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Poon CCW, Au-Yeung C, Wong KY, Chan Z, Zhou LP, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wong MS. Icariin promotes cell adhesion for osteogenesis in bone marrow stromal cells via binding to integrin α5β1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 133:155887. [PMID: 39067311 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Icariin, an 8-prenylated flavonoid glycoside, is an anabolic agent that could exert rapid estrogenic actions via ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in osteoblastic cells to promote osteogenesis. However, relatively little is known about its direct cellular target, its protective effects, and cell adhesion activities in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) against microgravity. In the present study, the effects of icariin on osteogenesis and cell adhesion under microgravity were examined with the involvement of integrin receptor α5β1, connexin 43, and CAMs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Icariin was orally administered to 6-month-old ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for 3 months through daily intake of phytoestrogen-free rodent diets containing icariin at 2 different dosages (50 and 500 ppm). BMSCs were harvested for experiments and RNA-sequencing analysis to examine the mechanism of action of icariin and its direct cellular target in stimulating osteogenesis. RESULTS The results revealed that icariin induced the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and protected against microgravity-induced disruption of actin cytoskeleton and the loss of osteogenic activities in BMSCs through the activation of connexin-43 (Cx43) and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) and Rac family small GTPase 1 (Rac1)-mediated signaling pathways. Computerized molecular docking techniques and the competitive solid-phase binding ELISA assay confirmed that icariin could be a direct ligand of integrin alpha 5 beta 1 (α5β1), and it could also increase the protein expression of integrin α5β1 for mechanosensing. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that icariin could directly activate cell adhesion signaling by binding to integrin α5β1, which opens up new avenues for the development of integrin α5β1 ligand as an agent to protect against unloading-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chui-Wa Poon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chun Au-Yeung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Ka-Ying Wong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zoe Chan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Zhou
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China..
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Majumder N, Ghosh S. 3D biofabrication and space: A 'far-fetched dream' or a 'forthcoming reality'? Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108273. [PMID: 37863444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The long duration space missions across the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) often expose the voyagers to an abrupt zero gravity influence. The severe extraterrestrial cosmic radiation directly causes a plethora of moderate to chronic healthcare crises. The only feasible solution to manage critical injuries on board is surgical interventions or immediate return to Earth. This led the group of space medicine practitioners to adopt principles from tissue engineering and develop human tissue equivalents as an immediate regenerative therapy on board. The current review explicitly demonstrates the constructive application of different tissue-engineered equivalents matured under the available ground-based microgravity simulation facilities. Further, it elucidates how augmenting the superiority of biomaterial-based 3D bioprinting technology can enhance their clinical applicability. Additionally, the regulatory role of weightlessness condition on the underlying cellular signaling pathways governing tissue morphogenesis has been critically discussed. This information will provide future directions on how 3D biofabrication can be used as a plausible tool for healing on-flight chronic health emergencies. Thus, in our review, we aimed to precisely debate whether 3D biofabrication is deployed to cater to on-flight healthcare anomalies or space-like conditions are being utilized for generating 3D bioprinted human tissue constructs for efficient drug screening and regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Majumder
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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3
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Cui Y, Liu W, Zhao S, Zhao Y, Dai J. Advances in Microgravity Directed Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202768. [PMID: 36893386 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to generate functional biological substitutes to repair, sustain, improve, or replace tissue function affected by disease. With the rapid development of space science, the application of simulated microgravity has become an active topic in the field of tissue engineering. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that microgravity offers excellent advantages for tissue engineering by modulating cellular morphology, metabolism, secretion, proliferation, and stem cell differentiation. To date, there have been many achievements in constructing bioartificial spheroids, organoids, or tissue analogs with or without scaffolds in vitro under simulated microgravity conditions. Herein, the current status, recent advances, challenges, and prospects of microgravity related to tissue engineering are reviewed. Current simulated-microgravity devices and cutting-edge advances of microgravity for biomaterials-dependent or biomaterials-independent tissue engineering to offer a reference for guiding further exploration of simulated microgravity strategies to produce engineered tissues are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Shuaijing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
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Bonanni R, Cariati I, Marini M, Tarantino U, Tancredi V. Microgravity and Musculoskeletal Health: What Strategies Should Be Used for a Great Challenge? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1423. [PMID: 37511798 PMCID: PMC10381503 DOI: 10.3390/life13071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Space colonization represents the most insidious challenge for mankind, as numerous obstacles affect the success of space missions. Specifically, the absence of gravitational forces leads to systemic physiological alterations, with particular emphasis on the musculoskeletal system. Indeed, astronauts exposed to spaceflight are known to report a significant impairment of bone microarchitecture and muscle mass, conditions clinically defined as osteoporosis and sarcopenia. In this context, space medicine assumes a crucial position, as the development of strategies to prevent and/or counteract weightlessness-induced alterations appears to be necessary. Furthermore, the opportunity to study the biological effects induced by weightlessness could provide valuable information regarding adaptations to spaceflight and suggest potential treatments that can preserve musculoskeletal health under microgravity conditions. Noteworthy, improving knowledge about the latest scientific findings in this field of research is crucial, as is thoroughly investigating the mechanisms underlying biological adaptations to microgravity and searching for innovative solutions to counter spaceflight-induced damage. Therefore, this narrative study review, performed using the MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases, aims to summarize the most recent evidence regarding the effects of real and simulated microgravity on the musculoskeletal system and to discuss the effectiveness of the main defence strategies used in both real and experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bonanni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Cariati
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, "Policlinico Tor Vergata" Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Role of SIRT3 in Microgravity Response: A New Player in Muscle Tissue Recovery. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050691. [PMID: 36899828 PMCID: PMC10000945 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Life on Earth has evolved in the presence of a gravity constraint. Any change in the value of such a constraint has important physiological effects. Gravity reduction (microgravity) alters the performance of muscle, bone and, immune systems among others. Therefore, countermeasures to limit such deleterious effects of microgravity are needed considering future Lunar and Martian missions. Our study aims to demonstrate that the activation of mitochondrial Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) can be exploited to reduce muscle damage and to maintain muscle differentiation following microgravity exposure. To this effect, we used a RCCS machine to simulate microgravity on ground on a muscle and cardiac cell line. During microgravity, cells were treated with a newly synthesized SIRT3 activator, called MC2791 and vitality, differentiation, ROS and, autophagy/mitophagy were measured. Our results indicate that SIRT3 activation reduces microgravity-induced cell death while maintaining the expression of muscle cell differentiation markers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that SIRT3 activation could represent a targeted molecular strategy to reduce muscle tissue damage caused by microgravity.
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6
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Zhang X, Xue T, Hu Z, Guo X, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xu L, Cao X, Zhang S, Shi F, Wang K. Bioinformatic analysis of the RNA expression patterns in microgravity-induced bone loss. Front Genet 2022; 13:985025. [PMID: 36425065 PMCID: PMC9681495 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.985025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have linked microgravity in space to the significant imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption that induces persistent bone loss in load-bearing bones. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear, which hinders the development of therapeutic measures. The aim of this study was to identify hub genes and explore novel molecular mechanisms underlying microgravity-induced bone loss using transcriptome datasets obtained from the GEO and SRA databases. In summary, comparative RNA expression pattern studies that differ in species (Homo or Mus), models (in vitro or in vivo), microgravity conditions (real microgravity or ground-based simulators) and microgravity duration showed that it is difficult to reach a consistent conclusion about the pathogenesis of microgravity-induced bone loss across these studies. Even so, we identified 11 hub genes and some miRNA-mRNA interactions mainly based on the GSE100930 dataset. Also, the expression of CCL2, ICAM1, IGF1, miR-101-3p and miR-451a markedly changed under clinorotation-microgravity condition. Remarkedly, ICAM1 and miR-451a were key mediators of the osteogenesis of hMSCs under clinorotation-microgravity condition. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of bone loss during microgravity and could indicate potential targets for further countermeasures against this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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7
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Exposure to Random Positioning Machine Alters the Mineralization Process and PTX3 Expression in the SAOS-2 Cell Line. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050610. [PMID: 35629278 PMCID: PMC9143356 DOI: 10.3390/life12050610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone loss is among the most frequent changes seen in astronauts during space missions. Although weightlessness is known to cause high bone resorption and a rapid decrease in bone minerals and calcium, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In our work, we investigated the influence of random positioning machine (RPM) exposure on the mineralization process in the SAOS-2 cell line, in osteogenic and non-osteogenic conditions, by examining changes in their mineralizing capacity and in the expression of PTX3, a positive regulator of bone mineralization. We analyzed cell viability by MTS assay and the mineralization process after staining with Toluidine Blue and Alizarin Red, while PTX3 expression was investigated by immunocytochemistry and western blotting analysis. Our results showed that RPM exposure increased cells’ viability and improved their mineralizing competence when not treated with osteogenic cocktail. In contrast, in osteogenic conditions, cells exposed to RPM showed a reduction in the presence of calcification-like structures, mineral deposits and PTX3 expression, suggesting that the effects of RPM exposure on mineralizing matrix deposition depend on the presence of osteogenic factors in the culture medium. Further studies will be needed to clarify the role of potential mineralization markers in the cellular response to the simulated biological effects of microgravity, paving the way for a new approach to treating osteoporosis in astronauts exposed to spaceflight.
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8
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Matsuyama S, Tanaka Y, Hasebe R, Hojyo S, Murakami M. Gateway Reflex and Mechanotransduction. Front Immunol 2022; 12:780451. [PMID: 35003096 PMCID: PMC8728022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gateway reflex explains how autoreactive CD4+ T cells cause inflammation in tissues that have blood-barriers, such as the central nervous system and retina. It depends on neural activations in response to specific external stimuli, such as gravity, pain, stress, and light, which lead to the secretion of noradrenaline at specific vessels in the tissues. Noradrenaline activates NFkB at these vessels, followed by an increase of chemokine expression as well as a reduction of tight junction molecules to accumulate autoreactive CD4+ T cells, which breach blood-barriers. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) molecules on sensory neurons are critical for the gateway reflex, indicating the importance of mechano-sensing. In this review, we overview the gateway reflex with a special interest in mechanosensory transduction (mechanotransduction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiina Matsuyama
- Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Group of Quantum Immunology, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Rie Hasebe
- Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hojyo
- Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Group of Quantum Immunology, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Group of Quantum Immunology, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.,Division of Neurommunology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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9
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Cariati I, Scimeca M, Bonanni R, Triolo R, Naldi V, Toro G, Marini M, Tancredi V, Iundusi R, Gasbarra E, Tarantino U. Role of Myostatin in Muscle Degeneration by Random Positioning Machine Exposure: An in vitro Study for the Treatment of Sarcopenia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:782000. [PMID: 35185612 PMCID: PMC8853288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.782000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several scientific evidence have shown that exposure to microgravity has a significant impact on the health of the musculoskeletal system by altering the expression of proteins and molecules involved in bone–muscle crosstalk, which is also observed in the research of microgravity effect simulation. Among these, the expression pattern of myostatin appears to play a key role in both load-free muscle damage and the progression of age-related musculoskeletal disorders, such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Based on this evidence, we here investigated the efficacy of treatment with anti-myostatin (anti-MSTN) antibodies on primary cultures of human satellite cells exposed to 72 h of random positioning machine (RPM). Cell cultures were obtained from muscle biopsies taken from a total of 30 patients (controls, osteoarthritic, and osteoporotic) during hip arthroplasty. The Pax7 expression by immunofluorescence was carried out for the characterization of satellite cells. We then performed morphological evaluation by light microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis to assess myostatin expression. Our results showed that prolonged RPM exposure not only caused satellite cell death, but also induced changes in myostatin expression levels with group-dependent variations. Surprisingly, we observed that the use of anti-MSTN antibodies induced a significant increase in cell survival after RPM exposure under all experimental conditions. Noteworthy, we found that the negative effect of RPM exposure was counteracted by treatment with anti-MSTN antibodies, which allowed the formation of numerous myotubes. Our results highlight the role of myostatin as a major effector of the cellular degeneration observed with RPM exposure, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target to slow the muscle mass loss that occurs in the absence of loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Cariati
- Ph.D. in Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bonanni
- Ph.D. in Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rebecca Triolo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Naldi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toro
- Ph.D. in Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Iundusi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Gasbarra
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Umberto Tarantino,
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10
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The effects of real and simulated microgravity on cellular mitochondrial function. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:44. [PMID: 34750383 PMCID: PMC8575887 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts returning from space shuttle missions or the International Space Station have been diagnosed with various health problems such as bone demineralization, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular deconditioning, and vestibular and sensory imbalance including visual acuity, altered metabolic and nutritional status, and immune system dysregulation. These health issues are associated with oxidative stress caused by a microgravity environment. Mitochondria are a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the molecular mechanisms through which mitochondria produce ROS in a microgravity environment remain unclear. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the mechanism through which microgravity induces oxidative damage in mitochondria by evaluating the expression of genes and proteins, as well as relevant metabolic pathways. In general, microgravity-induced ROS reduce mitochondrial volume by mainly affecting the efficiency of the respiratory chain and metabolic pathways. The impaired respiratory chain is thought to generate ROS through premature electron leakage in the electron transport chain. The imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defense in mitochondria is the main cause of mitochondrial stress and damage, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, we discuss the effects of antioxidants against oxidative stress caused by the microgravity environment space microgravity in together with simulated microgravity (i.e., spaceflight or ground-based spaceflight analogs: parabolic flight, centrifugal force, drop towers, etc.). Further studies should be taken to explore the effects of microgravity on mitochondrial stress-related diseases, especially for the development of new therapeutic drugs that can help increase the health of astronauts on long space missions.
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Juhl OJ, Buettmann EG, Friedman MA, DeNapoli RC, Hoppock GA, Donahue HJ. Update on the effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal system. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34301942 PMCID: PMC8302614 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable. However, this venture would not be without risk. The lower gravitational force, known as microgravity, that would be experienced during spaceflight significantly disrupts many physiological systems. One of the most notably affected systems is the musculoskeletal system, where exposure to microgravity causes both bone and skeletal muscle loss, both of which have significant clinical implications. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in our understanding of how exposure to microgravity affects the musculoskeletal system. We will focus on the catabolic effects microgravity exposure has on both bone and skeletal muscle cells, as well as their respective progenitor stem cells. Additionally, we report on the mechanisms that underlie bone and muscle tissue loss resulting from exposure to microgravity and then discuss current countermeasures being evaluated. We reveal the gaps in the current knowledge and expound upon how current research is filling these gaps while also identifying new avenues of study as we continue to pursue manned spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel C DeNapoli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Swaminathan V, Bechtel G, Tchantchaleishvili V. Artificial tissue creation under microgravity conditions: Considerations and future applications. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1446-1455. [PMID: 34223657 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional tissue engineering methods often fail to promote robust cell growth and differentiation, limiting the development of functioning tissues. However, the microgravity conditions created by rotating wall vessel bioreactors minimize shear stress and unload the gravitational force usually placed on cells. In a microgravity environment, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and the 3D organization of cells are altered, potentially encouraging the formation of more biosimilar artificial tissues for certain cell types. Additionally, cells in these engineered tissues display lowered immunogenicity, pointing to the transplantation potential of tissues engineered in microgravity conditions. However, these benefits are not consistent across all cell types, and the long-term impact of microgravity on tissue development and stability remains an unanswered question. Even so, there is potential that with further research, microgravity tissue engineering will have productive clinical applications for medical and pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Swaminathan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Ingle DN, Porter ME. Microarchitecture of cetacean vertebral trabecular bone among swimming modes and diving behaviors. J Anat 2021; 238:643-652. [PMID: 33058161 PMCID: PMC7855079 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetaceans (dolphins, whales, and porpoises) are fully aquatic mammals that are supported by water's buoyancy and swim through axial body bending. Swimming is partially mediated by variations in vertebral morphology that creates trade-offs in body flexibility and rigidity between axial regions that either enhance or reduce displacement between adjacent vertebrae. Swimming behavior is linked to foraging ecology, where deep-diving cetaceans glide a greater proportion of the time compared to their shallow-diving counterparts. In this study, we categorized 10 species of cetaceans (Families Delphinidae and Kogiidae) into functional groups determined by swimming patterns (rigid vs. flexible torso) and diving behavior (shallow vs. deep). Here, we quantify vertebral trabecular microarchitecture (a) among functional groups (rigid-torso shallow diver (RS), rigid-torso deep diver (RD), and flexible-torso deep diver (FD)), and (b) among vertebral column regions (posterior thoracic, lumbar, caudal peduncle, and fluke insertion). We microCT scanned vertebral bodies, from which 1-5 volumes of interest were selected to quantify bone volume fraction (BV/TV), specific bone surface (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (TbTh), trabecular number (TbN), trabecular separation (TbSp), and degree of anisotropy (DA). We found that BV/TV was greatest in the rigid-torso shallow-diving functional group, smallest in flexible-torso deep-diving species, and intermediate in the rigid-torso deep-diving group. DA was significantly greater in rigid-torso caudal oscillators than in their flexible-torso counterparts. We found no variation among vertebral regions for any microarchitectural variables. Despite having osteoporotic skeletons, cetacean vertebrae had greater BV/TV, TbTh, and DA than previously documented in terrestrial mammalian bone. Cetacean species are an ideal model to investigate the long-term adaptations, over an animal's lifetime and over evolutionary time, of trabecular bone in non-weight-bearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Ingle
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFLUSA
| | - Marianne E. Porter
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFLUSA
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14
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Tong L, Wang Y, Wang J, He F, Zhai J, Bai J, Zhu G. Radiation alters osteoclastogenesis by regulating the cytoskeleton and lytic enzymes in RAW 264.7 cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1296-1308. [PMID: 32687425 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1798542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the duality of irradiation effect on osteoclastogenesis, particularly on the cytoskeleton and expression of lytic enzymes in osteoclast precursors. Therefore, the present study may serve as a useful reference for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced bone loss in the clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two typical osteoclast precursors, murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs), were exposed to radiation in the order of 0.25-8 Gy, and the effects on cell viability, TRAP activity and bone resorption were subsequently investigated. Furthermore, changes in the cytoskeleton, cell apoptosis, and expression of lytic enzymes in osteoclasts were examined to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the duality of irradiation on osteoclastogenesis. RESULTS Morphological changes and impaired viability were observed in RAW 264.7 cells and BMMs treated with 1-8 Gy irradiation with or without RANKL. However, the cell fusion tendency of osteoclasts was enhanced after 2 Gy irradiation, and an increased number of fused giant osteoclasts and enhanced F-actin ring formation were observed. Consistently, the bone resorption activity and the enzyme expression of TRAP, cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase 9, activator protein 1, and Caspase 9 were increased following irradiation with 2 Gy. Furthermore, intracellular ROS production and apoptosis of osteoclast precursors were increased. CONCLUSIONS Irradiation with 2 Gy inhibited the viability of osteoclast precursors, but increased osteoclastogenesis by enhancing cell fusion and increasing the secretion of lytic enzymes, which may be an important mechanism of radiation-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feilong He
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianglong Zhai
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Bai
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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15
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Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Cucina A, Bizzarri M, Mariggiò MA. Antioxidant Strategy to Prevent Simulated Microgravity-Induced Effects on Bone Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103638. [PMID: 32455731 PMCID: PMC7279347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects induced by microgravity on human body functions have been widely described, in particular those on skeletal muscle and bone tissues. This study aims to implement information on the possible countermeasures necessary to neutralize the oxidative imbalance induced by microgravity on osteoblastic cells. Using the model of murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells, cellular morphology, proliferation, and metabolism were investigated during exposure to simulated microgravity on a random positioning machine in the absence or presence of an antioxidant—the 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). Our results confirm that simulated microgravity-induced morphological and metabolic alterations characterized by increased levels of reactive oxygen species and a slowdown of the proliferative rate. Interestingly, the use of Trolox inhibited the simulated microgravity-induced effects. Indeed, the antioxidant-neutralizing oxidants preserved cell cytoskeletal architecture and restored cell proliferation rate and metabolism. The use of appropriate antioxidant countermeasures could prevent the modifications and damage induced by microgravity on osteoblastic cells and consequently on bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Morabito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and clinical Sciences—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 06100 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Simone Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and clinical Sciences—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 06100 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery “Pietro Valdoni”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Systems Biology Group Lab, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria A. Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and clinical Sciences—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 06100 Chieti, Italy; (C.M.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871-541399
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16
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Wang Y, Wang K, Zhang L, Tan Y, Hu Z, Dang L, Zhou H, Li G, Wang H, Zhang S, Shi F, Cao X, Zhang G. Targeted overexpression of the long noncoding RNA ODSM can regulate osteoblast function in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:133. [PMID: 32071307 PMCID: PMC7028725 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ameliorating bone loss caused by mechanical unloading is a substantial clinical challenge, and the role of noncoding RNAs in this process has attracted increasing attention. In this study, we found that the long noncoding RNA osteoblast differentiation-related lncRNA under simulated microgravity (lncRNA ODSM) could inhibit osteoblast apoptosis and promote osteoblast mineralization in vitro. The increased expression level of the lncRNA ODSM partially reduced apoptosis and promoted differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells under microgravity unloading conditions, and the effect was partially dependent on miR-139-3p. LncRNA ODSM supplementation in hindlimb-unloaded mice caused a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in bone tissue and an increase in osteoblast activity. Furthermore, targeted overexpression of the lncRNA ODSM in osteoblasts partially reversed bone loss induced by mechanical unloading at the microstructural and biomechanical levels. These findings are the first to suggest the potential value of the lncRNA ODSM in osteoporosis therapy and the treatment of pathological osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zebing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Dang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaozhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Han Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xinsheng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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17
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Arfat Y, Rani A, Jingping W, Hocart CH. Calcium homeostasis during hibernation and in mechanical environments disrupting calcium homeostasis. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Stem Cell Culture Under Simulated Microgravity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1298:105-132. [PMID: 32424490 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Challenging environment of space causes several pivotal alterations in living systems, especially due to microgravity. The possibility of simulating microgravity by ground-based systems provides research opportunities that may lead to the understanding of in vitro biological effects of microgravity by eliminating the challenges inherent to spaceflight experiments. Stem cells are one of the most prominent cell types, due to their self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. Research on stem cells under simulated microgravity has generated many important findings, enlightening the impact of microgravity on molecular and cellular processes of stem cells with varying potencies. Simulation techniques including clinostat, random positioning machine, rotating wall vessel and magnetic levitation-based systems have improved our knowledge on the effects of microgravity on morphology, migration, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Clarification of the mechanisms underlying such changes offers exciting potential for various applications such as identification of putative therapeutic targets to modulate stem cell function and stem cell based regenerative medicine.
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19
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Chen YC, Aui SP, Lai YS, Chang KT. Adult Stem Cells in Hibernation: Future Perspectives of Space Travel. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:381-387. [PMID: 31474026 PMCID: PMC6881040 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc19048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Space traveling is imperative for mankind in the future. Expectedly, hibernation will become an option for space traveler to overcome the endless voyage. With regard to some of the studies pointed out that during hibernation, muscle will undergo atrophy and meantime neurogenesis will reduce, these obstacles were frequently related with stem cell regeneration. Thus, investigation on whether hibernation will lead to dysfunction of stem cell becomes an important issue. By going through four main systems in this article, such as, hematopoietic system, skeletal muscle system, central nervous system and orthopedic system, we are expecting that stem cells regeneration capacity will be affected by hibernation. To date, these researches are majorly the read-out from short term or seasonal hibernating mammals. Proposing and creating a simulated long-term hibernation animal model is turning essential for the further investigation on the effect of longer period of hibernation to human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Chen
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Peir Aui
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Siew Lai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Tung Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
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20
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Ikegame M, Hattori A, Tabata MJ, Kitamura K, Tabuchi Y, Furusawa Y, Maruyama Y, Yamamoto T, Sekiguchi T, Matsuoka R, Hanmoto T, Ikari T, Endo M, Omori K, Nakano M, Yashima S, Ejiri S, Taya T, Nakashima H, Shimizu N, Nakamura M, Kondo T, Hayakawa K, Takasaki I, Kaminishi A, Akatsuka R, Sasayama Y, Nishiuchi T, Nara M, Iseki H, Chowdhury VS, Wada S, Ijiri K, Takeuchi T, Suzuki T, Ando H, Matsuda K, Somei M, Mishima H, Mikuni‐Takagaki Y, Funahashi H, Takahashi A, Watanabe Y, Maeda M, Uchida H, Hayashi A, Kambegawa A, Seki A, Yano S, Shimazu T, Suzuki H, Hirayama J, Suzuki N. Melatonin is a potential drug for the prevention of bone loss during space flight. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12594. [PMID: 31286565 PMCID: PMC6771646 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astronauts experience osteoporosis-like loss of bone mass because of microgravity conditions during space flight. To prevent bone loss, they need a riskless and antiresorptive drug. Melatonin is reported to suppress osteoclast function. However, no studies have examined the effects of melatonin on bone metabolism under microgravity conditions. We used goldfish scales as a bone model of coexisting osteoclasts and osteoblasts and demonstrated that mRNA expression level of acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase, an enzyme essential for melatonin synthesis, decreased significantly under microgravity. During space flight, microgravity stimulated osteoclastic activity and significantly increased gene expression for osteoclast differentiation and activation. Melatonin treatment significantly stimulated Calcitonin (an osteoclast-inhibiting hormone) mRNA expression and decreased the mRNA expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (a promoter of osteoclastogenesis), which coincided with suppressed gene expression levels for osteoclast functions. This is the first study to report the inhibitory effect of melatonin on osteoclastic activation by microgravity. We also observed a novel action pathway of melatonin on osteoclasts via an increase in CALCITONIN secretion. Melatonin could be the source of a potential novel drug to prevent bone loss during space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ikegame
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- College of Liberal Arts and SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityIchikawaJapan
| | - Makoto J. Tabata
- Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityBunkyo‐kuJapan
| | - Kei‐ichiro Kitamura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKodatsunoJapan
| | | | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Liberal Arts and SciencesToyama Prefectural UniversityToyamaJapan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- College of Liberal Arts and SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityIchikawaJapan
| | - Tatsuki Yamamoto
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
| | - Risa Matsuoka
- College of Liberal Arts and SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityIchikawaJapan
| | - Taizo Hanmoto
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
| | - Takahiro Ikari
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
| | - Masato Endo
- Department of Marine BiosciencesTokyo University of Marine Science and TechnologyMinato‐kuJapan
| | | | - Masaki Nakano
- College of Liberal Arts and SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityIchikawaJapan
| | - Sayaka Yashima
- College of Liberal Arts and SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityIchikawaJapan
| | - Sadakazu Ejiri
- Division of Oral Structure, Function and DevelopmentAsahi University School of DentistryMizuhoJapan
| | | | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKodatsunoJapan
| | - Nobuaki Shimizu
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
| | - Masahisa Nakamura
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and SciencesWaseda UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNomiJapan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Atsushi Kaminishi
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
| | - Ryosuke Akatsuka
- College of Liberal Arts and SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityIchikawaJapan
| | - Yuichi Sasayama
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Institute for Gene Research, Advanced Science Research CenterKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Masayuki Nara
- College of Liberal Arts and SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityIchikawaJapan
| | - Hachiro Iseki
- Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityBunkyo‐kuJapan
| | | | | | - Kenichi Ijiri
- Radioisotope CenterUniversity of TokyoBunkyo‐kuJapan
| | - Toshio Takeuchi
- Department of Marine BiosciencesTokyo University of Marine Science and TechnologyMinato‐kuJapan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Hironori Ando
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Center for Ecological SustainabilityNiigata UniversitySadoJapan
| | - Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Masanori Somei
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Department of Dental EngineeringTsurumi University School of Dental MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | | | - Hisayuki Funahashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Makuhari Human CareTohto UniversityMihama‐kuJapan
| | | | - Yoshinari Watanabe
- Organization of Frontier Science and InnovationKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health SciencesKomatsu UniversityKomatsuJapan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental TechnologyKanazawa UniversityNoto‐choJapan
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21
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Jin J, Bakker AD, Wu G, Klein-Nulend J, Jaspers RT. Physicochemical Niche Conditions and Mechanosensing by Osteocytes and Myocytes. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:235-249. [PMID: 31428977 PMCID: PMC6817749 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone and muscle mass increase in response to mechanical loading and biochemical cues. Bone-forming osteoblasts differentiate into early osteocytes which ultimately mature into late osteocytes encapsulated in stiff calcified matrix. Increased muscle mass originates from muscle stem cells (MuSCs) enclosed between their plasma membrane and basal lamina. Stem cell fate and function are strongly determined by physical and chemical properties of their microenvironment, i.e., the cell niche. RECENT FINDINGS The cellular niche is a three-dimensional structure consisting of extracellular matrix components, signaling molecules, and/or other cells. Via mechanical interaction with their niche, osteocytes and MuSCs are subjected to mechanical loads causing deformations of membrane, cytoskeleton, and/or nucleus, which elicit biochemical responses and secretion of signaling molecules into the niche. The latter may modulate metabolism, morphology, and mechanosensitivity of the secreting cells, or signal to neighboring cells and cells at a distance. Little is known about how mechanical loading of bone and muscle tissue affects osteocytes and MuSCs within their niches. This review provides an overview of physicochemical niche conditions of (early) osteocytes and MuSCs and how these are sensed and determine cell fate and function. Moreover, we discuss how state-of-the-art imaging techniques may enhance our understanding of these conditions and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Jin
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Behringer M, Willberg C. Application of Blood Flow Restriction to Optimize Exercise Countermeasures for Human Space Flight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:33. [PMID: 30740059 PMCID: PMC6355682 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a strong increase in publications on blood flow restriction (BFR) training. In particular, the fact that this type of training requires only low resistance to induce muscle strength and mass gains, makes BFR training interesting for athletes and scientists alike. For the same reason this type of training is particularly interesting for astronauts working out in space. Lower resistance during training would have the advantage of reducing the risk of strain-induced injuries. Furthermore, strength training with lower resistances would have implications for the equipment required for training under microgravity conditions, as significantly lower resistances have to be provided by the training machines. Even though we are only about to understand the effects of blood flow restriction on exercise types other than low-intensity strength training, the available data indicate that BFR of leg muscles is also able to improve the training effects of walking or running at slow speeds. The underlying mechanisms of BFR-induced functional and structural adaptations are still unclear. An essential aspect seems to be the premature fatigue of Type-I muscle fibers, which requires premature recruitment of Type-II muscle fibers to maintain a given force output. Other theories assume that cell swelling, anabolic hormones, myokines and reactive oxygen species are involved in the mediation of BFR training-related effects. This review article is intended to summarize the main advantages and disadvantages, but also the potential risks of such training for astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behringer
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Willberg
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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23
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Wang Y, Wang K, Hu Z, Zhou H, Zhang L, Wang H, Li G, Zhang S, Cao X, Shi F. MicroRNA-139-3p regulates osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis by targeting ELK1 and interacting with long noncoding RNA ODSM. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1107. [PMID: 30382082 PMCID: PMC6208413 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that microRNAs and lncRNAs can affect bone cell differentiation and bone formation. In this study, miR-139-3p was upregulated in the femurs of hindlimb unloading mice and MC3T3-E1 cells under simulated microgravity; this effect was related to osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis. Silencing miR-139-3p attenuated the suppression of differentiation and the promotion of MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity. ELK1 is a target of miR-139-3p and is essential for miR-139-3p to regulate osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis. An osteoblast differentiation-related lncRNA that could interact with miR-139-3p (lncRNA ODSM) was identified in MC3T3-E1 cells under simulated microgravity. Further investigations demonstrated that lncRNA ODSM could promote MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Therefore, this research was the first to reveal the critical role of the lncRNA ODSM/miR-139-3p/ELK1 pathway in osteoblasts, and these findings suggest the potential value of miR-139-3p in osteoporosis diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Zebing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Han Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Gaozhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Xinsheng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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Lu HM, Lu XL, Zhai JH, Zhou RB, Liu YM, Guo WH, Zhang CY, Shang P, Yin DC. Effects of large gradient high magnetic field (LG-HMF) on the long-term culture of aquatic organisms: Planarians example. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:428-440. [PMID: 29873401 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Large gradient high magnetic field (LG-HMF) is a powerful tool to study the effects of altered gravity on organisms. In our study, a platform for the long-term culture of aquatic organisms was designed based on a special superconducting magnet with an LG-HMF, which can provide three apparent gravity levels (µ g, 1 g, and 2 g), along with a control condition on the ground. Planarians, Dugesia japonica, were head-amputated and cultured for 5 days in a platform for head reconstruction. After planarian head regeneration, all samples were taken out from the superconducting magnet for a behavioral test under geomagnetic field and normal gravity conditions. To analyze differences among the four groups, four aspects of the planarians were considered, including head regeneration rate, phototaxis response, locomotor velocity, and righting behavior. Data showed that there was no significant difference in the planarian head regeneration rate under simulated altered gravity. According to statistical analysis of the behavioral test, all of the groups had normal functioning of the phototaxis response, while the planarians that underwent head reconstruction under the microgravity environment had significantly slower locomotor velocity and spent more time in righting behavior. Furthermore, histological staining and immunohistochemistry results helped us reveal that the locomotor system of planarians was affected by the simulated microgravity environment. We further demonstrated that the circular muscle of the planarians was weakened (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and the epithelial cilia of the planarians were reduced (anti-acetylated tubulin staining) under the simulated microgravity environment. Bioelectromagnetics. 2018;39:428-440. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Meng Lu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Lu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhai
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Bin Zhou
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Liu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hong Guo
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Yan Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Peng Shang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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Ethiraj P, Link JR, Sinkway JM, Brown GD, Parler WA, Reddy SV. Microgravity modulation of syncytin-A expression enhance osteoclast formation. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5696-5703. [PMID: 29388695 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity (μXg) experienced by astronauts during space flights causes accelerated bone loss. However, the molecular basis of μXg induced bone loss in space is unclear. Osteoclast (OCL) is the primary bone-resorbing cell. We previously demonstrated that simulated μXg promotes OCL formation. In this study, we identified that μXg induces syncytin-A expression in RAW264.7 preosteoclast cells without RANKL stimulation. We further tested the effect of osteotropic factors such as CXCL5 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 to regulate the syncytin-A expression in preosteoclast cells subjected to μXg compared to ground based (Xg) cultures. CXCL5 (25 ng/mL) and 1,25(OH)2 D3 (10 ng/mL) increased syncytin-A expression under Xg conditions. However, μXg alone upregulates syncytin-A expression compared to Xg control preosteoclast cells. Confocal microscopy using Lyso-Tracker identified syncytin-A expression co-localized with lysosomes in preosteoclast cells. Acridine orange staining showed RANKL elevated autophagy activity in these cells. Further, siRNA suppression of syncytin-A significantly inhibits autophagy activity in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, knockdown of syncytin-A expression inhibits μXg increased OCL formation in mouse bone marrow cultures. Thus, our findings suggest that targeting syncytin-A expression may be an effective countermeasure to control bone loss under microgravity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushoth Ethiraj
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jessica R Link
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - James M Sinkway
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gabriella D Brown
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - William A Parler
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cell Fate Decision to Osteoblast or Adipocyte and Application in Osteoporosis Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020360. [PMID: 29370110 PMCID: PMC5855582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and degraded bone microstructure, which leads to increased bone fragility and risks of bone fracture. Osteoporosis is generally age related and has become a major disease of the world. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoporosis and developing effective prevention and therapy methods has great significance for human health. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, or chondrocytes, and have become the favorite source of cell-based therapy. Evidence shows that during osteoporosis, a shift of the cell differentiation of MSCs to adipocytes rather than osteoblasts partly contributes to osteoporosis. Thus, uncovering the molecular mechanisms of the osteoblast or adipocyte differentiation of MSCs will provide more understanding of MSCs and perhaps new methods of osteoporosis treatment. The MSCs have been applied to both preclinical and clinical studies in osteoporosis treatment. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating osteoblast differentiation and adipocyte differentiation of MSCs and highlight the therapeutic application studies of MSCs in osteoporosis treatment. This will provide researchers with new insights into the development and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Catizone A, Schiraldi C, Ricci G, Mariggiò MA. Transient increases in intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species levels in TCam-2 cells exposed to microgravity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15648. [PMID: 29142208 PMCID: PMC5688167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of microgravity on functions of the human body are well described, including alterations in the male and female reproductive systems. In the present study, TCam-2 cells, which are considered a good model of mitotically active male germ cells, were used to investigate intracellular signalling and cell metabolism during exposure to simulated microgravity, a condition that affects cell shape and cytoskeletal architecture. After a 24 hour exposure to simulated microgravity, TCam-2 cells showed 1) a decreased proliferation rate and a delay in cell cycle progression, 2) increased anaerobic metabolism accompanied by increased levels of intracellular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion and modifications in mitochondrial morphology. Interestingly, all these events were transient and were no longer evident after 48 hours of exposure. The presence of antioxidants prevented not only the effects described above but also the modifications in cytoskeletal architecture and the activation of the autophagy process induced by simulated microgravity. In conclusion, in the TCam-2 cell model, simulated microgravity activated the oxidative machinery, triggering transient macroscopic cell events, such as a reduction in the proliferation rate, changes in cytoskeleton-driven shape and autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morabito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Catizone
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic and Orthopaedic Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - G Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - M A Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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Xu H, Ning D, Zhao D, Chen Y, Zhao D, Gu S, Jiang JX, Shang P. Blockage of hemichannels alters gene expression in osteocytes in a high magneto-gravitational environment. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:783-794. [PMID: 27814646 DOI: 10.2741/4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone, are highly responsive to external environmental changes. We tested how Cx43 hemichannels which mediate the exchange of small molecules between cells and extracellular environment impact genome wide gene expression under conditions of abnormal gravity and magnetic field. To this end, we subjected osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells to a high magneto-gravitational environment and used microarray to examine global gene expression and a specific blocking antibody was used to assess the role of Cx43 hemichannels. While 3 hr exposure to abnormal gravity and magnetic field had relatively minor effects on global gene expression, blocking hemichannels significantly impacted the expression of a number of genes which are involved in cell viability, apoptosis, mineral absorption, protein absorption and digestion, and focal adhesion. Also, blocking of hemichannels enriched genes in multiple signaling pathways which are enaged by TGF-beta, Jak-STAT and VEGF. These results show the role of connexin hemichannels in bone cells in high magneto-gravitational environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Dandan Ning
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Dezhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Yunhe Chen
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Jean Xin Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China,
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Najrana T, Sanchez-Esteban J. Mechanotransduction as an Adaptation to Gravity. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:140. [PMID: 28083527 PMCID: PMC5183626 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity has played a critical role in the development of terrestrial life. A key event in evolution has been the development of mechanisms to sense and transduce gravitational force into biological signals. The objective of this manuscript is to review how living organisms on Earth use mechanotransduction as an adaptation to gravity. Certain cells have evolved specialized structures, such as otoliths in hair cells of the inner ear and statoliths in plants, to respond directly to the force of gravity. By conducting studies in the reduced gravity of spaceflight (microgravity) or simulating microgravity in the laboratory, we have gained insights into how gravity might have changed life on Earth. We review how microgravity affects prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells at the cellular and molecular levels. Genomic studies in yeast have identified changes in genes involved in budding, cell polarity, and cell separation regulated by Ras, PI3K, and TOR signaling pathways. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of late pregnant rats have revealed that microgravity affects genes that regulate circadian clocks, activate mechanotransduction pathways, and induce changes in immune response, metabolism, and cells proliferation. Importantly, these studies identified genes that modify chromatin structure and methylation, suggesting that long-term adaptation to gravity may be mediated by epigenetic modifications. Given that gravity represents a modification in mechanical stresses encounter by the cells, the tensegrity model of cytoskeletal architecture provides an excellent paradigm to explain how changes in the balance of forces, which are transmitted across transmembrane receptors and cytoskeleton, can influence intracellular signaling pathways and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanbir Najrana
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island , Providence, RI , USA
| | - Juan Sanchez-Esteban
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island , Providence, RI , USA
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Zhao HW, Zhao J, Hu LN, Liang JN, Shi YY, Nie C, Qiu CY, Nan XS, Li YX, Gao FL, Liu Y, Dong Y, Luo L. Effect of long-term weightlessness on retina and optic nerve in tail-suspension rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:825-30. [PMID: 27366682 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.06.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of long-term weightlessness on retina and optic nerve in tail-suspension (TS) rats. METHODS A stimulated weightlessness model was established by suspending rats' tail. After 12wk, the ultrastructure and the number of optic nerve axons were observed by transmission electron microscope. The number of survival retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was calculated by fluorescent gold retrograde labeling. Retina cells apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. The function of optic nerve and retina was evaluated by the visual evoked potential (VEP) and oscillatory potentials (Ops). RESULTS The optic nerve axons were swollen and sparsely aligned, and the lamellar separation and myelin disintegration occurred after 12wk in TS rats. The density of optic nerve axons was 32.23±3.92 (vs 37.43±4.13, P=0.0145), the RGCs density was 1645±46 cells/mm(2) (vs 1867±54 cells/mm(2) P=0.0000), the incidence rate of retinal cells apoptosis was 5.38%±0.53% (vs 4.75%±0.54%, P=0.0238), the amplitude of VEP-P100 was 15.43±2.14 µV (vs 17.67±2.17 µV, P=0.0424), the latency of VEP-P100 was 69.05±5.34ms (vs 62.43±4.87ms P=0.0143) and the sum amplitude of Ops was 81.05±8.34 µV (vs 91.67±10.21 µV, P=0.0280) in TS group and the control group, respectively. CONCLUSION Long-term weightlessness can induce the ultrastructural changes and functional depress of the optic nerve, as well as retinal cell damages in TS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Zhao
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lian-Na Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing-Nan Liang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuang Nie
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang-Yu Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin-Shuai Nan
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu-Xin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China; Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fu-Lin Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Dong
- The First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
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Microgravity Induction of TRAIL Expression in Preosteoclast Cells Enhances Osteoclast Differentiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25143. [PMID: 27142480 PMCID: PMC4855152 DOI: 10.1038/srep25143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that astronauts experience significant bone loss in space. We previously showed that simulated microgravity (μXg) using the NASA developed rotary cell culture system (RCCS) enhanced bone resorbing osteoclast (OCL) differentiation. However, the mechanism by which μXg increases OCL formation is unclear. RANK/RANKL signaling pathway is critical for OCL differentiation. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been shown to increase osteoclastogenesis. We hypothesize that TRAIL may play an important role in μXg enhanced OCL differentiation. In this study, we identified by RT profiler PCR array screening that μXg induces high levels of TRAIL expression in murine preosteoclast cells in the absence of RANKL stimulation compared to ground based (Xg) cultures. We further identified that μXg elevated the adaptor protein TRAF-6 and fusion genes OC-STAMP and DC-STAMP expression in preosteoclast cells. Interestingly, neutralizing antibody against TRAIL significantly reduced μXg induced OCL formation. We further identified that over-expression of pTRAIL in RAW 264.7 cells enhanced OCL differentiation. These results indicate that TRAIL signaling plays an important role in the μXg increased OCL differentiation. Therefore, inhibition of TRAIL expression could be an effective countermeasure for μXg induced bone loss.
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32
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Melatonin Suppresses Autophagy Induced by Clinostat in Preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:526. [PMID: 27070587 PMCID: PMC4848982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity exposure can cause cardiovascular and immune disorders, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, and loss of blood and plasma volume. A clinostat device is an effective ground-based tool for simulating microgravity. This study investigated how melatonin suppresses autophagy caused by simulated microgravity in preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. In preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells, clinostat rotation induced a significant time-dependent increase in the levels of the autophagosomal marker microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3), suggesting that autophagy is induced by clinostat rotation in these cells. Melatonin treatment (100, 200 nM) significantly attenuated the clinostat-induced increases in LC3 II protein, and immunofluorescence staining revealed decreased levels of both LC3 and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2), indicating a decrease in autophagosomes. The levels of phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) (Ser2448), phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and phosphorylation of serine-threonine protein kinase (p-Akt) (Ser473) were significantly reduced by clinostat rotation. However, their expression levels were significantly recovered by melatonin treatment. Also, expression of the Bcl-2, truncated Bid, Cu/Zn- superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Mn-SOD proteins were significantly increased by melatonin treatment, whereas levels of Bax and catalase were decreased. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker GRP78/BiP, IRE1α, and p-PERK proteins were significantly reduced by melatonin treatment. Treatment with the competitive melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole blocked melatonin-induced decreases in LC3 II levels. These results demonstrate that melatonin suppresses clinostat-induced autophagy through increasing the phosphorylation of the ERK/Akt/mTOR proteins. Consequently, melatonin appears to be a potential therapeutic agent for regulating microgravity-related bone loss or osteoporosis.
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ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDYING OF RAT BONE CELLS UNDER MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS. EUREKA: LIFE SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5695.2016.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the experiments on rats (SLS-2) with the use of electron microscopy there was made the study of the osteoclasts population and the peculiarities of resorptive processes in a spongy bone of the epiphyses and the iliac crest.
The results of investigation permit to suppose that the processes of resorption of bone tissue become more intensive in zones of adaptive remodeling and destruction of the spongy bone under microgravity that is performed by several ways. One of mechanisms is the increasing of the functional activity of osteoclasts (appearance of "giant" osteoclasts). As a result it is the local demineralization and subsequent destruction of superficial areas of the bone matrix. The other mechanism is activation of osteocytic osteolysis was also investigated.
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Goodman CA, Hornberger TA, Robling AG. Bone and skeletal muscle: Key players in mechanotransduction and potential overlapping mechanisms. Bone 2015; 80:24-36. [PMID: 26453495 PMCID: PMC4600534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of skeletal muscle and bone mass is critical for movement, health and issues associated with the quality of life. Skeletal muscle and bone mass are regulated by a variety of factors that include changes in mechanical loading. Moreover, bone mass is, in large part, regulated by muscle-derived mechanical forces and thus by changes in muscle mass/strength. A thorough understanding of the cellular mechanism(s) responsible for mechanotransduction in bone and skeletal muscle is essential for the development of effective exercise and pharmaceutical strategies aimed at increasing, and/or preventing the loss of, mass in these tissues. Thus, in this review we will attempt to summarize the current evidence for the major molecular mechanisms involved in mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle and bone. By examining the differences and similarities in mechanotransduction between these two tissues, it is hoped that this review will stimulate new insights and ideas for future research and promote collaboration between bone and muscle biologists.(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Goodman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Gifre L, Vidal J, Carrasco JL, Filella X, Ruiz-Gaspà S, Muxi A, Portell E, Monegal A, Guañabens N, Peris P. Effect of recent spinal cord injury on wnt signaling antagonists (sclerostin and dkk-1) and their relationship with bone loss. A 12-month prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1014-21. [PMID: 25484108 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been associated with a marked increase in bone loss and bone remodeling, especially short-term after injury. The absence of mechanical load, mediated by osteocyte mechanosensory function, seems to be a causative factor related to bone loss in this condition. However, the pathogenesis and clinical management of this process remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the effect of recent SCI on the Wnt pathway antagonists, sclerostin and Dickkopf (Dkk-1), and their relationship with bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) evolution. Forty-two patients (aged 35 ± 14yrs) with a recent (<6months) complete SCI were prospectively included. Sclerostin and Dkk-1, bone turnover markers (bone formation: PINP, bone ALP; resorption: sCTx) and BMD (lumbar spine, proximal femur, total body and lower extremities [DXA]) were assessed at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. The results were compared with a healthy control group. 22/42 patients completed the 12-month follow-up. At baseline, SCI patients showed a marked increase in bone markers (PINP and sCTx), remaining significantly increased at up to 6 months of follow-up. Additionally, they presented significantly increased Dkk-1 values throughout the study, whereas sclerostin values did not significantly change. BMD markedly decreased at the proximal femur (-20.2 ± 5.4%, p < 0.01), total body (-5.7 ± 2.2%, p = 0.02) and lower extremities (-13.1 ± 4.5%, p = 0.01) at 12 months. Consequently, 59% of patients developed densitometric osteoporosis at 12 months. Patients with higher Dkk-1 values (>58 pmol/L) at baseline showed higher sublesional BMD loss. In conclusion, this study shows that short-term after SCI there is a marked increase in bone turnover and bone loss, the latter associated with an increase in Dkk-1 serum levels. The persistence of increased levels of this Wnt antagonist throughout the study and their relationship with the magnitude of bone loss suggests a contributory role of this mediator in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Vidal
- Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep L Carrasco
- Public Health Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Filella
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Africa Muxi
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Portell
- Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Monegal
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Guañabens
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Peris
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
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Yan M, Wang Y, Yang M, Liu Y, Qu B, Ye Z, Liang W, Sun X, Luo Z. The effects and mechanisms of clinorotation on proliferation and differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:327-32. [PMID: 25804637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Data from human and rodent studies have demonstrated that microgravity induces observed bone loss in real spaceflight or simulated experiments. The decrease of bone formation and block of maturation may play important roles in bone loss induced by microgravity. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of proliferation and differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) induced by simulated microgravity and the mechanisms underlying it. We report here that clinorotation, a simulated model of microgravity, decreased proliferation and differentiation in BMSCs after exposure to 48 h simulated microgravity. The inhibited proliferation are related with blocking the cell cycle in G2/M and enhancing the apoptosis. While alterations of the osteoblast differentiation due to the decreased SATB2 expression induced by simulated microgravity in BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, XiJing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, XiJing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yanwu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, XiJing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Zhengxu Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, XiJing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, XiJing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiqing Sun
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, XiJing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Sun YL, Chen ZH, Chen XH, Yin C, Li DJ, Ma XL, Zhao F, Zhang G, Shang P, Qian AR. Diamagnetic levitation promotes osteoclast differentiation from RAW264.7 cells. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 62:900-8. [PMID: 25398175 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2370039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The superconducting magnet with a high magnetic force field can levitate diamagnetic materials. In this study, a specially designed superconducting magnet with large gradient high magnetic field (LGHMF), which provides three apparent gravity levels (μg, 1 g, and 2 g), was used to study its influence on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation from preosteoclast cell line RAW264.7. The effects of LGHMF on the viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, morphology in RAW264.7 cells were detected by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, the Griess method, and the immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The changes induced by LGHMF in osteoclast formation, mRNA expression, and bone resorption were determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, semiquantity PCR, and bone resorption test, respectively. The results showed that: 1) LGHMF had no lethal effect on osteoclast precursors but attenuated NO release in RAW264.7 cells. 2) Diamagnetic levitation (μg) enhanced both the formation and bone resorption capacity of osteoclast. Moreover, diamagnetic levitation up-regulated mRNA expression of RANK, Cathepsin K, MMP-9, and NFATc1, while down-regulated RunX2 in comparison with controls. Furthermore, diamagnetic levitation induced obvious morphological alterations in osteoclast, including active cytoplasmic peripheral pseudopodial expansion, formation of pedosome belt, and aggregation of actin ring. 3) Magnetic field produced by LGHMF attenuated osteoclast resorption activity. Collectively, LGHMF with combined effects has multiple effects on osteoclast, which attenuated osteoclast resorption with magnetic field, whereas promoted osteoclast differentiation with diamagnetic levitation. Therefore, these findings indicate that diamagnetic levitation could be used as a novel ground-based microgravity simulator, which facilitates bone cell research of weightlessness condition.
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The impact of simulated and real microgravity on bone cells and mesenchymal stem cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:928507. [PMID: 25110709 PMCID: PMC4119729 DOI: 10.1155/2014/928507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
How microgravity affects the biology of human cells and the formation of 3D cell cultures in real and simulated microgravity (r- and s-µg) is currently a hot topic in biomedicine. In r- and s-µg, various cell types were found to form 3D structures. This review will focus on the current knowledge of tissue engineering in space and on Earth using systems such as the random positioning
machine (RPM), the 2D-clinostat, or the NASA-developed rotating wall vessel bioreactor (RWV) to create tissue from bone, tumor, and mesenchymal stem cells. To understand the development of 3D structures, in vitro experiments using s-µg devices can provide valuable information about modulations in signal-transduction, cell adhesion, or extracellular matrix induced by altered gravity conditions. These systems also facilitate the analysis of the impact of growth factors, hormones, or drugs on these tissue-like constructs. Progress has been made in bone tissue engineering using the RWV, and multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS), formed in both r- and s-µg, have been reported and were analyzed in depth. Currently, these MCTS are available for drug testing and proteomic investigations. This review provides an overview of the influence of µg on the aforementioned cells and an outlook for future perspectives in tissue engineering.
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