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Alonso Llorente A, Salgado Garrido J, Teijido Hermida Ó, González Andrade F, Valiente Martín A, Fanlo Villacampa AJ, Vicente Romero J. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 in ecuadorian population: An interethnic approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28566. [PMID: 38586400 PMCID: PMC10998100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction CYP2C19 is a highly polymorphic gene responsible for metabolizing commonly used drugs. CYP2C19*2,*3 (loss of activity alleles) and *17 (increased activity allele) are the principal alleles included in clinical guidelines, however their prevalence varies among different ethnicities. Ecuadorian population is formed by Mestizos, Afrodescendants and Native Americans and frequency of CYP2C19 alleles could be different among them. The objective of this study was to establish the frequency of these variants in the different populations of Ecuador and to compare them with other populations. Materials and methods DNA from 105 Afrodescendants, 75 Native Americans of the Kichwa ethnicity, and 33 Mestizos Ecuadorians was analyzed by nested-PCR to identify CYP2C19*17 carriers. CYP2C19*2 allele was analyzed in DNA from 78 Afrodescendants, 29 Native Americans of the Kichwa, and 16 Mestizos by TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Assay. CYP2C19*3 was analyzed in 33 Afrodescendants by nested-PCR. Results The global frequencies of the alternate alleles were 14.22% (CYP2C19*2) and 2.10% (CYP2C19*17). No differences (p > 0.05) were observed among the subgroups. No CYP2C19*3 carrier was identified. CYP2C19*2 frequencies in Ecuador were similar to the ones reported in Europe, Africa and Middle East countries and to some American populations. Low CYP2C19*17 frequencies, like the ones in our population, were also observed in East and South Asia and in Native American groups. Discussion Absence of differences in the ethnic groups in Ecuador for CYP2C19*2 and *17 could be due to either a bias in sample selection (ethnic group was assed by self-identification) or to a high interethnic admixture in the Ecuadorian population that would had diluted genetic differences. In addition, CYP2C19*2, *3, and *17 alleles frequencies in our study suggest that Ecuadorians ancestry is mostly of Native American origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Alonso Llorente
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- IRBLleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida Fundació Dr. Pifarre, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Josefa Salgado Garrido
- Medical Genetics Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Óscar Teijido Hermida
- Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Julia Fanlo Villacampa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Jorge Vicente Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
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Xie J, Pan T, Luo W, Zhang S, Fang Y, Xu Z. CYP2C19 *2/*2 Genotype is a Risk Factor for Multi-Site Arteriosclerosis: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:5139-5146. [PMID: 37954650 PMCID: PMC10637229 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s437251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis usually affect multiple organs. Genetic factors have a certain proportion in the risk factors of atherosclerosis. The purpose was to investigate the relationship of cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) polymorphisms with multi-site atherosclerosis. Methods The study included 410 patients with single-site atherosclerosis and 529 patients with multi-site atherosclerosis. The relationship between CYP2C19 rs4244285 and rs4986893 polymorphisms and single-site atherosclerosis and multi-site atherosclerosis was analyzed. Results The proportion of CYP2C19 rs4244285 A allele (35.9% vs 29.9%, P=0.007) and rs4986893 G allele (97.7% vs 94.8%, P=0.001) in multi-site atherosclerosis group was significantly higher than that in single-site atherosclerosis group. The distribution of CYP2C19 genotypes was significantly different between the two groups (P=0.002). The results of univariate logistic regression indicated that CYP2C19 *1/*3 genotype (*1/*3 vs *1/*1: odds ratio (OR) 0.456, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.231-0.902, P=0.024) may decrease risk of multi-site atherosclerosis, while *2/*2 genotype (*2/*2 vs *1/*1: OR 1.780, 95% CI: 1.100-2.880, P=0.019) may increase risk of multi-site atherosclerosis. Multivariate logistic regression (adjusted for gender, age, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and diabetes) indicated that CYP2C19 *1/*3 genotype (*1/*3 vs *1/*1: OR 0.459, 95% CI: 0.231-0.909, P=0.026) may be an independent protective factor for multi-site atherosclerosis, while *2/*2 genotype (*2/*2 vs *1/*1: OR 1.767, 95% CI: 1.091-2.864, P=0.021) may be an independent risk factor for multi-site atherosclerosis. Conclusion CYP2C19 *1/*3 genotype may be an independent protective factor for multi-site atherosclerosis, while *2/*2 genotype may be an independent risk factor for multi-site atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Xie
- Intensive Care Unit, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingjun Pan
- Intensive Care Unit, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Luo
- Intensive Care Unit, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songsheng Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Fang
- Intensive Care Unit, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Intensive Care Unit, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
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Shi Y, Yang Y, Feng M, Ling W, Wei T, Cao Y, Zhong R, Wu H. Differences in the Proportion of CYP2C19 Loss-of-Function Between Cerebral Infarction and Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:3473-3481. [PMID: 37601806 PMCID: PMC10438470 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s420108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) genotypes and metabolic phenotypes (extensive metabolizer (EM), intermediate metabolizer (IM), and poor metabolizer (PM)) are related to the metabolism of therapeutic drugs for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the differences of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism distribution between coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and cerebral infarction (CI) patients. Methods We identified 413 CI patients, 509 CAD patients, and 241 CI+CAD patients from 2016 to 2020 and studied genotypes of CYP2C19 rs4986893 (636G>A) and rs4244285 (681G>A) polymorphisms using PCR-gene chip detection method. Differences in CYP2C19 genotypes and metabolic phenotypes between the groups were compared. To analyze the efficacy of CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes in discriminating between cerebral infarction and coronary artery disease, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted after adjusting for gender, age, smoking history, drinking history, hypertension, and diabetes. Results There were significant differences in the distribution of CYP2C19 genotypes and metabolic phenotypes between CI and CAD patients. The results of multivariate logistic regression (adjusted for sex, age, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and diabetes) indicated that CYP2C19 IM phenotype (IM vs EM: OR 1.443, 95% CI: 1.086-1.918, P=0.011) and CYP2C19 IM+PM phenotype (IM or PM vs EM: OR 1.440, 95% CI: 1.100-1.885, P=0.008) may be indicators of CI from CAD. Conclusion CYP2C19 EM metabolic phenotype was dominant in CAD patients, and CYP2C19 IM metabolic phenotype was dominant in CI patients. After adjusting for other confounding factors, patients with the CYP2C19 IM metabolic phenotype were more likely to develop CI than CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxian Yang
- Department of Neurology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaoling Feng
- Department of Neurology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihan Ling
- Department of Neurology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongguo Wei
- Department of Neurology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumin Cao
- Department of Neurology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heming Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
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Cai N, Li C, Gu X, Zeng W, Zhong J, Liu J, Zeng G, Zhu J, Hong H. CYP2C19 loss-of-function is associated with increased risk of hypertension in a Hakka population: a case-control study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:185. [PMID: 37024851 PMCID: PMC10080785 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors have a certain proportion in the risk factors of hypertension. The purpose was to investigate the relationship of cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) polymorphisms with hypertension in Hakka population. METHODS The study included 1,872 hypertensive patients and 1,110 controls. The genotypes of CYP2C19 rs4244285 and rs4986893 of all individuals were detected and analyzed. RESULTS The genotype and allele distributions of CYP2C19 rs4244285 were significantly different between hypertension group and control group. The CYP2C19 *1/*1 genotype was the most predominant among the subjects (40.8%), followed by the CYP2C19 *1/*2 genotype (40.5%). The percentage of CYP2C19*1, *2, and *3 allele was 64.2%, 30.8%, and 5.0%, respectively. The proportion of intermediate metabolizers (IM) (49.3% vs. 42.9%), poor metabolizers (PM) (14.3% vs. 8.9%) (P < 0.001), and CYP2C19*2 allele (33.8% vs. 25.7%, P < 0.001) in hypertension group was significantly higher than that in control group. Multivariate logistic regression (adjusted for gender, age, smoking, and drinking) indicated that CYP2C19 *1/*2, *1/*3, and *2/*2 genotypes may increase susceptibility to hypertension. And the CYP2C19 IM genotype (IM vs. EM: OR 1.514, 95% CI: 1.291-1.775, P < 0.001), PM genotype (PM vs. EM: OR 2.120, 95% CI: 1.638-2.743, P < 0.001), IM + PM genotypes (IM + PM vs. EM: OR 1.617, 95% CI: 1.390-1.882, P < 0.001) may increase risk of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS CYP2C19 loss-of-function (IM, PM genotypes) is independent risk factor for hypertension susceptibility. Specifically, the risk genotypes include CYP2C19 *1/*2, *1/*3, and *2/*2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cai
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China.
- , No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China.
| | - Cunren Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Xianfang Gu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Zeng
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Guopeng Zeng
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Junxing Zhu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Haifeng Hong
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
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Yang Z, Xie Y, Zhang D, Zou Y, Li X, Chen R, Zhang X, Chen S, Bai F. CYP2C19 gene polymorphism in Ningxia. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:705-714. [PMID: 36913175 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor metabolizer (PM) status of CYP2C19 can be a predisposing factor for developing gastric cancer in H. pylori-infected patients. It is unclear whether PM status of CYP2C19 can also be a potential factor for H.pylori infection in healthy people. METHODS We used high-throughput sequencing to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at just three loci, rs4244285 (CYP2C19*2), rs4986893 (CYP2C19*3) and rs12248560 (CYP2C19*17), to identify the exact CYP2C19 alleles corresponding to the mutated sites. We determined CYP2C19 genotypes of 1050 subjects from 5 cities of Ningxia from September 2019 to September 2020 and evaluated the potential correlation between H.pylori and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms. Clinical data were analyzed using χ2 tests. RESULTS The frequency of CYP2C19*17 in Hui (3.7%) was higher as compared to Han (1.4%) in Ningxia (p = 0.001). The frequency of CYP2C19*1/*17 of Hui (4.7%) was higher as compared to Han (1.6%) in Ningxia (p = 0.004). The frequency of CYP2C19*3/*17 of Hui (1%) was higher as compared to Han (0%) in Ningxia (p = 0.023). The frequencies of alleles (p = 0.142) and genotypes (p = 0.928) were not found to be significantly different among the different BMI groups. The frequencies of four alleles between H. pylori positive and negative groups were not found to be statistically different (p = 0.794). The frequencies of the different genotypes between H. pylori positive and negative groups were not statistically different (p = 0.974), and no statistical difference was observed between the different metabolic phenotypes (p = 0.494). CONCLUSION There were regional differences observed in CYP2C19*17 distribution in Ningxia. The frequency of CYP2C19*17 in Hui was higher than in Han of Ningxia. No significant relationship was found between CYP2C19 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yunqian Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hai Nan Medical University, Yuhai Avenue, #368, Longhua District, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- The Gastroenterology Clinical Medical Center of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Daya Zhang
- Graduate School, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Zou
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ximei Li
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Runxiang Chen
- Graduate School, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Graduate School, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shiju Chen
- Graduate School, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Feihu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hai Nan Medical University, Yuhai Avenue, #368, Longhua District, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
- The Gastroenterology Clinical Medical Center of Hainan Province, Haikou, China.
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Yuan XW, Yuan SY, Wu GX, Wu ZX, Guan ZY. Genetic polymorphism of clopidogrel metabolism related gene CYP2C19 gene in Chinese from Foshan area of Guangdong Province. Hematology 2022; 27:1056-1061. [DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-wen Yuan
- Department of The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-yun Yuan
- Department of The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-xin Wu
- Department of The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - zhi-xin Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicin, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-yun Guan
- Department of The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
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Alvarado AT, Saravia M, Losno R, Pariona R, Muñoz AM, Ybañez-Julca RO, Loja B, Bendezú MR, García JA, Surco-Laos F, Laos-Anchante D, Chávez H, Aguilar P, Pineda M. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genes Associated with Tricontinental and Latin American Ancestry of Pe-ruvians. DRUG METABOLISM AND BIOANALYSIS LETTERS 2022; 16:DMBL-EPUB-128245. [PMID: 36518034 PMCID: PMC10436705 DOI: 10.2174/1872312815666221213151140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine seeks to individualize the dose from the beginning of phar-macological therapy based on the characteristics of each patient, genes involved in the metabolic phenotype, ethnicity or miscegenation, with the purpose to minimize adverse effects and optimize drug efficacy. The objective was to re-view studies that describe the association of the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes with the tricontinental and Latin American ancestry of Peruvians. A biblio-graphic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline and SciELO, with various descriptors in Spanish and English. The results of this review confirm that the ethnic origin of Peruvians is triconti-nental due to European (mainly Spanish), African and Asian migration, in addi-tion to Latin American migration, being 60.2% mixed, 25.8% Amerindian, 5.9% white, 3.6% African descent, 1.2% Chinese and Japanese descent, and 3.3% unspecified. Studies on CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*2, *3 and *6 have been reported in Peruvians, and the frequency is similar to that studied in Ecuadori-ans and Colombians. The CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*3, and CYP2D6*6 alleles found in Peruvians are common in Europeans, Africans, and Asians; while CYP2D6*4 in Africans and CYP2D6*2 related to Asians. In some studies, the ethnic/gene association has not been demonstrated; while others have shown a significant association, which is why further investigation is warranted. It is concluded that the studies on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes associated with the tricontinental and Latin American ancestry of Peruvians are little, and ac-cording to what has been investigated, the CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*2, *3, *4 and *6 alleles have more related to their ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel T. Alvarado
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
- Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, 28001, Spain
| | - María Saravia
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - Ricardo Losno
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - Ricardo Pariona
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - Ana María Muñoz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, ICAN, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - Roberto O. Ybañez-Julca
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, 13001, Peru
| | - Berta Loja
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - María R. Bendezú
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | - Jorge A. García
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | - Felipe Surco-Laos
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | - Doris Laos-Anchante
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | - Haydee Chávez
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | | | - Mario Pineda
- Pharmacy and Biochemistry, FCS, Scientific of the South University, UCSUR, Lima, 15067, Peru
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Zihlif M, Bashaireh B, Rashid M, Almadani Z, Jarrar Y. Effect of major CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on Helicobacter pylori eradication based on different treatment regimens. Biomed Rep 2021; 16:2. [PMID: 34820125 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a global issue. Its eradication in affected individuals is important to prevent several further complications that may occur if left untreated. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) serve an important role in the eradication regimens of H. pylori. PPIs are metabolized primarily through the CYP2C19 enzyme in the liver. Inter-individual variation in the response to eradication treatment may partly be due to variations in the metabolism of PPIs. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was any association between CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms and the response to eradication therapy amongst Jordanians infected with H. pylori receiving lansoprazole-based regimens. The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of The University of Jordan Hospital. A total of 141 patients infected with H. pylori were genotyped for the polymorphisms CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay method. Patients received lansoprazole-based triple or sequential therapy. The assessment of eradication was performed using either a H. pylori stool antigen test or from feedback from patients regarding their improvement. Eradication rates were 84.6% and 64.5% in the intermediate-metabolizer and extensive-metabolizer group, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, no significant association was found between the carriers of the CYP2C19*17 polymorphism and the response to eradication therapy. These findings suggest that there was no significant association between the CYP2C19 genotype and the response to eradication therapy amongst Jordanians infected with H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Zihlif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11492, Jordan
| | - Banan Bashaireh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11492, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Rashid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11492, Jordan
| | - Zaid Almadani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11492, Jordan
| | - Yazun Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11731, Jordan
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Alkattan A, Alsalameen E. Polymorphisms of genes related to phase-I metabolic enzymes affecting the clinical efficacy and safety of clopidogrel treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:685-695. [PMID: 33931001 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1925249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication described as a prodrug, which cannot exert the antiplatelet effect until being biotransformed to the active metabolite. It is commonly used to reduce the risk of blood coagulation in patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, or ischemic stroke.Area covered: We reviewed published articles in PubMed and Google Scholar that focused on the mutations of CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, and CYP1A2 genes related to clopidogrel clinical efficacy and safety.Expert opinion: Based on current pharmacogenetic studies, patients carrying CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2C9*3, and CYP2B6*5 alleles may not respond to clopidogrel due to poor platelet inhibition efficacy revealed among them. In contrast, carriers of CYP2C19*17, CYP3A4*1G, and CYP1A2*1C alleles showed a more significant antiplatelet effect in clopidogrel users and expected to have a protective role as a genetic factor against cardiovascular events. Genotyping for either CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, or CYP1A2 variants is not recommended when considering clopidogrel treatment for patients, as some trials showed specific non-genetic factors (e.g. age and diabetes) that could affect clopidogrel responsiveness. Instead, platelets inhibition tests could be used as predictors of the clinical efficacy of clopidogrel treatment. Other P2Y12 receptor inhibitors should be considered as alternative medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Department of Research and Development, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khaled University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Valencia Ayala E, Chevarría Arriaga M, Coelho EB, Sandoval JS, Granara AS. Metabolizer phenotype prediction in different Peruvian ethnic groups through CYP2C9 polymorphisms. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 36:dmdi-2020-0146. [PMID: 33735946 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The CYP2C9 gene have three common alleles, CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3, associated with different homozygous (*1/*1, *2/*2 and *3/*3) and heterozygous (*1/*2 and *1/*3) genotypes, which in turn are related to extensive (gEM), intermediate (gIM) and poor (gPM) metabolizers. Likewise, the inter-ethnic variability was intimately associated with different drug metabolism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was predict the metabolizer phenotypes in different Peruvian ethnic groups from lowland (<2,500 m) and highland (>2,500 m). METHODS TaqMan genotyping assays were performed in a group of 174 healthy unrelated Peruvian individuals. RESULTS In this study, the allelic comparison between the three eco-regions showed that the CYP2C9*1 was the most common in Andean (96.32%); the *2 was the most frequent in Coast (7.45%, p<0.05). Regarding the *3 was the most common in Amazonian (6.25%, p<0.05). In a corroborative manner, the gEM was the most common in Andean (94.74%), the gIM in Coast (17.02%) and gPM in Amazonian (6.25%) populations. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a valuable source of information about to metabolizer phenotype drugs in different Peruvian ethnic groups. In this way, it could be established suitable genetic-dosage medicaments for various common diseases in these heterogenetic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Valencia Ayala
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación de Medicina Tradicional y Farmacología-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Mylenka Chevarría Arriaga
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación de Medicina Tradicional y Farmacología-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Barbosa Coelho
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - José Sandoval Sandoval
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación en Genética y Biología Molecular-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Salazar Granara
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación de Medicina Tradicional y Farmacología-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación de Medicina de Altura-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
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Rodríguez-Escudero I, Cedeño JA, Rodríguez-Nazario I, Reynaldo-Fernández G, Rodríguez-Vera L, Morales N, Jiménez-Vélez B, Ruaño G, Duconge J. Assessment of the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic guidance in a comprehensive medication management service. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2020; 3:1028-1037. [PMID: 32964197 PMCID: PMC7505210 DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacists are poised to be the health care professionals best suited to provide medication-related consults and services based on a patient's genetics. Despite its potential benefits, the implementation of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing into primary clinical settings has been slow among medically underserved populations. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PGx-driven recommendations have been incorporated into a Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) service in a Hispanic population. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical utility of adding PGx guidance into pharmacist-driven CMM. METHODS This is a pre- and post-interventional design study. Patients were recruited from a psychologist's clinic. A total of 24 patients had a face-to-face interview with a pharmacist to complete a CMM, Personal Medication Record, and Medication-Related Action Plan (MAP) blind to PGx findings. Collected buccal DNA samples were genotyped using drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMET) Plus Array. RESULTS The pharmacist generated new MAPs for each patient based on PGx results. Genetic variants that could potentially affect the safety and effectiveness of at least one drug in the pharmacotherapy were identified in 96% of patients, for whom the pharmacist changed the initial recommendations. Polymorphisms in genes encoding for isoenzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 were identified in 83%, 52%, and 41% of patients, respectively. Pharmacists performing CMM identified 22 additional medication problems after PGx determinations. Moreover, they agreed with the clinical utility of PGx in the studied sample based on perceived value of adding PGx to traditional CMM and its utility in the decision-making process of pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed the critical role to be played by pharmacists in facilitating the clinical usage of relevant genetic information to optimize drug therapy decisions as well as their involvement on many levels of these multidisciplinary implementation efforts, including championing and leading PGx-guided CMM services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio A. Cedeño
- School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | | | - Braulio Jiménez-Vélez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gualberto Ruaño
- Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Laboratory of Personalized Health, Genomas, Inc., Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Jorge Duconge
- School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Study of the allelic variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 in samples of the Peruvian mestizo population. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2019; 39:601-610. [PMID: 31584773 PMCID: PMC7357368 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introducción. El citocromo CYP2C9 metaboliza, aproximadamente, el 15 % de los fármacos prescritos. Su gen presenta alelos cuyas frecuencias difieren entre grupos étnicos y poblaciones. Los alelos CYP2C9*2 y CYP2C9*3 dan cuenta de una enzima con actividad disminuida cuya frecuencia no ha sido determinada en la población mestiza peruana. Objetivo. Caracterizar la frecuencia de las variantes *2 (rs1799853) y *3 (rs1057910) del gen CYP2C9 en muestras de población mestiza peruana provenientes de Lima, Tacna y Junín. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo, con muestreo no probabilístico, por conveniencia e incidental. Se incluyeron 218 sujetos según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión; todos los participantes otorgaron su consentimiento informado. El ADN genómico se obtuvo mediante hisopado de mucosa oral, y la detección de los genotipos para los alelos CYP2C9*2 y CYP2C9*3 se hizo mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real, utilizando sondas TaqMan™. Resultados. Las variantes de CYP2C9*2 y CYP2C9*3 están presentes en la población mestiza peruana con frecuencias de 0,046 y 0,062, respectivamente. El análisis de las frecuencias genotípicas observadas permitió predecir que la frecuencia de fenotipos metabolismo intermedio sería del 15,13 % (CYP2C9*1/*2: 5,96 %; CYP2C9*1/*3: 9,17 %), y la de fenotipos de metabolismo lento, del 3,22 % (CYP2C9*2/*2: 1,38 %; CYP2C9*3/*3: 1,38 %; CYP2C9*2/*3: 0,46 %). Conclusiones. Se lograron determinar las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas para las variantes *2 y *3 del gen CYP2C9 en una muestra no probabilística de población mestiza peruana. Las frecuencias obtenidas (0,046 y 0,062, respectivamente) están entre las esperadas para una población mestiza sudamericana con ascendencia amerindia, europea, africana y asiática.
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Naranjo MEG, Rodrigues-Soares F, Peñas-Lledó EM, Tarazona-Santos E, Fariñas H, Rodeiro I, Terán E, Grazina M, Moya GE, López-López M, Sarmiento AP, Calzadilla LR, Ramírez-Roa R, Ortiz-López R, Estévez-Carrizo FE, Sosa-Macías M, Barrantes R, LLerena A. Interethnic Variability in CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 Genes and Predicted Drug Metabolism Phenotypes Among 6060 Ibero- and Native Americans: RIBEF-CEIBA Consortium Report on Population Pharmacogenomics. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 22:575-588. [PMID: 30183544 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic variation in Latin Americans is understudied, which sets a barrier for the goal of global precision medicine. The RIBEF-CEIBA Network Consortium was established to characterize interindividual and between population variations in CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 drug metabolizing enzyme genotypes, which were subsequently utilized to catalog their "predicted drug metabolism phenotypes" across Native American and Ibero American populations. Importantly, we report in this study, a total of 6060 healthy individuals from Ibero-America who were classified according to their self-reported ancestry: 1395 Native Americans, 2571 Admixed Latin Americans, 96 Afro-Latin Americans, 287 white Latin Americans (from Cuba), 1537 Iberians, and 174 Argentinean Ashkenazi Jews. Moreover, Native Americans were grouped into North-, Central-, and South Amerindians (from Mexico, Costa Rica, and Peru, respectively). All subjects were studied for the most common and functional CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 allelic variants, and grouped as genotype-predicted poor or ultrarapid metabolizer phenotypes (gPMs and gUMs, respectively). Native Americans showed differences from each ethnic group in at least two alleles of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. Native Americans had higher frequencies of wild-type alleles for all genes, and lower frequency of CYP2D6*41, CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C19*17 (p < 0.05). Native Americans also showed less CYP2C19 gUMs than the rest of the population sample. In addition, differences within Native Americans (mostly North vs. South) were also found. The interethnic differences described supports the need for population-specific personalized and precision medicine programs for Native Americans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study carried out in Native Americans and other Ibero-American populations analyzing CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms. Population pharmacogenomics is a nascent field of global health and warrants further research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Eugenia G Naranjo
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,2 Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues-Soares
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,3 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil .,4 Faculdade Uninassau , Manaus, Brazil
| | - Eva M Peñas-Lledó
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,2 Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,3 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil .,5 PRISMA , Lima, Peru
| | - Humberto Fariñas
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,2 Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
| | - Idania Rodeiro
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,6 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar , La Habana, Cuba
| | - Enrique Terán
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,7 Universidad San Francisco de Quito , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Manuela Grazina
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,8 UC, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Graciela E Moya
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,9 Universidad Católica de Argentina , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisol López-López
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,10 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alba P Sarmiento
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,11 Pontifica Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis R Calzadilla
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,12 Centro Comunitario de SaludMental de la Habana Vieja, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ronald Ramírez-Roa
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,13 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua , León, Nicaragua
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,14 Tecnológico de Monterrey , Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Francisco E Estévez-Carrizo
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,15 Universidad de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,16 Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Durango, Mexico
| | - Ramiro Barrantes
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,17 Universidad de Costa Rica , San José, Costa Rica
| | - Adrián LLerena
- 1 RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics , Badajoz, Spain .,2 Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
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CYP2C19 Genotype is an Independent Predictor of Adverse Cardiovascular Outcome in Iraqi Patients on Clopidogrel After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 71:347-351. [PMID: 29554005 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine the impact of CYP2C19 genotyping on the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), in cohort of Iraqi patients on clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a total of 201 Iraqi patients undergoing the latter procedure were enrolled. All enrollees had their CYP2C19 genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization. Genotyping revealed that CYP2C19 *1, *17, *2, and *8 allele frequencies were, respectively, 0.604, 0.276, 0.117, and 0.0026. After the exclusion of those with 2 loss of function alleles, 186 patients were available for follow-up as long as they were on clopidogrel, or until MACE occurred, which was encountered in 8.6% after a median of 12 months. Among predictors associated with MACE was the carriage of one CYP2C19 loss of function allele {hazard ratio (HR) 8.6 [confidence interval (CI) 3.15-23.4]; P < 0.0005}, hypertension [HR 3.74 (CI 1.06-13.16); P = 0.04], reduced ventricular function [HR 3.88 (1.43-10.54); P = 0.008], and history of previous myocardial infarction [HR 4.9 (CI 1.48-11.33); P = 0.007] by univariate analysis, although only CYP2C19 genotype remained significant by multivariate analysis [HR 11.88 (CI 3.25-43.44); P < 0.0005]. The latter observation favors CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy and extending the use of alternative antiplatelet drugs to those with single loss of function allele after percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Zhong Z, Hou J, Li B, Zhang Q, Liu S, Li C, Liu Z, Yang M, Zhong W, Zhao P. Analysis of CYP2C19 Genetic Polymorphism in a Large Ethnic Hakka Population in Southern China. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:6186-6192. [PMID: 29288619 PMCID: PMC5757864 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 is an enzyme involved in the bioactivation of various important therapeutic drugs, from pro-drugs to an active inhibitor of platelet action. Variants in the CYP2C19 gene influence the pharmacokinetics and clinical response to antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel; however, there is no available data about the genetic variation of CYP2C19 in the Hakka population in China. Material/Methods A total of 6686 unrelated participants (ages 17–98 years) of self-reported Hakka ancestry admitted at an inpatient department in a hospital in southern China were successfully genotyped by the gene chip platform. Results The identified allele frequencies were CYP2C19*1 (64.33%), *2 (31.06%) and *3 (4.61%). The major prevalent genotype combinations were CYP2C19 *1/*1 (41.73%) and *1/*2 (39.65%). The distribution of CYP2C19 phenotypes was divided into extensive metabolizers (EM) (41.73%), intermediate metabolizers (IM) (45.21%), and poor metabolizers (PM) (13.06%). In the Hakka population, frequencies of the CYP2C19 *2 and *3 variants were observed to be close to those previously identified in Chinese and several other Asian populations. Conclusions Our study is the first to report on CYP2C19 polymorphisms in the Hakka population, and may help to optimize pharmacotherapy effectiveness by providing personalized medicine to this ethnic group in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jingyuan Hou
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Clinical Core Laboratory, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Bing Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Sudong Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Clinical Core Laboratory, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Cunren Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Min Yang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Pingsen Zhao
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Clinical Core Laboratory, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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CYP2C19 ⁎2 Polymorphism in Chilean Patients with In-Stent Restenosis Development and Controls. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5783719. [PMID: 28785581 PMCID: PMC5530410 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5783719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug especially used in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Polymorphisms within CYP2C19 can result in important interindividual variations regarding therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of the CYP2C19⁎2 variant (rs4244285) on in-stent restenosis occurrence in Chilean patients who underwent PCI and received clopidogrel. A total of 77 cases with stenosis >50% in the angioplasty site (62.75 ± 9.8 years, 80.5% males) and 86 controls (65.45 ± 9.8 years, 72.1% males) were studied. The polymorphism was genotyped using TaqMan® Drug Metabolism Genotyping Assays. Overall, CYP2C19⁎2 allele frequency was 8.3%. Diabetes, chronic lesions, and bare metal stents (BMS) were observed more often in cases than in controls (p = 0.05, p = 0.04, and p = 0.02, resp.). Genotypic frequencies did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.15). Nonetheless, the mutated allele was observed in a greater proportion in patients without in-stent restenosis (p = 0.055). There was no significant association between the rs4244285 variant and the occurrence of in-stent restenosis after PCI (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.19 to 1.04; p = 0.06). In summary, no association was identified between the CYP2C19⁎2 variant and the development of coronary in-stent restenosis.
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Saldaña-Cruz AM, León-Moreno LC, Sánchez-Corona J, Santiago DAMD, Mendoza-Carrera F, Castro-Martínez XH, García-Zapién AG, Morán-Moguel MC, Flores-Martínez SE. CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 Allele and Haplotype Distributions in Four Mestizo Populations from Western Mexico: An Interethnic Comparative Study. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:702-709. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miriam Saldaña-Cruz
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Lilia Carolina León-Moreno
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - José Sánchez-Corona
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | | | - Francisco Mendoza-Carrera
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Xochitl Helga Castro-Martínez
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Alejandra Guadalupe García-Zapién
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - María Cristina Morán-Moguel
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Silvia Esperanza Flores-Martínez
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
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Flores-Gutiérrez S, Rodríguez-Larralde Á, Vívenes de Lugo M, Castro de Guerra D. Distribution of polymorphisms in the CYP2C9 gene and CYP2C19/CYP2C9 haplotypes among Venezuelan populations. Ann Hum Biol 2016; 44:191-198. [PMID: 27230833 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2016.1192218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms with decreased enzyme activity of their gene products have been reported in region CYP2C with population variations in haplotype structure. AIM To estimate the allelic and genotypic frequencies of variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 and of CYP2C9/CYP2C19 haplotypes in Venezuelan populations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Six hundred and thirty-four individuals from nine admixed populations (AP) and the Warao indigenous group were studied. Allelic frequencies, linkage disequilibrium and genetic distances for haplotypes were calculated and compared within Venezuela and with data available in the literature. RESULTS Heterogeneity in the distribution of CYP2C9 alleles and CYP2C9/CYP2C19 haplotypes among the AP and the Warao was observed. The joint frequency of haplotypes, with at least one non-functional variant, shows values in AP between 21-41%, while in Warao it reaches 5%. The haplotype that includes the Asian and rare Latin America CYP2C19*3 allele was detected in most AP and in Warao. Pairwise Fst values showed that the Warao was an outlier compared with the AP, while these are closer to European-derived populations. No significant correlation was found between haplotype frequencies and admixture. CONCLUSIONS These results support the need to understand the distribution of genomic biomarkers related to the metabolism of drugs, for planning national public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Flores-Gutiérrez
- a Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Centro de Medicina Experimental , Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas , Caracas , Venezuela
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-Larralde
- a Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Centro de Medicina Experimental , Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas , Caracas , Venezuela
| | | | - Dinorah Castro de Guerra
- a Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Centro de Medicina Experimental , Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas , Caracas , Venezuela
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Genetic variability of CYP2C19 in a Mexican population: contribution to the knowledge of the inheritance pattern of CYP2C19*17 to develop the ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype. J Genet 2016; 94:3-7. [PMID: 25846871 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CYP2C19 is a polymorphic enzyme that metabolizes a wide variety of therapeutic drugs that has been associated with altered enzymatic activity and adverse drug reactions. Differences in allele frequencies of the CYP2C19 gene have been detected in populations worldwide. Thus, we analysed the alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2C19*4 and CYP2C19*5 related to the poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype in a Mexican population sample (n = 238), as well as CYP2C19*17, unique allele related to ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype (UMs). Genotypes were determined using SNaPshot and TaqManqPCR assays. In addition to the wild-type CYP2C19*1 allele (77.1%), we only found CYP2C19*17 (14.3%) and CYP2C19*2 (8.6%). Comparison with previous population reports demonstrated that these two SNPs are homogeneously distributed in Latin America (P > 0.05). Based on comparison with a previous pharmacokinetic study that determined the frequency of CYP2C19 phenotypes in the same population (western Mexican), we obtained the following findings: (i) based on the difference between the frequency of genotypes CYP2C19*2/*2 (presumably PM) versus the observed prevalence of PM phenotypes (0.4 versus 6.3%; Χ(2) = 9.58, P = 0.00196), we inferred the plausible presence of novel CYP2C19 alleles related to the PM phenotype; (ii) the prevalence of UMs was in disagreement with the dominant inheritance pattern suggested for CYP2C19*17 (23.1 versus 4%; P < 0.00001); (iii) the apparent recessive inheritance pattern of CYP2C19*17, based on the agreement between homozygous CYP2C19*17/*17 (presumably UMs) and the observed prevalence of UMs (2.1 versus 4%; (Χ(2) = 1.048; P = 0.306).
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Jin T, Zhang X, Geng T, Shi X, Wang L, Yuan D, Kang L. Genotype‑phenotype analysis of CYP2C19 in the Tibetan population and its potential clinical implications in drug therapy. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2117-23. [PMID: 26781306 PMCID: PMC4768997 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) is a highly polymorphic gene, it codes for a protein responsible for the metabolism of multiple clinically important therapeutic agents. However, there is currently no available data on the distribution of CYP2C19 mutant alleles in the Tibetan population. The aim of the present study was to identify different CYP2C19 mutant alleles and determine their frequencies, along with genotypic frequencies, in the Tibetan population. The whole CYP2C19 gene was amplified and sequenced in 96 unrelated, healthy Tibetans from the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, the promoter region, exons, introns and the 3'‑UTR were screened for genetic variants. Three novel genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19 were detected among a total of 27 different mutations. The allele frequencies of CYP2C19*1A, *1B, *2A, *3A and *17 were 50, 28.13, 15.10, 5.21 and 1.56%, respectively. The most common genotype combinations were CYP2C19*1A/*1B (56.25%) and *1A/*2A (30.21%). One novel non‑synonymous mutation (Asn to Lys) in CYP2C19 was identified, and this mutation was predicted to be intolerant and benign by SIFT and PolyPhen‑2, respectively. The observations of the present study may have important clinical implications for the use of medications metabolized by CYP2C19 among Tibetans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xugang Shi
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Dongya Yuan
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Longli Kang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
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Céspedes-Garro C, Fricke-Galindo I, Naranjo MEG, Rodrigues-Soares F, Fariñas H, de Andrés F, López-López M, Peñas-Lledó EM, LLerena A. Worldwide interethnic variability and geographical distribution of CYP2C9 genotypes and phenotypes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1893-905. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jin T, Zhang M, Yang H, Geng T, Zhang N, Feng T, Ma Y, Yuan D, Kang L. Genetic polymorphisms of the drug-metabolizing enzymeCYP2C19in the Uyghur population in northwest China. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:634-640. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Interethnic variation of CYP2C19 alleles, 'predicted' phenotypes and 'measured' metabolic phenotypes across world populations. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:113-23. [PMID: 26503820 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the worldwide frequency distribution of CYP2C19 alleles and CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes ('predicted' from genotypes and 'measured' with a probe drug) among healthy volunteers from different ethnic groups and geographic regions, as well as the relationship between the 'predicted' and 'measured' CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes. A total of 52 181 healthy volunteers were studied within 138 selected original research papers. CYP2C19*17 was 42- and 24-fold more frequent in Mediterranean-South Europeans and Middle Easterns than in East Asians (P<0.001, in both cases). Contrarily, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles were more frequent in East Asians (30.26% and 6.89%, respectively), and even a twofold higher frequency of these alleles was found in Native populations from Oceania (61.30% and 14.42%, respectively; P<0.001, in all cases), which may be a consequence of genetic drift process in the Pacific Islands. Regarding CYP2C19 metabolic phenotype, poor metabolizers (PMs) were more frequent among Asians than in Europeans, contrarily to the phenomenon reported for CYP2D6. A correlation has been found between the frequencies of CYP2C19 poor metabolism 'predicted' from CYP2C19 genotypes (gPMs) and the poor metabolic phenotype 'measured' with a probe drug (mPMs) when subjects are either classified by ethnicity (r=0.94, P<0.001) or geographic region (r=0.99, P=0.002). Nevertheless, further research is needed in African and Asian populations, which are under-represented, and additional CYP2C19 variants and the 'measured' phenotype should be studied.
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Rosdi RA, Mohd Yusoff N, Ismail R, Soo Choon T, Saleem M, Musa N, Yusoff S. High allele frequency of CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) in a Negrito’s subtribe population in Malaysia; Aboriginal people of Jahai. Ann Hum Biol 2015; 43:445-50. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1068372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmaizatul Akma Rosdi
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia,
| | - Narazah Mohd Yusoff
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia,
| | - Rusli Ismail
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Level 17, Wisma RND, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
| | - Tan Soo Choon
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Main Campus, Jalan Inovasi, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia,
| | - Mohamed Saleem
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia,
| | - Nurfadhlina Musa
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia, and
| | - Surini Yusoff
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia,
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Genetic polymorphism analysis of the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2C9 in a Chinese Tibetan population. Gene 2015; 567:196-200. [PMID: 25958051 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The enzymatic activity of CYP2C9 results in broad inter-individual variability in response to certain pharmacotherapies. The present study aimed to screen Tibetan volunteers for CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms. Previous research has focused on Han Chinese patients, while little is known about the genetic variation of CYP2C9 in Tibetan populations. METHODS We used DNA sequencing to investigate the promoter, exons and surrounding introns, and 3'-untranslated region of the CYP2C9 gene in 96 unrelated healthy Tibetan individuals. RESULTS We identified 26 different CYP2C9 polymorphisms in the Tibetan population, including two novel variants detected in exon 9 (50193G>A and 50197G>C). In addition, we determined the allele frequencies of CYP2C9*1 and *3 were 93.75% and 5.73%, respectively. The rare CYP2C9*55 allele was also found in 0.52% of the study population. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide information on CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Tibetan individuals, which may help to optimize pharmacotherapy effectiveness by providing personalized medicine to this ethnic group.
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Giri AK, Khan NM, Basu A, Tandon N, Scaria V, Bharadwaj D. Pharmacogenetic landscape of clopidogrel in north Indians suggest distinct interpopulation differences in allele frequencies. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:643-53. [PMID: 24798721 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Clopidogrel, a widely used antiplatelet drug, exhibits high interindividual variability; more than 80% of which could be explained by genetic polymorphisms. We built an allele frequency map of variants affecting clopidogrel response in north Indians. MATERIALS & METHODS We mined a cross-sectional population-scale genome-wide dataset of 2128 Indo-Europeans residing in north India for presence of variants associated with pharmacogenetics of clopidogrel. RESULTS Our analysis reveals significant differences in population-scale allele frequencies between Indians and the global population. Indians had a higher allele frequency for variants in the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and P2RY1 genes whereas lower frequency for the ABCB1, CYP1A2, CYP2C19*2C, CYP3A5 and PON1 genes compared with the global population. Furthermore, from our study we proposed a model to explain the higher prevalence of clopidogrel metabolizers in north Indians. CONCLUSION This is the largest population-scale genetic epidemiology study that provides a high-resolution map of variants associated with clopidogrel response that could be potentially valuable to clinicians to rationally plan appropriate dosage for therapy in resource poor conditions based on population level allele frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Giri
- Genomics & Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi-110 020, India
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Sosa-Macías M, Llerena A. Cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms of Mexican indigenous populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 28:193-208. [PMID: 24145057 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2013-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the genetic polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in Mexican indigenous populations, who are a part of the wide ethnic diversity of this country. These native groups have a particular historical trajectory that is different from the Mexican Mestizos. This variability may be reflected in the frequency distribution of polymorphisms in the CYP genes that encode enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. Therefore, these polymorphisms may affect drug efficacy and safety in indigenous populations in Mexico. The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence of CYP polymorphisms in indigenous Mexicans and to compare the results with studies in Mexican Mestizos. Because the extrapolation of pharmacogenetic data from Mestizos is not applicable to the majority of indigenous groups, pharmacogenetic studies directed at indigenous populations need to be developed. The Amerindians analyzed in this study showed a low phenotypic (CYP2D6) and genotypic (CYP2D6, CYP2C9) diversity, unlike Mexican Mestizos. The frequency of polymorphisms in the CYP1A1, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 genes was more similar among the Amerindians and Mexican Mestizos, with the exception of the CYP1A2 gene, whose *1F variant frequency in Mexican Amerindians was the highest described to date.
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Giri AK, Khan NM, Grover S, Kaur I, Basu A, Tandon N, Scaria V, Consortium IGV, Kukreti R, Brahmachari SK, Bharadwaj D. Genetic epidemiology of pharmacogenetic variations in CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and VKORC1 genes associated with warfarin dosage in the Indian population. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:1337-54. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Warfarin, a widely used anticoagulant, exhibits large interindividual variability in dose requirements. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms in various ethnic groups have been extensively studied as genetic markers associated with variable drug response. However, allele frequencies of these variants have not been assessed in major ethnic groups in the Indian population. Materials & methods: To study the functional variants known to affect warfarin dosing, we reanalyzed genotype microarray datasets generated as a part of genome-wide association studies as well as data from the Indian Genome Variation database. We examined data from 2680 individuals across 24 ethnically diverse Indian subpopulations. Results: Allelic distribution of VKORC1 (-1639G>A) showed a greater degree of variation across Indian subpopulations, with frequencies as low as 6.5% in an out-group subpopulation to >70% in Tibeto–Burmans. Risk allele frequency of CYP4F2*3 (V433M) was higher in north Indians (0.30–0.44), as compared with other world populations, such as African–American (0.12), Caucasian (0.34) and Hispanic (0.23). TheVKORC1 variant (-1639A) was shown to be prevalent amongst Tibeto–Burmans, whereas CYP2C9 (R144C, I359L) and CYP4F2 (V433M) variants were observed in considerable variability amongst Indo–Europeans. The frequency of CYP2C9*3 (I359L) in north Indians was found to be higher than in most Asian populations. Furthermore, geographical distribution patterns of these variants in north India showed an increased trend of warfarin extensive metabolizers from the Himalayan to Gangetic region. Combined allele frequency (CYP2C9*3 and CYP4F2*3) data suggest that poor metabolizers varied in the range of 0.38–1.85% in Indo–Europeans. Conclusion: Based on genotypic distribution, the majority of the Indian subpopulation might require higher doses for stable anticoagulation, whereas careful assessment is required for Tibeto–Burmans who are expected to have intermediate dose requirement. This is the largest global genetic epidemiological study examining variants associated with warfarin that could potentially be valuable to clinicians in optimizing dosage strategies. Original submitted 4 April 2014; Revision submitted 23 May 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Giri
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhavan, 2 Rafi Marg Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Nazir M Khan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | - Ismeet Kaur
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | - Analabha Basu
- National Institute of BioMedical Genomics, Kalyani, 741 251, India
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhavan, 2 Rafi Marg Delhi, 110 001, India
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | | | - Ritushree Kukreti
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | | | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhavan, 2 Rafi Marg Delhi, 110 001, India
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Krajčíová Ľ, Petrovič R, Déžiová Ľ, Chandoga J, Turčáni P. Frequency of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms influencing the warfarin pharmacogenetics in Slovak population. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:320-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ľubica Krajčíová
- 1st Department of Neurology; University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Robert Petrovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Déžiová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ján Chandoga
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Peter Turčáni
- 1st Department of Neurology; University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
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Gulati S, Yadav A, Kumar N, Kumar G, Aggarwal N, Gupta R. Frequency distribution of high risk alleles of CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 genes in Haryana population. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1186-1193. [PMID: 24814262 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The genotype of an individual can significantly influence the disposition of a chemical, and determine their susceptibility to its toxicity. Many enzymes involved in either activation or detoxification of chemical carcinogen metabolism are polymorphically expressed, with the alleles presenting different enzymatic activities and some of them having been associated with susceptibility to cancer. Cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) constitutes the most important phase I enzyme group responsible for the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous (xenobiotics) substances. The present study was aimed to analyze the frequencies of commonly known polymorphisms of human xenobiotic metabolizing genes (XMG) in the Haryana State population of North India. The study was conducted in 308 healthy Haryana volunteers. DNA was extracted from leucocytes and the genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2E1*5B and CYP3A4*1B were determined by digesting the PCR Product with restriction enzymes BamHI, SmaI, PstI and PstI respectively. The genotype frequencies of CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2E1*5B, and CYP3A4*1B were found to be 22.0%, 0.0%, 2.11% and 2.0% respectively. The North Indian population which is known to be Caucasoid Aryans is ethnically different from South Indians known as Caucasoid Dravidians but no significant difference in genetic polymorphism was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gulati
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Anita Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Neeraj Aggarwal
- Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
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Camargo MC, García A, Riquelme A, Otero W, Camargo CA, Hernandez-García T, Candia R, Bruce MG, Rabkin CS. The problem of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics: a systematic review in Latin America. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:485-95. [PMID: 24589670 PMCID: PMC4268863 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Latin America has a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and associated diseases, including gastric cancer. Antibiotic therapy can eradicate the bacterial infection and decrease associated morbidity and mortality. To tailor recommendations for optimal treatments, we summarized published literature and calculated region- and country-specific prevalences of antibiotic resistance. METHODS Searches of PubMed and regional databases for observational studies evaluating H. pylori antibiotic resistance yielded a total of 59 independent studies (56 in adults, 2 in children, and 1 in both groups) published up to October 2013 regarding H. pylori isolates collected between 1988 and 2011. Study-specific prevalences of primary resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics were summarized using random-effects models. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by meta-regression. As a sensitivity analysis, we extended our research to studies of patients with prior H. pylori-eradication therapy. RESULTS Summary prevalences of antimicrobial primary resistance among adults varied by antibiotic, including 12% for clarithromycin (n=35 studies), 53% for metronidazole (n=34), 4% for amoxicillin (n=28), 6% for tetracycline (n=20), 3% for furazolidone (n=6), 15% for fluoroquinolones (n=5), and 8% for dual clarithromycin and metronidazole (n=10). Resistance prevalence varied significantly by country, but not by year of sample collection. Analyses including studies of patients with prior therapy yielded similar estimates. Pediatric reports were too few to be summarized by meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Resistance to first-line anti-H. pylori antibiotics is high in Latin American populations. In some countries, the empirical use of clarithromycin without susceptibility testing may not be appropriate. These findings stress the need for appropriate surveillance programs, improved antimicrobial regulations, and increased public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Constanza Camargo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Apolinaria García
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Arnoldo Riquelme
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - William Otero
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia
- Clinica Fundadores, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Roberto Candia
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael G. Bruce
- Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Artic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Charles S. Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Buzoianu AD, Trifa AP, Mureşanu DF, Crişan S. Analysis of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms in a population from South-Eastern Europe. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2919-24. [PMID: 22863573 PMCID: PMC4393720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP2C9 enzyme metabolizes a wide range of relevant drugs, among which are oral anticoagulants. VKORC1 is the pharmacodynamic target of the oral anticoagulants. The genetic polymorphisms CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A are the major determinants of the inter-individual variability in the dosage requirements of oral anticoagulants. This study provides a first evaluation of these 3 polymorphisms in a Romanian population. A total of 332 Romanian individuals were genotyped for the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms using the PCR-RFLP technique. Sixty-two individuals (18.7%) were heterozygous for CYP2C9*2, whereas 47 individuals (14.1%) were heterozygous for CYP2C9*3. Fourteen individuals (4.2%) had a CYP2C9*2 homozygous, CYP2C9*3 homozygous or CYP2C9*2/CYP2C9*3 compound heterozygous genotype. These individuals are predicted to have the lowest CYP2C9 enzymatic activity. The allele frequencies of the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms were 11.3% and 9.3% respectively. For the VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism, there were 170 heterozygotes (51.2%) and 55 (16.6%) homozygotes for the A allele. The frequency of the A allele was 42.2%. Overall, the distribution of the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms observed in our cohort is in accordance with other Caucasian populations. A large number of Romanians are expected to harbour at least one CYP2C9 variant allele and/or one VKORC1 -1639 G>A allele. This frequency has major implications in the pharmacogenomics of oral anticoagulants in Romanians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Vicente J, González-Andrade F, Soriano A, Fanlo A, Martínez-Jarreta B, Sinués B. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in Ecuadorian Mestizo and Spaniard populations: a comparative study. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1267-72. [PMID: 24430292 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the potential differences between Spaniards and Ecuadorian Mestizo people regarding CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms. DNA from 282 Spaniard and 297 Ecuadorian subjects were analyzed by either a previously reported pyrosequencing method (CY2C8*3, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3) or a nested PCR technique (CYP2C19*17). Whereas CYP2C19*17 allele distribution was higher in Ecuadorians than in Spaniards (P < 0.001) and the frequency of CYP2C19*3 was similar in these two populations (P > 0.05), the other allelic variants were detected at significantly lower frequencies in Ecuadorians than in Spaniards (P < 0.05). According to the diplotype distributions, the prevalence of the presumed CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 extensive metabolizers was higher in Ecuadorians than in Spaniards (P < 0.05). Individuals genotyped CYP2C19*1/*17 and *17/*17 who were considered as ultrarapid metabolizers were overrepresented in Ecuadorians in relation to Spaniards (P < 0.001). By contrast, among Ecuadorians no poor metabolizers (PMs) of either CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 were found and only two individuals were CYP2C19 PMs. These data are compatible with a higher CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 activity in Mestizo Ecuadorians as opposed to Spaniards, which could imply differences in dosage requirements for drugs metabolized by these cytochromes and should also be considered in allele-disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vicente
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Saragossa, Spain,
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Dorado P, Beltrán LJ, Machín E, Peñas-Lledó EM, Terán E, Llerena A. Losartan hydroxylation phenotype in an Ecuadorian population: influence of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism, habits and gender. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 13:1711-7. [PMID: 23171336 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe for the first time CYP2C9 hydroxylation phenotype with CYP2C9 genotypes in a Hispanic (Ecuadorian) population using losartan; and the relevance of gender, tobacco, ethanol and caffeine consumption on the enzyme hydroxylation capacity. METHODS Ecuadorian healthy volunteers (n = 194) received a single oral dose of 25 mg losartan. Losartan metabolic ratio was defined as losartan:E3174 concentration. CYP2C9 alleles *2, *3, *4, *5 and *6 were analyzed. RESULTS No phenotypically poor metabolizers were found. The metabolic ratio (mean ± standard deviation) was higher (p < 0.05) in CYP2C9*1/*3 carriers (12.4 ± 13.8; n = 6) versus CYP2C9*1/*1 (4.9 ± 7.0; n = 167), as well as in females versus males (6.72 ± 9.72 and 3.76 ± 4.48, respectively; p < 0.05). Only the following genotypes, CYP2C9*1/*1, CYP2C9*1/*2 and CYP2C9*1/*3, were found with a frequency of 86.1%, 10.8% and 3.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION Despite the mean metabolic ratio being higher in this population than in others previously studied across genotypes, no poor metabolizers, either phenotypically or genotypically, were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Dorado
- CICAB Centro de Investigación Clínica, University of Extremadura, SES Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
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Tabari RG, Marjani A, Ataby OA, Mansourian AR, Samai NM. Genetic Polymorphism of Cytochrome p450 (2C19) Enzyme in Iranian Turkman Ethnic Group. Oman Med J 2013; 28:237-44. [PMID: 23904915 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2013.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Different findings indicate that CYP2C plays a clinical role in determining interindividual and interethnic differences in drug effectiveness. The ethnic differences in the frequency of CYP2C19 mutant alleles continue to be a significant study topic. The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of allelic variants of CYP2C19 in Turkman ethnic groups and compare them with the frequencies in other ethnic populations. METHODS The study group included 140 unrelated healthy ethnic Turkman subject referred to the Health Center. Genotyping of CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2, and CYP2C19*3 alleles) was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism technique. RESULTS The allele frequency of CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 were 56.43%, 23.57% and 20%, respectively. The result also showed that 39.7% of subjects expressed the CYP2C19*1/*1 genotype. While 42.1%, 9.3%, 9.3% and 1.4% expressed CYP2C19*1/*2, CYP2C19*1/*3, CYP2C19*2/*2 and CYP2C19*3/*3 genotypes, respectively. The genotype CYP2C19*2/*3 was not expressed in this study population. The findings suggested that 10% of subjects were poor metabolizers by expressing CYP2C19*2/*2 and CYP2C19*3/*3 genotypes. Fifty one percent of subjects were intermediate metabolizers having CYP2C19*1/*2, CYP2C19*2/*3 and CYP2C19*1/*3 genotypes and 37.86% were found to be extensive metabolizers expressing CYP2C19*1/*1 genotype. The frequency of intermediate metabolizers genotype was high (51%) in Turkman ethnic groups. CONCLUSION This study showed that the determined allelic variants of CYP2C19 (CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 mutations) in Turkman ethnic group are comparable to other populations. These findings could be useful for the clinicians in different country to determine optimal dosage and effectiveness of drugs metabolized by this polymorphic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robabeh Ghiyas Tabari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
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Bazan NS, Sabry NA, Rizk A, Mokhtar S, Badary OA. Factors affecting warfarin dose requirements and quality of anticoagulation in adult Egyptian patients: role of gene polymorphism. Ir J Med Sci 2013; 183:161-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-013-0978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sipeky C, Weber A, Szabo M, Melegh BI, Janicsek I, Tarlos G, Szabo I, Sumegi K, Melegh B. High prevalence of CYP2C19*2 allele in Roma samples: study on Roma and Hungarian population samples with review of the literature. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4727-35. [PMID: 23645039 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to characterise the CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles in healthy Roma and Hungarian populations. DNA of 500 Roma and 370 Hungarian subjects were genotyped for CYP2C19*2 (G681A, rs4244285) and CYP2C19*3 (G636A, rs4986893) by PCR-RFLP assay and direct sequencing. Significant differences were found comparing the Roma and Hungarian populations in CYP2C19 681 GG (63.6 vs. 75.9%), GA (31.8 vs. 23.0%), AA (4.6 vs. 1.1%), GA+AA (36.4 vs. 24.1%) and A allele frequencies (0.205 vs. 0.125) (p<0.004). Striking differences were found between Roma and Hungarian samples in CYP2C19*1 (79.5 vs. 87.4%) and CYP2C19*2 (20.5 vs. 12.6%) alleles, respectively (p<0.001). None of the subjects was found to carry the CYP2C19*3 allele. Frequencies of the intermedier metabolizer phenotype defined by the *1/*2 genotype (0.318 vs. 0.230, p<0.005) and poor metabolizer predicted by the *2/*2 genotype (0.046 vs. 0.011, p<0.005) was significantly higher in Roma than in Hungarians, respectively. Genotype distribution of the Roma population was similar to those of the population of North India, however, a major difference was found in the frequency of the CYP2C19*2 allele, which is likely a result of admixture with European lineages. In conclusion, the frequencies of the CYP2C19 alleles, genotypes and corresponding extensive, intermediate and poor metabolizer phenotypes studied here in the Hungarian population are similar to those of other European Caucasian populations, but display clear differences when compared to the Roma population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Sipeky
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
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Castelán-Martínez OD, Hoyo-Vadillo C, Sandoval-García E, Sandoval-Ramírez L, González-Ibarra M, Solano-Solano G, Gómez-Díaz RA, Parra EJ, Cruz M, Valladares-Salgado A. Allele frequency distribution of CYP2C9 2 and CYP2C9 3 polymorphisms in six Mexican populations. Gene 2013; 523:167-72. [PMID: 23587916 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Allele frequency differences of functional CYP2C9 polymorphisms are responsible for some of the variation in drug response observed in human populations. The most relevant CYP2C9 functional variants are CYP2C9*2 (rs1799853) and CYP2C9 3 (rs1057910). These polymorphisms show variation in allele frequencies among different population groups. The present study aimed to analyze these polymorphisms in 947 Mexican-Mestizo from Mexico City and 483 individuals from five indigenous Mexican populations: Nahua, Teenek, Tarahumara, Purepecha and Huichol. The CYP2C9*2 allele frequencies in the Mestizo, Nahua and Teenek populations were 0.051, 0.007 and 0.005, respectively. As for CYP2C9 3, the allelic frequencies in the Mestizo, Nahua and Teenek populations were 0.04, 0.005 and 0.005, respectively. The CYP2C9 2 and CYP2C9 3 alleles were not observed in the Tarahumara, Purepecha and Huichol populations. These findings are in agreement with previous studies reporting very low allele frequencies for these polymorphisms in American Indigenous populations.
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Varshney E, Saha N, Tandon M, Shrivastava V, Ali S. Genotype-phenotype correlation of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphism in Indian National Capital Region. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 38:275-82. [PMID: 23446815 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Identification of polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) enzymes in different ethnic populations is important to understand the differences in clinical responses to drugs. This study determines the CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in Indian National Capital Region and correlates the phenotype-genotype. Losartan (25 mg) was administered to 107 volunteers to assess CYP2C9 activity, and, on the basis of results, volunteers were categorized as rapid and poor metabolizers. Molecular typing of CYP2C9*1 (wild type), CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3 (the most common variant) was carried out by single-base primer extension technology for 37 subjects, of which 9 were poor metabolizers, and 28 were rapid metabolizers. 14.28 % of the studied population was identified as poor metabolizer for the category of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9. Significant difference was observed between the mean ratio (drug/metabolite) of poor (11.38 ± 5.88) and rapid (1.18 ± 1.11) drug metabolizers. The study suggests that phenotyping of CYP2C9 is desirable before enrollment of subjects for clinical trials or for deciding drug dose regimen as 14.28 % of study population was found to be poor metabolizer for the category of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9. This study establishes phenotype-genotype correlation, and proposes to use genotyping or phenotyping to evaluate the status of drug metabolizing capacity of CYP2C9 as a primary screening procedure before enrolling subjects in clinical trials or in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Varshney
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Lee SJ. Clinical Application of CYP2C19 Pharmacogenetics Toward More Personalized Medicine. Front Genet 2013; 3:318. [PMID: 23378847 PMCID: PMC3561709 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 30 years of genetic research on the CYP2C19 gene alone has identified approximately 2,000 reference single nucleotide polymorphisms (rsSNPs) containing 28 registered alleles in the P450 Allele Nomenclature Committee and the number continues to increase. However, knowledge of CYP2C19 SNPs remains limited with respect to biological functions. Functional information on the variant is essential for justifying its clinical use. Only common variants (minor allele frequency >5%) that represent CYP2C19*2, *3, *17, and others have been mostly studied. Discovery of new genetic variants is outstripping the generation of knowledge on the biological meanings of existing variants. Alternative strategies may be needed to fill this gap. The present study summarizes up-to-date knowledge on functional CYP2C19 variants discovered in phenotyped humans studied at the molecular level in vitro. Understanding the functional meanings of CYP2C19 variants is an essential step toward shifting the current medical paradigm to highly personalized therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan, South Korea
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Saeed LH, Mayet AY. Genotype-phenotype analysis of CYP2C19 in healthy saudi individuals and its potential clinical implication in drug therapy. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1497-502. [PMID: 24046523 PMCID: PMC3775106 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CYP2C19 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which is involved in the metabolism of some clinically important medications and is encoded by a highly polymorphic gene. There is no available data on the distribution of the CYP2C19 *4 and *17 mutant alleles in the Saudi Arabian population. The aim of the study was to determine different CYP2C19 mutant allele (*2, *4 and *17) frequencies in healthy Saudi subjects and to determine genotype frequencies for these mutations. The CYP2C19 genotypes were then classified into phenotypes. RESULT In 201 adults of Saudi ethnicity, the allele frequencies were CYP2C19*1 (62.9%), *17 (25.7%), *2 (11.2%) and *4 (0.2%). The most prevalent genotype combinations were CYP2C19 *1/*1 (40.3%) and *1/*17 (30.4%). The distribution of CYP2C19 phenotypes was divided into extensive metabolizers (EM) 77.6%, intermediate metabolizers (IM) 14.9%, ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM) 7% and poor metabolizers (PM) 0.4%. This finding has important clinical implications for the use of CYP2C19 metabolized medications in the Saudi population and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena H Saeed
- 1. King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box 59046, Riyadh 11525, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Castro de Guerra D, Flores S, Izaguirre MH. Distribution of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 polymorphisms in Venezuelan populations with different admixture. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 40:197-200. [PMID: 23249123 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.749946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conquest and colonization of Venezuela generated very heterogeneous populations as a product of admixture; for this reason, the distribution of polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene was studied in various Venezuelan populations. METHODS Two hundred and eighty-one individuals, from three Venezuelan populations with different admixtures, were genotyped for CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 polymorphisms. Differences between groups were analysed using a chi-square test of heterogeneity and association of allele frequencies with the level of genetic admixture was performed using a principal component analysis (PCA). No significant differences in distribution of alleles, genotypes and phenotypes were found between the populations studied. RESULTS In Venezuela, high frequencies of the alleles CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 were found compared with Europeans, Africans and Latin Americans, similar to those reported in Asia. PCA analysis suggested that the presence of alleles CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 is associated with the indigenous component in the Venezuelan populations studied. CONCLUSIONS Future studies are needed to confirm this association. High frequencies of intermediate metabolizers (20-38%) and of poor metabolizers (2-7%) were observed, similar to values reported for Asians and higher than those reported for South Americans. This is the first study evaluating CYP2C19 polymorphisms in the Venezuelan general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinorah Castro de Guerra
- Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020 A, Venezuela.
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Hu LM, Dai DP, Hu GX, Yang JF, Xu RA, Yang LP, Qian JC, Ge RS, Cai JP. Genetic polymorphisms and novel allelic variants of CYP2C19 in the Chinese Han population. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:1571-81. [PMID: 23148634 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to systematically investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene and provide accurate data of the allele distribution pattern in the Chinese Han population. Materials & Methods: We amplified all nine exons of the CYP2C19 gene in 2127 unrelated healthy Chinese Han subjects from two geographical locations (Zhejiang province, n = 1127; Hebei province, n = 1000), using direct sequencing. Results: In total, six previously reported alleles were found in our study, in which two alleles CYP2C19*6 and CYP2C19*18 were reported for the first time in Chinese Han subjects. In addition, 35 novel variants were detected in the present work, which included 11 new named alleles, 12 nonsynonymous mutations and one insert variant. Conclusion: This study provides important data on the pattern of CYP2C19 polymorphisms in Chinese Han subjects, using the largest group of individuals. Furthermore, the study also detects the largest number of novel alleles in one population. These findings are of potential benefit to the development of personalized medicine for the Chinese Han population. Original submitted 25 June 2012; Revision submitted 20 August 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Hu
- Graduate School, Wenzhou Medical College, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, No. 1, Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing 100730, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical College, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Peng Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, No. 1, Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical College, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Fu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, No. 1, Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-Ai Xu
- Graduate School, Wenzhou Medical College, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People’s Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, No. 1, Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Chang Qian
- Graduate School, Wenzhou Medical College, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People’s Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical College, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People’s Republic of China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, No. 1, Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing 100730, People’s Republic of China
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Salazar-Flores J, Torres-Reyes LA, Martínez-Cortés G, Rubi-Castellanos R, Sosa-Macías M, Muñoz-Valle JF, González-González C, Ramírez A, Román R, Méndez JL, Barrera A, Torres A, Medina R, Rangel-Villalobos H. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms associated with poor metabolizer phenotype in five Amerindian groups and western Mestizos from Mexico. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1098-104. [PMID: 22913530 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes allows inferring the potential risk for specific adverse drug reactions and lack of therapeutic effects in humans. This variability shows differences among human populations. The aim of this study was to analyze single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to a poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype in nonpreviously studied Amerindian groups and Mestizos (general admixed population) from Mexico. METHODS We detected by SNaPshot(®) different polymorphisms located in CYP2D6 (*3, *4, *6, *7, and *8) and CYP2C19 (*2, *3, *4 and *5) in western Mestizos (n=145) and five Amerindian groups from Mexico: Tarahumaras from the North (n=88); Purépechas from the Center (n=101); and Tojolabales (n=68), Tzotziles (n=88), and Tzeltales (n=20) from the Southeast. Genotypes were observed by capillary electrophoresis. The genetic relationships among these populations were estimated based on these genes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The wild-type allele (*1) of both genes was predominant in the Mexican populations studied. The most widely observed alleles were CYP2C19*2 (range, 0%-31%) and CYP2D6*4 (range, 1.2%-7.3%), whereas CYP2D6*3 was exclusively detected in Mestizos. Conversely, CYP2C19*4 and *5, as well as CYP2D6*3, *6, *7, and *8, were not observed in the majority of the Mexican populations. The Tarahumaras presented a high frequency of the allele CYP2C19*2 (31%) and of homozygotes *2/*2 (10.7%), which represent a high frequency of potentially PM phenotypes in this Amerindian group. The genetic distances showed high differentiation of Tarahumaras (principally for CYP2C19 gene). In general, a relative proximity was observed between most of the Amerindian, Mexican-Mestizo, and Latin-American populations. CONCLUSION In general, the wild-type allele (*1) predominates in Mexican populations, outlining a relatively homogeneous distribution for CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. The exception is the Tarahumara group that displays a potentially increased risk for adverse reactions to CYP2C19-metabolized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Salazar-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, México
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García-Martín E, Martínez C, Ladero JM, Agúndez JAG. Interethnic and Intraethnic Variability of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 Polymorphisms in Healthy Individuals. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 10:29-40. [PMID: 16646575 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily members CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 are polymorphically expressed enzymes that are involved in the metabolic inactivation of several drugs, including, among others, antiepileptics, NSAIDs, oral hypoglycemics, and anticoagulants. Many of these drugs have a narrow therapeutic index, and growing evidence indicates a prominent role of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 polymorphisms in the therapeutic efficacy and in the development of adverse effects among patients treated with drugs that are CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 substrates. In this review, we summarize present knowledge on human variability in the frequency of variant CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 alleles. Besides an expected interethnic variability in allele frequencies, a large intraethnic variability exists. Among Asian subjects, for example, statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) in CYP2C9*3 allele frequencies between Chinese and Japanese individuals have been reported. In addition, individuals from East Asia present different allele frequencies for CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 compared with South Asian subjects (p < 0.0001). Among Caucasian Europeans, statistically significant differences for the frequency of CYP2C8*3, CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3 exist (p < 0.0001). This indicates that Asian individuals or Caucasian European individuals cannot be considered as homogeneous groups regarding CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 allele frequencies. Caucasian American subjects also show a large variability in allele frequencies, which is likely to be related to ethnic ancestry. A higher frequency of variant CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 alleles is expected among Caucasian Americans with South European ancestry than in individuals with North European ancestry. The findings summarized in this review suggest that among individuals with Asian or European ancestry, intraethnic differences in the risk of developing adverse effects with drugs that are CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 substrates are to be expected. In addition, the observed intraethnic variability reinforces the need for proper selection of control subjects and points against the use of surrogate control groups for studies involving association of CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 alleles with adverse drug reactions or spontaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Al-Jenoobi FI, Alkharfy KM, Alghamdi AM, Bagulb KM, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Muhsen S, Halwani R, Parvez MK, Al-Dosari MS. CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in Saudi Arabians. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 112:50-4. [PMID: 22747643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in a Saudi Arabian population by determining the frequencies of CYP2C19*2, *3, *4, *6, *7 and *17 alleles and their relevant genotypes. Genomic DNA was isolated from 192 healthy Saudi Arabians, representing different geographical regions, and genotyping of the selected CYP2C19 variants was carried out by direct sequencing after PCR amplification. The allelic frequency of heterozygous CYP2C19*2 was 8.2% with only one individual found to carry the homozygous genotype of this defective allele. None of the other investigated poor metabolizer alleles (i.e. CYP2C19*3, *4, *6 and *7) was detected in the study population. About 46% of the examined volunteers were found to carry CYP2C19*17 genotype (37.5% heterozygous and 8.1% homozygous of the defective allele) with an overall CYP2C19*17 allelic frequency of 26.9%. In addition, a novel CYP2C19 SNP (G356A) and another very rare SNP (C336T) have been identified in this study with a frequency of about 50% for each. Further studies are required to evaluate the metabolic and clinical relevance of CYP2C19*17, G356A and C336T in the Saudi Arabian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad I Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nyírő G, Inczédy-Farkas G, Reményi V, Gál A, Pál Z, Molnár M. The effect of the CYP 2C19*2 polymorphism on stroke care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 99:33-9. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.99.2012.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hashemi-Soteh SMB, Shahabi-Majd N, Gholizadeh AR, Shiran MR. Allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C9 within an Iranian population (Mazandaran). Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:817-21. [PMID: 22288731 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) is a polymorphic enzyme responsible for the metabolism of different drugs, some with low therapeutic index. The frequency of functionally important mutations and alleles of the gene coding for CYP2C9 shows wide ethnic variations. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the most common allelic variants of the CYP2C9 enzyme and to predict the genotype frequency in the Mazandarani ethnic group among the Iranian population. Genotyping of CYP2C9 allelic variants was carried out in 103 unrelated subjects by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length pattern analysis. The frequencies for CYP2C9 alleles *1, *2, and *3 were 78%, 12%, and 10%, respectively. No subjects were found carrying the CYP2C19*11 allele. The frequencies of CYP2C9 genotypes *1/*1, *1/*2, *1/*3, *2/*2, *2/*3, and *3/*3 were 61%, 19%, 16%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 0.0%, respectively. The result of the present study showed that the two inactive alleles of CYP2C9 accounted for 22% of CYP2C9 alleles in our sample versus 1.5%-29% reported in other populations. The frequencies of the studied alleles resulted in significant differences between our sample and African and Eastern Asian populations.
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Vargens DD, Petzl-Erler ML, Suarez-Kurtz G. Distribution of CYP2C Polymorphisms in an Amerindian Population of Brazil. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:396-400. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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