1
|
Dapi G, Cleather DJ, Murray M. Cross-Education of Skill: Assessment of Overhand Throwing Using Product- and Process-Oriented Assessment. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38905703 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2347990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: The aims of the present study were to: (1) investigate the magnitude and direction of the cross-education effect in a unilateral sport skill (overhand throw) and (2) to establish which practice condition (dominant hand only or alternating hands) would yield the best results. Methods: The study involved three experimental groups of 11-year-old children (n = 59). The first group (n = 20) used only the dominant hand to throw the ball. The second group (n = 19) used the nondominant hand only, while the third (n = 20) alternated hands for each throw. A pre- and post-testing of both hands preceded and followed the intervention period. Results: The results of our study revealed no asymmetry in cross-education effect between the limbs for children's overhand ball throwing. It was also shown that training both hands is superior to training the dominant hand alone. Conclusion: Our findings would be of particular interest to physical education teachers and coaches of unilateral sports who are advised to review their unilateral skill teaching methods as bilateral training offers a superior approach to augmenting the process of motor learning and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Cleather
- St Mary's University
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE)
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Razian M, Hosseinzadeh M, Behm DG, Sardroodian M. Effect of leg dominance on ipsilateral and contralateral limb training adaptation in middle-aged women after unilateral sensorimotor and resistance exercise training. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:345-362. [PMID: 36036379 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to examine the directionality of global training effects in middle-aged women after unilateral training. Thirty-nine middle-aged female volunteers (59.4 ± 5.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1. Unilateral Dominant Lower Limb Training (UDLT); 2. Unilateral Non-Dominant Lower Limb Training (UNDLT) or 3. Control group. Outcome measures assessing isometric strength, static and dynamic balance were recorded at baseline, and 1 week after 12 weeks (post-test) of training or no-intervention. The net cross education adaptation changes of the contralateral quadriceps isometric maximum voluntary (MVC) force (F2,34 = 4.33; p = 0.022), Stork balance score (F2,34 = 4.26; p = 0.023) and the Star Excursion Balance test score (F2,34 = 11.80; p = 0.001) were asymmetrical in the UNDLT group and on average, exceeded the UDLT group. The results demonstrated asymmetrical cross education training adaptations with unilateral training of non-dominant leg (UNDLT) to contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles, with the exception of knee flexor MVC. The results of this study provide a novel exercise or rehabilitation strategy that can be employed when one of the limbs is affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Razian
- Department of Sport Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, North Khorasan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Canada
| | - Mahta Sardroodian
- Department of Sport Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, North Khorasan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khanafer S, Sveistrup H, Cressman EK. The Influence of Age on the Intermanual Transfer and Retention of Implicit Visuomotor Adaptation. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:220-235. [PMID: 36509430 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2156451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined age-related changes in intermanual transfer and retention of implicit visuomotor adaptation. We further asked if providing augmented somatosensory feedback regarding movement endpoint would enhance visuomotor adaptation. Twenty young adults and twenty older adults were recruited and randomly divided into an Augmented Feedback group and a Control group. All participants reached to five visual targets with visual feedback rotated 30° counter-clockwise relative to their actual hand motion. Augmented somatosensory feedback was provided at the end of the reach via the robotic handle that participants held. Implicit adaptation was assessed in the absence of visual feedback in the right trained hand and in the left untrained hand following rotated training trials to establish implicit adaptation and intermanual transfer of adaptation respectively. Participants then returned 24 hours later to assess retention in the trained and untrained hands. Results revealed that older adults demonstrated a comparable magnitude of implicit adaptation, transfer and retention of visuomotor adaptation as observed in younger adults, regardless of the presence of augmented somatosensory feedback. To conclude, when visuomotor adaptation is driven implicitly, intermanual transfer and retention do not differ significantly between young and older adults, even when the availability of augmented somatosensory feedback is manipulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Khanafer
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Heidi Sveistrup
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Erin K Cressman
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Handedness did not affect motor skill acquisition by the dominant hand or interlimb transfer to the non-dominant hand regardless of task complexity level. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18181. [PMID: 36307488 PMCID: PMC9616877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing unilateral orthopedic or neurological rehabilitation have different levels of impairments in the right- or left-dominant hand. However, how handedness and the complexity of the motor task affect motor skill acquisition and its interlimb transfer remains unknown. In the present study, participants performed finger key presses on a numeric keypad at 4 levels of sequence complexities with each hand in a randomized order. Furthermore, they also performed motor sequence practice with the dominant hand to determine its effect on accuracy, reaction time, and movement time. The NASA-TLX at the end of each block of both testing and practice was used to confirm participants' mental workload related to sequence complexity. Both right- and left-handed participants performed the motor sequence task with faster RT when using their right hand. Although participants had increasing RT with increasing sequence complexity, this association was unrelated to handedness. Motor sequence practice produced motor skill acquisition and interlimb transfer indicated by a decreased RT, however, these changes were independent of handedness. Higher sequence complexity was still associated with longer RT after the practice, moreover, both right- and left-handed participants' RT increased with the same magnitude with the increase in sequence complexity. Similar behavioral pattern was observed in MT as in RT. Overall, our RT results may indicate left-hemisphere specialization for motor sequencing tasks, however, neuroimaging studies are needed to support these findings. On the other hand, handedness did not affect motor skill acquisition by the dominant hand or interlimb transfer to the non-dominant hand regardless of task complexity level.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lim H, Madhavan S. Effects of Cross-Education on Neural Adaptations Following Non-Paretic Limb Training in Stroke: A Scoping Review with Implications for Neurorehabilitation. J Mot Behav 2022; 55:111-124. [PMID: 35940590 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2106935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Current stroke rehabilitation interventions focus on intensive task specific training of the paretic limb, which may not be feasible for individuals with higher levels of impairment or in the early phase of stroke. Cross-education, a mechanism that improves strength or skill of the untrained limb following unilateral motor training, has high clinical relevance for stroke rehabilitation. Despite its potential benefits, our knowledge on the application and efficacy of cross-education in stroke is limited. We performed a scoping review to synthesize the current evidence regarding neurophysiological and motor effects of cross-education training in stroke. Low to strong evidence from five studies demonstrated strength gains ranging from 31-200% in the untrained paretic limb following non-paretic muscle training. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying cross-education were unclear as the three studies that used transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe functional connectivity demonstrated mixed results in low sample size. Our review suggests that cross-education is a promising clinical approach in stroke, however high quality studies focusing on neurophysiological mechanisms are required to establish the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of cross-education in stroke. Recommendations regarding future directions and clinical utility are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyosok Lim
- Brain Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Brain Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Woldeamanuel GG, Frazer AK, Lee A, Avela J, Tallent J, Ahtiainen JP, Pearce AJ, Kidgell DJ. Determining the Corticospinal Responses and Cross-Transfer of Ballistic Motor Performance in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Mot Behav 2022; 54:763-786. [PMID: 35437124 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ballistic motor training induces plasticity changes and imparts a cross-transfer effect. However, whether there are age-related differences in these changes remain unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to determine the corticospinal responses and cross-transfer of motor performance following ballistic motor training in young and older adults. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. A best evidence synthesis was performed for variables that had insufficient data for meta-analysis. There was strong evidence to suggest that young participants exhibited greater cross-transfer of ballistic motor performance than their older counterparts. This meta-analysis showed no significant age-related differences in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and surface electromyography (sEMG) for both hands following ballistic motor training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gashaw Garedew Woldeamanuel
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annemarie Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alan J Pearce
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dall'Orso S, Arichi T, Fitzgibbon SP, Edwards AD, Burdet E, Muceli S. Development of functional organization within the sensorimotor network across the perinatal period. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2249-2261. [PMID: 35088920 PMCID: PMC8996360 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mature human brain, the neural processing related to different body parts is reflected in patterns of functional connectivity, which is strongest between functional homologs in opposite cortical hemispheres. To understand how this organization is first established, we investigated functional connectivity between limb regions in the sensorimotor cortex in 400 preterm and term infants aged across the equivalent period to the third trimester of gestation (32–45 weeks postmenstrual age). Masks were obtained from empirically derived functional responses in neonates from an independent data set. We demonstrate the early presence of a crude but spatially organized functional connectivity, that rapidly matures across the preterm period to achieve an adult‐like configuration by the normal time of birth. Specifically, connectivity was strongest between homolog regions, followed by connectivity between adjacent regions (different limbs but same hemisphere) already in the preterm brain, and increased with age. These changes were specific to the sensorimotor network. Crucially, these trajectories were strongly dependent on age more than age of birth. This demonstrates that during the perinatal period the sensorimotor cortex undergoes preprogrammed changes determining the functional movement organization that are not altered by preterm birth in absence of brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dall'Orso
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg.,Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.,Paediatric Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sean P Fitzgibbon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London.,Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Etienne Burdet
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Silvia Muceli
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg.,Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Calvert GHM, Carson RG. Neural mechanisms mediating cross education: With additional considerations for the ageing brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:260-288. [PMID: 34801578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CALVERT, G.H.M., and CARSON, R.G. Neural mechanisms mediating cross education: With additional considerations for the ageing brain. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 21(1) XXX-XXX, 2021. - Cross education (CE) is the process whereby a regimen of unilateral limb training engenders bilateral improvements in motor function. The contralateral gains thus derived may impart therapeutic benefits for patients with unilateral deficits arising from orthopaedic injury or stroke. Despite this prospective therapeutic utility, there is little consensus concerning its mechanistic basis. The precise means through which the neuroanatomical structures and cellular processes that mediate CE may be influenced by age-related neurodegeneration are also almost entirely unknown. Notwithstanding the increased incidence of unilateral impairment in later life, age-related variations in the expression of CE have been examined only infrequently. In this narrative review, we consider several mechanisms which may mediate the expression of CE with specific reference to the ageing CNS. We focus on the adaptive potential of cellular processes that are subserved by a specific set of neuroanatomical pathways including: the corticospinal tract, corticoreticulospinal projections, transcallosal fibres, and thalamocortical radiations. This analysis may inform the development of interventions that exploit the therapeutic utility of CE training in older persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn H M Calvert
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Age-related changes in motor cortex plasticity assessed with non-invasive brain stimulation: an update and new perspectives. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2661-2678. [PMID: 34269850 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the brains capacity to change, known as plasticity, declines into old age. Recent studies have used a variety of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques to examine this age-related decline in plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1), but the effects seem inconsistent and difficult to unravel. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on studies that have used different NIBS techniques to assess M1 plasticity with advancing age and offer some new perspective on NIBS strategies to boost plasticity in the ageing brain. We find that early studies show clear differences in M1 plasticity between young and older adults, but many recent studies with motor training show no decline in use-dependent M1 plasticity with age. For NIBS-induced plasticity in M1, some protocols show more convincing differences with advancing age than others. Therefore, our view from the NIBS literature is that it should not be automatically assumed that M1 plasticity declines with age. Instead, the effects of age are likely to depend on how M1 plasticity is measured, and the characteristics of the elderly population tested. We also suggest that NIBS performed concurrently with motor training is likely to be most effective at producing improvements in M1 plasticity and motor skill learning in older adults. Proposed NIBS techniques for future studies include combining multiple NIBS protocols in a co-stimulation approach, or NIBS strategies to modulate intracortical inhibitory mechanisms, in an effort to more effectively boost M1 plasticity and improve motor skill learning in older adults.
Collapse
|
10
|
Age-related differences in functional tool-use are due to changes in movement quality and not simply motor slowing. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1617-1626. [PMID: 33760958 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in fine motor control may impact tool-use and thereby limit functional independence. Most previous research has, however, focused on the effect of aging on gross motor tasks. Few studies have investigated the effects of aging on the strategy or quality of fine motor skills, especially in tool-use, which may better reflect how age impacts complex movement capability. Twenty-two young (ages 19-35) and 18 older adults (ages 58-87) performed a timed upper extremity task using a tool to acquire and transport objects to different locations. Overall task performance was divided into two phases based on 3-D position of the tool: a gross motor phase (object transport) and a fine motor phase (object acquisition). Overall, older adults took longer to complete the task. A linear model indicated that this was due to the duration of the fine motor phase more so than the gross motor phase. To identify age-related differences in the quality of the fine motor phase, we fit three-dimensional ellipsoids to individual data and the calculated the ellipsoid volume. Results demonstrated a significant volume-by-age interaction, whereby increased ellipsoid volume (space the tool occupied) related to increased mean dwell time for the older adult group only; younger adults did not demonstrate this relationship. Additionally, older adults with longer movement times during the fine motor phase also had lower cognitive scores. No age-related differences were observed for the gross motor phase, suggesting that age-related declines in tool-use may be due to changes in fine motor control and cognitive status.
Collapse
|
11
|
Impact of Engaging the Nonthrowing Arm on Maximal Ball Velocity From an Overhand Throw With Both the Dominant and Nondominant Arms: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The overhand throw is a complex whole-body motor skill that is fundamental to many sports and activities. When throwing properly, the momentum generated to complete the movement begins in the lower body and transfers through the trunk to the throwing arm. This proof-of-concept study’s primary purpose was to evaluate the impact of the nonthrowing arm on the ball speed during an overhand throw with both the dominant and nondominant arms. Eighteen participants (age: 20.20 ± 2.90 years, nine women) were divided into two intervention groups: a pulling group taught to engage the nonthrowing arm through a pull toward the body and a nonpulling group taught the overhand throw using a component-based physical education curriculum. Each participant completed 12 total throws, six for each side (dominant and nondominant arm). Ball speed and kinematic data were collected using an eight-camera motion analysis system and were assessed using a pre–post study design. The two groups showed significant improvements pre–post when throwing with both the dominant and nondominant arms. Based on effect size comparisons, engaging the nonthrowing arm makes a meaningful difference in maximal ball velocity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yadav G, Mutha PK. Symmetric interlimb transfer of newly acquired skilled movements. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1364-1376. [PMID: 32902352 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00777.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine features of interlimb generalization or "transfer" of newly acquired motor skills, with a broader goal of better understanding the mechanisms mediating skill learning. Right-handed participants (n = 36) learned a motor task that required them to make very rapid but accurate reaches to one of eight randomly presented targets, thus bettering the typical speed-accuracy tradeoff. Subjects were divided into an "RL" group that first trained with the right arm and was then tested on the left and an "LR" group that trained with the left arm and was subsequently tested on the right. We found significant interlimb transfer in both groups. Remarkably, we also observed that participants learned faster with their left arm compared with the right. We hypothesized that this could be due to a previously suggested left arm/right hemisphere advantage for movements under variable task conditions. To corroborate this, we recruited two additional groups of participants (n = 22) that practiced the same task under a single target condition. This removal of task level variability eliminated learning rate differences between the arms, yet interlimb transfer remained robust and symmetric, as in the first experiment. Additionally, the strategy used to reduce errors during learning, albeit heterogeneous across subjects particularly in our second experiment, was adopted by the untrained arm. These findings may be best explained as the outcome of the operation of cognitive strategies during the early stages of motor skill learning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY How newly acquired motor skills generalize across effectors is not well understood. Here, we show that newly learned skilled actions transfer symmetrically across the arms and that task-level variability influences learning rate but not transfer magnitude or direction. Interestingly, strategies developed during learning with one arm transfer to the untrained arm. This likely reflects the outcome of learning driven by cognitive mechanisms during the initial stages of motor skill acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goldy Yadav
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pratik K Mutha
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hehl M, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Alterations of hand sensorimotor function and cortical motor representations over the adult lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4617-4640. [PMID: 32160591 PMCID: PMC7093194 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a cross sectional design, we aimed to identify the effect of aging on sensorimotor function and cortical motor representations of two intrinsic hand muscles, as well as the course and timing of those changes. Furthermore, the link between cortical motor representations, sensorimotor function, and intracortical inhibition and facilitation was investigated. Seventy-seven participants over the full adult lifespan were enrolled. For the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle, cortical motor representations, GABAA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and glutamate-mediated intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dominant primary motor cortex. Additionally, participants' dexterity and force were measured. Linear, polynomial, and piecewise linear regression analyses were conducted to identify the course and timing of age-related differences. Our results demonstrated variation in sensorimotor function over the lifespan, with a marked decline starting around the mid-thirties. Furthermore, an age-related reduction in cortical motor representation volume and maximal MEP of the FDI, but not for ADM, was observed, occurring mainly until the mid-forties. Area of the cortical motor representation did not change with advancing age. Furthermore, cortical motor representations, sensorimotor function, and measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation were not interrelated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Hehl
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- REVAL Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Keitel A, Øfsteng H, Krause V, Pollok B. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Over the Right Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Impairs Implicit Motor Sequence Learning of the Ipsilateral Hand. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:289. [PMID: 30072884 PMCID: PMC6060306 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor sequence learning is associated with the activation of bilateral primary motor cortices (M1). While previous data support the hypothesis that the contralateral M1 is causally involved in the acquisition as well as early consolidation of a motor sequence, the functional significance of the ipsilateral M1 has yet to be solved. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) allows the non-invasive modulation of cortical excitability. Anodal tDCS applied to the left M1 has been shown to facilitate implicit motor sequence learning of the right hand most likely due to increased excitability. The present study aims at characterizing the functional contribution of the ipsilateral (right) M1 on implicit motor sequence learning of the right hand. To this end, 24 healthy, right-handed subjects received anodal and sham tDCS to the right M1 in a counterbalanced order. Stimulation started 8 min prior to training on a variant of the serial reaction time task (SRTT) with the right hand and persists over the entire training period. The SRTT comprised a fixed eight-digit sequence. A random pattern served as control condition. Reaction times were assessed before and at the end of the acquisition (EoA) immediately after training on the SRTT. The analysis revealed significantly faster reaction times of both hands independent of tDCS condition in sequential trials. However, the gain of reaction times was significantly smaller following anodal as compared to sham tDCS. The data suggest that anodal tDCS applied to the right M1 impairs implicit motor sequence learning of both hands. The underlying mechanism likely involves alterations of the interaction between bilateral M1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Keitel
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Øfsteng
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Krause
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina Pollok
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The ipsilateral corticospinal responses to cross-education are dependent upon the motor-training intervention. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1331-1346. [PMID: 29511785 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the ipsilateral corticospinal responses of the contralateral limb following different types of unilateral motor-training. Three groups performing unilateral slow-paced strength training (SPST), non-paced strength training (NPST) or visuomotor skill training (VT) were compared to a control group. It was hypothesised that 4 weeks of unilateral SPST and VT, but not NPST, would increase ipsilateral corticospinal excitability (CSE) and reduce short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), resulting in greater performance gains of the untrained limb. Tracking error of the untrained limb reduced by 29 and 41% following 2 and 4 weeks of VT. Strength of the untrained limb increased by 8 and 16% following 2 and 4 weeks of SPST and by 6 and 13% following NPST. There was no difference in cross-education of strength or tracking error. For the trained limb, SPST and NPST increased strength (28 and 26%), and VT improved by 47 and 58%. SPST and VT increased ipsilateral CSE by 89 and 71% at 2 weeks. Ipsilateral CSE increased 105 and 81% at 4 weeks following SPST and VT. The NPST group and control group showed no changes at 2 and 4 weeks. SPST and VT reduced ipsilateral SICI by 45 and 47% at 2 weeks; at 4 weeks, SPST and VT reduced SICI by 48 and 38%. The ipsilateral corticospinal responses are determined by the type of motor-training. There were no differences in motor performance between SPST, NPST and VT. The data suggests that the corticospinal responses to cross-education are different and determined by the type of motor-training.
Collapse
|
16
|
The corticospinal responses of metronome-paced, but not self-paced strength training are similar to motor skill training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2479-2492. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Berghuis KM, Semmler JG, Opie GM, Post AK, Hortobágyi T. Age-related changes in corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition after upper extremity motor learning: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 55:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
18
|
Hendy AM, Lamon S. The Cross-Education Phenomenon: Brain and Beyond. Front Physiol 2017; 8:297. [PMID: 28539892 PMCID: PMC5423908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Unilateral resistance training produces strength gains in the untrained homologous muscle group, an effect termed “cross-education.” The observed strength transfer has traditionally been considered a phenomenon of the nervous system, with few studies examining the contribution of factors beyond the brain and spinal cord. In this hypothesis and theory article, we aim to discuss further evidence for structural and functional adaptations occurring within the nervous, muscle, and endocrine systems in response to unilateral resistance training. The limitations of existing cross-education studies will be explored, and novel potential stakeholders that may contribute to the cross-education effect will be identified. Design: Critical review of the literature. Method: Search of online databases. Results: Studies have provided evidence that functional reorganization of the motor cortex facilitates, at least in part, the effects of cross-education. Cross-activation of the “untrained” motor cortex, ipsilateral to the trained limb, plays an important role. While many studies report little or no gains in muscle mass in the untrained limb, most experimental designs have not allowed for sensitive or comprehensive investigation of structural changes in the muscle. Conclusions: Increased neural drive originating from the “untrained” motor cortex contributes to the cross-education effect. Adaptive changes within the muscle fiber, as well as systemic and hormonal factors require further investigation. An increased understanding of the physiological mechanisms contributing to cross-education will enable to more effectively explore its effects and potential applications in rehabilitation of unilateral movement disorders or injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee M Hendy
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wages NP, Beck TW, Ye X, Carr JC. Unilateral fatiguing exercise and its effect on ipsilateral and contralateral resting mechanomyographic mean frequency between aerobic populations. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13151. [PMID: 28242828 PMCID: PMC5328779 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to establish a better understanding of contralateral training and its effects between homologous muscles following unilateral fatiguing aerobic exercise during variable resting postural positions, and to determine if any observable disparities could be attributed to the differences between the training ages of the participants. Furthermore, we hypothesized that we would observe a contralateral cross-over effect for both groups, with the novice trained group having the higher mechanomyographic mean frequency values in both limbs, across all resting postural positions. Twenty healthy male subjects exercised on an upright cycle ergometer, using only their dominate limb, for 30 min at 60% of their VO2 peak. Resting electromyographic and mechanomyographic signals were measured prior to and following fatiguing aerobic exercise. We found that there were resting mechanomyographic mean frequency differences of approximately 1.9 ± 0.8% and 0.9 ± 0.7%; 9.1 ± 0.3% and 10.2 ± 3.7%; 2 ± 1.8% and 3 ± 1.4%; and 0.9 ± 0.6% and 0.2 ± 1.3% between the novice and advanced trained groups (for the upright sitting position with legs extended 180°; upright sitting position with legs bent 90°; lying supine position with legs extended 180°; and lying supine with legs bent 90°, respectively), from the dominant and nondominant limbs, respectively. We have concluded that despite the relative matching of exercise intensity between groups, acute responses to contralateral training become less accentuated as one progresses in training age. Additionally, our results lend support to the notion that there are multiple, overlapping neural and mechanical mechanisms concurrently contributing to the contralateral cross-over effects observed across the postexercise resting time course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Wages
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Travis W Beck
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Joshua C Carr
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Coordination and control of posture and ball release in basketball free-throw shooting. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 49:216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Cross-education of wrist extensor strength is not influenced by non-dominant training in right-handers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1757-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Bhandari A, Radhu N, Farzan F, Mulsant BH, Rajji TK, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM. A meta-analysis of the effects of aging on motor cortex neurophysiology assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2834-2845. [PMID: 27417060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.05.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool used for studying cortical excitability and plasticity in the human brain. This review aims to quantitatively synthesize the literature on age-related differences in cortical excitability and plasticity, examined by TMS. METHODS A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO from 1980 to December 2015. We extracted studies with healthy old (50-89years) versus young (16-49years) individuals that utilized the following TMS measures: resting motor threshold (RMT), short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), cortical silent period (CSP), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and paired associative stimulation (PAS). RESULTS We found a significant increase in RMT (g=0.414, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.284, 0.544], p<0.001), a significant decrease in SAI (g=0.778, 95% CI [0.478, 1.078], p<0.001), and a trending decrease in LTP-like plasticity (g=-0.528, 95% CI [-1.157, 0.100] p<0.1) with age. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an age-dependent reduction in cortical excitability and sensorimotor integration within the human motor cortex. SIGNIFICANCE Alterations in the ability to regulate cortical excitability, sensorimotor integration and plasticity may underlie several age-related motor deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Bhandari
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Natasha Radhu
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stöckel T, Carroll TJ, Summers JJ, Hinder MR. Motor learning and cross-limb transfer rely upon distinct neural adaptation processes. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:575-86. [PMID: 27169508 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00225.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance benefits conferred in the untrained limb after unilateral motor practice are termed cross-limb transfer. Although the effect is robust, the neural mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study we used noninvasive brain stimulation to reveal that the neural adaptations that mediate motor learning in the trained limb are distinct from those that underlie cross-limb transfer to the opposite limb. Thirty-six participants practiced a ballistic motor task with their right index finger (150 trials), followed by intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) applied to the trained (contralateral) primary motor cortex (cM1 group), the untrained (ipsilateral) M1 (iM1 group), or the vertex (sham group). After stimulation, another 150 training trials were undertaken. Motor performance and corticospinal excitability were assessed before motor training, pre- and post-iTBS, and after the second training bout. For all groups, training significantly increased performance and excitability of the trained hand, and performance, but not excitability, of the untrained hand, indicating transfer at the level of task performance. The typical facilitatory effect of iTBS on MEPs was reversed for cM1, suggesting homeostatic metaplasticity, and prior performance gains in the trained hand were degraded, suggesting that iTBS interfered with learning. In stark contrast, iM1 iTBS facilitated both performance and excitability for the untrained hand. Importantly, the effects of cM1 and iM1 iTBS on behavior were exclusive to the hand contralateral to stimulation, suggesting that adaptations within the untrained M1 contribute to cross-limb transfer. However, the neural processes that mediate learning in the trained hemisphere vs. transfer in the untrained hemisphere appear distinct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tino Stöckel
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia; Sport & Exercise Psychology Unit, Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Germany;
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeffery J Summers
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia; Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Graziadio S, Nazarpour K, Gretenkord S, Jackson A, Eyre JA. Greater intermanual transfer in the elderly suggests age-related bilateral motor cortex activation is compensatory. J Mot Behav 2016; 47:47-55. [PMID: 25575222 PMCID: PMC4299868 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.981501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT. Hemispheric lateralization of movement control diminishes with age; whether this is compensatory or maladaptive is debated. The authors hypothesized that if compensatory, bilateral activation would lead to greater intermanual transfer in older subjects learning tasks that activate the cortex unilaterally in young adults. They studied 10 young and 14 older subjects, learning a unimanual visuomotor task comprising a feedforward phase, where there is unilateral cortical activation in young adults, and a feedback phase, which activates the cortex bilaterally in both age groups. Increased intermanual transfer was demonstrated in older subjects during feedforward learning, with no difference between groups during feedback learning. This finding is consistent with bilateral cortical activation being compensatory to maintain performance despite declining computational efficiency in neural networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Graziadio
- a Institute of Neuroscience , Newcastle University , England
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pan Z, Van Gemmert AWA. Peripheral neuropathy reduces asymmetries in inter-limb transfer in a visuo-motor task. Laterality 2016; 21:255-66. [PMID: 26857239 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2015.1134563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry of inter-limb transfer has been associated with the specialization of the dominant and non-dominant motor system. Reductions of asymmetry have been interpreted as behavioural evidence showing a decline of hemispheric lateralization. A previous study showed that ageing did not qualitatively change the inter-limb transfer asymmetry of a visuo-motor task. The current study elaborates on these findings; it examines whether diminished somatosensory information as a result of peripheral neuropathy (PN) adversely affects inter-limb transfer asymmetry. Twenty individuals affected by PN and 20 older controls were recruited and divided equally across two groups. One group trained a visuo-motor task with the right hand while the other group trained it with the left hand. Performance (initial direction error) of the untrained hand before and after training was collected to determine learning effects from inter-limb transfer. Similar to previous studies, the current study showed asymmetric inter-limb transfer in older controls. In contrast, PN showed inter-limb transfer in both directions indicating that PN reduces inter-limb transfer asymmetry. Increased bilateral hemispheric recruitment is suggested to be responsible for this reduced asymmetry which may compensate for deteriorated tactile and/or proprioceptive inputs in PN. Two possible hypotheses are discussed explaining the relationship between declined somatosensory information and increases in bilateral hemispheric recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Pan
- a Department of Kinesiology , Mississippi State University , Starkville , MS , USA
| | - Arend W A Van Gemmert
- b Fine Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reissig P, Stöckel T, Garry MI, Summers JJ, Hinder MR. Age-Specific Effects of Mirror-Muscle Activity on Cross-Limb Adaptations Under Mirror and Non-Mirror Visual Feedback Conditions. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:222. [PMID: 26648867 PMCID: PMC4664666 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-limb transfer (CLT) describes the observation of bilateral performance gains due to unilateral motor practice. Previous research has suggested that CLT may be reduced, or absent, in older adults, possibly due to age-related structural and functional brain changes. Based on research showing increases in CLT due to the provision of mirror visual feedback (MVF) during task execution in young adults, our study aimed to investigate whether MVF can facilitate CLT in older adults, who are known to be more reliant on visual feedback for accurate motor performance. Participants (N = 53) engaged in a short-term training regime (300 movements) involving a ballistic finger task using their dominant hand, while being provided with either visual feedback of their active limb, or a mirror reflection of their active limb (superimposed over the quiescent limb). Performance in both limbs was examined before, during and following the unilateral training. Furthermore, we measured corticospinal excitability (using TMS) at these time points, and assessed muscle activity bilaterally during the task via EMG; these parameters were used to investigate the mechanisms mediating and predicting CLT. Training resulted in significant bilateral performance gains that did not differ as a result of age or visual feedback (both p > 0.1). Training also elicited bilateral increases in corticospinal excitability (p < 0.05). For younger adults, CLT was significantly predicted by performance gains in the trained hand (β = 0.47), whereas for older adults it was significantly predicted by mirror activity in the untrained hand during training (β = 0.60). The present study suggests that older adults are capable of exhibiting CLT to a similar degree to younger adults. The prominent role of mirror activity in the untrained hand for CLT in older adults indicates that bilateral cortical activity during unilateral motor tasks is a compensatory mechanism. In this particular task, MVF did not facilitate the extent of CLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Reissig
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia ; Faculty of Health Graduate Research Program, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tino Stöckel
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia ; Sport and Exercise Psychology Unit, Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael I Garry
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jeffery J Summers
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia ; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University UK
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reissig P, Puri R, Garry MI, Summers JJ, Hinder MR. The Influence of Mirror-Visual Feedback on Training-Induced Motor Performance Gains in the Untrained Hand. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141828. [PMID: 26517375 PMCID: PMC4627750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-documented observation of bilateral performance gains following unilateral motor training, a phenomenon known as cross-limb transfer, has important implications for rehabilitation. It has recently been shown that provision of a mirror image of the active hand during unilateral motor training has the capacity to enhance the efficacy of this phenomenon when compared to training without augmented visual feedback (i.e., watching the passive hand), possibly via action observation effects [1]. The current experiment was designed to confirm whether mirror-visual feedback (MVF) during motor training can indeed elicit greater performance gains in the untrained hand compared to more standard visual feedback (i.e., watching the active hand). Furthermore, discussing the mechanisms underlying any such MVF-induced behavioural effects, we suggest that action observation and the cross-activation hypothesis may both play important roles in eliciting cross-limb transfer. Eighty participants practiced a fast-as-possible two-ball rotation task with their dominant hand. During training, three different groups were provided with concurrent visual feedback of the active hand, inactive hand or a mirror image of the active hand with a fourth control group receiving no training. Pre- and post-training performance was measured in both hands. MVF did not increase the extent of training-induced performance changes in the untrained hand following unilateral training above and beyond those observed for other types of feedback. The data are consistent with the notion that cross-limb transfer, when combined with MVF, is mediated by cross-activation with action observation playing a less unique role than previously suggested. Further research is needed to replicate the current and previous studies to determine the clinical relevance and potential benefits of MVF for cases that, due to the severity of impairment, rely on unilateral training programmes of the unaffected limb to drive changes in the contralateral affected limb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Reissig
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Faculty of Health Graduate Research Program, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rohan Puri
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Michael I. Garry
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jeffery J. Summers
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Hinder
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The Role of Ankle Proprioception for Balance Control in relation to Sports Performance and Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:842804. [PMID: 26583139 PMCID: PMC4637080 DOI: 10.1155/2015/842804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Balance control improvement is one of the most important goals in sports and exercise. Better balance is strongly positively associated with enhanced athletic performance and negatively associated with lower limb sports injuries. Proprioception plays an essential role in balance control, and ankle proprioception is arguably the most important. This paper reviews ankle proprioception and explores synergies with balance control, specifically in a sporting context. Central processing of ankle proprioceptive information, along with other sensory information, enables integration for balance control. When assessing ankle proprioception, the most generalizable findings arise from methods that are ecologically valid, allow proprioceptive signals to be integrated with general vision in the central nervous system, and reflect the signal-in-noise nature of central processing. Ankle proprioceptive intervention concepts driven by such a central processing theory are further proposed and discussed for the improvement of balance control in sport.
Collapse
|
29
|
Leung M, Rantalainen T, Teo WP, Kidgell D. Motor cortex excitability is not differentially modulated following skill and strength training. Neuroscience 2015; 305:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
30
|
Reversed Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation following Motor Training That Vary as a Function of Training-Induced Changes in Corticospinal Excitability. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:578620. [PMID: 26167305 PMCID: PMC4488255 DOI: 10.1155/2015/578620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) has the
potential to enhance corticospinal excitability (CSE)
and subsequent motor learning. However, the effects of
iTBS following motor learning are unknown. The purpose
of the present study was to explore the effect of iTBS
on CSE and performance following motor learning.
Therefore twenty-four healthy participants practiced a
ballistic motor task for a total of 150 movements.
iTBS was subsequently applied to the trained motor
cortex (STIM group) or the vertex (SHAM group).
Performance and CSE were assessed before motor
learning and before and after iTBS. Training
significantly increased performance and CSE in both
groups. In STIM group participants, subsequent iTBS
significantly reduced motor performance with smaller
reductions in CSE. CSE changes as a result of motor
learning were negatively correlated with both the CSE
changes and performance changes as a result of iTBS.
No significant effects of iTBS were found for SHAM
group participants. We conclude that iTBS has the
potential to degrade prior motor learning as a
function of training-induced CSE changes. That means
the expected LTP-like effects of iTBS are reversed
following motor learning.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dickins DSE, Sale MV, Kamke MR. Intermanual transfer and bilateral cortical plasticity is maintained in older adults after skilled motor training with simple and complex tasks. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:73. [PMID: 25999856 PMCID: PMC4423452 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermanual transfer refers to the phenomenon whereby unilateral motor training induces performance gains in both the trained limb and in the opposite, untrained limb. Evidence indicates that intermanual transfer is attenuated in older adults following training on a simple ballistic movement task, but not after training on a complex task. This study investigated whether differences in plasticity in bilateral motor cortices underlie these differential intermanual transfer effects in older adults. Twenty young (<35 years-old) and older adults (>65 years) trained on a simple (repeated ballistic thumb abduction) and complex (sequential finger-thumb opposition) task in separate sessions. Behavioral performance was used to quantify intermanual transfer between the dominant (trained) and non-dominant (untrained) hands. The amplitude of motor-evoked potentials induced by single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to investigate excitability changes in bilateral motor cortices. Contrary to predictions, both age groups exhibited performance improvements in both hands after unilateral skilled motor training with simple and complex tasks. These performance gains were accompanied by bilateral increases in cortical excitability in both groups for the simple but not the complex task. The findings suggest that advancing age does not necessarily influence the capacity for intermanual transfer after training with the dominant hand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daina S E Dickins
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Martin V Sale
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Marc R Kamke
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hoff M, Kaminski E, Rjosk V, Sehm B, Steele CJ, Villringer A, Ragert P. Augmenting mirror visual feedback-induced performance improvements in older adults. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1475-83. [PMID: 25912048 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that age-related behavioral alterations are not irreversible but are subject to amelioration through specific training interventions. Both training paradigms and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) can be used to modulate age-related brain alterations and thereby influence behavior. It has been shown that mirror visual feedback (MVF) during motor skill training improves performance of the trained and untrained hands in young adults. The question remains of whether MVF also improves motor performance in older adults and how performance improvements can be optimised via NIBS. Here, we sought to determine whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) can be used to augment MVF-induced performance improvements in manual dexterity. We found that older adults receiving a-tDCS over the right primary motor cortex (M1) during MVF showed superior performance improvements of the (left) untrained hand relative to sham stimulation. An additional control experiment in participants receiving a-tDCS over the right M1 only (without MVF/motor training of the right hand) revealed no significant behavioral gains in the left (untrained) hand. On the basis of these findings, we propose that combining a-tDCS with MVF might be relevant for future clinical studies that aim to optimise the outcome of neurorehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Hoff
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viola Rjosk
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher J Steele
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hendy AM, Kidgell DJ. Anodal-tDCS applied during unilateral strength training increases strength and corticospinal excitability in the untrained homologous muscle. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3243-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
34
|
Fujiyama H, Hyde J, Hinder MR, Kim SJ, McCormack GH, Vickers JC, Summers JJ. Delayed plastic responses to anodal tDCS in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:115. [PMID: 24936185 PMCID: PMC4047559 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the abundance of research reporting the neurophysiological and behavioral effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in healthy young adults and clinical populations, the extent of potential neuroplastic changes induced by tDCS in healthy older adults is not well understood. The present study compared the extent and time course of anodal tDCS-induced plastic changes in primary motor cortex (M1) in young and older adults. Furthermore, as it has been suggested that neuroplasticity and associated learning depends on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms, we also assessed the impact of BDNF polymorphism on these effects. Corticospinal excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation before and following (0, 10, 20, 30 min) anodal tDCS (30 min, 1 mA) or sham in young and older adults. While the overall extent of increases in corticospinal excitability induced by anodal tDCS did not vary reliably between young and older adults, older adults exhibited a delayed response; the largest increase in corticospinal excitability occurred 30 min following stimulation for older adults, but immediately post-stimulation for the young group. BDNF genotype did not result in significant differences in the observed excitability increases for either age group. The present study suggests that tDCS-induced plastic changes are delayed as a result of healthy aging, but that the overall efficacy of the plasticity mechanism remains unaffected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakuei Fujiyama
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia ; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jane Hyde
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Seok-Jin Kim
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia ; Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Graeme H McCormack
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - James C Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jeffery J Summers
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia ; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pan Z, Van Gemmert AWA. The effects of aging on the asymmetry of inter-limb transfer in a visuomotor task. Exp Brain Res 2013; 229:621-33. [PMID: 23831848 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The direction of the asymmetry of inter-limb transfer has been suggested to identify the specialization of each hemisphere when performing a motor task. In an earlier study, we showed that trajectory information is only transferred from the right to the left hand, while final movement outcome-associated parameters transferred in both directions when right-hand-dominant individuals perform a motor task with visual distorted feedback. In the current study, we try to replicate this finding in young adults and test whether the asymmetry of inter-limb transfer in visuomotor task reduces in older adults, suggesting that hemispheric lateralization reduces with age. Young and older adults (all right-hand-dominant) performed a multidirectional point-to-point drawing task in which the visual feedback was rotated and the gain was increased. Half of the participants in each age group trained with the right hand and the other half trained with the left hand. Performances of both hands with non-distorted and distorted visual feedback were collected from all participants before and after the training session. The results showed that the pattern of inter-limb transfer was similar between young and older adults, i.e., inter-limb transfer is asymmetric for initial direction and symmetric for movement time and trajectory length. The results suggest that older adults retain the specialized functions of the non-dominant (right) hemisphere allowing them to program movement direction of a graphic aiming task when visual feedback is distorted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Pan
- Fine Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 112 HP Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|