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Khoshakhlagh AH, Ghobakhloo S, Peijnenburg WJGM, Gruszecka-Kosowska A, Cicchella D. To breathe or not to breathe: Inhalational exposure to heavy metals and related health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172556. [PMID: 38679085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study reviewed scientific literature on inhalation exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in various indoor and outdoor environments and related carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. A systematic search in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases yielded 712 results and 43 articles met the requirements of the Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcomes (PECO) criteria. Results revealed that HM concentrations in most households exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values, indicating moderate pollution and dominant anthropogenic emission sources of HMs. In the analyzed schools, universities, and offices low to moderate levels of air pollution with HMs were revealed, while in commercial environments high levels of air pollution were stated. The non-carcinogenic risk due to inhalation HM exposure exceeded the acceptable level of 1 in households, cafes, hospitals, restaurants, and metros. The carcinogenic risk for As and Cr in households, for Cd, Cr, Ni, As, and Co in educational environments, for Pb, Cd, Cr, and Co in offices and commercial environments, and for Ni in metros exceeded the acceptable level of 1 × 10-4. Carcinogenic risk was revealed to be higher indoors than outdoors. This review advocates for fast and effective actions to reduce HM exposure for safer breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Safiye Ghobakhloo
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden 2300RA, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720BA, the Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
- AGH University of Krakow; Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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2
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Wang M, Lv Y, Lv X, Wang Q, Li Y, Lu P, Yu H, Wei P, Cao Z, An T. Distribution, sources and health risks of heavy metals in indoor dust across China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137595. [PMID: 36563718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential effects of heavy metals on human health have attracted increasing attention as most people spend up to 90% of their time indoors. Human exposure to heavy metals in indoor dust have only been characterised for limited regions in China, and full-scale data for different functional areas are not available. Therefore, this review analysed the concentrations, contamination characteristics, and potential health risks of seven heavy metals (including zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd)) in indoor dust at 3392 sampling sites in 55 cities across 27 provincial regions of China based on literature data. Results revealed that the median heavy metal concentrations in indoor dust throughout China decreased in the following order: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Ni > As > Cd. Traffic emissions and decorative materials are the primary sources of heavy metal pollution in indoor dust. No considerable non-carcinogenic risk was found for Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Cd in indoor dust, while Pb and As exhibited potential non-carcinogenic risks to children, primarily distributed in cities across Southern China. Meanwhile, the carcinogenic risks posed by Cr and Ni were higher than those posed by As and Cd, especially in Southern China. Therefore, effective measures in Southern China should prioritised for controlling Pb, Cr, Ni and As pollution in indoor dust to reduce human health risk. This review is useful for policy decision-making and protecting human from exposure to heavy metals in indoor dust across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinyi Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinyan Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qianhan Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yiyi Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zanetta-Colombo NC, Fleming ZL, Gayo EM, Manzano CA, Panagi M, Valdés J, Siegmund A. Impact of mining on the metal content of dust in indigenous villages of northern Chile. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107490. [PMID: 36116364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous communities from northern Chile have historically been exposed to the impacts of massive copper industrial activities conducted in the region. Some of the communities belonging to the Alto El Loa Indigenous Development Area are located less than 10 km from the "Talabre'' tailings dam, which contains residues from copper production and other metals that can be toxic to human health (e.g., As, Sb, Cd, Mo, Pb). Given the increasing demand of copper production to achieve net-zero emission scenarios and concomitant expansions of the tailings, the exposure to toxic metals is a latent risk to local communities. Despite the impact that copper production could generate on ancestral communities from northern Chile, studies and monitoring are limited and the results are often not made accessible for local communities. Here, we evaluate such risks by characterizing metal concentrations in dust collected from roofs and windows of houses from the Alto El Loa area. Our results showed that As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ag, S, and Pb concentrations in these matrices can be connected to local copper mining activities. Additionally, air transport models indicate that high concentrations of toxic elements (As, Sb, and Cd) can be explained by the atmospheric transport of particles from the tailings in a NE direction up to 50 km away. Pollution indices and Health Risk Assessment suggested a highly contaminated region with a health risk for its inhabitants. Our analysis on a local scale seeks to make visible the case of northern Chile as a critical territory where actions should be taken to mitigate the effects of mining in the face of this new scenario of international demand for the raw materials necessary for the transition to a net-zero carbon global society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás C Zanetta-Colombo
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Geography - Research Group for Earth Observation (rgeo), Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Geography, SAI, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Zoë L Fleming
- Envirohealth Dynamics Lab, C+ Research Center in Technologies for Society, School of Engineering, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile
| | - Eugenia M Gayo
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile; ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program- Nucleo Milenio UPWELL, Chile
| | - Carlos A Manzano
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Marios Panagi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jorge Valdés
- Laboratorio de Sedimentología y Paleoambientes (LASPAL), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexander Siegmund
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Geography - Research Group for Earth Observation (rgeo), Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
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Li X, Fan L, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Han X, Li L, Ge T, Liu H, Qi J, Gong S, Zhang Q, Guo W, Su L, Yao X, Wang X. Characteristics, distribution, and children exposure assessment of 13 metals in household dust in China: A big data pilot study. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12943. [PMID: 34664315 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To explore the pollution characteristics of metals in household dust in China and their exposure to children, this study searched peer-reviewed papers published during 1980-2020 and analyzed 30 eligible papers screened under the per-decided strategy. We evaluated the sample-weighted concentration (SWC) of each metal, explored the sources of metals, and presented the quantitative description of spatial-temporary characteristics and children exposure to 13 metals with multi-route under a general living scenario. The results showed the concentrations of 13 metals with a range of 0.89-29 090.19 mg/kg. The SWC of Cd in household dust from rural areas was 3.29 times of that from urban areas, while the SWC of Ni from urban areas was 3.71 times of that from rural areas. The results showed that four principal components were extracted, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 79.127%. The exposure dose of 13 metals to children aged 2-3 years was presented with the highest by ingestion. Metals such as Fe, Zn, and Mn posed inevitable health risk to children with high exposure. Countermeasures should be carried out to minimize the children exposure to metals in household dust urgently, such as the establishment of environmental health standard for household dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Fan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanduo Zhu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Han
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tanxi Ge
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhan Gong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhong Guo
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liqin Su
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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5
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Shi T, Wang Y. Heavy metals in indoor dust: Spatial distribution, influencing factors, and potential health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142367. [PMID: 33032138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Given the large proportion of time that people spend indoors, the potential health risks posed by heavy metals in the indoor environment deserve greater attention. A global-scale assessment of heavy metal contamination in indoor dust was conducted in this study based on >127 articles published between 1985 and 2019. The pollution levels, spatio-temporal variations, sources, bioaccessibilities, influencing factors, and health risks of heavy metals associated with indoor dust were analyzed. Children's blood lead levels (BLLs) were also estimated using the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model. The results indicated that the median concentrations of Cu and Zn in 71.9% and 71.0% of the study sites surpassed the corresponding permissible limits, 100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively; thus, their control should be given priority. Heavy metal concentrations in indoor dust from different areas of the world varied greatly, which was closely associated with the type of local human activities, such as mining, melting, e-waste recycling and Pb-related industries. The bioaccessibilities of some key elements, e.g., Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, in household dust were high. The levels of heavy metals in indoor dust were mainly affected by a combination of outdoor and indoor sources and related critical factors, and future studies should focus on quantifying the contributions of different sources. Based on the health risk assessment, dust Pb exposure is a major health concern in e-waste recycling areas, which warrants greater attention. 49.8%, 36.8% and 14.4% of study sites showed BLLs exceeding 35 μg/L (threshold limit in Germany), 50 μg/L (threshold limit in the USA), or 100 μg/L (threshold limit in China), respectively. Finally, Pb exposure from indoor dust represents a major contributor to children's blood Pb poisoning in many developing countries. This study details the overall heavy metal contamination status of indoor dust and provides insights for policymakers with respect to pollution prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoran Shi
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Ecology and Environment, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Ecology and Environment, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China.
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Cao S, Chen X, Zhang L, Xing X, Wen D, Wang B, Qin N, Wei F, Duan X. Quantificational exposure, sources, and health risks posed by heavy metals in indoor and outdoor household dust in a typical smelting area in China. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:872-884. [PMID: 32347976 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of metals in household dust remains a concern for human health. However, few studies to date have been conducted on the contribution of both indoor and outdoor environments to the health risks posed by metals. This study was carried out to assess the potential health risks from both indoor and outdoor household dust and the respective contribution to the health risks for children. The results showed that household dusts were heavily polluted by metal(loid)s, which were up to 30 times higher than the relative background level, and were attributed to smelting activity. However, there are other pollution sources in indoor environments, since the I/O ratio values of Pb, Cd, and As were significantly higher than 1. HI values of Pb and As exceeded the threshold of (1) and accounted for approximately 60% and 24% to the HIt, respectively. The HIts of Zn, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Cu were mainly attributable to indoor dust exposure, particularly for Hg (73.44%), indicating non-carcinogenic health risks could be attributed more to the indoor dust exposure. This study highlights the potential risks of metal contamination in household environment, particularly indoor environment, on the health of children who live in the vicinity of smelting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoru Xing
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Dongshen Wen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the mining industry in issues related to risk assessment and management, which is confirmed by a significant number of publications and reports devoted to these problems. However, theoretical and application studies have indicated that risk in mining should be analyzed not only in the human factor aspect, but also in strategic (environmental impact) and operational ones. However, there is a lack of research on systematic literature reviews and surveys of studies that would focus on these identified risk aspects simultaneously. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to develop a literature review in the area of analysis, assessment and risk management in the mining sector, published in the last decade and based on the concept of a human engineering system. Following this, a systematic search was performed with the use of Primo multi-search tool following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The main inclusion criteria were: (a) not older than 10 years, (b) article written in English, (c) publication type (scientific article, book, book chapter), (d) published in chosen electronic collections (Springer, Taylor and Francis, Elsevier, Science Direct, JSTOR). This resulted in the selection of the 94 most relevant papers in the area. First, the general bibliometric analysis was conducted. Later, the selected papers in this review were categorized into four groups and the critical review was developed. One of the main advantages of this study is that the results are obtained from different scientific sources/databases thanks to using a multi-search tool. Moreover, the authors identified the main research gaps in the area of the implementation of risk management in the mining industry.
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Wang Q, Li Z, Feng X, Li X, Wang D, Sun G, Peng H. Vegetable Houttuynia cordata Thunb. as an important human mercury exposure route in Kaiyang county, Guizhou province, SW China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110575. [PMID: 32302857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of mercury (Hg) contaminated vegetable is one important pathway of Hg expose to humans. In this study, Hg contents in a popular vegetable, Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (HCT), and its growing soils in Kaiyang county in Guizhou province of southwest China were investigated. Health risk related to Hg exposure through consumption of this vegetable was evaluated for the first time. Hg contents in HCT were found to be much higher in three towns in western Kaiyang county (42.3 ± 48.2 μg/kg, FW), where former Hg mines located, than that in other towns (7.6 ± 5.0 μg/kg, FW). Hg contents in HCT were also higher than in the other five vegetables (Chinese cabbage, Lettuce, Tomato, Carrot and White radish). Consumption of HCT may account for 37.4-61.1% of total vegetable Hg intake of local people in Kaiyang county. Hg concentration in HCT positively correlated with that in soil (r2 = 0.311, p < 0.01), especially, the labile Hg species (FC1, r2 = 0.796, p < 0.01) and the elemental Hg that is bound to the crystalline oxides (FC3, r2 = 0.711, p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with Hg that is bound to humic and fulvic complexes (FC2, - 0.304). Estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) results shown that Hg expose risk is much higher for children than adults, likely due to their different eating habits and the amount of snack intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Wang
- Department of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563006, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, PR China.
| | - Zhonggen Li
- Department of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563006, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, PR China
| | - Xinbing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563006, P.R. China
| | - Guangyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huihui Peng
- Department of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563006, P.R. China
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Gupta P, Satsangi M, Satsangi GP, Jangid A, Liu Y, Pani SK, Kumar R. Exposure to respirable and fine dust particle over North-Central India: chemical characterization, source interpretation, and health risk analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2081-2099. [PMID: 31823181 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study enhances the understanding of the particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) and their physical and chemical behavior over the Taj Mahal, Agra, in North-Central India. The mass concentration was determined, and the shape and size of the particles and chemical characterizations have been carried out using SEM-EDX. The high level and significant variation of PM10 (162.2 µg m-3) and PM2.5 (83.9 µg m-3) were observed. The exceedance factor of the present study region is in critical and moderate condition. Morphological characterization reveals the particles of different shapes and sizes, while elemental analysis shows the presence of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, K, Cl, Mg, Na, Cu, and Zn. The dominance of Si indicated the contribution of natural sources, i.e., soil over this region. Three significant sources, viz. soil/road paved dust/vegetative emissions, vehicular/industrial emissions, and intermingling of dust and combustion particles, have been identified using principal component analysis over North-Central India. Health risk analysis of particulate matter identified carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metals in the present study, which comes in contact with human beings during inhalation. The non-carcinogenic risk was much higher than the acceptable level. The high carcinogenic risks were found in Zn in PM10 and Cu in PM2.5 for both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 005, India
| | - Mamta Satsangi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 005, India
| | - Guru Prasad Satsangi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 005, India
| | - Ashok Jangid
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 005, India
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
| | - Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ranjit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 005, India.
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Salem Ali Albar HM, Ali N, Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani SA, Alhakamy NA, Nazar E, Rashid MI, Shahzad K, Ibrahim Ismail IM. Trace metals in different socioeconomic indoor residential settings, implications for human health via dust exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109927. [PMID: 31727497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study a number of heavy metals namely chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), barium (Ba), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), rubidium (Rb), selenium (Se) are studied in the floor and air condition (AC) filter dust collected from urban and rural households of Saudi Arabia. To the best of our knowledge, many of these heavy metals are reported for the very first time in the indoor dust of Saudi Arabia. Studied metals were higher in urban dust than rural except Mn and Rb which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in rural dust. All metals, except Cd, Zn, and Ba in urban settings, were detected at higher (P < 0.05) levels in AC filter dust than household floor dust from both rural and urban residential settings. Levels of the two dominant metals i.e., Zn and Mn were up to 1600 and 700 μg/g, respectively in studied dust samples. Also associations between heavy metals and a number of different socio-economic parameters were studied which was significant for some trace metals. In literature exposure to many of trace metals are associated with various health problems, therefore health risk assessment for the Saudi population was calculated by incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazardous index (HI) via dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. The ILCR for all metals was within the tolerable range of reference values of USEPA (1 × 10- 11 to 1 × 10- 4). However, calculated HI for Mn, Cu, Ni, and Zn was more than 1 via dust exposure, which signifies the non-carcinogenic risk. The study highlights the occurrence of toxic metals in the indoor environments of Saudi Arabia and provides baseline data for future studies on these toxic metals in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadeem Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehtisham Nazar
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurram Shahzad
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim Ismail
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Yang Q, Luo T, Yang J, Chen H. PAHs Accumulations in Plant Leaves Around Coal-Fired Power Plant and Identification of their Potential Use as Bioindicators. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:346-355. [PMID: 30310950 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulation in leaves of different plant species growing in the neighborhood of coal-fired power plant (CPP) and to identify potential bioindicators for PAHs pollution monitoring. The study was performed in 8 sites in the surrounding areas of CPP. PAHs concentrations in leaves of 21 plant species growing within 1 km of CPP ranged from 0.043 to 4.52 µg g-1. A higher mean concentration of PAHs was found in leaves of perennial herbs and shrubs compared with annual herbs and trees. Herbaceous plants had the highest concentrations of 5-6 rings PAHs, and 4-ring PAHs mainly existed in shrubs. For 2- to 3-rings PAHs, there was no significant difference among herbaceous plants trees and shrubs. Then, four representative plants were further chosen for investigating the effect of CPP on the spatial distribution patterns of PAH compounds. No distinct difference in the level of 2- to 3-rings PAHs was observed on Broussonetia kaempferi Sieb, whereas 4 rings, 5-6 rings, and Σ16PAHs had regional statistical differences. PAHs in Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch.-Bip had significant regional statistical differences. With the change of distance, the concentration of PAHs showed a significant decrease. Taraxacum mongolicum tended to capture the largest amount of both total PAHs and 5- to 6-ring PAHs, especially to BaP. These results could improve scientific evidence for the screening of bioindicators, in particular, T. mongolicum could be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Nonmetallic Mineral Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianyi Luo
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaguo Chen
- Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Lai CH, Lin CH, Liao CC, Chuang KY, Peng YP. Effects of heavy metals on health risk and characteristic in surrounding atmosphere of tire manufacturing plant, Taiwan. RSC Adv 2018; 8:3041-3050. [PMID: 35541188 PMCID: PMC9077559 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The health and environmental effects of metal-containing carbon black (CB) particles emitted from a CB feeding area near a tire manufacturing plant were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering
- Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology
- National Formosa University
- Yunlin
- Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chun Liao
- Institute of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering
- Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering
- Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ping Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tung Hai University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
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13
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Dai D, Prussin AJ, Marr LC, Vikesland PJ, Edwards MA, Pruden A. Factors Shaping the Human Exposome in the Built Environment: Opportunities for Engineering Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7759-7774. [PMID: 28677960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The "exposome" is a term describing the summation of one's lifetime exposure to microbes and chemicals. Such exposures are now recognized as major drivers of human health and disease. Because humans spend ∼90% of their time indoors, the built environment exposome merits particular attention. Herein we utilize an engineering perspective to advance understanding of the factors that shape the built environment exposome and its influence on human wellness and disease, while simultaneously informing development of a framework for intentionally controlling the exposome to protect public health. Historically, engineers have been focused on controlling chemical and physical contaminants and on eradicating microbes; however, there is a growing awareness of the role of "beneficial" microbes. Here we consider the potential to selectively control the materials and chemistry of the built environment to positively influence the microbial and chemical components of the indoor exposome. Finally, we discuss research gaps that must be addressed to enable intentional engineering design, including the need to define a "healthy" built environment exposome and how to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Dai
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aaron J Prussin
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Peter J Vikesland
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Marc A Edwards
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amy Pruden
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
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14
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Bavec Š, Gosar M, Miler M, Biester H. Geochemical investigation of potentially harmful elements in household dust from a mercury-contaminated site, the town of Idrija (Slovenia). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:443-465. [PMID: 27056363 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive geochemical investigation of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in household dust from the town of Idrija (Slovenia), once a world-famous Hg mining town that is now seriously polluted, was performed for the first time. After aqua regia digestion, the content of mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) was measured. PHE-bearing particles were recognised and observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry before and after exposure to simulated stomach acid (SSA). Mercury binding forms were identified by Hg thermal desorption technique and gastric bioaccessible Hg was estimated after SSA extraction by ICP-MS. With regard to rural and urban background values for Slovenia, high Hg content (6-120 mg/kg) and slightly elevated As content (1-13 mg/kg) were found. Mercury pollution is a result of past mining and ore processing activities. Arsenic content is potentially associated with As enrichment in local soils. Four Hg binding forms were identified: all samples contained Hg bound to the dust matrix, 14 samples contained cinnabar, two samples contained metallic Hg (Hg0), and one sample assumingly contained mercury oxide. After exposure to SSA, Hg-bearing phases showed no signs of dissolution, while other PHE-bearing phases were significantly morphologically and/or chemically altered. Estimated gastric Hg bioaccessibility was low (<0.006-0.09 %), which is in accordance with identified Hg binding forms and high organic carbon content (15.9-31.5 %) in the dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Bavec
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mateja Gosar
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miloš Miler
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Harald Biester
- Technical University Braunschweig, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
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15
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Ogunbanjo O, Onawumi O, Gbadamosi M, Ogunlana A, Anselm O. Chemical speciation of some heavy metals and human health risk assessment in soil around two municipal dumpsites in Sagamu, Ogun state, Nigeria. CHEMICAL SPECIATION & BIOAVAILABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09542299.2016.1203267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oriyomi Ogunbanjo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, Nigeria
| | - Oluwayemi Onawumi
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Muideen Gbadamosi
- Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Ogunlana
- Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Anselm
- Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, Nigeria
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16
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Neisi A, Goudarzi G, Akbar Babaei A, Vosoughi M, Hashemzadeh H, Naimabadi A, Mohammadi MJ, Hashemzadeh B. Study of heavy metal levels in indoor dust and their health risk assessment in children of Ahvaz city, Iran. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1181656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Pi L, Hu W, Chen M, Luo Y, Li Z, Su S, Gan Z, Ding S. Concentrations and health risk assessment of metal(loid)s in indoor dust from two typical cities of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9082-9092. [PMID: 26832866 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Eleven trace metal(loid)s were determined in the household dust samples from Chengdu and Tianjin, China, and related human exposure and health risk to metal(loid)s via indoor dust intake were evaluated. The trace metal(loid)s were found to be highly concentrated and polluted in the indoor environment of Chengdu and Tianjin, especially for Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Pb, of which the enrichment factors exceeding 5. Metal(loid) levels in the indoor dust samples exhibited no statistical differences between the two cities, with the exception of Sb, which was detected higher in the Chengdu samples. Bioaccessibilities in stomach phase of each element were estimated, Cd, Pb, and Sr exhibited higher bioaccessibility, and Sb showed the lowest bioaccessibility in both Chengdu and Tianjin. Dust ingestion was the main metal(loid) exposure pathway for Chengdu and Tianjin inhabitants, followed by dermal contact, dust inhalation accounted for less than 1 % of the total daily metal(loid) intakes and thus could be negligible. Children suffered more risk when exposure to metal(loid)s via indoor dust intake due to their higher frequency of hand to mouth activities. Risk evaluation indicated that, for most Chengdu and Tianjin inhabitants, there is little non-cancer and carcinogen risk when exposure to indoor dust. However, there is a potential non-cancer and carcinogen risk for children and adults in Chengdu, in the case of highly exposed scenario based on the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lu Pi
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenli Hu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mengqin Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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18
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Xu H, Han S, Bi X, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Yang W, Zhang M, Chen J, Wu J, Zhang Y, Feng Y. Atmospheric metallic and arsenic pollution at an offshore drilling platform in the Bo Sea: A health risk assessment for the workers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:93-102. [PMID: 26547617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the ambient metal pollution at the offshore drilling platform in the Bo Sea, which few studies have focused on, PM2.5 samples were collected and ten heavy metals, as well as As, were analyzed. High concentration levels of metals were observed, and the heavy metal pollution was quite serious compared to air quality standards and other marine areas. Back trajectories and wind dependent and PCA analyses showed that the marine sources included ship traffic emissions and corrosive stainless steels from the equipment at the platform as well as industrial emissions from stainless steel production and coal combustion sources, which were transported from the surrounding mainland. Both contributed greatly to the ambient metallic particles at the offshore platform. The Hazard Index values of the metals, which were much less than 1, the Carcinogenic Risk data, which were lower than the EPA's acceptable range, and the fact that the metal concentrations did not the exceed the permissible exposure limits of OSHA, indicated that the health risks from the ambient metallic particles for the oil-drilling workers were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Joint Laboratory of Urban and Ambient Air Environment Study, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Suqin Han
- Research Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Joint Laboratory of Urban and Ambient Air Environment Study, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhijing Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Joint Laboratory of Urban and Ambient Air Environment Study, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Research Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Research Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Joint Laboratory of Urban and Ambient Air Environment Study, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Joint Laboratory of Urban and Ambient Air Environment Study, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Joint Laboratory of Urban and Ambient Air Environment Study, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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