1
|
Duarte LC, Figueredo F, Chagas CLS, Cortón E, Coltro WKT. A review of the recent achievements and future trends on 3D printed microfluidic devices for bioanalytical applications. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1299:342429. [PMID: 38499426 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized the manufacturing process of microanalytical devices by enabling the automated production of customized objects. This technology promises to become a fundamental tool, accelerating investigations in critical areas of health, food, and environmental sciences. This microfabrication technology can be easily disseminated among users to produce further and provide analytical data to an interconnected network towards the Internet of Things, as 3D printers enable automated, reproducible, low-cost, and easy fabrication of microanalytical devices in a single step. New functional materials are being investigated for one-step fabrication of highly complex 3D printed parts using photocurable resins. However, they are not yet widely used to fabricate microfluidic devices. This is likely the critical step towards easy and automated fabrication of sophisticated, complex, and functional 3D-printed microchips. Accordingly, this review covers recent advances in the development of 3D-printed microfluidic devices for point-of-care (POC) or bioanalytical applications such as nucleic acid amplification assays, immunoassays, cell and biomarker analysis and organs-on-a-chip. Finally, we discuss the future implications of this technology and highlight the challenges in researching and developing appropriate materials and manufacturing techniques to enable the production of 3D-printed microfluidic analytical devices in a single step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Campus Inhumas, 75402-556, Inhumas, GO, Brazil
| | - Federico Figueredo
- Laboratorio de Biosensores y Bioanalisis (LABB), Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cortón
- Laboratorio de Biosensores y Bioanalisis (LABB), Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amini A, Themelis T, Ottevaere H, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Digital light processing 3D printing of microfluidic devices targeting high-pressure liquid-phase separations. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:171. [PMID: 38430344 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper focuses on 3D printing using digital light processing (DLP) to create microchannel devices with inner diameters of 100, 200, and 500 µm and cater flow-through applications within the realm of analytical chemistry, in particular high-pressure liquid chromatographic separations. Effects of layer thickness and exposure time on channel dimensions and surface roughness were systematically investigated. Utilizing a commercially accessible 3D printer and acrylate resin formulation, we fabricated 100-500 µm i.d. squared and circular channel designs minimizing average surface roughness (< 20%) by applying a 20-µm layer thickness and exposure times ranging from 1.1 to 0.7 s. Pressure resistance was measured by encasing microdevices in an aluminum chip holder that integrated flat-bottom polyetheretherketon (PEEK) nanoports allowing to establish the micro-to-macro interface to the HPLC instrument. After thermal post-curing and finetuning the clamping force of the chip holder, a maximum pressure resistance of 650 bar (1.5% RSD) was reached (n = 3). A polymer monolithic support structure was successfully synthesized in situ with the confines of a 500 µm i.d. 3D printed microchannel. A proof-of-concept of a reversed-phase chromatographic gradient separation of intact proteins is demonstrated using an aqueous-organic mobile-phase with isopropanol as organic modifier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amini
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Themelis
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Brussels Photonics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
- RIC Group, President Kennedypark 26, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khan N, Sengupta P. Technological Advancement and Trend in Selective Bioanalytical Sample Extraction through State of the Art 3-D Printing Techniques Aiming 'Sorbent Customization as per need'. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38319592 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2305275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The inherent complexity of biological matrices and presence of several interfering substances in biological samples make them unsuitable for direct analysis. An effective sample preparation technique assists in analyte enrichment, improving selectivity and sensitivity of bioanalytical method. Because of several key benefits of employing 3D printed sorbent in sample extraction, it has recently gained popularity across a variety of industries. Applications for 3D printing in the field of bioanalytical research have grown recently, particularly in the areas of miniaturization, (bio)sensing, sample preparation, and separation sciences. Due to the high expense of the solid phase microextraction cartridge, researcher approaches in-lab production of sorbent material for the extraction of analyte from biological samples. Owing to its distinct advantages such as low costs, automation capabilities, capacity to produce products in a variety of shapes, and reduction of tedious steps of sample preparation, 3D printed sorbents are gaining increased attention in the field of bioanalysis. It is also reported to offer high selectivity and assist in achieving a much lower limit of detection. In this review, we have discussed current advancements in different types of 3D printed sorbents, production methods, and their applications in the field of bioanalytical sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nielsen JB, Holladay JD, Burningham AJ, Rapier-Sharman N, Ramsey JS, Skaggs TB, Nordin GP, Pickett BE, Woolley AT. Monolithic affinity columns in 3D printed microfluidics for chikungunya RNA detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7057-7065. [PMID: 37801120 PMCID: PMC10840819 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne pathogens plague much of the world, yet rapid and simple diagnosis is not available for many affected patients. Using a custom stereolithography 3D printer, we created microfluidic devices with affinity monoliths that could retain, noncovalently attach a fluorescent tag, and detect oligonucleotide and viral RNA. We optimized the fluorescent binding and sample load times using an oligonucleotide sequence from chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We also tested the specificity of CHIKV capture relative to genetically similar Sindbis virus. Moreover, viral RNA from both viruses was flowed through capture columns to study the efficiency and specificity of the column for viral CHIKV. We detected ~107 loaded viral genome copies, which was similar to levels in clinical samples during acute infection. These results show considerable promise for development of this platform into a rapid mosquito-borne viral pathogen detection system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - James D Holladay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Addalyn J Burningham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Naomi Rapier-Sharman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Joshua S Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Timothy B Skaggs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Brett E Pickett
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garmasukis R, Hackl C, Charvat A, Mayr SG, Abel B. Rapid prototyping of microfluidic chips enabling controlled biotechnology applications in microspace. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 81:102948. [PMID: 37163825 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping of microfluidic chips is a key enabler for controlled biotechnology applications in microspaces, as it allows for the efficient design and production of microfluidic systems. With rapid prototyping, researchers and engineers can quickly create and test new microfluidic chip designs, which can then be optimized for specific applications in biotechnology. One of the key advantages of microfluidic chips for biotechnology is the ability to manipulate and control biological samples in a microspace, which enables precise and controlled experiments under well-defined conditions. This is particularly useful for applications such as cell culture, drug discovery, and diagnostic assays, where precise control over the biological environment is crucial for obtaining accurate results. Established methods, for example, soft lithography, 3D printing, injection molding, as well as other recently highlighted innovative approaches, will be compared and challenges as well as limitations will be discussed. It will be shown that rapid prototyping of microfluidic chips enables the use of advanced materials and technologies, such as smart materials and digital sensors, which can further enhance the capabilities of microfluidic systems for biotechnology applications. Overall, rapid prototyping of microfluidic chips is an important enabling technology for controlled biotechnology applications in microspaces, as well as for upscaling it into macroscopic bioreactors, and its continued development and improvement will play a critical role in advancing the field. The review will highlight recent trends in terms of materials and competing approaches and shed light on current challenges on the way toward integrated microtechnologies. Also, the possibility to easy and direct implementation of novel functions (membranes, functionalization of interfaces, etc.) is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rokas Garmasukis
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering Leipzig (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Hackl
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering Leipzig (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ales Charvat
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan G Mayr
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering Leipzig (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Samal S, Mohanty RP, Mohanty PS, Giri MK, Pati S, Das B. Implications of biosensors and nanobiosensors for the eco-friendly detection of public health and agro-based insecticides: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15848. [PMID: 37206035 PMCID: PMC10189192 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosensors, in particular nanobiosensors, have brought a paradigm shift in the detection approaches involved in healthcare, agricultural, and industrial sectors. In accordance with the global expansion in the world population, there has been an increase in the application of specific insecticides for maintaining public health and enhancing agriculture, such as organophosphates, organochlorines, pyrethroids, and carbamates. This has led to the contamination of ground water, besides increasing the chances of biomagnification as most of these insecticides are non-biodegradable. Hence, conventional and more advanced approaches are being devised for the routine monitoring of such insecticides in the environment. This review walks through the implications of biosensors and nanobiosensors, which could offer a wide range of benefits for the detection of the insecticides, quantifying their toxicity status, and versatility in application. Unique eco-friendly nanobiosensors such as microcantilevers, carbon nanotubes, 3D printing organic materials and nylon nano-compounds are some advanced tools that are being employed for the detection of specific insecticides under different conditions. Furthermore, in order to implement a smart agriculture system, nanobiosensors could be integrated into mobile apps and GPS systems for controlling farming in remote areas, which would greatly assist the farmer remotely for crop improvement and maintenance. This review discusses about such tools along with more advanced and eco-friendly approaches that are on the verge of development and could offer a promising alternative for analyte detection in different domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagnika Samal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751017, India
| | - Rashmi Priya Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751017, India
| | - Priti Sundar Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751017, India
- School of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751017, India
| | - Mrunmay Kumar Giri
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751017, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Biswadeep Das
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751017, India
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Esene JE, Nasman PR, Akuoko Y, Tahir A, Woolley AT. Past, current, and future roles of 3D printing in the development of capillary electrophoresis systems. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 162:117032. [PMID: 37008739 PMCID: PMC10062378 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
3D printing, an additive manufacturing technology, has made significant inroads into improving systems for bioanalysis in recent years. This approach is particularly powerful due to the ease and flexibility in rapidly creating novel and complex designs for analytical applications. As such, 3D printing offers an emerging technology for creating systems for electrophoretic analysis. Here, we review 3D printing work on improving and miniaturizing capillary electrophoresis (CE), emphasizing publications from 2019‒2022. We describe enabling uses of 3D printing in interfacing upstream sample preparation or downstream detection with CE. Recent developments in miniaturized CE enabled by 3D printing are also elaborated, including key areas where 3D printing could further improve over the current state-of-the-art. Lastly, we highlight promising future trends for using 3D printing in miniaturizing CE and the significant potential for innovative advancements. 3D printing is poised to play a key role in moving forward miniaturized CE in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joule E. Esene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Parker R. Nasman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Yesman Akuoko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Anum Tahir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Amini A, Guijt RM, Themelis T, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Recent developments in digital light processing 3D-printing techniques for microfluidic analytical devices. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463842. [PMID: 36745962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing is rapidly advancing and has emerged as a powerful additive manufacturing approach to fabricate analytical microdevices. DLP 3D-printing utilizes a digital micromirror device to direct the projected light and photopolymerize a liquid resin, in a layer-by-layer approach. Advances in vat and lift design, projector technology, and resin composition, allow accurate fabrication of microchannel structures as small as 18 × 20 µm. This review describes the latest advances in DLP 3D-printing technology with respect to instrument set-up and resin formulation and highlights key efforts to fabricate microdevices targeting emerging (bio-)analytical chemistry applications, including colorimetric assays, extraction, and separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Thomas Themelis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
3D printed microfluidics for bioanalysis: A review of recent advancements and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
10
|
Carrasco-Correa EJ, Herrero-Martínez JM, Simó-Alfonso EF, Knopp D, Miró M. 3D printed spinning cup-shaped device for immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction of diclofenac in wastewaters. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:173. [PMID: 35366707 PMCID: PMC8976768 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This article reports current research efforts towards designing bespoke microscale extraction approaches exploiting the versatility of 3D printing for fast prototyping of novel geometries of sorptive devices. This is demonstrated via the so-called 3D printed spinning cup-based platform for immunoextraction of emerging contaminants using diclofenac as a model analyte. A new format of rotating cylindrical scaffold (containing a semispherical upper cavity) with enhanced coverage of biorecognition elements, and providing elevated enhancement factors with no need of eluate processing as compared with other microextraction stirring units is proposed. Two distinct synthetic routes capitalized upon modification of the acrylate surface of stereolithographic 3D printed parts with hexamethylenediamine or branched polyethyleneimine chemistries were assayed for covalent binding of monoclonal diclofenac antibody. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a LOD of 108 ng L−1 diclofenac, dynamic linear range of 0.4–1,500 µg L–1, and enrichment factors > 83 (for near-exhaustive extraction) were obtained using liquid chromatography coupled with UV–Vis detection. The feasibility of the antibody-laden device for handling of complex samples was demonstrated with the analysis of raw influent wastewaters with relative recoveries ranging from 102 to 109%. By exploiting stereolithographic 3D printing, up to 36 midget devices were fabricated in a single run with an estimated cost of mere 0.68 euros per 3D print and up to 16 €/device after the incorporation of the monoclonal antibody.
Collapse
|
11
|
Miniaturized 3D printed solid-phase extraction cartridges with integrated porous frits. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
12
|
Almughamsi HM, Howell KM, Parry SR, Esene JE, Nielsen JB, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. Immunoaffinity monoliths for multiplexed extraction of preterm birth biomarkers from human blood serum in 3D printed microfluidic devices. Analyst 2022; 147:734-743. [PMID: 35103723 PMCID: PMC8849610 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01365c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop biomarker-based diagnostics for preterm birth (PTB) risk, we created 3D printed microfluidic devices with multiplexed immunoaffinity monoliths to selectively extract multiple PTB biomarkers. The equilibrium dissociation constant for each monoclonal antibody toward its target PTB biomarker was determined. We confirmed the covalent attachment of three different individual antibodies to affinity monoliths using fluorescence imaging. Three different PTB biomarkers were successfully extracted from human blood serum using their respective single-antibody columns. Selective binding of each antibody toward its target biomarker was observed. Finally, we extracted and eluted three PTB biomarkers from depleted human blood serum in multiplexed immunoaffinity columns in 3D printed microfluidic devices. This is the first demonstration of multiplexed immunoaffinity extraction of PTB biomarkers in 3D printed microfluidic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifa M. Almughamsi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Karyna M. Howell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Samuel R. Parry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Joule E. Esene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jacob B. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Gregory P. Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA,corresponding author: ; 1-801-422-1701
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hanson RL, Lazalde E, Knob R, Harris DH, Akuoko Y, Nielsen JB, Woolley AT. Multilabel hybridization probes for sequence-specific detection of sepsis-related drug resistance genes in plasmids. TALANTA OPEN 2021; 3. [PMID: 34950926 DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging antimicrobial drug resistance is increasing the complexity involved in treating critical conditions such as bacterial induced sepsis. Methods for diagnosing specific drug resistance tend to be rapid or sensitive, but not both. Detection methods like sequence-specific single-molecule analysis could address this concern if they could be adapted to work on smaller targets similar to those produced in traditional clinical situations. In this work we demonstrate that a 120 bp double stranded polynucleotide with an overhanging single stranded 25 bp probe sequence can be created by immobilizing DNA with a biotin/streptavidin magnetic bead system, labeling with SYBR Gold, and rinsing the excess away while the probe retains multiple fluorophores. These probes with multiple fluorophores can then be used to label a bacterial plasmid target in a sequence-specific manner. These probes enabled the detection of 1 pM plasmid samples containing a portion of an antibiotic resistance gene sequence. This system shows the possibility of improving capture and fluorescence labeling of small nucleic acid fragments, generating lower limits of detection for clinically relevant samples while maintaining rapid processing times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Elaine Lazalde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Radim Knob
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - David H Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Yesman Akuoko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jacob B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Balakrishnan HK, Doeven EH, Merenda A, Dumée LF, Guijt RM. 3D printing for the integration of porous materials into miniaturised fluidic devices: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:338796. [PMID: 34711329 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials facilitate the efficient separation of chemicals and particulate matter by providing selectivity through structural and surface properties and are attractive as sorbent owing to their large surface area. This broad applicability of porous materials makes the integration of porous materials and microfluidic devices important in the development of more efficient, advanced separation platforms. Additive manufacturing approaches are fundamentally different to traditional manufacturing methods, providing unique opportunities in the fabrication of fluidic devices. The complementary 3D printing (3DP) methods are each accompanied by unique opportunities and limitations in terms of minimum channel size, scalability, functional integration and automation. This review focuses on the developments in the fabrication of 3DP miniaturised fluidic devices with integrated porous materials, focusing polymer-based methods including fused filament fabrication (FFF), inkjet 3D printing and digital light projection (DLP). The 3DP methods are compared based on resolution, scope for multimaterial printing and scalability for manufacturing. As opportunities for printing pores are limited by resolution, the focus is on approaches to incorporate materials with sub-micron pores to be used as membrane, sorbent or stationary phase in separation science using Post-Print, Print-Pause-Print and In-Print processes. Technical aspects analysing the efficiency of the fabrication process towards scalable manufacturing are combined with application aspects evaluating the separation and/or extraction performance. The review is concluded with an overview on achievements and opportunities for manufacturable 3D printed membrane/sorbent integrated fluidic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Kalathil Balakrishnan
- Deakin University, Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia; Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Deakin University, Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia
| | - Andrea Merenda
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia
| | - Ludovic F Dumée
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Centre on CO(2) and Hydrogen, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Centre for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- Deakin University, Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alidoust M, Baharfar M, Manouchehri M, Yamini Y, Tajik M, Seidi S. Emergence of microfluidic devices in sample extraction; an overview of diverse methodologies, principals, and recent advancements. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
16
|
Poddar S, Sharmeen S, Hage DS. Affinity monolith chromatography: A review of general principles and recent developments. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2577-2598. [PMID: 34293192 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Affinity monolith chromatography (AMC) is a liquid chromatographic technique that utilizes a monolithic support with a biological ligand or related binding agent to isolate, enrich, or detect a target analyte in a complex matrix. The target-specific interaction exhibited by the binding agents makes AMC attractive for the separation or detection of a wide range of compounds. This article will review the basic principles of AMC and recent developments in this field. The supports used in AMC will be discussed, including organic, inorganic, hybrid, carbohydrate, and cryogel monoliths. Schemes for attaching binding agents to these monoliths will be examined as well, such as covalent immobilization, biospecific adsorption, entrapment, molecular imprinting, and coordination methods. An overview will then be given of binding agents that have recently been used in AMC, along with their applications. These applications will include bioaffinity chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography, immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography, and dye-ligand or biomimetic affinity chromatography. The use of AMC in chiral separations and biointeraction studies will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Poddar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Sadia Sharmeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Can 3D Printing Bring Droplet Microfluidics to Every Lab?-A Systematic Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030339. [PMID: 33810056 PMCID: PMC8004812 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing has steadily gained attention in both research and industry. Applications range from prototyping to small-scale production, with 3D printing offering reduced logistics overheads, better design flexibility and ease of use compared with traditional fabrication methods. In addition, printer and material costs have also decreased rapidly. These advantages make 3D printing attractive for application in microfluidic chip fabrication. However, 3D printing microfluidics is still a new area. Is the technology mature enough to print complex microchannel geometries, such as droplet microfluidics? Can 3D-printed droplet microfluidic chips be used in biological or chemical applications? Is 3D printing mature enough to be used in every research lab? These are the questions we will seek answers to in our systematic review. We will analyze (1) the key performance metrics of 3D-printed droplet microfluidics and (2) existing biological or chemical application areas. In addition, we evaluate (3) the potential of large-scale application of 3D printing microfluidics. Finally, (4) we discuss how 3D printing and digital design automation could trivialize microfluidic chip fabrication in the long term. Based on our analysis, we can conclude that today, 3D printers could already be used in every research lab. Printing droplet microfluidics is also a possibility, albeit with some challenges discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
18
|
Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang L, Pumera M. Recent advances of 3D printing in analytical chemistry: Focus on microfluidic, separation, and extraction devices. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
20
|
Warr CA, Hinnen HS, Avery S, Cate RJ, Nordin GP, Pitt WG. 3D-Printed Microfluidic Droplet Generator with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Polymers. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12010091. [PMID: 33467026 PMCID: PMC7830873 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Droplet generation has been widely used in conventional two-dimensional (2D) microfluidic devices, and has recently begun to be explored for 3D-printed droplet generators. A major challenge for 3D-printed devices is preventing water-in-oil droplets from sticking to the interior surfaces of the droplet generator when the device is not made from hydrophobic materials. In this study, two approaches were investigated and shown to successfully form droplets in 3D-printed microfluidic devices. First, several printing resin candidates were tested to evaluate their suitability for droplet formation and material properties. We determined that a hexanediol diacrylate/lauryl acrylate (HDDA/LA) resin forms a solid polymer that is sufficiently hydrophobic to prevent aqueous droplets (in a continuous oil flow) from attaching to the device walls. The second approach uses a fully 3D annular channel-in-channel geometry to form microfluidic droplets that do not contact channel walls, and thus, this geometry can be used with hydrophilic resins. Stable droplets were shown to form using the channel-in-channel geometry, and the droplet size and generation frequency for this geometry were explored for various flow rates for the continuous and dispersed phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandler A. Warr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Hunter S. Hinnen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (H.S.H.); (S.A.); (R.J.C.); (G.P.N.)
| | - Saroya Avery
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (H.S.H.); (S.A.); (R.J.C.); (G.P.N.)
| | - Rebecca J. Cate
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (H.S.H.); (S.A.); (R.J.C.); (G.P.N.)
| | - Gregory P. Nordin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (H.S.H.); (S.A.); (R.J.C.); (G.P.N.)
| | - William G. Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
He M, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zang L, Chen B, Hu B. Stir bar sorptive extraction and its application. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461810. [PMID: 33360434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) in the past six years is reviewed. The preparation methods including electrodeposition, self-assembly, solvent exchange, physical magnetic adsorption and electrostatic spinning, for the coated stir bar are summarized and compared, specifically for a specific material for coatings fabrication, e.g., carbon-based materials and metal organic frameworks. The emerging materials (e.g., graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, monolith, metal-organic frameworks and porous organic polymers) applied for coated stir bar fabrication are one of the focus of this review, along with their respective advantages in extraction process and application in trace analysis. The development and application of extraction apparatus of SBSE are also involved. Based on these information, the development status and prospects of SBSE as an efficient sample pretreatment technique in real sample analysis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lijuan Zang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Balakrishnan HK, Badar F, Doeven EH, Novak JI, Merenda A, Dumée LF, Loy J, Guijt RM. 3D Printing: An Alternative Microfabrication Approach with Unprecedented Opportunities in Design. Anal Chem 2020; 93:350-366. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Kalathil Balakrishnan
- Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Faizan Badar
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - James I. Novak
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Andrea Merenda
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Ludovic F. Dumée
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 0000, United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 0000, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 0000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jennifer Loy
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Functional 3D printing: Approaches and bioapplications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 175:112849. [PMID: 33250333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3D printing technology has become a mature manufacturing technique, widely used for its advantages over the traditional methods, such as the end-user customization and rapid prototyping, useful in different application fields, including the biomedical one. Indeed, it represents a helpful tool for the realization of biodevices (i.e. biosensors, microfluidic bioreactors, drug delivery systems and Lab-On-Chip). In this perspective, the development of 3D printable materials with intrinsic functionalities, through the so-called 4D printing, introduces novel opportunities for the fabrication of "smart" or stimuli-responsive devices. Indeed, functional 3D printable materials can modify their surfaces, structures, properties or even shape in response to specific stimuli (such as pressure, temperature or light radiation), adding to the printed object new interesting properties exploited after the fabrication process. In this context, by combining 3D printing technology with an accurate materials' design, functional 3D objects with built-in (bio)chemical functionalities, having biorecognition, biocatalytic and drug delivery capabilities are here reported.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bickham AV, Pang C, George BQ, Topham DJ, Nielsen JB, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices for Solid-Phase Extraction and On-Chip Fluorescent Labeling of Preterm Birth Risk Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12322-12329. [PMID: 32829631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a general preconcentration method for sample preparation that can be performed on a variety of specimens. The miniaturization of SPE within a 3D printed microfluidic device further allows for fast and simple extraction of analytes while also enabling integration of SPE with other sample preparation and separation methods. Here, we present the development and application of a reversed-phase lauryl methacrylate-based monolith, formed in 3D printed microfluidic devices, which can selectively retain peptides and proteins. The effectiveness of these SPE monoliths and 3D printed microfluidic devices was tested using a panel of nine preterm birth biomarkers of varying hydrophobicities and ranging in mass from 2 to 470 kDa. The biomarkers were selectively retained, fluorescently labeled, and eluted separately from the excess fluorescent label in 3D printed microfluidic systems. These are the first results demonstrating microfluidic analysis processes on a complete panel of preterm birth biomarkers, an important step toward developing a miniaturized, fully integrated analysis system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Bickham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Chao Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Benjamin Q George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Jacob B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rodriguez-Abetxuko A, Sánchez-deAlcázar D, Muñumer P, Beloqui A. Tunable Polymeric Scaffolds for Enzyme Immobilization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:830. [PMID: 32850710 PMCID: PMC7406678 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of methodologies for the immobilization of enzymes using polymeric supports is continuously growing due to the developments in the fields of biotechnology, polymer chemistry, and nanotechnology in the last years. Despite being excellent catalysts, enzymes are very sensitive molecules and can undergo denaturation beyond their natural environment. For overcoming this issue, polymer chemistry offers a wealth of opportunities for the successful combination of enzymes with versatile natural or synthetic polymers. The fabrication of functional, stable, and robust biocatalytic hybrid materials (nanoparticles, capsules, hydrogels, or films) has been proven advantageous for several applications such as biomedicine, organic synthesis, biosensing, and bioremediation. In this review, supported with recent examples of enzyme-protein hybrids, we provide an overview of the methods used to combine both macromolecules, as well as the future directions and the main challenges that are currently being tackled in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Muñumer
- PolyZymes group, POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Beloqui
- PolyZymes group, POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang Y, Zhang Y, Qiao Z, Wang W. A 3D Printed Jet Mixer for Centrifugal Microfluidic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11070695. [PMID: 32709009 PMCID: PMC7407664 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous mixing of microscopic volume fluids at low Reynolds number is of great significance for a wide range of chemical, biological, and medical applications. An efficient jet mixer with arrays of micronozzles was designed and fabricated using additive manufacturing (three-dimensional (3D) printing) technology for applications in centrifugal microfluidic platforms. The contact surface of miscible liquids was enhanced significantly by impinging plumes from two opposite arrays of micronozzles to improve mixing performance. The mixing efficiency was evaluated and compared with the commonly used Y-shaped micromixer. Effective mixing in the jet mixer was achieved within a very short timescale (3s). This 3D printed jet mixer has great potential to be implemented in applications by being incorporated into multifarious 3D printing devices in microfluidic platforms.
Collapse
|
27
|
Nielsen AV, Beauchamp MJ, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. 3D Printed Microfluidics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:45-65. [PMID: 31821017 PMCID: PMC7282950 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091619-102649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional microfabrication techniques suffer from several disadvantages, including the inability to create truly three-dimensional (3D) architectures, expensive and time-consuming processes when changing device designs, and difficulty in transitioning from prototyping fabrication to bulk manufacturing. 3D printing is an emerging technique that could overcome these disadvantages. While most 3D printed fluidic devices and features to date have been on the millifluidic size scale, some truly microfluidic devices have been shown. Currently, stereolithography is the most promising approach for routine creation of microfluidic structures, but several approaches under development also have potential. Microfluidic 3D printing is still in an early stage, similar to where polydimethylsiloxane was two decades ago. With additional work to advance printer hardware and software control, expand and improve resin and printing material selections, and realize additional applications for 3D printed devices, we foresee 3D printing becoming the dominant microfluidic fabrication method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
| | - Michael J Beauchamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Carrasco-Correa EJ, Cocovi-Solberg DJ, Herrero-Martínez JM, Simó-Alfonso EF, Miró M. 3D printed fluidic platform with in-situ covalently immobilized polymer monolithic column for automatic solid-phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1111:40-48. [PMID: 32312395 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 3D stereolithographic printing is proposed for the first time for the fabrication of fluidic devices aimed at in-situ covalent immobilization of polymer monolithic columns. Integration in advanced flow injection systems capitalized upon programmable flow was realized for fully automatic solid-phase extraction (SPE) and clean-up procedures as a 'front-end' to on-line liquid chromatography. The as-fabricated 3D-printed extraction column devices were designed to tolerate the pressure drop of forward-flow fluidic systems when handling large sample volumes as demonstrated by the determination of anti-microbial agents, plastic additives and monomers as models of emerging contaminants (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, methylparaben, phenylparaben, bisphenol A and triclosan). Decoration of the monolithic phase with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was proven most appropriate for the enrichment of phenolic-type target compounds. In particular, the absolute recoveries for the tested analytes ranged from 73 to 92% both in water and saliva samples. The 3D printed composite monolith showed remarkable analytical features in terms of loading capacity (2 mg g-1), breakthrough volume (10 mL), satisfactory batch-to-batch reproducibility (<9% RSD), and easy on-line coupling of the SPE device to HPLC systems. The fully automatic 3D-printed SPE-HPLC hyphenated system was also exploited for the on-line extraction, matrix clean-up and determination of triclosan in 200 μL of real saliva samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Javier Carrasco-Correa
- University of Valencia, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot Valencia, Spain.
| | - David J Cocovi-Solberg
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, E 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Manuel Herrero-Martínez
- University of Valencia, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot Valencia, Spain
| | - Ernesto Francisco Simó-Alfonso
- University of Valencia, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, E 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abdulhussain N, Nawada S, Currivan S, Passamonti M, Schoenmakers P. Fabrication of polymer monoliths within the confines of non-transparent 3D-printed polymer housings. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461159. [PMID: 32505275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, 3D-printing has emerged as a promising enabling technology in the field of analytical chemistry. Fused-deposition modelling (FDM) is a popular, low-cost and widely accessible technique. In this study, RPLC separations are achieved by in-situ fabrication of porous polymer monoliths, directly within the 3D-printed channels. Thermal polymerization was employed for the fabrication of monolithic columns in optically non-transparent column housings, 3D-printed using two different polypropylene materials. Both acrylate-based and polystyrene-based monoliths were created. Two approaches were used for monolith fabrication, viz. (i) in standard polypropylene (PP) a two-step process was developed, with a radical initiated wall-modification step 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as the initiator, followed by a polymerization step to generate the monolith; (ii) for glass-reinforced PP (GPP) a silanization step or wall modification preceded the polymerization reaction. The success of wall attachment and the morphology of the monoliths were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the permeability of the columns was studied in flow experiments. In both types of housings polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) monoliths were successfully fabricated with good wall attachment. Within the glass-reinforced polypropylene (GPP) printed housing, SEM pictures showed a radially homogenous monolithic structure. The feasibility of performing liquid-chromatographic separations in 3D-printed channels was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdulhussain
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Suhas Nawada
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sinéad Currivan
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), Technological University Dublin, FOCAS Research Institute, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marta Passamonti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Additive-manufactured sensors for biofuel analysis: copper determination in bioethanol using a 3D-printed carbon black/polylactic electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2755-2762. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
31
|
Warr C, Valdoz JC, Bickham BP, Knight CJ, Franks NA, Chartrand N, Van Ry PM, Christensen KA, Nordin GP, Cook AD. Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2239-2244. [PMID: 32467881 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a non-cytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The non-cytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively non-cytotoxic with a post-print 12-hour ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively non-cytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultra-low adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandler Warr
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Jonard Corpuz Valdoz
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Bryce P Bickham
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Connor J Knight
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Nicholas A Franks
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Nicholas Chartrand
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Pam M Van Ry
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Kenneth A Christensen
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| | - Alonzo D Cook
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Passamonti M, Bremer IL, Nawada SH, Currivan SA, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Confinement of Monolithic Stationary Phases in Targeted Regions of 3D-Printed Titanium Devices Using Thermal Polymerization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2589-2596. [PMID: 31876153 PMCID: PMC7003155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have prepared thermally initiated polymeric monolithic stationary phases within discrete regions of 3D-printed titanium devices. The devices were created with controllable hot and cold regions. The monolithic stationary phases were first locally created in capillaries inserted into the channels of the titanium devices. The homogeneity of the monolith structure and the interface length were studied by scanning a capacitively coupled conductivity contactless detector (C4D) along the length of the capillary. Homogeneous monolithic structures could be obtained within a titanium device equipped with a hot and cold jacket connected to two water baths. The confinement method was optimized in capillaries. The sharpest interfaces (between monolith and empty channel) were obtained with the hot region maintained at 70 °C and the cold region at 4 or 10 °C, with the latter temperature yielding better repeatability. The optimized conditions were used to create monoliths bound directly to the walls of the titanium channels. The fabricated monoliths were successfully used to separate a mixture of four intact proteins using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Further chromatographic characterization showed a permeability (Kf) of ∼4 × 10-15 m2 and a total porosity of 60%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Passamonti
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ischa L. Bremer
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suhas H. Nawada
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad A. Currivan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Research in Engineering Surface Technology, Technological University Dublin, FOCAS Institute, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Andrea F. G. Gargano
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nielsen JB, Hanson RL, Almughamsi HM, Pang C, Fish TR, Woolley AT. Microfluidics: Innovations in Materials and Their Fabrication and Functionalization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:150-168. [PMID: 31721565 PMCID: PMC7034066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Robert L. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Haifa M. Almughamsi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Chao Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Taylor R. Fish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nielsen JB, Nielsen AV, Carson RH, Lin HJL, Hanson RL, Sonker M, Mortensen DN, Price JC, Woolley AT. Analysis of thrombin-antithrombin complex formation using microchip electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2853-2859. [PMID: 31373007 PMCID: PMC6829041 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) related health problems take over one million lives each year, and currently, no clinical analysis is available to determine if a fetus is at risk for PTB. Here, we describe the preparation of a key PTB risk biomarker, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), and characterize it using dot blots, MS, and microchip electrophoresis (µCE). The pH for fluorescently labeling TAT was also optimized using spectrofluorometry and spectrophotometry. The LOD of TAT was measured in µCE. Lastly, TAT was combined with six other PTB risk biomarkers and separated in µCE. The ability to make and characterize TAT is an important step toward the development of an integrated microfluidic diagnostic for PTB risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Anna V. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Richard H. Carson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Hsien-Jung L. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Robert L. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Daniel N. Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - John C. Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Beauchamp MJ, Nielsen AV, Gong H, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices for Microchip Electrophoresis of Preterm Birth Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7418-7425. [PMID: 31056901 PMCID: PMC6561337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates for the first time the creation of microchip electrophoresis devices with ∼50 μm cross-sectional dimensions by stereolithographic 3D printing and their application in the analysis of medically significant biomarkers related to risk for preterm birth (PTB). We determined that device current was linear with applied potential up to 800 V (620 V/cm). We optimized device and separation conditions using fluorescently labeled amino acids as a model system and compared the performance in our 3D printed microfluidic devices to that in other device materials commonly used for microchip electrophoresis analysis. We demonstrated for the first time microchip electrophoresis in a 3D printed device of three PTB biomarkers, including peptides and a protein, with suitable separation characteristics. Limits of detection for microchip electrophoresis in 3D printed microfluidic devices were also determined for PTB biomarkers to be in the high picomolar to low nanomolar range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Beauchamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Anna V. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Gregory P. Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|