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Keswani C, Dilnashin H, Birla H, Roy P, Tyagi RK, Singh D, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Singh SP. Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: a pan-global survey. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:149-177. [PMID: 34027568 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants widely used all over the world. These chlorinated hydrocarbons are toxic and often cause detrimental health effects because of their long shelf life and bioaccumulation in the adipose tissues of primates. OCP exposure to humans occurs through skin, inhalation and contaminated foods including milk and dairy products, whereas developing fetus and neonates are exposed through placental transfer and lactation, respectively. In 1960s, OCPs were banned in most developed countries, but because they are cheap and easily available, they are still widely used in most third world countries. The overuse or misuse of OCPs has been rising continuously which pose threats to environmental and human health. This review reports the comparative occurrence of OCPs in human and bovine milk samples around the globe and portrays the negative impacts encountered through the long history of OCP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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2
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Leong YH, Azmi NI, Majid MIA, Wen S. Exposure and risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) for primiparous mothers and breastfed infants in Penang, Malaysia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1416-1426. [PMID: 34014804 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1922758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An average 50 ml breast milk samples were collected from 21 lactating primiparous mothers (range 25 to 45 years, mean 33 years), 4-8 weeks after delivery in Penang Island, Malaysia. The geometric mean concentration of the most toxic congeners, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) was 0.14 pg WHO2005-TEQ g-1 zlipid. The most abundant congeners of PCDD/Fs were octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) (5.9-75.4%), followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD) (1.1-30.7%). The geometric mean level of total dioxins and dl-PCBs was 2.2 pg WHO2005-TEQ g-1 lipid, significantly lower than those in developed countries or highly contaminated areas. The total dioxins and dl-PCBs in pg WHO2005-TEQ levels in breast milk were significantly correlated with years of residence at potential contaminated site. The average daily intake of 11.8 pg WHO2005-TEQ kg-1 body weight was estimated for a breastfed infant at 6 months of age. This demonstrates the exposure risk to infants, especially from Penang region, to these pollutants from human milk intake are potentially high during the lactation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hui Leong
- National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
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3
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El-Sheikh MA, Hadibarata T, Yuniarto A, Sathishkumar P, Abdel-Salam EM, Alatar AA. Role of nanocatalyst in the treatment of organochlorine compounds - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128873. [PMID: 33220978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since a few centuries ago, organochlorine compounds (OCs) become one of the threatened contaminants in the world. Due to the lipophilic and hydrophobic properties, OCs always discover in fat or lipid layers through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The OCs are able to retain in soil, sediment and water for long time as it is volatile, OCs will evaporate from soil and condense in water easily and frequently, which pollute the shelter of aquatic life and it affects the function of organs and damage system in human body. Photocatalysis that employs the usage of semiconductor nanophotocatalyst and solar energy can be the possible alternative for current conventional water remediation technologies. With the benefits of utilizing renewable energy, no production of harmful by-products and easy operation, degradation of organic pollutants in rural water bodies can be established. Besides, nanophotocatalyst that is synthesized with nanotechnology outnumbered conventional catalyst with larger surface area to volume ratio, thus higher photocatalytic activity is observed. In contrast, disadvantages particularly no residual effect in water distribution network, requirement of post-treatment and easily affected by various factors accompanied with photocatalysis method cannot be ignored. These various factors constrained the photocatalytic efficiency via nanocatalysts which causes the full capacity of solar photocatalysis has yet to be put into practice. Therefore, further modifications and research are still required in nanophotocatalysts' synthesis to overcome limitations such as large band gaps and photodecontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Sheikh
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
| | - Tony Hadibarata
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Malaysia.
| | - Adhi Yuniarto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo-Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Eslam M Abdel-Salam
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Yu Y, Chen H, Hua X, Wang Z, Li L, Li Z, Xiang M, Ding P. Long-term toxicity of lindane through oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116036. [PMID: 33218777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human health. To explore the long-term toxicity and underlying mechanisms of lindane, Caenorhabditis elegans was chosen as an animal model for toxicological study. The indicators of physiological, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis were examined in nematodes chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of lindane (0.01-100 ng/L). The data suggested that exposure to lindane at doses above 0.01 ng/L induced adverse physiological effects in C. elegans. Significant increases of ROS production and lipofuscin accumulation were observed in 100 ng/L of lindane-exposed nematodes, suggesting that lindane exposure induced oxidative stress in nematodes. Exposure to 10-100 ng/L of lindane also significantly increased the average number of germ cell corpses, which indicated cell apoptosis induced by lindane in C. elegans. Moreover, chronic exposure to 100 ng/L lindane significantly influenced the expression of genes related to oxidative stress and cell apoptosis (e.g., isp-1, sod-3, ced-3, and cep-1 genes). These results indicated that oxidative stress and cell apoptosis could play an important role in toxicity induced by lindane in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Haibo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Anand N, Chakraborty P, Ray S. Human exposure to organochlorine, pyrethroid and neonicotinoid pesticides: Comparison between urban and semi-urban regions of India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116156. [PMID: 33321437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, urban areas may be at greater risk of pesticide exposure compared to semi-urban agricultural regions. To investigate this, concentrations of selected pesticides were measured in 81 human milk samples collected in urban Kolkata and semi-urban Nadia in West Bengal, India. Three classes of pesticides were investigated - legacy organochlorines and emerging pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. The average concentration of the majority of the chemicals (DDT, its metabolites, HCH isomers, bifenthrin, endosulfan), showed a clear urban > semi-urban trend. Compared with previous measurements in other Indian cities and developing nations, current HCH and DDT concentrations in urban Kolkata were high. These chemicals were detected in 100% of the samples in both the urban and the semi-urban region. Also in both regions, the Estimated Daily Intake of DDTs, HCHs, aldrin, dieldrin and the pyrethroid bifenthrin for breastfed infants exceeded the Tolerable Daily Intake in a number of samples. Three pyrethroids were detected in human milk samples in India for the first time. This indicates a shift in the usage pattern of pesticides in India from organochlorines to pyrethroids. These findings may be used to drive targeted regulation of pesticides in developing countries with similar histories of pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Anand
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Sujata Ray
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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Bawa P, Bedi JS, Gill JPS, Aulakh RS, Kumar A, Arora K. Persistent Organic Pollutants Residues in Human Breast Milk from Bathinda and Ludhiana Districts of Punjab, India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:512-520. [PMID: 29460084 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including six congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides, were estimated in human breast milk samples collected from two districts of Punjab (India). The mean concentrations of POP residues were recorded higher in Bathinda district (PCBs: 33.7; DDTs: 519.2; HCHs: 46.6 ng g-1 lipid wt.) than Ludhiana (PCBs: 24.2; DDTs; 415.3; HCHs; 35.5 ng g-1 lipid wt.). Levels of PCBs and DDTs were observed higher in primiparas, whereas HCHs residues were seen more in multiparas. Risk analysis to POPs exposure through breast milk reflected that the daily intake for some infants was close to or above the tolerable daily intake limit for detrimental effects, which may raise a health concern. Comparative evaluation of present data indicated that DDT and HCHs residue levels in human breast milk from Punjab, India were among the lowest values reported for developing countries. The first-order kinetic reaction at a steady-state condition used to estimate the half-life of DDT and HCH suggested that DDT levels have declined from 18,211 to 490 ng g-1 lipid wt. with a half-life (Tdec1/2) of 3.25 years over a span of 15 years. Similarly, HCH levels have decreased from 8609 to 46.6 ng g-1 in this duration with Tdec1/2 of 2.25 years. Because some infants are still at risk, continuous monitoring of POPs in human milk is needed for surveillance and interpretation of time trends and for linkage to strict enforcement of agricultural regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bawa
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - J S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - J P S Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - R S Aulakh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - A Kumar
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Kamal Arora
- Department of Pediatrics, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India
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Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Esteban López M, Puttaswamy N, Berman T. A review of human biomonitoring in selected Southeast Asian countries. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:156-164. [PMID: 29684824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid development and industrialization in Southeast (SE) Asia has led to environmental pollution, potentially exposing the general population to environmental contaminants. Human biomonitoring (HBM), measurement of chemical and/or their metabolites in human tissues and fluids, is an important tool for assessing cumulative exposure to complex mixtures of chemicals and for monitoring chemical exposures in the general population. While there are national HBM programs in several developed countries, there are no such national programs in most of the SE Asian countries. However, in recent years there has been progress in the field of HBM in many of the SE Asian countries. In this review, we present recent HBM studies in five selected SE Asian countries: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand. While there is extensive HBM research in several SE Asian countries, such as Thailand, in other countries HBM studies are limited and focus on traditional environmental pollutants (such as lead, arsenic and mercury). Further development of this field in SE Asia would be benefited by establishment of laboratory capacity, improving quality control and assurance, collaboration with international experts and consortiums, and sharing of protocols and training both for pre-analytical and analytical phases. This review highlights the impressive progress in HBM research in selected SE Asian countries and provides recommendations for development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Barnett-Itzhaki
- Ministry of Health, Jeremiya Street 39, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel; Bioinformatics Department, School of Life and Health Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- Área de Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- Center for Air Quality, Climate and Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Tamar Berman
- Ministry of Health, Jeremiya Street 39, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel
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Haque R, Inaoka T, Fujimura M, Ahmad AS, Ueno D. Intake of DDT and its metabolites through food items among reproductive age women in Bangladesh. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:744-751. [PMID: 28985618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to make clear the major intake route of DDT in Bangladesh people to develop strategy and policy that could lead to a reduction in body burden especially in the reproductive age women. The concentrations of several POPs (DDT, PCBs, chlordanes, HCHs, HCB, and PeCB) were quantified in food items, human breast milk and house dust collected in Bangladesh in 2011-2012. Among the POPs analyzed in this study, DDT and its metabolites (ΣDDT) showed the highest concentration. The highest median ΣDDT concentration was found in meat (1.3-1100 ng g-1 wet weight) and house dust (30-1100 ng g-1 dry weight), and followed by human breast milk (20-55 ng g-1 wet weight). Estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated using the DDT concentrations in food items. The highest intake of DDT was found in an infant and 99% of it was via breast milk feeding. DDT intake via consumption of beef accounted for 69% and 72% of that found in children and adults, respectively. The total EDI of DDT did not exceed the tolerable daily intake proposed by the WHO, but the EDI of p,p'-DDT exceeded the oral reference dose proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Further research is required to clarify the reason for the high levels of DDT in beef, which seems to be the major intake route of DDT for women of reproductive age in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Haque
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University Allied to Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Inaoka
- Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan
| | - Miho Fujimura
- Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan
| | - Akhtar Sk Ahmad
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan.
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Man YB, Chow KL, Xing GH, Chan JKY, Wu SC, Wong MH. A pilot study on health risk assessment based on body loadings of PCBs of lactating mothers at Taizhou, China, the world's major site for recycling transformers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:364-371. [PMID: 28482316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our early study reported an extraordinarily high Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of PCBs of lactating mothers from Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China (based on a food consumption survey and food basket analysis). The EDI well exceeded the intake limit stipulated by FAO/WHO 70 pg TEQ/kg body weight (bw)/month. The present pilot study provided further information on PCBs body burden in lactating mothers of Taizhou. The total PCBs detected in human milk, placenta and hair samples of these lactating mothers were 363 ng/g lipid, 224 ng/g lipid, and 386 ng/g dry wt. Respectively, three times higher than those samples collected from the reference site (Lin'an). Compared with the previous reported values in the 3rd WHO coordinated study, Taizhou topped the list of 32 countries/regions with regards to WHO-PCB-TEQ values of milk samples, which could be attributed to the relatively higher level of PCB-126 derived from electronic waste. In addition, the corresponding EDI of PCBs of Taizhou mothers (12.9 pg WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg bw/day) and infants (438 pg WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg) were derived from individual congener levels in human milk. The results were also higher than the tolerable daily intakes recommended by WHO (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day) by 3 and 110 times, for mothers and infants, respectively. A more intensive epidemiological study on the potential health effects of e-waste recycling activities affecting both workers and residents seems to be of top priority, based on findings of this pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ka Lai Chow
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Guan Hua Xing
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Janet Kit Yan Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Sheng Chun Wu
- School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, PR China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, PR China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, PR China.
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10
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Kaw HY, Kannan N. A Review on Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in South Asia with a Focus on Malaysia. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 242:153-181. [PMID: 27807635 DOI: 10.1007/398_2016_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaysia is a developing country in Southeast Asia, with rapid industrial and economic growth. Speedy population growth and aggressive consumerism in the past five decades have resulted in environmental pollution issues, including products containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PCBs and PBDEs are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention due to their persistence, bioaccumulation in the environment and toxicity to humans and wildlife. These compounds are known to cause liver dysfunction, thyroid toxicity, developmental neuro-toxicity and possibly cancer. PCBs in air, mussels, pellets, seawater, fresh water, and human breast milk samples were analyzed in Malaysia, while studies on the pollution level of PBDEs in Malaysia were conducted on mussels, soils, leachate and sediment samples. PCBs in breast milk collected from Malaysia was the highest among Asian developing countries, with mean concentration of 80 ng/g lipid weight. On the other hand, the mean concentration of PCBs in mussels collected from Malaysia recorded the second lowest, with 56 ng/g and 89 ng/g lipid weight in two studies respectively. The concentrations of PBDEs in mussels taken from Malaysia fall in the range of 0.84-16 ng/g lipid weight, which is considerably low compared to 104.5 ng/g lipid weight in Philippines and 90.59 ng/g in Korea. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on these compounds in Malaysia, particularly there is no research on PBDEs in breast milk and sediment samples. This review will summarize the contamination levels of PCBs and PBDEs in different samples collected from Asian countries since 1988 until 2010 with a focus on Malaysia and will provide needed information for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yeong Kaw
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resources of Changhai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University) Ministry of Education, Jilin, China
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Institute for Graduate Studies, Taylor's University (Lakeside Campus), No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Du J, Gridneva Z, Gay MCL, Trengove RD, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT. Pesticides in human milk of Western Australian women and their influence on infant growth outcomes: A cross-sectional study. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:247-254. [PMID: 27728883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants in human milk (HM) at high levels are considered to be detrimental to the breastfed infant. To determine the pesticide concentration in HM, a pilot cross-sectional study of 40 Western Australian (WA) women was carried out. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with a validated QuEChERS was used for the analysis of 88 pesticides in HM. p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with a mean concentration of 62.8 ± 54.5 ng/g fat was found, whereas other organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids were not detected in HM. Overall, no association was observed between HM p,p'-DDE concentrations and maternal age, parity, body mass index and percentage fat mass. Furthermore, for the first time no significant association was found between p,p'-DDE concentrations in HM and infant growth outcomes such as weight, length, head circumference and percentage fat mass. The calculated daily intake was significantly different to the estimated daily intake of total DDTs and was well below the guideline proposed by WHO. The DDTs levels in WA have also significantly decreased by 42 - fold since the 1970s and are currently the lowest in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Melvin C L Gay
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Robert D Trengove
- Separation Science Laboratory, Research and Development, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter E Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
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Longitudinal study of pesticide residue levels in human milk from Western Australia during 12 months of lactation: Exposure assessment for infants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38355. [PMID: 27924835 PMCID: PMC5141434 DOI: 10.1038/srep38355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pesticides in human milk (HM) is of great concern due to the potential health effects for the breastfed infant. To determine the relationships between HM pesticides and infant growth and development, a longitudinal study was conducted. HM samples (n = 99) from 16 mothers were collected at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of lactation. A validated QuEChERS method and Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were used for the analysis of 88 pesticides in HM. Only p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDT and β-HCH were detected with a mean concentration (±SD) of 52.25 ± 49.88 ng/g fat, 27.67 ± 20.96 ng/g fat and 48.00 ± 22.46 ng/g fat respectively. The concentrations of the detected pesticides decreased significantly throughout the first year of lactation. No significant relationships between HM p,p’-DDE and infant growth outcomes: weight, length, head circumference and percentage fat mass were detected. The actual daily intake (ADI) of total DDTs in this cohort was 14–1000 times lower than the threshold reference and significantly lower than the estimated daily intake (EDI). Further, the ADI decreased significantly throughout the first 12 months of lactation.
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Sakai N, Dayana E, Abu Bakar A, Yoneda M, Nik Sulaiman NM, Ali Mohd M. Occurrence, distribution, and dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls and health risk assessment in Selangor River basin. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:592. [PMID: 27679511 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored in surface water collected in the Selangor River basin, Malaysia, to identify the occurrence, distribution, and dechlorination process as well as to assess the potential adverse effects to the Malaysian population. Ten PCB homologs (i.e., mono-CBs to deca-CBs) were quantitated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The total concentration of PCBs in the 10 sampling sites ranged from limit of detection to 7.67 ng L-1. The higher chlorinated biphenyls (tetra-CBs to deca-CBs) were almost not detected in most of the sampling sites, whereas lower chlorinated biphenyls (mono-CBs, di-CBs, and tri-CBs) dominated more than 90 % of the 10 homologs in all the sampling sites. Therefore, the PCB load was estimated to be negligible during the sampling period because PCBs have an extremely long half-life. The PCBs, particularly higher chlorinated biphenyls, could be thoroughly dechlorinated to mono-CBs to tri-CBs by microbial decomposition in sediment or could still be accumulated in the sediment. The lower chlorinated biphenyls, however, could be resuspended or desorbed from the sediment because they have faster desorption rates and higher solubility, compared to the higher chlorinated biphenyls. The health risk for the Malaysia population by PCB intake that was estimated from the local fish consumption (7.2 ng kg-1 bw day-1) and tap water consumption (1.5 × 10-3-3.1 × 10-3 ng kg-1 bw day-1) based on the detected PCB levels in the surface water was considered to be minimal. The hazard quotient based on the tolerable daily intake (20 ng kg-1 bw day-1) was estimated at 0.36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumitsu Sakai
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158540, Japan.
- Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Emmy Dayana
- Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizi Abu Bakar
- University of Malaya-Kyoto University Secretariat, Research Management and Innovation Complex (RMIC), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158540, Japan
| | - Nik Meriam Nik Sulaiman
- University of Malaya-Kyoto University Secretariat, Research Management and Innovation Complex (RMIC), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mustafa Ali Mohd
- Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Azlan A, Nasir NNM, Shamsudin N, Rahman HA, Khoo HE, Razman MR. PCDD and PCDF exposures among fishing community through intake of fish and shellfish from the Straits of Malacca. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:683. [PMID: 26194098 PMCID: PMC4509752 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to PCDD/PCDF (dioxin and furan) through consumption of fish and shellfish is closely related to the occurrence of skin diseases, such as chloracne and hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to determine the exposure of PCDD/PCDF and its congeners in fish and shellfish obtained from different regions of the Straits of Malacca among the fishing community. Methods The risk of fish and shellfish consumption and exposure to PCDD/PCDF among fishermen living in coastal areas of the Straits were evaluated based on a cross-sectional study involving face to face interviews, blood pressure and anthropometric measurements, and administration of food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Skin examination was done by a dermatologist after the interview session. Determination of 17 congeners of PCDD/PCDF in 48 composite samples of fish and shellfish was performed based on HRGC/HRMS analysis. Results The total PCDD/PCDF in the seafood samples ranged from 0.12 to 1.24 pg WHO-TEQ/g fresh weight (4.6-21.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). No significant difference found for the concentrations of PCDD/PCDF between the same types of seafood samples obtained from the three different regions. The concentrations of the most potent congener, 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the seafood samples ranged from 0.01 to 0.11 pg WHO-TEQ/g FW (1.9 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). A positive moderate correlation was found between the fat contents and concentrations of PCDD/PCDF determined in the seafood samples. The total PCDD/PCDF in all seafood samples were below the 1 pg WHO-TEQ/g fresh weight, with the exception of grey eel-catfish. The respondents had consumed fish and shellfish with the amounts ranging between 2.02 g and 44.06 g per person per day. The total PCDD/PCDF exposures through consumption of fish and shellfish among the respondents were between 0.01 and 0.16 pg WHO-TEQ/kg BW/day. With regard to the two PCDD/PCDF-related skin diseases, no chloracne case was found among the respondents, but 2.2 % of the respondents were diagnosed to have hyperpigmentation. Conclusion Intake of a moderate amount of fish and shellfish from the area is safe and does not pose a risk for skin diseases. An over-consumption of seafood from the potentially polluted area of the Straits should be monitored in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non-communicable Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nurul Nadiah Mohamad Nasir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norashikin Shamsudin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hejar Abdul Rahman
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hock Eng Khoo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non-communicable Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Fång J, Nyberg E, Winnberg U, Bignert A, Bergman Å. Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers' milk -- a global review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8989-9041. [PMID: 25913228 PMCID: PMC4473027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been of environmental and health concern for more than half a century and have their own intergovernmental regulation through the Stockholm Convention, from 2001. One major concern is the nursing child's exposure to POPs, a concern that has led to a very large number of scientific studies on POPs in mothers' milk. The present review is a report on the assessment on worldwide spatial distributions of POPs and of their temporal trends. The data presented herein is a compilation based on scientific publications between 1995 and 2011. It is evident that the concentrations in mothers' milk depend on the use of pesticides and industrial chemicals defined as POPs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and "dioxins" are higher in the more industrialized areas, Europe and Northern America, whereas pesticides are higher in Africa and Asia and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are reported in higher concentrations in the USA. POPs are consequently distributed to women in all parts of the world and are thus delivered to the nursing child. The review points out several major problems in the reporting of data, which are crucial to enable high quality comparisons. Even though the data set is large, the comparability is hampered by differences in reporting. In conclusion, much more detailed instructions are needed for reporting POPs in mothers' milk. Temporal trend data for POPs in mothers' milk is scarce and is of interest when studying longer time series. The only two countries with long temporal trend studies are Japan and Sweden. In most cases, the trends show decreasing concentrations of POPs in mothers' milk. However, hexabromocyclododecane is showing increasing temporal concentration trends in both Japan and Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Fång
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,
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Zyoud S, Al-Jabi S, Sweileh W, Awang R. A bibliometric analysis of research productivity of Malaysian publications in leading toxicology journals during a 10-year period (2003-2012). Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:1284-93. [PMID: 24505047 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113514101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxicology in Malaysia has experienced rapid development and made great progress in education and research in conjunction with economic development in Malaysia over the past two decades. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this study were to analyse the research originating from Malaysia and published in toxicology journals and to examine the authorship pattern and the citations retrieved from the Scopus database. METHODS Data from 1 January 2003 till 31 December 2012 were searched for documents with specific words in the toxicology field as a 'source title' and Malaysia as an affiliation country. Research productivity was evaluated based on a methodology we developed and used in other bibliometric studies by analysing: (a) total and trends of contributions in toxicology fields between 2003 and 2012; (b) Malaysian authorship pattern and productivity; (c) collaboration patterns; (d) journals in which Malaysian researchers publish; (e) the classification of journals to Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) or non-ISI; (f) impact factors (IFs) of all publications; and (g) citations received by the publications. RESULTS In total, 290 documents were retrieved from 55 international peer-reviewed toxicology journals. The quantity of publication increased by around 10-fold from 2003 to 2012. The h-index of the retrieved documents was 20. Of the 55 journal titles, 42 (76.4%) have their IF listed in the journal citation reports 2012. Forty-two documents (14.5%) were published in journals that had no official IF. The total number of citations, at the time of manuscript writing (5 August 2013), was 1707, with a median (interquartile range) of 3 (0-7). Malaysia collaborated mostly with countries in the Asia-Pacific regions (18.3%), especially India and Japan, followed by the Middle East and Africa (10.0%), especially Palestine and Yemen. CONCLUSION The present data show a promising rise and a good start for toxicology research activity in Malaysia. The sharing of relevant research questions by developed and developing countries can lead to research opportunities in the field of toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Zyoud
- Poison Control and Drug Information Center (PCDIC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Information, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sw Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Wm Sweileh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - R Awang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Information, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
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Bedi JS, Gill JPS, Aulakh RS, Kaur P, Sharma A, Pooni PA. Pesticide residues in human breast milk: risk assessment for infants from Punjab, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:720-726. [PMID: 23850662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Punjab state in India is an agrarian society, where agriculture is the lifeline of farming community. To keep pace with increasing demands of food for growing population the indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to the contamination of environment and food commodities in this region. Analysis of human breast milk samples (n=53) for pesticide residues revealed the presence of β-, γ-HCH, p,p' DDD, p,p' DDE, p,p' DDT and endrin with mean concentration of 97.9, 101.7, 239.8, 1574.1, 100.3 and 90.7 ng g(-1) lipid wt., respectively. In addition, occurrence of β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in this study have also been reported for the first time in human breast milk in Punjab, India. With increase in parity, HCH and DDT residue burden in donor's milk decreased. Although levels of HCH and DDT residues in breast milk samples have decreased significantly, yet estimated daily intake values for DDT are higher than the FAO/WHO permissible tolerable daily intake values for few infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
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Wong TW, Wong AHS, Nelson EAS, Qiu H, Ku SYK. Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in human milk among Hong Kong mothers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:1230-1238. [PMID: 22939609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins are a family of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) listed under the Stockholm Convention, and include PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs. These toxic chemicals are carcinogenic, widely dispersed, and have long half-lives. They have contaminated the food web and, being fat-soluble, accumulate in adipose tissues and milk in the human body. To assess human exposure, we collected breast milk samples from 137 first-time mothers recruited from around Hong Kong. Samples were analysed by HRGC-HRMS in four pools, according to the subject's age and length of residency. Exposure was related to age, duration of stay, and possibly diet. Generally, older mothers, and mothers with a longer stay in Hong Kong, had higher levels of dioxins in their milk. This pattern was clearest for the PCBs, although deviations were observed for some of the PCDD/Fs. Mean concentrations, measured per gram of lipid weight in terms of WHO toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs), were 7.48 pg/g for PCDD/Fs and 3.79 pg/g for PCBs, giving a total of 11.27 pg/g for PCDD/Fs and PCBs combined. Compared to an earlier Hong Kong study we conducted in 2002, the mean WHO-TEQ values in our latest findings were about 9% lower overall for PCDD/Fs and 19% lower for PCBs, with the mean total WHO-TEQ for PCDD/Fs and PCBs being around 13% lower in this study. This indicates a general declining trend in the levels of POPs in Hong Kong. However, our levels were still high when compared to those in some other Asian-Pacific countries. More stringent policies on reducing and eliminating POPs should help to lower these. Continued surveillance for POPs in human milk, as well as in common foodstuffs, will provide us with important information on human exposures that will be necessary for tracking our progress, and making future health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Wai Wong
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Song S, Ma J, Tian Q, Tong L, Guo X. Hexachlorobenzene in human milk collected from Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:145-149. [PMID: 23336922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High concentration of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was detected in Beijing breast milk in 2002. In order to identify trend in exposure, 65 breast milk samples were collected from 50 primiparous mothers during 2009-2011. The present concentration of HCB in the breast milk (range: 10.9-160.5 μg kg(-1) fat; median: 55.0 μg kg(-1) fat) was higher than that of the recent national average level and those of other countries or regions. This may be partially due to the previous extensive HCB exposure. A longitudinal study of HCB in human milk within six months postpartum showed that the level did not significantly decreased, and remained stable. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the newborn (range: 0.045-0.43 μg kg(-1) body weight/d; median: 0.20 μg kg(-1) body weight/d) was also higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) tolerable daily intake value (0.17 μg kg(-1) body weight/d for non-cancer effects). Despite the apparent decrease of HCB body burden in past 10 years, the environmental health hazard from HCB contamination in Beijing remains a concern. Therefore a regular human milk monitoring programs for HCB are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Song
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), 26 Bai Wan Zhuang Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China.
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Saadati N, Abdullah MP, Zakaria Z, Rezayi M, Hosseinizare N. Distribution and fate of HCH isomers and DDT metabolites in a tropical environment-case study Cameron Highlands-Malaysia. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:130. [PMID: 23130650 PMCID: PMC3531265 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The serious impact effects of persistent organic pollutants such as organochlorine pesticides, especially dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane family (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) have been causing widespread concern, despite effective control on their manufacturing, agricultural and vector practices. In that, in addition to the previous global limitations on DDTs usage, α-HCH, β-HCH and lindane have also became an on-going topic of global relevance based on the latest Stockholm Convention list on 10th of May 2009. Concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane family (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) were determined by GC-ECD in Cameron Highlands, the main vegetables and flowers farming area in Malaysia as an agricultural tropical environment. A total of 112 surface water and sediment samples at eight points were collected along the main rivers in the area namely Telom and Bertam in the dry and wet seasons of 2011. Results Total concentration of HCH isomers ranged from not detected to 25.03 ng/L in the water (mean of 5.55 ±6.0 ng/L), while, it ranged from 0.002 to 59.17 ng/g (mean of 8.06±9.39 ng/g) in the sediment. Total concentration of DDT and its metabolites in the water samples varied from not detected to 8.0 ng/L (mean of 0.90±1.66 ng/g), whereas, it was in the range of 0.025 to 23.24 ng/g (mean of 2.55±4.0 ng/g) in the surface sediment samples. The ratio of HCHs and DDTs composition indicated an obvious historical usage and new inputs of these pesticides. Among alpha, beta, gamma and delta isomers of HCH, gamma was the most dominant component in the sediment and water as well. Some seasonal variations in the level of selected pesticides were noted. Conclusions The results illustrate distribution, behaviour and fate of HCHs, and DDTs have closely connected with topological and meteorological properties of the area beyond their chemical characterizations. The features of environmental circumstances exceed one or more of these characters in importance than the other. Although the results show that the situation is better than 1998, the impact of persistent agrochemicals such as lindane and 4,4′DDE are revealed in a key tropical area of Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Saadati
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
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Abd Al-Rahman SH. Persistent organochlorines in human breast milk from Al-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012; 92:1215-1225. [DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2010.548097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif H. Abd Al-Rahman
- a Pesticides Residues and Environmental Pollution Department , Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center , Giza 12618 , Egypt
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Mishra K, Sharma RC. Assessment of organochlorine pesticides in human milk and risk exposure to infants from North-East India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4939-4949. [PMID: 21917296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the worldwide ban on use of persistent organochlorine pesticides, their usage continued until recently in India, for vector-borne disease eradication programs and agricultural purposes. The concentrations of organochlorine contaminants, DDT and HCH, have been determined in human breast milk from Dibrugarh and Nagaon districts of Assam state, North-East India. The results demonstrated that the mean levels of total DDT were 3210 ng/g lipid wt. and 2870 ng/g lipid wt. and total HCH were 2720 ng/g lipid wt. and 2330 ng/g lipid wt. in Nagaon and Dibrugarh respectively. There was no significant difference in the levels of investigated pollutants between the two districts. Significant differences in ADI (Average daily intake) for total DDT were found between the two districts. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between OCP levels in breast milk and age of mothers. Based on OCP levels in human breast milk, the ADI by the infants has been estimated. It has been found that high daily intake of DDTs and HCHs by the infants exceeded the TDI (Tolerable daily intake) which implied that infants of the region are potentially at high risk by these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mishra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India.
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Ulaszewska MM, Zuccato E, Davoli E. PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in human milk and estimation of infants' daily intake: a review. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:774-82. [PMID: 21435677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the recent scientific literature on PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in human milk. All the papers reporting levels of these contaminants in human breast milk published from January 2000 to January 2009 and available on the www.sciencedirect.com web site were identified and included. The aim was (1) to study levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in human milk in mothers from different geographical areas and assess infant exposure to these contaminants; (2) to study the effect of variables such as the mother's age, number of deliveries, dietary and smoking habits and her own nutrition in infancy, and the environment, on levels of the contaminants in breast milk; (3) to study time patterns, and (4) to identify data gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malgorzata Ulaszewska
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Environmental Health Science, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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Zhou P, Wu Y, Yin S, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Liu Y, Yang X, Li X. National survey of the levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in the breast milk of mothers in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:524-31. [PMID: 21093969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in breast milk samples collected from mothers from twelve provinces in mainland China was investigated. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were the most prevalent agent, followed by HCHs and HCB, whereas levels of chlordane compounds, drins and mirex were lower. The relatively lower DDE/DDT ratio in the Fujian rural area suggested more recent exposure to DDT than in other areas. The mean level of DDTs in breast milk from the southern China was higher than those from northern China (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between concentration of DDTs in human milk and consumption of animal-origin food, suggesting that this parameter could play an important part in influencing OCPs burdens in lactating women. The mean estimated daily intakes of different OCPs for breastfed infants were lower than the tolerable daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, and National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Panjiayuan nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
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Linderholm L, Biague A, Månsson F, Norrgren H, Bergman A, Jakobsson K. Human exposure to persistent organic pollutants in West Africa--a temporal trend study from Guinea-Bissau. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:675-82. [PMID: 20537392 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans, independent on where they live, are exposed to complex and various mixtures of chemicals, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The variability of the exposure depends on sources of the chemicals and is influenced by e.g. geography, social and cultural heritage. While exposures to POPs are frequently studied in populations from developed industrial countries, very little is known on levels and trends of POPs in developing countries, especially in Africa. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate levels and temporal trends of POPs in adults from Guinea-Bissau. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from an open cohort of police officers in Guinea-Bissau. Repeated samples from 33 individuals were obtained at five time points between 1990 and 2007, in all 147 samples. Pooled serum samples were extracted and cleaned-up prior to analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The concentration of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (4,4'-DDT) and its metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were determined. RESULTS The major POP found in all samples was 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (4,4'-DDE) followed by 4,4'-DDT. 4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDT, PCBs and beta- and gamma-HCH were significantly decreasing over time. The PBDEs were found at low concentrations, with an increasing temporal trend for BDE-153. CONCLUSION National and international management may be behind the observed decreased organohalogen compound concentrations in humans from Guinea-Bissau from the early 1990's and onwards, similarly to the development of these compounds in humans from industrial countries. In contrast, PBDEs follow a trend of increasing concentrations even though at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Linderholm
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tanabe S, Minh TB. Dioxins and organohalogen contaminants in the Asia-Pacific region. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:463-478. [PMID: 19946743 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the outcome of comprehensive investigations conducted in our laboratory at CMES, Ehime University over the past three decades on the distribution, sources, temporal trends and toxic impacts of the persistent and bioaccumulative organohalogen contaminants in Asia-Pacific region with a particular emphasis on developing countries. Results of multi-media monitoring studies were compiled and discussed to provide in-depth understanding on various issues of dioxins and organohalogen contamination in both ambient environment and animals including humans. Prominent contaminations were found in the regions where they have been heavily used. The eastern Asian region is probably a potential source of pollution, particularly by the new contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyls ethers. These groups of contaminants, together with polychlorinated biphenyls, exhibited either decreasing or increasing trends depending on the extent of industrialization in Asian developing region, indicating the necessity for long term monitoring. The open dumping sites for municipal wastes in major cities are significant sources of many toxic chemicals, and these areas are probably one of the challenges for future research due to the long term impacts on the environmental quality and human health. The formation of dioxins and related compounds in such dumping sites and their elevated residues found in breast milk of residents living in and around warrant long term impacts of dioxins upon next generations. Comprehensive and long term monitoring programs are urgently needed with close collaboration and proper capacity building in Asian developing countries in order to mitigate dioxin and organohalogen emission and their risk on ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
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Polder A, Skaare JU, Skjerve E, Løken KB, Eggesbø M. Levels of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Norwegian breast milk (2002-2006), and factors that may predict the level of contamination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4584-4590. [PMID: 19457543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in 423 breast milk samples from women living in Norway. Various predictors for the contaminant levels were also investigated. The samples were collected in six counties, representing South, Central and North Norway in 2002-2006. Initial results showed significantly lower levels of OCPs in breast milk from ethnic Norwegians (N=377) compared to ethnic non-Norwegians (N=46). Median concentrations (range) of PCBs, p,p'-DDE, HCB, beta-HCH and oxychlordane in breast milk of the Norwegian women, all parities included, were 103 (34-450), 41 (5.4-492), 11 (3.6-24), 4.7 (0.9-37) and 2.8 (0.5-16) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Results indicated that sum of 18 PCBs, p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH are good predictors for monitoring of PCB, DDT and HCH levels in Norwegian breast milk. Multivariable linear regression analyses showed that age was strongly associated with increasing OC levels (P<0.001), whereas parity was associated with decreasing OC levels (P<0.001). Smoking was associated with higher levels of PCBs, p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH. The models explained from 17 to 35% of the variance. Median levels of OCs in the present Norwegian primparaes seemed to be 29-62% lower than corresponding results found in a Norwegian study from 2000-2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polder
- The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Behrooz RD, Sari AE, Bahramifar N, Ghasempouri SM. Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human milk from the Southern Coast of Caspian Sea, Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:931-937. [PMID: 19042005 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, human milk was sampled in October 2006 from Nour and Noushahr cities and their countryside on the Southern Coast of Caspian Sea, Iran. They were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha, beta and gamma-hexachlorocycloexane (HCH) isomers and six PCBs congeners (IUPAC Nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180). Average concentrations of HCHs, DDTs, PCBs and HCB were 3780, 2554, 1560 and 930 ng g(-1) lipid wt, respectively. There was no significant difference between the concentrations of investigated pollutants between the two cities and their countryside. No significant differences in OCPs and PCBs were found between primiparous and multiparous mothers. There was no correlation between levels of OCPs and PCBs in human milk and the age of mothers. There was a significant difference in the organochlorine levels, including DDTs, between mothers who have eaten fish once a week and those who consumed fish more than once (p>0.05). An analysis of the infant exposure to OCPs and PCBs via breast milk indicated that the daily intake rates for most of the mothers were above the guideline proposed by Health Canada which is definitely caused on children health for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dahmardeh Behrooz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Nour, Mazandaran, Iran
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Devanathan G, Subramanian A, Someya M, Sudaryanto A, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Chakraborty P, Tanabe S. Persistent organochlorines in human breast milk from major metropolitan cities in India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:148-154. [PMID: 18775594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to understand the current contamination status of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in human breast milk from three metropolitan cities in India (New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata). Among the OCs analyzed, DDTs were predominant followed by HCHs and PCBs. CHLs and HCB levels were much lower. Contamination patterns were different in human milk found in our previous study in Chennai, a metropolitan city in southern India, indicating region specific exposure routes and variable sources. In comparison with previous data, levels of DDTs and HCHs generally declined with time, implying the effect of various bans and restrictions on their usage. No association between concentrations of OCs and demographic characteristics such as parity and age of mothers was observed which might be due to narrow range of mother's age. Estimated daily intake shows that some infants are exposed to OCs to a greater extent, particularly HCHs than the guideline standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanasekaran Devanathan
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Kishikawa N, Kuroda N. Evaluation of Organic Environmental Pollutants Detected in Human Milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Naotaka Kuroda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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Zheng GJ, Leung AOW, Jiao LP, Wong MH. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans pollution in China: sources, environmental levels and potential human health impacts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:1050-1061. [PMID: 18440070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review represents an assessment of the pollution status of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in China (the mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan). During the past decades, seven PCDD/Fs pollution hotspots have been found: (a). Ya-er Lake, Hubei Province, with 'total PCDD/Fs' level reaching 177,427 pg g(-1) (dry weight) in lake sediments; (b). Chinese Schistosomiasis affected areas of Jiangxi Province with 33,660 pg g(-1) in soil; (c). e-waste recycling area of Yangtze River Delta, with 2726 pg g(-1) in paddy soil; (d). e-waste recycling area of Guiyu (eastern part of Guangdong Province), with 967,500 pg g(-1) in mixture of burnt residue and soil (the highest level among all hotspots); (e). Pearl River Delta with 2630 pg g(-1) in coastal sediment. (f). Kwun Tong, Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong with 10,999 pg g(-1) in coastal sediment; and (g). southern Taiwan with 606,000 pg g(-1) in soil near the vicinity of a pentachlorophenol manufacturing factory. The main sources of PCDD/Fs in China were formed from impurities during the production of polychlorophenol, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls, organic chlorinated pesticide and triclosan. In addition, sources of PCDD/Fs included municipal waste incineration, mineral fuel usage, open burning of electronic waste and crop residues, industrial waste discharge and vehicle exhaust emission. Due to potential human health risks from long-term exposure to PCDD/Fs at these hotspots, body loadings of these contaminants should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene J Zheng
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Polder A, Thomsen C, Lindström G, Løken KB, Skaare JU. Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:14-23. [PMID: 18653208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk samples from primipara women from Northern (Tromsø) (N=10) and Southern Norway (Oslo) (N=19) collected in 2000-2001 were analysed with respect to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), DDTs, mirex, toxaphenes (CHBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHBs, PBDEs and HBCD were only analysed in the Tromsø samples. Sum-PCBs and sum-DDTs were the major organochlorines (OCs) (170 and 110 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), respectively). Other OCs were found in levels of approximately 10- to 300-fold lower than sum-PCBs. Overall, the concentrations of OCs followed the decreasing order of PCBs>DDTs>HCB>HCHs approximately CHLs>CHBs>mirex. Concentrations of sum-HCHs were significantly higher in breast milk from Oslo compared to Tromsø (p<0.05). The PCB profile was dominated by PCB-153, -138 and -180. The PBDE pattern was dominated by PBDE-47 and PBDE-153. The median level of sum-PBDEs was 4.1 ng g(-1) lw. PBDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median 0.13 ng g(-1) lw). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the median (range) of sum mono-ortho (mo) PCBs(8) was 3.7 (1-9) pg TEQ kg(-1) body weight per day for breast fed infants in Norway. This exceeded the TDI by a factor of 1.8 (1-4) based only on intake of mono-ortho PCBs. The present study shows that concentrations of OCs in primipara breast milk have decreased 50-60% since 1991, and that this trend is continuing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polder
- The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Azeredo A, Torres JPM, de Freitas Fonseca M, Britto JL, Bastos WR, Azevedo e Silva CE, Cavalcanti G, Meire RO, Sarcinelli PN, Claudio L, Markowitz S, Malm O. DDT and its metabolites in breast milk from the Madeira River basin in the Amazon, Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:S246-51. [PMID: 18495200 PMCID: PMC2561184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Until the 1990s the 1,1,1-trichloro-bis-2,2'-(4chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) was sprayed in the walls of the house along the Madeira River basin, Brazilian Amazon, a region well known for its large number of malaria cases. In 1910, Oswaldo Cruz described the presence of malaria in 100% of the population living in some localities from the Madeira River basin. Data available in the literature point to the DDT contamination in fishes captured in Madeira River region. Fish is the major source of dietary protein to these people. DDT tends to accumulate in lipid rich tissues and is being eliminated by different events, including lactation. Considering the importance of feeding breast milk to the children, the associated risks of DDT exposure via breast milk intake to children must be assessed. This is the main objective of this work: to analyse the presence of the p,p'-DDT and its metabolites p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD in 69 human milk samples and to estimate the intake of DDT and its metabolite in terms of total DDT (total DDT=p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD+p,p'-DDT). All the samples showed contamination with DDT and its metabolites ranging from 25.4 to 9361.9 ng of total DDT/g of lipid (median=369.6 ng of total DDT/g of lipid) and 8.7% of the estimated daily intake (EDI), in terms of total DDT, which was higher than the acceptable daily intake proposed by the WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Azeredo
- Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Saúde, UEFS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - João P. M. Torres
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
- corresponding author:
| | - Márlon de Freitas Fonseca
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
- Instituto Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ
| | | | | | - Cláudio E. Azevedo e Silva
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Giselle Cavalcanti
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica, UNIR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Paula N. Sarcinelli
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/FIOCRUZ
| | - Luz Claudio
- International Training Program on Environmental and Occupational Health – Mount Sinai School of Medicine/Queens College, New York
| | - Steven Markowitz
- International Training Program on Environmental and Occupational Health – Mount Sinai School of Medicine/Queens College, New York
| | - Olaf Malm
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Brazil
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Massart F, Gherarducci G, Marchi B, Saggese G. Chemical Biomarkers of Human Breast Milk Pollution. Biomark Insights 2008; 3:159-169. [PMID: 19578503 PMCID: PMC2688366 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is, without question, the best source of nutrition for infants containing the optimal balance of fats, carbohydrates and proteins for developing babies. Breastfeeding provides a range of benefits for growth, immunity and development building a powerful bond between mother and her child. Recognition of the manifold benefits of breast milk has led to the adoption of breast-feeding policies by numerous health and professional organizations such as the World Health Organization and American Academy of Pediatrics.In industrially developed as well as in developing nations, human milk contamination by toxic chemicals such as heavy metals, dioxins and organohalogen compounds, however, is widespread and is the consequence of decades of inadequately controlled pollution. Through breastfeeding, the mother may transfer to the suckling infant potentially toxic chemicals to which the mother has previously been exposed.In the present review, environmental exposure, acquisition and current levels of old and emerging classes of breast milk pollutants are systematically presented. Although scientific evidences indicated that the advantages of breast-feeding outweigh any risks from contaminants, it is important to identify contaminant trends, to locate disproportionately exposed populations, and to take public health measures to improve chemical BM pollution as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Massart
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Chiara University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)
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Polder A, Gabrielsen GW, Odland JØ, Savinova TN, Tkachev A, Løken KB, Skaare JU. Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Northern Russia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 391:41-54. [PMID: 18063018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study presents for the first time temporal changes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Russian human breast milk samples. Concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in samples from three locations in the North West of Russia in 2000-2002 (n=42), were compared to corresponding levels measured in 1993-1996 (n=58). In addition brominated flame retardants (BFRs), consisting of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) (including BDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were analysed in samples from 2000-2002 (n=37). The present levels of SigmaDDTs and SigmaHCHs were 5 and 10 times higher than corresponding levels in the neighbouring country Norway. Median concentrations of SigmaHCHs (196 microg/kg lw), SigmaCHBs (19.7 microg/kg lw) and SigmaPCBs(16) (316 microg/kg lw) were highest in Murmansk. The percentage of p,p'-DDT to SigmaDDTs and ratio DDE/DDT suggest possible ongoing use of DDT in Russia. Levels of PBDE were low and dominated by the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-153. The deca brominated BDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median concentration 0.19 microg/kg lipid). Levels of SigmaOCPs and SigmaPCBs decreased 56 and 30% in Murmansk and 36 and 43% in Arkhangelsk during the study period. The decline of SigmaOCPs was significant at both locations (p<0.05-p<0.0001). For SigmaPCBs, the decreasing trend was only significant in Arkhangelsk (p<0.0001). In addition, a decline of Sigmatotal TEQs (SigmaTEQs of PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho- and mono-ortho PCBs) was observed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk during the study period. The exposure of infants by PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs is still exceeding the daily tolerable intake (TDI) in North West Russia. However, the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs seem to decline very rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polder
- The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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LaKind JS. Recent global trends and physiologic origins of dioxins and furans in human milk. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2007; 17:510-24. [PMID: 17245392 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on releases of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) to the environment from industrial practices have resulted in an attendant decrease in levels of these compounds in the environment. Continued environmental monitoring and biomonitoring of PCDDs/Fs ensure that exposures do not increase unexpectedly or unnoticed. Perhaps the most highly exposed part of the population, however, is the breastfed infant and a periodic assessment of levels of dioxins and furans in human milk provides exposure information for infants. A previous international review of levels of PCDDs/Fs in human milk based on data from the 1970's to the mid-1990's showed a decline in many countries for which data were available. In this paper, recent (1998-2005) global data on PCDDs/Fs in human milk are described. A comparison of these recent data to pre-1998 data suggests a continuing decline in global levels of PCDDs/Fs in human milk. In addition, this paper explores research on physiological origins of these compounds in human milk (e.g., adipose tissue mobilization, recent dietary exposures). The question of whether the presence of PCDDs/Fs in milk is from the lifetime accumulation of PCDDs/Fs in adipose tissue or current diet (or, as is more likely, a complex combination of both) remains unanswered. Whether diet during lactation has a greater influence on milk levels PCDDs/Fs levels than previously suspected, and whether infant exposures to PCDDs/Fs via breastfeeding could be reduced by changes in diet during lactation, are important--and currently unexplored--lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, 106 Oakdale Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA.
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Subramanian A, Ohtake M, Kunisue T, Tanabe S. High levels of organochlorines in mothers' milk from Chennai (Madras) city, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:928-39. [PMID: 17336366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mothers' milk from Chennai (formerly Madras), India and three other places Perungudi, the municipal dumping site of south Chennai area (situated at the suburb of Chennai), Chidambaram, a predominantly agricultural town situated 250 km south of Chennai and Parangipettai, a fishing village 15 km north of Chidambaram, all situated at or near the southeastern Bay of Bengal coast of India were found to contain measurable concentrations of HCHs, DDTs, PCBs, CHLs and HCB. A notable finding in this study is that Chennai mothers have higher levels of HCHs in their milk and hence may transfer considerably higher amounts of the chemical than the mothers from all the other three places of the present study indicating a higher health risk to Chennai's children. It was also found that the levels of the two organochlorine pesticides (HCHs and DDTs) increased in Chennai mothers' milk in the last decade. Food items collected from Chennai markets did not show any remarkably higher levels of any of the chemicals measured in this study. Levels of the two classical organochlorines (DDTs and HCHs) have declined in many of the food items when compared with our data collected two decades before in the same locations, showing the effectiveness of the recent ban on both these chemicals in the country. The sources, possible health risks and the ways to curtail the effects of HCHs, especially at Chennai, should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamalai Subramanian
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Tsydenova OV, Sudaryanto A, Kajiwara N, Kunisue T, Batoev VB, Tanabe S. Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from Republic of Buryatia, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 146:225-32. [PMID: 16891045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk samples collected during 2003/04 in Buryatia, a Russian autonomous republic, were analyzed in order to assess human exposure to organohalogen compounds including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). When compared with available worldwide data, levels of HCB (23-880 ng/g lipid wt.), PCBs (69-680 ng/g lipid wt.), and HCHs (100-3700 ng/g lipid wt.) were relatively high, indicating elevated human exposure to these organochlorines (OCs) in Buryatia. In contrast to OCs, PBDE concentrations were low (0.46-1.7 ng/g lipid wt.). Out of 14 BDE congeners analyzed, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-197, and BDE-207 were detected. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of HCHs, HCB, CHLs, and PCBs by infants solely from human milk for 100%, 43%, 34%, and 17% of the samples, respectively, exceeded guideline thresholds. Although high EDIs raise concern for possible toxic effects of OCs, women in Buryatia are recommended to breastfeed due to numerous advantages of breastfeeding for mother and child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyuna V Tsydenova
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Tanabe S, Kunisue T. Persistent organic pollutants in human breast milk from Asian countries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 146:400-13. [PMID: 16949712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we concisely reviewed the contamination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in human breast milk collected from Asian countries such as Japan, China, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia during 1999-2003. Dioxins, PCBs, CHLs in Japanese, and DDTs in Vietnamese, Chinese, Cambodian, Malaysian, and HCHs in Chinese, Indian, and HCB in Chinese breast milk were predominant. In India, levels of dioxins and related compounds (DRCs) in the mothers living around the open dumping site were notably higher than those from the reference site and other Asian developing countries, indicating that significant pollution sources of DRCs are present in the dumping site of India and the residents there have been exposed to relatively higher levels of these contaminants possibly via bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790 8577, Ehime Prefecture, Japan.
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Chapter 14 Persistent Organic Pollutants in Malaysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(07)07014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tanabe S. Chapter 18 Contamination by Persistent Toxic Substances in the Asia-Pacific Region. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN ASIA: SOURCES, DISTRIBUTIONS, TRANSPORT AND FATE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(07)07018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Tanabe S. Environmental Specimen Bank in Ehime University (es-BANK), Japan for global monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:782-90. [PMID: 16896460 DOI: 10.1039/b602677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the last 40 years, The Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University collected a variety of environmental and biological material comprising about 1000 species and 100,000 samples from many developing and developed countries and also open seas and oceans all over the world. They were categorically archived, catalogued and stocked in our Environment Specimen Bank (es-BANK) facility equipped with a -25 degrees C cold room. We have already exchanged specimens with many scientific institutions and are also eager to widen our collaboration with other specimen banks. In our survey using the air, water, wildlife and human samples, we found that the major emission sources for the industrial chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are in the developed nations while those of organochlorine (OC) pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), etc. are located in developing countries. However, significant emission of modern environmental contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) also seems to occur predominantly in countries with high economic growth rates. Apart from the modern incinerators and other industrial installations in developed nations, the compounds, like dioxins and related compounds (DRCs), were also found to be released in significant levels from the municipal solid waste dumping sites of developing countries. By evaluating the distribution patterns of various persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in our studies, we could conclude that DRCs and DDTs are regional contaminants, while PCBs, PBDEs, HCHs and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) are global contaminants. We also found that the pollution by PBDEs has been increasing in the last two decades while that of the legacy OCs has been decreasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
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