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Sotnikov DV, Byzova NA, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Ability of Antibodies Immobilized on Gold Nanoparticles to Bind Small Antigen Fluorescein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16967. [PMID: 38069289 PMCID: PMC10707089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The analytical applications of antibodies are often associated with their immobilization on different carriers, which is accompanied by a loss of antigen-binding activity for a sufficient proportion of the bound antibodies. In contrast to data on plain carriers, minimal data are available on the properties of antibodies on the surfaces of nanoparticles. Protein antigens have been predominantly investigated, for which space restrictions do not allow them to occupy all active sites of immobilized antibodies. This study considered a low-molecular-weight compound, fluorescein, as an antigen. Spherical gold nanoparticles with five different sizes, two differently charged forms of fluorescein, and three different levels of surface coverage by immobilized antibodies were tested. For gold nanoparticles with diameters from 14 to 35.5 nm with monolayers of immobilized antibodies, the percentage of molecules capable of binding carboxyfluorescein varied from 6% to 17%. The binding of aminofluorescein was more efficient; for gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 21 nm, the percentage of active binding sites for the immobilized antibodies reached 27% compared with 13% for the carboxyfluorescein case. A fourfold reduction in the coverage of the nanoparticles' surface compared with that of the monolayer did not lead to reliable changes in the percentage of active binding sites. The obtained data demonstrate that an antigen's binding to immobilized antibodies is limited even for small antigens and depends on the size of the nanoparticles and the electrostatic repulsion near their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V. Sotnikov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.B.); (A.V.Z.); (B.B.D.)
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Bhattacharya S, Joshi S, Rathore AS. A native multi-dimensional monitoring workflow for at-line characterization of mAb titer, size, charge, and glycoform heterogeneities in cell culture supernatant. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463983. [PMID: 37054641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
With growing maturity of the biopharmaceutical industry, new modalities entering the therapeutic design space and increasing complexity of formulations such as combination therapy, the demands and requirements on analytical workflows have also increased. A recent evolution in newer analytical workflows is that of multi-attribute monitoring workflows designed on chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) platform. In comparison to traditional one attribute per workflow paradigm, multi-attribute workflows are designed to monitor multiple critical quality attributes through a single workflow, thus reducing the overall time to information and increasing efficiency and throughput. While the 1st generation multi-attribute workflows focused on bottom-up characterization following peptide digestion, the more recent workflows have been focussing on characterization of intact biologics, preferably in native state. So far intact multi-attribute monitoring workflows suitable for comparability, utilizing single dimension chromatography coupled with MS have been published. In this study, we describe a native multi-dimensional multi-attribute monitoring workflow for at-line characterization of monoclonal antibody (mAb) titer, size, charge, and glycoform heterogeneities directly in cell culture supernatant. This has been achieved through coupling ProA in series with size exclusion chromatography in 1st dimension followed by cation exchange chromatography in the 2nd dimension. Intact paired glycoform characterization has been achieved through coupling 2D-LC with q-ToF-MS. The workflow with a single heart cut can be completed in 25 mins and utilizes 2D-liquid chromatography (2D-LC) to maximize separation and monitoring of titer, size as well as charge variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghati Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Srishti Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Mahanta N, Saxena V, Pandey LM, Batra P, Dixit US. Performance study of a sterilization box using a combination of heat and ultraviolet light irradiation for the prevention of COVID-19. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111309. [PMID: 33984307 PMCID: PMC8107062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus and other pathogenic microbes are transmitted to the environment through contacting surfaces, which need to be sterilized for the prevention of COVID-19 and related diseases. In this study, a prototype of a cost-effective sterilization box is developed to disinfect small items. The box utilizes ultra violet (UV) radiation with heat. For performance assessment, two studies were performed. First, IgG (glycoprotein, a model protein similar to that of spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2) was incubated under UV and heat sterilization. An incubation with UV at 70 °C for 15 min was found to be effective in unfolding and aggregation of the protein. At optimized condition, the hydrodynamic size of the protein increased to ~171 nm from ~5 nm of the native protein. Similarly, the OD280 values also increased from 0.17 to 0.78 indicating the exposure of more aromatic moieties and unfolding of the protein. The unfolding and aggregation of the protein were further confirmed by the intrinsic fluorescence measurement and FTIR studies, showing a 70% increase in the β-sheets and a 22% decrease in the α-helixes of the protein. The designed box was effective in damaging the protein's native structure indicating the effective inactivation of the SARS-COV-2. Furthermore, the incubation at 70 °C for 15 min inside the chamber resulted in 100% antibacterial efficacy for the clinically relevant E.coli bacteria as well as for bacteria collected from daily use items. It is the first detailed performance study on the efficacy of using UV irradiation and heat together for disinfection from virus and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilkamal Mahanta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Varun Saxena
- Bio-Interface and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Lalit M Pandey
- Bio-Interface and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Priyanka Batra
- North East Center for Biological Sciences and Health Care Engineering (NECBH), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - U S Dixit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.
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Shaw AM, Hyde C, Merrick B, James-Pemberton P, Squires BK, Olkhov RV, Batra R, Patel A, Bisnauthsing K, Nebbia G, MacMahon E, Douthwaite S, Malim M, Neil S, Martinez Nunez R, Doores K, Mark TKI, Signell AW, Betancor G, Wilson HD, Galão RP, Pickering S, Edgeworth JD. Real-world evaluation of a novel technology for quantitative simultaneous antibody detection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens in a cohort of patients presenting with COVID-19 syndrome. Analyst 2020; 145:5638-5646. [PMID: 32638712 PMCID: PMC7953841 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of a rapid portable gold-nanotechnology measuring SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgA and IgG antibody concentrations against spike 1 (S1), spike 2 (S) and nucleocapsid (N) was conducted using serum samples from 74 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on admission to hospital, and 47 historical control patients from March 2019. 59 patients were RNA(+) and 15 were RNA(-). A serum (±) classification was derived for all three antigens and a quantitative serological profile was obtained. Serum(+) was identified in 30% (95% CI 11-48) of initially RNA(-) patients, in 36% (95% CI 17-54) of RNA(+) patients before 10 days, 77% (95% CI 67-87) between 10 and 20 days and 95% (95% CI 86-100) after 21 days. The patient-level diagnostic accuracy relative to RNA(±) after 10 days displayed 88% sensitivity (95% CI 75-95) and 75% specificity (95% CI 22-99), although specificity compared with historical controls was 100% (95%CI 91-100). This study provides robust support for further evaluation and validation of this novel technology in a clinical setting and highlights challenges inherent in assessment of serological tests for an emerging disease such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Shaw
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. and Attomarker Ltd, Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RN, UK
| | - Christopher Hyde
- Exeter Test Group, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Philip James-Pemberton
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. and Attomarker Ltd, Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RN, UK
| | - Bethany K Squires
- Attomarker Ltd, Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RN, UK
| | - Rouslan V Olkhov
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. and Attomarker Ltd, Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RN, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Amita Patel
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Karen Bisnauthsing
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Eithne MacMahon
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Sam Douthwaite
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Michael Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Rocio Martinez Nunez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Katie Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Tan Kia Ik Mark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Adrian W Signell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Harry D Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galão
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK. and Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
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James-Pemberton P, Łapińska U, Helliwell M, Olkhov RV, Hedaux OJ, Hyde CJ, Shaw AM. Accuracy and precision analysis for a biophotonic assay of C-reactive protein. Analyst 2020; 145:2751-2757. [PMID: 32091040 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02516b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A multiplexed biophotonic assay platform has been developed using the localised particle plasmon in gold nanoparticles assembled in an array and functionalised for two assays: total IgG and C-reactive protein (CRP). A protein A/G (PAG) assay, calibrated with a NIST reference material, shows a maximum surface coverage of θmax = 7.13 ± 0.19 mRIU, equivalent to 1.5 ng mm-2 of F(ab)-presenting antibody. The CRP capture antibody has an equivalent surface binding density of θmax = 2.95 ± 0.41 mRIU indicating a 41% capture antibody availability. Free PAG binding to the functionalised anti-CRP surface shows that only 47 ± 3% of CRP capture antibodies are correctly presenting Fab regions for antigen capture. The accuracy and precision of the CRP sensor assay was assessed with 54 blood samples containing spiked CRP in the range 2-160 mg L-1. The mean accuracy was 0.42 mg L-1 with Confidence Interval (CI) at 95% from -14.7 to 13.8 mg L-1 and the precision had a Coefficient of Variation (CV) of 10.6% with 95% CI 0.9%-20.2%. These biophotonic platform performance metrics indicate a CRP assay with 2-160 mg L-1 dynamic range, performed in 8 minutes from 5 μL of whole blood without sample preparation.
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