised use of food additives was found in 20 products, with smoked meat products demonstrating the highest number of non-compliances. In general, the dyes used with food are considered safe; however, reservations are associated with the use of E150C and E150D caramels due to their potential carcinogenic effect, and carmine and annatto due to their allergic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czech-Załubska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Klich
- Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jackowska-Tracz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Bogdan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Weisbrod DB, Caruana DL, Li D, Wan L, Szema AM. A Case Report of Allergic Hypersensitivity to Color Additives in
Slurpee® Beverages. Yale J Biol Med 2023; 96:79-82. [PMID: 37009191 PMCID: PMC10052599 DOI: 10.59249/kgft1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Many commercially available foods and beverages
contain color additives to which patients may develop allergic hypersensitivity.
Several color additives currently approved for commercial sale in the United
States have raised health concerns to a varying degree as testing and evidence
of carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and hypersensitivity has thus far been
inadequate. Common uses for color additives include baked goods (eg, cakes,
pastries, candy), flavored dairy products such as yogurt, sports-themed drinks
(eg, Gatorade® Fruit Punch), and red-dyed Slurpee® beverages.
Methods: We present the case of a patient who experienced color
additive-related allergic hypersensitivity reactions after consumption of
Slurpee® beverages, which may place her at risk when consuming other
commercially available beverages and food products containing color additives.
Percutaneous skin testing and an oral challenge were administered using three
different red color additives (two color additives for skin testing and one
color additive for the oral challenge). Results: The specific color
additive precipitating her symptoms was not conclusively identified. Review of
the literature acknowledges the idea that further research into color
additive-related allergy should be conducted as there are many commercially
available color additives that can elicit hypersensitivity reactions after
consumption. Conclusion: Current research shows that of the red
color additives available, Citrus Red, Red No. 3, and Red No. 40 are recognized
to elicit such reactions. In order to lessen the burden of color
additive-related hypersensitivity in the general population, public education,
increased research, and subsequent regulations should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Weisbrod
- Three Village Allergy & Asthma, PLLC, South
Setauket, NY, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stony Brook
University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - David Li
- Three Village Allergy & Asthma, PLLC, South
Setauket, NY, USA
| | - Leo Wan
- West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine,
Lewisburg, WV, USA
| | - Anthony M. Szema
- Three Village Allergy & Asthma, PLLC, South
Setauket, NY, USA
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, and
Prevention, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell,
Hempstead, NY, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Donald and Barbara
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Donald and
Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Anthony M. Szema, MD, Three Village Allergy & Asthma, PLLC; South Setauket,
NY; ; ORCID:
https://www.orcid.org/0000-0002-3431-2657
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3
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Aquilina G, Brantom P, Gropp J, Svensson K, Tosti L, Anguita M, Galobart J, Holczknecht O, Manini P, Innocenti ML, Vettori MV, Pizzo F. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of carmine for cats and dogs (Mars Petcare GMbH). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07609. [PMID: 36312449 PMCID: PMC9598894 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the re‐evaluation of the safety and efficacy of carmine (sensory additive, functional group: colourants – substances that add or restore colour in feeds) for cats and dogs. The additive consists of aluminium lakes of carminic acid (carmines), which are complexes of aluminium and carminic acid. Carminic acid, produced from the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa, is the colouring principle and is present in the final additive at 50%. The additive does not pose a risk concerning genotoxicity and is considered safe for dogs and cats at 264 and 220 mg Carmine/kg feed, respectively (which correspond to 132 and 110 mg carminic acid/kg feed, respectively). Due to the nature of the additive, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that allergic reactions may occur in the target species following the ingestion of feeds containing the additive. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the exposure of users by inhalation is very likely, and that carmine is a respiratory and skin sensitiser; however, due to the lack of data, a conclusion cannot be reached on the potential skin and eye irritation of the additive. The additive is considered to be efficacious in feeds for dogs and cats under the proposed conditions of use.
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Ganseman E, Ieven T, Frans G, Denorme P, Coorevits L, Van Hoeyveld E, Martens E, Bullens D, Schrijvers R, Breynaert C, Proost P. Diagnosis of carmine allergy using carminic acid solves interference of house dust mite and crustacean cross-reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:1225-1229. [PMID: 35801390 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ganseman
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation - Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Toon Ieven
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.,University Hospitals Leuven, Department of General Internal Medicine - Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glynis Frans
- Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Denorme
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Coorevits
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Erik Martens
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation - Laboratory of Immunobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bullens
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.,University Hospitals Leuven, Department of General Internal Medicine - Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.,University Hospitals Leuven, Department of General Internal Medicine - Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation - Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Suzuki K, Futamura K, Sato N, Nakamura M, Matsunaga K, Yagami A. Contact urticaria caused by carmine-containing eyeshadows; the causative allergen is carminic acid rather than CC38K. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:468-469. [PMID: 33368352 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Suzuki
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Fujita Health University General Allergy Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kyoko Futamura
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Fujita Health University General Allergy Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nayu Sato
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,General Research and Development Institute, Hoyu Co., Ltd., Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,General Research and Development Institute, Hoyu Co., Ltd., Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagami
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Fujita Health University General Allergy Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Januschewski E, Bischof G, Thanh BN, Bergmann P, Jerz G, Winterhalter P, Heinz V, Juadjur A. Rapid UV/Vis Spectroscopic Dye Authentication Assay for the Determination and Classification of Reactive Dyes, Monascus Pigments, and Natural Dyes in Coloring Foodstuff. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:11839-11845. [PMID: 33035423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food authenticity in the field of food dyes can be interpreted as the correctness of the coloring ingredients indicated. The Rapid UV/vis Spectroscopic Dye Authentication Assay (RaSDAY) presented in this work was used to verify the authenticity of water-soluble reddish colorings for food use. RaSDAY includes the processing of samples under different experimental conditions with pH variations and heat exposure. The absorbances measured are analyzed by principal component analysis and a k-nearest neighbors algorithm. As a result, classification of anthocyanins, betalains, and carmine and the detection of Monascus pigments, undeclared artificial food dyes, and reactive textile azo dyes can be performed by utilizing a rapid screening method. In 17 out of 20 samples of coloring food additives that were included in this work, reactive dyes, unpermitted Monascus pigments, and artificial food dyes were detected using the developed method. "Reactive Red 120", "Reactive Red 195", and "Reactive Red 198" were identified by subsequent 1H NMR spectroscopy in eight of those samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Januschewski
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Chemical Analytics, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Greta Bischof
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Chemical Analytics, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Binh Nguyen Thanh
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pia Bergmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gerold Jerz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Winterhalter
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Chemical Analytics, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Juadjur
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Chemical Analytics, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
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7
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Liu PY, Chen BQ, Yuan SS, Yang BB, Yang T, Shi MH, Lyu GH. [Determination of common dyes in dyed safflower by near infrared spectroscopy]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 44:1537-1544. [PMID: 31090316 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190322.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Because the red and bright color of corolla is the main indicator for the quality assessment of good safflower,the dyed safflower is sometimes found at the herbal market,what is influence on this herb quality and efficacy. A total of 127 safflower samples was therefore collected from different cultivating areas and herbal markets in China to develop a rapid method to identify the dyed safflower. Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) combined with characteristic identification,high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares regression analysis(PLS) were employed to differentiate safflower from dyed safflower samples,and further quantify the levels of the 6 dyes,i.e. tartrazine,carmine,sunset yellow,azorubine,acid red 73 and orange Ⅱ in the dyed safflower. The results indicated that the 50 safflower samples and 77 dyed safflower samples were located at different regions in PCA cluster diagram by NIR spectra. Tartrazine,carmineand and sunset yellow were found in the 77 dyed safflower samples with the amounts of 0. 60-3. 66,0. 11-1. 37,0. 10-0. 71 mg·g-1,respectively. It indicated that the three dyes were the common and main dyes in the dyed safflower. However,azorubine,acid red 73 and orange Ⅱ were not detected in all herb samples. A total of 62 dyed safflower samples were chosen as calibration samples to develop the model for estimating the amount of dyes in dyed safflower. The estimating accuracy was verified by another 15 dyed safflower samples. The values of tartrazine,carmine and sunset yellow in dyed safflower samples were compared between the NIRS and HPLC methods. Each value of mean absolute difference(MAD) was less than 5%. The correlation coefficients of tartrazine,carmineand and sunset yellow were 0. 970,0. 975,0. 971,respectively. It indicated the data quantified by NIRS and HPLC were consistence. It is concluded that NIRS can not only differentiate safflower from dyed safflower,but also quantify the amount of the dyes. NIRS is suitable for rapidly identify the quality of safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Bi-Qing Chen
- School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Shan-Shan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Bin-Bin Yang
- School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137,China
| | - Ming-Hui Shi
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnical Materia Medica Urumqi 830002,China
| | - Guang-Hua Lyu
- School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137,China School of Ethnic Medicine,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137,China
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8
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Suwanti LT, Audini IS, Koesdarto S, Poetranto ED. Morphologic and morphometric characteristics of ascaroid worm, Ophidascaris piscatori in Xenochrophis piscator snake in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Vet World 2018; 11:1159-1163. [PMID: 30250378 PMCID: PMC6141282 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1159-1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The study was conducted to describe the morphology and morphometry of nematode worm in the stomach of Xenochrophis piscator snake macroscopically and microscopically using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods The sample was 40 nematode worms that have been collected from 60 snakes which slaughtered at snake slaughterhouses in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. The worms (10 male and 10 female) were stained with carmine, and the others were sent to Indonesian Science Institute for ultrastructure observation by SEM. Some of the female worms were immersed in physiological NaCl and incubated to collect the worm eggs. Results Nematode worm in this study had three lips with almost the same size and it had papillae, so it was included in ascaridoid. The mouth of ascaridoids has three lips, the dorsal bearing two large outer papillae and the each lateroventral with one papilla. The body length and width of the male worm were 70-105 mm and 0.92-1.32, respectively, with head diameter of 0.22-0.28 mm. Dorsal and ventrolateral lips almost have the same size that was 0.10-0.12×0.11-0.13 mm. The length of interlabia was 0.06-0.08 mm, esophagus was 3.21-4 mm, tail was 0.17-0.23 mm, and spicule was 2.12-3.36 mm. The body length and width of the female worm were 85-130 mm and 1.28-1.71 mm, respectively. The head diameter was 0.29-0.38 mm. Dorsal and ventrolateral lips almost have the same size that was 0.13-0.16×0.15-0.19 mm. The interlabial length was 0.08-0.10 mm, esophagus was 3.04-4.67 mm, and tail was 0.22-0.31 mm. The distance of the vulva from the anterior edge was 56-88 mm with an average of 67.35 mm. The eggs have conspicuously pitted with length 0.08-0.09 mm and width 0.07-0.08 mm. Conclusion Based on the characteristics of morphology and morphometry, the ascaroid worms found on X. piscator snake from Sidoarjo, Indonesia, were O. piscatori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Tri Suwanti
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Inggarsetya Syah Audini
- Master Program Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Setiawan Koesdarto
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
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9
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Schweiggert RM. Perspective on the Ongoing Replacement of Artificial and Animal-Based Dyes with Alternative Natural Pigments in Foods and Beverages. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:3074-3081. [PMID: 29553257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This perspective highlights current trends, advances, and challenges related to the replacement of artificial dyes and the insect-based carmine with alternative natural pigments. Briefly reviewing the history of food coloration, key publications and public events leading to diverse concerns about artificial dyes and carmine will be summarized. An overview about promising alternatives in the market and those under development is provided, including a separate section on coloring foodstuffs. The perspective aims at supporting readers to keep abreast with the enormous efforts undertaken by the food and beverage industry to replace certain food dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf M Schweiggert
- DSM Nutritional Products , CH-4303 Kaiseraugst , Switzerland
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology , University of Hohenheim , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
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10
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Andersen-Ranberg J, Kongstad KT, Nafisi M, Staerk D, Okkels FT, Mortensen UH, Lindberg Møller B, Frandsen RJN, Kannangara R. Synthesis of C-Glucosylated Octaketide Anthraquinones in Nicotiana benthamiana by Using a Multispecies-Based Biosynthetic Pathway. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1893-1897. [PMID: 28719729 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carminic acid is a C-glucosylated octaketide anthraquinone and the main constituent of the natural dye carmine (E120), possessing unique coloring, stability, and solubility properties. Despite being used since ancient times, longstanding efforts to elucidate its route of biosynthesis have been unsuccessful. Herein, a novel combination of enzymes derived from a plant (Aloe arborescens, Aa), a bacterium (Streptomyces sp. R1128, St), and an insect (Dactylopius coccus, Dc) that allows for the biosynthesis of the C-glucosylated anthraquinone, dcII, a precursor for carminic acid, is reported. The pathway, which consists of AaOKS, StZhuI, StZhuJ, and DcUGT2, presents an alternative biosynthetic approach for the production of polyketides by using a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) and tailoring enzymes originating from a type II PKS system. The current study showcases the power of using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana for efficient and rapid identification of functional biosynthetic pathways, including both soluble and membrane-bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Andersen-Ranberg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Present address: Department of Plant Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, 441 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Kenneth Thermann Kongstad
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majse Nafisi
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Thyge Okkels
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Present address: ActaBio ApS, Kongemarken 11, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221 and 223, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rasmus John Normand Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221 and 223, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rubini Kannangara
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
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11
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Ito Y, Harikai N, Ishizuki K, Shinomiya K, Sugimoto N, Akiyama H. Spiroketalcarminic Acid, a Novel Minor Anthraquinone Pigment in Cochineal Extract Used in Food Additives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:883-887. [PMID: 28674282 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cochineal extract prepared from the scale insect Dactylopus coccus (American cochineal) has been used as a natural red dye for food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The major pigment in cochineal extract is carminic acid (CA), an anthraquinone glucoside, and several minor pigments have been previously reported. Our investigation aimed at establishing the safety of cochineal dye products using ultra performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array-electrospray ionization-time of flight (UPLC-PDA-ESI-TOF)/MS found an unknown minor pigment, spiroketalcarminic acid (1), in three commercial cochineal extract samples; cochineal extract used in food additives, carmine that is an aluminum salt of cochineal extract used as natural dye, and a research reagent of CA. The purification of 1 from cochineal extract involved sequential chromatographic techniques, including preparative reversed-phase HPLC. Two dimensional (2D)-NMR and mass analyses established the structure of 1 to be a novel anthraquinone with an unusual 6,5-spiroketal system instead of the C-glucosyl moiety of CA. The absolute stereochemistry of the spiroketal moiety in 1 was determined by nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) correlations and optical rotation. No data corresponding to 1 had previously been reported for extracts of dried cochineal insects and traditional art products dyed with cochineal extract, indicating that 1 is likely produced during the preparation of commercial cochineal extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusai Ito
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoritsu Women's University
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Liu G, Xue C, Zhu P. Removal of Carmine from Aqueous Solution by Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanorods. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2017; 7:nano7060137. [PMID: 28587250 PMCID: PMC5485784 DOI: 10.3390/nano7060137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) nanorods were prepared by a novel hydrothermal method. The crystallinity and chemical structure of synthesized CHA nanorods was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Carmine was selected as representative organic dyes to study the adsorption capacities of CHA nanorods. Mechanistic studies of carmine adsorption by CHA nanorods show that the adsorption processes both follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and fit the Langmuir isotherm model well. The CHA nanorods exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 85.51 mg/g for carmine at room-temperature. The experimental results prove that CHA nanorods can be promising absorbents for removing organic dye pollutants in wastewater from paper and textile plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxiong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Caibao Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Peizhi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
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Hibberts S, Edwards HGM, Abdel-Ghani M, Vandenabeele P. Raman spectroscopic analysis of a 'noli me tangere' painting. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 374:rsta.2016.0044. [PMID: 27799428 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of an oil painting in seriously damaged condition with an important historical and a heterodox detail with possible origins in the late fifteenth century has afforded the opportunity for Raman microscopic analysis prior to its restoration being undertaken. The painting depicts a risen Christ following His crucifixion in a 'noli me tangere' pose with three women in an Italian terrace garden with a stone balustrade overlooking a rural landscape and an undoubted view of late-medieval Florence. The picture has suffered much abuse and is in very poor condition, which is possibly attributable to its controversial portrayal of a polydactylic Christ with six toes on His right foot. By the late sixteenth century, after the Council of Trent, this portrayal would almost certainly have been frowned upon by the Church authorities or more controversially as a depiction of the holy. Raman spectroscopic analysis of the pigments places the painting as being consistent chronologically with the Renaissance period following the identification of cinnabar, haematite, red lead, lead white, goethite, verdigris, caput mortuum and azurite with no evidence of more modern synthetic pigments or of modern restoration having been carried out. An interesting pigment mixture found here is that of the organic dye carmine and cinnabar to produce a particular bright red pigment coloration. Stratigraphic examination of the paint fragments has demonstrated the presence of an orange resin layer immediately on top of the canvas substrate, effectively rendering the pigment as a sandwich between this substratal resin and the overlying varnish. The Raman spectroscopic evidence clearly indicates that an attribution of the artwork to the Renaissance is consistent with the scientific analysis of the pigment composition.This article is part of the themed issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hibberts
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Mona Abdel-Ghani
- Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Laboratory for Archaeometry, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Sabiu S, Ashafa OTA. Toxicological implications and laxative potential of ethanol root extract of Morella serrata in loperamide-induced constipated Wistar rats. Pharm Biol 2016; 54:2901-2908. [PMID: 27267728 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1193885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Morella serrata L. (Myricaceae) is commonly used in South Africa to treat several diseases including constipation. OBJECTIVES This study investigated toxicological implications and laxative potential of the ethanol root extract of the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS While normal control animals were placed on sterile placebo, the loperamide-constipated rats were treated with the extract at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg doses for 7 days, and their feeding patterns and faecal properties were monitored. Gastrointestinal transit ratio and the toxicity profile of the tested doses were thereafter evaluated. RESULTS The significantly increased faecal volume (192.08%), feed (63.63%), water intake (55.97%) and improved intestinal motility (95.05%) in the constipated rats following treatment with the extract (at 300 mg/kg) suggested laxative potential of the extract. The 1.5-2.0-fold normalization of the platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes counts in the extract-treated constipated rats suggests its non-haematotoxic tendency. Furthermore, the extract (at the highest investigated dose) reversed the attenuation in the concentrations of the electrolytes (0.5-2-fold), total protein (62.12%) and albumin (55.88%) in the constipated animals as well as attenuated activities of hepatic enzymes (0.5-3.0-fold) and levels of urea (126.67%), creatinine (40.32%), cholesterol (3-fold) and triglycerides (9-fold). These further support its non-toxic and therapeutic attributes against constipation. CONCLUSION Overall, the effect exhibited by M. serrata in this study competed well with Senokot (standard drug) and proved that it may be relatively safe and with excellent laxative potential, thus, supporting its pharmacological applications in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheed Sabiu
- a Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences , University of the Free State , Phuthaditjhaba , South Africa
| | - Omotayo Tom Anofi Ashafa
- a Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences , University of the Free State , Phuthaditjhaba , South Africa
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Norman M, Bartczak P, Zdarta J, Tylus W, Szatkowski T, Stelling AL, Ehrlich H, Jesionowski T. Adsorption of C.I. Natural Red 4 onto Spongin Skeleton of Marine Demosponge. Materials (Basel) 2014; 8:96-116. [PMID: 28787926 DOI: 10.3390/ma8010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
C.I. Natural Red 4 dye, also known as carmine or cochineal, was adsorbed onto the surface of spongin-based fibrous skeleton of Hippospongia communis marine demosponge for the first time. The influence of the initial concentration of dye, the contact time, and the pH of the solution on the adsorption process was investigated. The results presented here confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method for developing a novel dye/biopolymer hybrid material. The kinetics of the adsorption of carmine onto a marine sponge were also determined. The experimental data correspond directly to a pseudo-second-order model for adsorption kinetics (r2 = 0.979–0.999). The hybrid product was subjected to various types of analysis (FT-IR, Raman, 13C CP/MAS NMR, XPS) to investigate the nature of the interactions between the spongin (adsorbent) and the dye (the adsorbate). The dominant interactions between the dye and spongin were found to be hydrogen bonds and electrostatic effects. Combining the dye with a spongin support resulted with a novel hybrid material that is potentially attractive for bioactive applications and drug delivery systems.
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