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Vogel DHV, Jording M, Weiss PH, Vogeley K. Temporal binding and sense of agency in major depression. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1288674. [PMID: 38645414 PMCID: PMC11027068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1288674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in the experience of controlling oneself and one's environment are of high relevance to understanding the psychopathology of depression. This study investigated the relationship between Temporal Binding for action-event sequences, sense of agency, self-efficacy and symptom severity in Major Depressive Disorder. Method We employed the Sense of Agency Scale (SoAS) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) to assess explicit Sense of Agency and self-efficacy in a group of 42 persons diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) [20 identifying as female, 19 as male; mean age 37.8 years (± 13.3)] and 40 control persons without a psychiatric diagnosis (CG) [22 identifying as female, 20 as male; mean age 38.0 years ( ± 13.3)]. Depressive symptom severity was measured using the BDI-II. We additionally performed a temporal binding paradigm as a potential correlate to Sense of Agency. Participants partook in a time estimation task judging three intervals (250ms, 450ms, 650ms) while either observing or causing stimulus presentations. The underestimation of intervals following intentional actions causing stimulus presentations (compared to merely observing the stimulus presentation) is interpreted as temporal binding. Results SoAS scores demonstrated an inverse correlation with depressive symptoms (CG: p=.032, R2=.113; MDD: p<.001, R2=.260) and a positive correlation with GSE scores (CG: p<.001, R2=.379; MDD: p<.001, R2=.254). We found distinct differences in temporal binding between healthy participants and the Major Depressive Disorder group without significant correlation between temporal binding and the SoAS or GSE scores. The data suggest group differences in time estimation particular pertaining to time intervals involving intentional action and increasingly complex multisensory stimuli. Discussion We investigated parameters of subjective control, namely Sense of Agency and Self Efficacy. Here, we were able to reveal their inverse relationship with depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder, highlighting a profound experience of loss of control with increasing symptom load. Deficits in experiencing control, particularly involving intentional motor actions (and more complex multisensory stimuli), appear to be more pronounced in Major Depressive Disorder, involving not only negative self-efficacy expectations but also an altered Sense of Agency and temporal binding. Temporal binding and SoAS scores did not correlate, adding to the growing evidence that the two measures may not be directly related. We propose that future research be directed at this contiguous relationship between Sense of Agency and Self Efficacy in Major Depressive Disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. V. Vogel
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathis Jording
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
| | - Peter H. Weiss
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Moccia L, di Luzio M, Conte E, Modica M, Ambrosecchia M, Ardizzi M, Lanzotti P, Kotzalidis GD, Janiri D, Di Nicola M, Janiri L, Gallese V, Sani G. Sense of agency and its disturbances: A systematic review targeting the intentional binding effect in neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:3-18. [PMID: 37755315 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Sense of agency (SoA) indicates a person's ability to perceive her/his own motor acts as actually being her/his and, through them, to exert control over the course of external events. Disruptions in SoA may profoundly affect the individual's functioning, as observed in several neuropsychiatric disorders. This is the first article to systematically review studies that investigated intentional binding (IB), a quantitative proxy for SoA measurement, in neurological and psychiatric patients. Eligible were studies of IB involving patients with neurological and/or psychiatric disorders. We included 15 studies involving 692 individuals. Risk of bias was low throughout studies. Abnormally increased action-outcome binding was found in schizophrenia and in patients with Parkinson's disease taking dopaminergic medications or reporting impulsive-compulsive behaviors. A decreased IB effect was observed in Tourette's disorder and functional movement disorders, whereas increased action-outcome binding was found in patients with the cortico-basal syndrome. The extent of IB deviation from healthy control values correlated with the severity of symptoms in several disorders. Inconsistent effects were found for autism spectrum disorders, anorexia nervosa, and borderline personality disorder. Findings pave the way for treatments specifically targeting SoA in neuropsychiatric disorders where IB is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Moccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michelangelo di Luzio
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eliana Conte
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Modica
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Ambrosecchia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Ardizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Lanzotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- NESMOS Department, University of Rome La Sapienza, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Delfina Janiri
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Sun Y, Hommel B, Ma K. Vicarious ostracism reduces observers' sense of agency. Conscious Cogn 2023; 110:103492. [PMID: 36889120 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous findings revealed that social ostracism reduces people's implicit sense of agency. Based on theoretical claims that observed behavior of others may be cognitively represented similarly to one's own behavior, we conducted two experiments to test whether people's own sense of agency can also be impaired by observed social exclusion of others. In Experiment 1, participants recalled episodes referring to vicarious ostracism or inclusion before completing a temporal interval estimation task to assess intentional binding effects (an established implicit measure of the sense of agency). In Experiment 2, participants immersed into a newly designed virtual Cyberball game, in which they witnessed a vicarious ostracism or inclusion scenario, before completing a Libet-style temporal estimation task and an agency questionnaire (an explicit measure of the sense of agency). The findings show, for the first time, that vicarious ostracism reduces both implicit and explicit measures of agency in observers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, Faculty of Psychological Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Bernhard Hommel
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
| | - Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, Faculty of Psychological Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Adaptability of the Sense of Agency in Healthy Young Adults in Sensorimotor Tasks for a Short Term. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020132. [PMID: 36829361 PMCID: PMC9952266 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the subjective feeling of controlling one's own actions and sensory feedback. The SoA occurs when the predicted feedback matches the actual sensory feedback and is responsible for maintaining behavioral comfort. However, sensorimotor deficits because of illness cause incongruence between prediction and feedback, so the patient loses comfort during actions. Discomfort with actions associated with incongruence may continue robustly (i.e., "not" adaptable) throughout life because of the aftereffects of the disease. However, it is unclear how the SoA modulates when incongruency is experienced, even for a short term. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptability of the SoA in healthy participants in sensorimotor tasks for a short term. Participants were divided into congruent and incongruent exposure groups. The experimental task of manipulating the ratio of the self-control of a PC cursor was used to measure the SoA before and after exposure to congruent or incongruent stimuli. The results showed no significant differences between the groups before and after exposure for a short term. The finding that the SoA was not adaptable may assist in guiding the direction of future studies on how to correct incongruence.
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Social, affective, and non-motoric bodily cues to the Sense of Agency: A systematic review of the experience of control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Scott NJ, Ghanem M, Beck B, Martin AK. Depressive traits are associated with a reduced effect of choice on intentional binding. Conscious Cogn 2022; 105:103412. [PMID: 36087487 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A sense of agency (SoA) over wilful actions is thought to be dependent on the level of choice and the nature of the outcome. In a preregistered study, we manipulated choice and valence of outcome to assess the relationship between SoA across the depression and psychosis continuum. Participants (N = 151) completed a Libet Clock task, in which they had either a free or forced choice to press one of two buttons and received either a rewarding or punishing outcome. Participants also completed questionnaires on depressive and psychosis-like traits. Rewarding outcomes increased intentional binding. The evidence favoured no effect of choice on average, but this was influenced by inter-individual differences. Individuals reporting more depressive traits had less of a difference in intentional binding between free and forced choice conditions. We show that implicit SoA is sensitive to outcome valence and the effect of choice differs across the depression continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Scott
- School of Psychology, The University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - M Ghanem
- School of Psychology, The University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - B Beck
- School of Psychology, The University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - A K Martin
- School of Psychology, The University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.
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7
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Sugiura M. Adaptability, supernaturalness, and the neurocognitive basis of the self-transcendence trait: Toward an integrated framework through disaster psychology and a self-agency model. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:943809. [PMID: 36062259 PMCID: PMC9435587 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.943809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Motoaki Sugiura
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8
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The sense of agency for brain disorders: A comprehensive review and proposed framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104759. [PMID: 35780975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sense of Agency (SoA) refers to the feeling of control over voluntary actions and the outcomes of those actions. Several brain disorders are characterized by an abnormal SoA. To date, there is no robust treatment for aberrant agency across disorders; this is, in large part, due to gaps in our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms and neural correlates of the SoA. This apparent gap stems from a lack of synthesis in established findings. As such, the current review reconciles previously established findings into a novel neurocognitive framework for future investigations of the SoA in brain disorders, which we term the Agency in Brain Disorders Framework (ABDF). In doing so, we highlight key top-down and bottom-up cues that contribute to agency prospectively (i.e., prior to action execution) and retrospectively (i.e., after action execution). We then examine brain disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), and cortico-basal syndrome (CBS), within the ABDF, to demonstrate its potential utility in investigating neurocognitive mechanisms underlying phenotypically variable presentations of the SoA in brain disorders.
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9
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Intentional binding and self-transcendence: Searching for pro-survival behavior in sense-of-agency. Conscious Cogn 2022; 102:103351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Bečev O, Kozáková E, Sakálošová L, Mareček R, Majchrowicz B, Roman R, Brázdil M. Actions of a Shaken Heart: Interoception Interacts with Action Processing. Biol Psychol 2022; 169:108288. [PMID: 35143921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the modulatory influence of the unconscious, bodily arousal on motor-related embodied information. Specifically, we examined how the interoceptive prediction error interacts with the event-related potentials linked to action-effect processing. Participants were asked to perform a task with self-initiated or externally-triggered sounds while receiving synchronous or false auditory cardiac feedback. The results found that interaction of interoceptive manipulation and action-effect processing modulates the frontal subcomponent of the P3 response. During the synchronous cardiac feedback, the P3 response to self-initiated tones was enhanced. During the false cardiac feedback, the frontal cortical response was reversed. N1 and P2 components were affected by the interoceptive manipulation, but not by the interaction of interoception and action processing. These findings provide experimental support for the theoretical accounts of the interaction between interoception and action processing within a framework of predictive coding, manifested particularly in the higher stages of action processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Bečev
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Kozáková
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sakálošová
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Mareček
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bartosz Majchrowicz
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Roman
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Brázdil
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Remission of functional motor symptoms following esketamine administration in a patient with treatment-resistant depression: a single-case report. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 37:21-24. [PMID: 34825899 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional movement disorders (FMD) involve a broad range of abnormal involuntary movements not consistent with neurological diseases. These conditions often occur in combination with mood and anxiety disorders and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. We report the case of a 57-year-old woman diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and comorbid FMD treated with weekly intranasal administrations of esketamine over a six-month follow-up period. A comprehensive clinical and psychometric assessment was carried out at different time points. After 2 months of treatment, a complete remission of motor and axial functional disturbances (athetosis, trunk torsion and genuflections) was detectable, along with a progressive improvement in depressive symptoms during follow-up until full remission. According to novel lines of evidence, glutamatergic transmission might play a role in the pathophysiology of FMD through aberrant limbic-motor interactions. We report that treatment with esketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamatergic receptor antagonist, was associated with remission of FMD symptoms in a patient with TRD. Pharmacological compounds modulating brain glutamatergic activity may be of potential benefit in the clinical management of FMD.
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Kaiser J, Buciuman M, Gigl S, Gentsch A, Schütz-Bosbach S. The Interplay Between Affective Processing and Sense of Agency During Action Regulation: A Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:716220. [PMID: 34603140 PMCID: PMC8481378 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sense of agency is the feeling of being in control of one's actions and their perceivable effects. Most previous research identified cognitive or sensory determinants of agency experience. However, it has been proposed that sense of agency is also bound to the processing of affective information. For example, during goal-directed actions or instrumental learning we often rely on positive feedback (e.g., rewards) or negative feedback (e.g., error messages) to determine our level of control over the current task. Nevertheless, we still lack a scientific model which adequately explains the relation between affective processing and sense of agency. In this article, we review current empirical findings on how affective information modulates agency experience, and, conversely, how sense of agency changes the processing of affective action outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss in how far agency-related changes in affective processing might influence the ability to enact cognitive control and action regulation during goal-directed behavior. A preliminary model is presented for describing the interplay between sense of agency, affective processing, and action regulation. We propose that affective processing could play a role in mediating the influence between subjective sense of agency and the objective ability to regulate one's behavior. Thus, determining the interrelation between affective processing and sense of agency will help us to understand the potential mechanistic basis of agency experience, as well as its functional significance for goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kaiser
- LMU Munich, Department of Psychology, General and Experimental Psychology, Munich, Germany
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Costantini I, Kwong ASF, Smith D, Lewcock M, Lawlor DA, Moran P, Tilling K, Golding J, Pearson RM. Locus of Control and Negative Cognitive Styles in Adolescence as Risk Factors for Depression Onset in Young Adulthood: Findings From a Prospective Birth Cohort Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:599240. [PMID: 33935856 PMCID: PMC8080877 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.599240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst previous observational studies have linked negative thought processes such as an external locus of control and holding negative cognitive styles with depression, the directionality of these associations and the potential role that these factors play in the transition to adulthood and parenthood has not yet been investigated. This study examined the association between locus of control and negative cognitive styles in adolescence and probable depression in young adulthood and whether parenthood moderated these associations. Using a UK prospective population-based birth cohort study: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we examined the association between external locus of control and negative cognitive styles in adolescence with odds of depression in 4,301 young adults using logistic regression models unadjusted and adjusted for potential confounding factors. Interaction terms were employed to examine whether parenthood (i.e., having become a parent or not) moderated these associations. Over 20% of young adults in our sample were at or above the clinical threshold indicating probable depression. For each standard deviation (SD) increase in external locus of control in adolescence, there was a 19% (95% CI: 8-32%) higher odds of having probable depression in young adulthood, after adjusting for various confounding factors including baseline mood and different demographic and life events variables. Similarly, for each SD increase in negative cognitive styles in adolescence, there was a 29% (95% CI: 16-44%) higher odds of having probable depression in the adjusted model. We found little evidence that parenthood status moderated the relationship between external locus of control or negative cognitive styles in adolescence and probable depression following adjustment for confounding factors. Effect estimates were comparable when performed in the complete case dataset. These findings suggest that having an external locus of control and holding negative cognitive styles in mid- to late adolescence is associated with an increased likelihood of probable depression in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Costantini
- Centre for Academic Mental Health at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S. F. Kwong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Lewcock
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moran
- Centre for Academic Mental Health at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Tilling
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Golding
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Nobusako S, Osumi M, Hayashida K, Furukawa E, Nakai A, Maeda T, Morioka S. Altered sense of agency in children with developmental coordination disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 107:103794. [PMID: 33086140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have deficits in sensory-motor integration, but it is unclear whether the sense of agency (SoA) generated by sensory-motor integration is altered. AIMS To investigate whether there is a difference in the time window for SoA between children with DCD and typically developing (TD) children. METHODS AND PROCEDURES An agency attribution task was used to quantitatively measure and compare the time window for SoA in 15 children with DCD and 46 children in the TD group. Variables that correlated with the time window for SoA were also examined in both groups of children. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The time window for SoA was significantly extended in children with DCD compared to TD children. The time window for SoA in TD children was significantly associated with manual dexterity, whereas the time window for SoA in children with DCD was significantly associated with depressive tendency. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The time window for SoA is altered in children with DCD. The present results suggest that there may be a bidirectional relationship between an internal model deficit and depressive tendency and SoA in children with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hayashida
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujiikai Rehabilitation Hospital, 17-6 Yayoi-cho, Higashiosaka-city, Osaka, 579-8026, Japan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya-city, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
| | - Takaki Maeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
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Nobusako S, Tsujimoto T, Sakai A, Shuto T, Hashimoto Y, Furukawa E, Osumi M, Nakai A, Maeda T, Morioka S. The time window for sense of agency in school-age children is different from that in young adults. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Malik RA, Obhi SS. Social exclusion reduces the sense of agency: Evidence from intentional binding. Conscious Cogn 2019; 71:30-38. [PMID: 30925284 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion is known to induce an immediate threat to one's perceived sense of control. The sense of agency is an important human experience, strongly associated with volitional action. Healthy participants perceive the temporal interval between a voluntary action and its effect to be shorter than the same interval when it separates an involuntary action and effect. This temporal illusion is known as intentional binding and is used experimentally to index the implicit sense of agency. The current study investigated whether activating memories of social exclusion alters intentional binding. Results show that action-effect interval estimates are significantly longer after remembering an episode of social exclusion than after remembering an episode of social inclusion, or a no priming baseline condition. This study is the first to demonstrate the link between feelings of social exclusion and the pre-reflective sense of agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina A Malik
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Canada.
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17
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Render A, Jansen P. Dopamine and sense of agency: Determinants in personality and substance use. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214069. [PMID: 30889224 PMCID: PMC6424396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sense of agency refers to the feeling of control over one's own actions. The strength of this sense varies inter-individually. This means that people differ in their perception concerning the intensity of their intentions and actions. The current study aims to determine the factors influencing this sense of agency on a personality level. Furthermore, it gives insight into the correlative relation between the strength of the sense of agency and substance use. The study involved 210 participants who were tested for the experiment (intentional binding paradigm for sense of agency, hand paradigm for intentionality bias, questionnaires FAD-Plus, NI-20, substance use). Significant determinants in personality were narcissism (vulnerable subtype) and substance use (consumption in general beyond cannabis, and particularly for the substances cannabis, ecstasy, and cocaine). Both personality types were associated with a weaker sense of agency compared to controls. For both results, alterations in the dopaminergic system need to be discussed. The present results confirm prior hypotheses that dopamine seems to play a crucial role in perception of agency. Possibly a higher accessibility of dopamine increases sense of agency (hyper-binding), whereas a lower accessibility of dopamine decreases sense of agency (hypo-binding). A second aim of the study was to see whether there is a connection between sense of agency and intentionality bias. The perception of intention in others differs widely; some people tend to see arbitrary or accidental actions as unintentional, and others quickly label actions as 'intentional' although the information is not distinct for a categorization. This cognitive error is called intentionality bias. Results could not confirm a relationship between the two constructs-one's own intention and judging intention in others. This may be due to a lack of connection between the two constructs or to methodological aspects. Further directions and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Render
- Faculty of Psychology, Pedagogic, & Sport Science, University of Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Petra Jansen
- Faculty of Psychology, Pedagogic, & Sport Science, University of Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
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18
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Effects of free choice and outcome valence on the sense of agency: evidence from measures of intentional binding and feelings of control. Exp Brain Res 2017; 236:129-139. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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van der Westhuizen D, Moore J, Solms M, van Honk J. Testosterone facilitates the sense of agency. Conscious Cogn 2017; 56:58-67. [PMID: 29065316 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sense of agency (SoA) refers to feelings of being in control of one's actions. Evidence suggests that SoA might contribute towards higher-order feelings of personal control - a key attribute of powerful individuals. Whether testosterone, a steroid hormone linked to power in dominance hierarchies, also influences the SoA is not yet established. In a repeated-measures design, 26 females participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the effects of 0.5 mg testosterone on SoA, using an implicit measure based upon perceived shifts in time between a voluntary action and its outcome. Illusions of control, as operationalized by optimism in affective forecasting, were also assessed. Testosterone increased action binding but there was no significant effect on tone binding. Affective forecasting was found to be significantly more positive on testosterone. SoA and optimistic expectations are basic manifestations of power which may contribute to feelings of infallibility often associated with dominance and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jack van Honk
- Utrecht University, Netherlands; University of Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Barlas Z, Hockley WE, Obhi SS. The effects of freedom of choice in action selection on perceived mental effort and the sense of agency. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 180:122-129. [PMID: 28942124 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research showed that increasing the number of action alternatives enhances the sense of agency (SoA). Here, we investigated whether choice space could affect subjective judgments of mental effort experienced during action selection and examined the link between subjective effort and the SoA. Participants performed freely selected (among two, three, or four options) and instructed actions that produced pleasant or unpleasant tones. We obtained action-effect interval estimates to quantify intentional binding - the perceived interval compression between actions and outcomes and feeling of control (FoC) ratings. Additionally, participants reported the degree of mental effort they experienced during action selection. We found that both binding and FoC were systematically enhanced with increasing choice-level. Outcome valence did not influence binding, while FoC was stronger for pleasant than unpleasant outcomes. Finally, freely chosen actions were associated with low subjective effort and slow responses (i.e., higher reaction times), and instructed actions were associated with high effort and fast responses. Although the conditions that yielded the greatest and least subjective effort also yielded the greatest and least binding and FoC, there was no significant correlation between subjective effort and SoA measures. Overall, our results raise interesting questions about how agency may be influenced by response selection demands (i.e., indexed by speed of responding) and subjective mental effort. Our work also highlights the importance of understanding how subjective mental effort and response speed are related to popular notions of fluency in response selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Barlas
- Social Cognitive Systems - Cluster of Excellence Center in Cognitive Interactive Technology (CITEC) - Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - William E Hockley
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Hascalovitz A(C, Obhi SS. Personality and intentional binding: an exploratory study using the narcissistic personality inventory. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:13. [PMID: 25698952 PMCID: PMC4318280 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When an individual estimates the temporal interval between a voluntary action and a consequent effect, their estimates are shorter than the real duration. This perceived shortening has been termed "intentional binding", and is often due to a shift in the perception of a voluntary action forward towards the effect and a shift in the perception of the effect back towards the action. Despite much work on binding, there is virtually no consideration of individual/personality differences and how they affect it. Narcissism is a psychological trait associated with an inflated sense of self, and individuals higher in levels of subclinical narcissism tend to see themselves as highly effective agents. Conversely, lower levels of narcissism may be associated with a reduced sense of agency. In this exploratory study, to assess whether individuals with different scores on a narcissism scale are associated with differences in intentional binding, we compared perceived times of actions and effects (tones) between participants with high, middle, and low scores on the narcissistic personality inventory (NPI). We hypothesized that participants with higher scores would show increased binding compared to participants with lower scores. We found that participants in our middle and high groups showed a similar degree of binding, which was significantly greater than the level of binding shown by participants with the lowest scores. To our knowledge, these results are the first to demonstrate that different scores on a personality scale are associated with changes in the phenomenological experience of action, and therefore underscore the importance of considering individual/personality differences in the study of volition. Our results also reinforce the notion that intentional binding is related to agency experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann (Chen) Hascalovitz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Sukhvinder S. Obhi
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
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22
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Barlas Z, Obhi SS. Cultural background influences implicit but not explicit sense of agency for the production of musical tones. Conscious Cogn 2014; 28:94-103. [PMID: 25051499 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The sense of agency is suggested to occur at both low and high levels by the involvement of sensorimotor processes and the contribution of retrospective inferences based on contextual cues. In the current study, we recruited western and non-western participants and examined the effect of pleasantness of action outcomes on both feeling of control ratings and intentional binding which refers to the perceived compression of the temporal delay between actions and outcomes. We found that both western and non-western groups showed greater feeling of control ratings for the consonant (pleasant) compared to dissonant (unpleasant) outcomes. The intentional binding effect, on the other hand, was stronger for the consonant compared to dissonant outcomes in the western group only. We discuss the results in relation to how cultural background might differentially influence the effect of outcome pleasantness on low and high levels of the sense of agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Barlas
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience & Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience & Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
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23
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Barlas Z, Obhi SS. Freedom, choice, and the sense of agency. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:514. [PMID: 24009575 PMCID: PMC3756740 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of agency is an intriguing aspect of human consciousness and is commonly defined as the sense that one is the author of their own actions and their consequences. In the current study, we varied the number of action alternatives (one, three, seven) that participants could select from and determined the effects on intentional binding which is believed to index the low-level sense of agency. Participants made self-paced button presses while viewing a conventional Libet clock and reported the perceived onset time of either the button presses or consequent auditory tones. We found that the binding effect was strongest when participants had the maximum number of alternatives, intermediate when they had medium level of action choice and lowest when they had no choice. We interpret our results in relation to the potential link between agency and the freedom to choose one’s actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Barlas
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, ON, Canada
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