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Encerrado-Manriquez AM, Pouv AK, Fine JD, Nicklisch SCT. Enhancing knowledge of chemical exposures and fate in honey bee hives: Insights from colony structure and interactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170193. [PMID: 38278225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Honey bees are unintentionally exposed to a wide range of chemicals through various routes in their natural environment, yet research on the cumulative effects of multi-chemical and sublethal exposures on important caste members, including the queen bee and brood, is still in its infancy. The hive's social structure and food-sharing (trophallaxis) practices are important aspects to consider when identifying primary and secondary exposure pathways for residential hive members and possible chemical reservoirs within the colony. Secondary exposures may also occur through chemical transfer (maternal offloading) to the brood and by contact through possible chemical diffusion from wax cells to all hive members. The lack of research on peer-to-peer exposures to contaminants and their metabolites may be in part due to the limitations in sensitive analytical techniques for monitoring chemical fate and dispersion. Combined application of automated honey bee monitoring and modern chemical trace analysis techniques could offer rapid progress in quantifying chemical transfer and accumulation within the hive environment and developing effective mitigation strategies for toxic chemical co-exposures. To enhance the understanding of chemical fate and toxicity within the entire colony, it is crucial to consider both the intricate interactions among hive members and the potential synergistic effects arising from combinations of chemical and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amara K Pouv
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Julia D Fine
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3026 Bee Biology Rd., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sascha C T Nicklisch
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Li C, Zhong H, Wu J, Meng L, Wang Y, Liao C, Wang Y, He Y. Migration mechanism and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Ya'Er Lake oxidation pond area, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:301-312. [PMID: 37923440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The migration mechanisms, sources, and environmental risks of 29 legacy and emerging perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl species present in an oxidation pond (Ya'Er Lake) were investigated for treating sewage based on the analysis of their occurrence and distribution. The concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in pond area was between 0.30 and 63.2 ng/g dw (dry weight), with the overall average concentration of 8.00 ng/g dw. Notably, the PFAS concentrations in the surface sediments near the sewage outlet in Pond-1 (50.2 ng/g dw) and Pond-5 (average 15.1 ng/g dw) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those in other areas. In general, the legacy PFAS, i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was considered to be the major pollutant in the polluted area, on average, accounting for 73.0% of the total concentration of PFAS pollutants. By evaluating the regional distribution of different PFAS homologs, the short-chain PFAS pollutants with lower Kow were found to migrate farther in both horizontal and vertical directions. The sewage outlets in Pond-1 and Pond-5 are the main pollution sources in polluted area and the emerging PFAS pollutants in Pond-5 have replaced the legacy PFAS pollutants as the main pollutants. Based on positive matrix factorization analysis, three main industrial sources of PFAS pollutants in the study area were identified: protective coating, fire-fighting, and food packaging sources. Moreover, the environmental risk assessment results showed that most study areas exhibited medium environmental risk (0.01 ≤ Risk quotient (RQ) < 1), indicating that the ecological environment risks in this area need further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huifang Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Wu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Yujian He
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Moneta BG, Feo ML, Torre M, Tratzi P, Aita SE, Montone CM, Taglioni E, Mosca S, Balducci C, Cerasa M, Guerriero E, Petracchini F, Cavaliere C, Laganà A, Paolini V. Occurrence of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in wastewater treatment plants in Northern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:165089. [PMID: 37355117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants are known to be relevant input sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the aquatic environment. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, fate, and seasonal variability of twenty-five PFAS in four municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP A, B, C, and D) surrounding the city of Milan (Northern, Italy). Composite 24-h wastewater samples were collected in July and October 2021 and May and February 2022 from influents and effluents of the four WWTPs. PFAS were detected at concentrations ranging between 24.1 and 66.9 μg L-1 for influent and 13.4 and 107 μg L-1 for effluent wastewater samples. Perfluoropentanoic acid was the most abundant (1.91-30.0 μg L-1) in influent samples, whereas perfluorobutane sulfonic acid predominated (0.80-66.1 μg L-1) in effluent samples. In sludge, PFOA was detected in plant A at concentrations in the range of 96.6-165 ng kg-1 dw in primary sludge samples and 98.6-440 ng kg-1 dw in secondary treatment sludge samples. The removal efficiency of total PFAS varied between 6 % and 96 %. However, an increase of PFAS concentrations was observed from influents to effluents for plant D (during July and October), plant A (during October and May), and plant C (during May) indicating that biotransformation of PFAS precursors can occur during biological treatments. This was supported by the observed increase in concentrations of PFOA from primary to secondary treatment sludge samples in plant A. Moreover, the plant operating at shorter hydraulic retention times (plant D) showed lower removal efficiency (<45 %). Seasonal variation of PFAS in influent and effluent appears rather low and more likely due to pulse release instead of seasonal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luisa Feo
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Torre
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Tratzi
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Elsa Aita
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Taglioni
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mosca
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Cerasa
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Paolini
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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4
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Li H, Dong Q, Zhang M, Gong T, Zan R, Wang W. Transport behavior difference and transport model of long- and short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in underground environmental media: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121579. [PMID: 37028785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), which are the most commonly regulated and most widely concerned per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have received increasing attention on a global scale due to their amphiphilicity, stability, and long-range transport. Thus, understanding the typical PFAS transport behavior and using models to predict the evolution of PFAS contamination plumes is important for evaluating the potential risks. In this study, the effects of organic matter (OM), minerals, water saturation, and solution chemistry on the transport and retention of PFAS were investigated, and the interaction mechanism between long-chain/short-chain PFAS and the surrounding environment was analyzed. The results revealed that high content of OM/minerals, low saturation, low pH, and divalent cation had a great retardation effect on long-chain PFAS transport. The retention caused by hydrophobic interaction was the prominent mechanism for long-chain PFAS, whereas, the retention caused by electrostatic interaction was more relevant for short-chain PFAS. Additional adsorption at the air-water and nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPL)-water interface was another potential interaction for retarding PFAS transport in the unsaturated media, which preferred to retard long-chain PFAS. Furthermore, the developing models for describing PFAS transport were investigated and summarized in detail, including the convection-dispersion equation, two-site model (TSM), continuous-distribution multi-rate model, modified-TSM, multi-process mass-transfer (MPMT) model, MPMT-1D model, MPMT-3D model, tempered one-sided stable density transport model, and a comprehensive compartment model. The research revealed PFAS transport mechanisms and provided the model tools, which supported the theoretical basis for the practical prediction of the evolution of PFAS contamination plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qianling Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Tiantian Gong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Rixia Zan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbing Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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5
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Rafiei V, Nejadhashemi AP. Watershed scale PFAS fate and transport model for source identification and management implications. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120073. [PMID: 37235893 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Developing strategic plans for the remediation and mitigation of pre- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil, groundwater, and surface water requires an understanding of the fate and transport of these chemicals on a regional scale. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a distributed hydrogeochemical model and applied it to a large-scale watershed with various point and non-point sources of a long-chain, highly persistent PFAS compound known as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). The results showed that the developed model could reproduce the spatiotemporal concentration of PFOS across a large and diverse watershed. Herein, our first objective was to quantify the PFOS transport from the unsaturated zone to the groundwater and surface water via leaching, surface runoff, lateral flow, and sediment transport. The second objective was to identify factors influencing PFOS release from confirmed and suspected PFAS sites and urban and agricultural areas. The modeling results show that surface runoff played a significant role in PFOS transport, with urban areas and industrial sites being major contributors. In addition, sediment transport was found to be a notable pathway for PFOS release, particularly from sites with biosolids application. Further analysis revealed the relative importance of topography, soil water retention, and water-solid adsorption factors in determining PFOS transport dynamics at the watershed scale for better source identification and targeted management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rafiei
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University (MSU), USA
| | - A Pouyan Nejadhashemi
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University (MSU), USA.
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6
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Mikkonen AT, Martin J, Upton RN, Barker AO, Brumley CM, Taylor MP, Mackenzie L, Roberts MS. Spatio-temporal trends in livestock exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) inform risk assessment and management measures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 225:115518. [PMID: 36841522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The migration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) onto agricultural properties has resulted in the accumulation of PFAS in livestock. The environmental determinants of PFAS accumulation in livestock from the grazing environment are poorly understood, resulting in limited capacity to manage livestock exposure and subsequent transfer of PFAS through the food chain. Analytical- (n = 978 samples of soil, water, pasture, and serum matrices), farm management/practice- and livestock physiology data were collated and interrogated from environmental PFAS investigations across ten farms, from four agro-ecological regions of Victoria (Australia). Statistical analysis identified perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) as key analytes of concern for livestock bioaccumulation. PFOS and PFHxS concentrations in livestock drinking water were positively correlated with serum concentrations while other intake pathways (pasture and soil) had weaker correlations. Seasonal trends in PFAS body burden (serum concentrations) were identified and suggested to be linked to seasonal grazing behaviours and physiological water requirements. The data showed for the first time that livestock exposure to PFAS is dynamic and with relatively short elimination half-lives, there is opportunity for exposure management. Meat from cattle, grazed on PFAS impacted sites, may exceed health-based guideline values for PFAS, especially for markets with low limits (like the European Commission Maximum Limits or EC MLs). This study found that sites with mean livestock drinking water concentrations as low as 0.003 μg PFOS/L may exceed the EC ML for PFOS in cattle meat. Risk assessment can be used to prioritise site cleanup and development of management plans to reduce PFAS body burden by considering timing of stock rotation and/or supplementation of primary exposure sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti T Mikkonen
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria, Australia; Arcadis L18, Queen & Collins Tower, 376-390 Collins Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard N Upton
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Carolyn M Brumley
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria, Australia; Arcadis L18, Queen & Collins Tower, 376-390 Collins Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark P Taylor
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorraine Mackenzie
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Williams M, Douglas G, Du J, Kirby J, Kookana R, Pengelly J, Watson G, Bowles K, Davis G. Quantification of the variability and penetration of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances through a concrete pad. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138903. [PMID: 37187372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Historical use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) containing per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for fire-fighting activities has contributed to widespread contamination of infrastructure which can represent an ongoing source of PFAS to the surrounding environment. A concrete fire training pad with historical use of Ansulite and Lightwater AFFF formulations had PFAS concentrations measured to quantify spatial variability of PFAS within the pad. Surface chips and whole cores of concrete through to the underlying aggregate base were collected over the 24 × 9 m concrete pad and depth profiles of PFAS concentrations in nine cores were analysed. PFOS and PFHxS dominated the PFAS for surface samples, along the depth profile of cores and in the underlying plastic and aggregate material, with substantial variability in the concentrations of PFAS in the samples. Although there was variability of individual PFAS along the depth profile, higher surface concentrations of PFAS generally followed the designed movement of water across the pad. Total oxidisable precursor (TOP) assessments of one core indicated additional PFAS were present along the entire length of the core. This study highlights concentrations of PFAS (up to low μg/kg) from historical use of AFFF can occur throughout concrete, with the variable concentrations throughout the profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Williams
- CSIRO Environment, Industry Environments Program, Waite Campus, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Grant Douglas
- CSIRO Environment, Industry Environments Program, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia; School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Jun Du
- CSIRO Environment, Industry Environments Program, Waite Campus, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Jason Kirby
- CSIRO Environment, Industry Environments Program, Waite Campus, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rai Kookana
- CSIRO Environment, Industry Environments Program, Waite Campus, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - John Pengelly
- CSIRO Environment, Charles Sturt University, Elizabeth Mitchell Drive, Thurgoona, NSW, 2640, Australia
| | - Garth Watson
- CSIRO Environment, Charles Sturt University, Elizabeth Mitchell Drive, Thurgoona, NSW, 2640, Australia
| | - Karl Bowles
- Jacobs, L7/177 Pacific Hwy, North Sydney, 2060, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Greg Davis
- CSIRO Environment, Industry Environments Program, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
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8
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Luo Y, Khoshyan A, Al Amin M, Nolan A, Robinson F, Fenstermacher J, Niu J, Megharaj M, Naidu R, Fang C. Ultrasound-enhanced Magnéli phase Ti 4O 7 anodic oxidation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) towards remediation of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160836. [PMID: 36521599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remediation is still a challenge. In this study, we propose a hybrid system that combines electrochemical treatment with ultrasound irradiation, aiming for an enhanced degradation of PFAS. Equipped with a titanium suboxide (Ti4O7) anode, the electrochemical cell is able to remove perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) effectively. Under the optimal conditions (50 mA/cm2 current density, 0.15 M Na2SO4 supporting electrolyte, and stainless steel/Ti4O7/stainless steel electrode configuration with a gap of ∼10 mm), the electrochemical process achieves ∼100 % PFOA removal and 43 % defluorination after 6 h. Applying ultrasound irradiation (130 kHz) alone offers a limited PFOA removal, with 33 % PFOA removal and 5.5 % defluorination. When the electrochemical process is combined with ultrasound irradiation, we observe a significant improvement in the remediation performance, with ∼100 % PFOA removal and 63.5 % defluorination, higher than the sum of 48.5 % (43 % achieved by the electrochemical process, plus 5.5 % by the ultrasound irradiation), implying synergistic removal/oxidation effects. The hybrid system also consistently shows the synergistic defluorination during degradation of other PFAS and the PFAS constituents in aqueous film forming foam (AFFF). We attribute the synergistic effect to an activated/cleaned electrode surface, improved mass transfer, and enhanced production of radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Luo
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ashkan Khoshyan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Md Al Amin
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Annette Nolan
- Ramboll Australia, The Junction, NSW 2291, Australia
| | | | | | - Junfeng Niu
- Suzhou institute of North China Electric Power University, Jiangsu 215000, PR China
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Fang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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9
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Kavusi E, Shahi Khalaf Ansar B, Ebrahimi S, Sharma R, Ghoreishi SS, Nobaharan K, Abdoli S, Dehghanian Z, Asgari Lajayer B, Senapathi V, Price GW, Astatkie T. Critical review on phytoremediation of polyfluoroalkyl substances from environmental matrices: Need for global concern. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114844. [PMID: 36403653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of emerging organic contaminants that are impervious to standard physicochemical treatments. The widespread use of PFAS poses serious environmental issues. PFAS pollution of soils and water has become a significant issue due to the harmful effects of these chemicals both on the environment and public health. Owing to their complex chemical structures and interaction with soil and water, PFAS are difficult to remove from the environment. Traditional soil remediation procedures have not been successful in reducing or removing them from the environment. Therefore, this review focuses on new phytoremediation techniques for PFAS contamination of soils and water. The bioaccumulation and dispersion of PFAS inside plant compartments has shown great potential for phytoremediation, which is a promising and unique technology that is realistic, cost-effective, and may be employed as a wide scale in situ remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kavusi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shahi Khalaf Ansar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Ebrahimi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Seyede Shideh Ghoreishi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sima Abdoli
- Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Dehghanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - G W Price
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
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10
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Richardson MJ, Kabiri S, Grimison C, Bowles K, Corish S, Chapman M, McLaughlin MJ. Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Runoff and Leaching from AFFF-Contaminated Soils: a Rainfall Simulation Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16857-16865. [PMID: 36354276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mobilization and transport of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) via surface runoff (runoff) from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-contaminated soils during rainfall, flooding, or irrigation has not been thoroughly evaluated, and the effectiveness of carbonaceous sorbents in limiting PFASs in runoff is similarly unquantified. Here, laboratory-scale rainfall simulations evaluate PFAS losses in runoff and in leaching to groundwater (leachate) from AFFF-contaminated soils varying in texture, PFAS composition and concentration, and remediation treatment. Leaching dominated PFAS losses in soils with a concentration of ∑PFAS = 0.2-2 mg/kg. However, with higher soil PFAS concentrations (∑PFAS = 31 mg/kg), leachate volumes were negligible and runoff dominated losses. The concentration and variety of PFASs were far greater in leachates regardless of the initial concentrations in soil. Losses of PFASs were dependent on the C-chain length for leachates and more on the initial concentration in soil for runoff. Suspended materials did not meaningfully contribute to runoff losses. While concentrations of most PFASs declined significantly after the first rainfall event, desorption and transport in both runoff and leachates persisted over several rainfall events. Finally, results showed that sorption to AC mostly occurred during, not prior to, rainfall events and that 1% w/w AC substantially reduced losses in runoff and leachates from all soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Richardson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia5064, Australia
| | - Shervin Kabiri
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia5064, Australia
| | - Charles Grimison
- Ventia Proprietary Limited, North Sydney,, New South Wales2060, Australia
| | - Karl Bowles
- RPS AAP Consulting Proprietary Limited, Sydney, New South Wales2000, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland4102, Australia
| | - Stephen Corish
- Treo Environment Proprietary Limited, Bondi Junction, Woolloongabba, New South Wales2022, Australia
| | - Mark Chapman
- Aecom Australia, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia5064, Australia
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11
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Hou J, Li T. EFFECT OF AIR ENDURANCE TRAINING ON ATHLETE’S LOWER LIMB EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228052022_0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The explosion force is the neuromuscular system's capacity to overcome resistance with the highest possible contraction speed. It is the result of a kinetic combination between power and speed. The effect of outdoor resistance training is used in several athletics areas to improve the explosive power of the lower limbs. However, there are still few studies focused on basketball athletes. Objective: Verify the effect of outdoor resistance training on the explosive power of the lower limbs of basketball players. Methods: The article uses mathematical statistics and randomized controlled trials by analytical comparison to explore the influence of compound training methods on basketball players’ lower explosive limb power. Results: There was no performance gain in the control group at 30 days. Was an improved ability in the experimental group jumping after high-intensity composite training. Conclusion: Compound training plays a crucial role in improving lower limb explosive power in college basketball players. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tielu Li
- Beijing Sports University, China
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12
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Liang X, Yang X, Jiao W, Zhou J, Zhu L. Simulation modelling the structure related bioaccumulation and biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156397. [PMID: 35660442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Until now, there is no bioaccumulation model to predict bioaccumulation of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic organisms due to their unique amphiphilic properties. For the first time, protein contents instead of lipid contents of organisms were used in bioaccumulation models to predict the concentrations and reveal the accumulation mechanisms of PFASs in various aquatic organisms, based on the available data. Comparison between the modeled and measured results indicated the models were promising to predict the PFAS concentrations in the fishes at different trophic levels very well, as well as their bioaccumulation factors (BAF) and trophic magnification factors (TMF) of PFASs in fish. Both water and sediment are important exposure sources of PFASs in aquatic organisms. As the two main uptake pathways, the contribution of gill respiratory decreases while that of dietary intake increases with the chain length of PFASs increasing. Fecal excretion and gill respiration are the main pathways for fish to eliminate PFASs, and their relative contributions increase and decrease respectively with chain length. The short-chain (C6-C8) perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are greatly eliminated via gill respiratory quickly, leading to their very low BAFs. As the carbon chain length increases, dietary intake becomes dominant in the uptake, while elimination is mainly through fecal excretion with relatively low rates, especially in the fishes with high protein contents. For the very long chain (C12-C16) PFASs, they are very difficult to excrete with a low total elimination rate constant (ke = 0.463-0.743 d-1), thus leading to their high BAFs and TMFs. The high intake rate but low elimination rate, as well as the high water and sediment concentrations together contribute to the highest accumulated concentration perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in the fish of Taihu Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Wenqing Jiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi Province 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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13
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Ambaye TG, Vaccari M, Prasad S, Rtimi S. Recent progress and challenges on the removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated soil and water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58405-58428. [PMID: 35754080 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, due to an increase in urbanization and industrialization around the world, a large volume of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) containing materials such as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), protective coatings, landfill leachates, and wastewater are produced. Most of the polluted wastewaters are left untreated and discharged into the environment, which causes high environmental risks, a threat to human beings, and hampered socioeconomic growth. Developing sustainable alternatives for removing PFAS from contaminated soil and water has attracted more attention from policymakers and scientists worldwide under various conditions. This paper reviews the recent emerging technologies for the degradation or sorption of PFAS to treat contaminated soil and water. It highlights the mechanisms involved in removing these persistent contaminants at a molecular level. Recent advances in developing nanostructured and advanced reduction remediation materials, challenges, and perspectives in the future are also discussed. Among the variety of nanomaterials, modified nano-sized iron oxides are the best sorbents materials due to their specific surface area and photogenerated holes and appear extremely promising in the remediation of PFAS from contaminated soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mentore Vaccari
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sami Rtimi
- Global Institute for Water, Environment and Health, CH-1201, Geneva, Switzerland.
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14
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Kewalramani JA, Wang B, Marsh RW, Meegoda JN, Rodriguez Freire L. Coupled high and low-frequency ultrasound remediation of PFAS-contaminated soils. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 88:106063. [PMID: 35738199 PMCID: PMC9218828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Solids such as soils and sediments contaminated with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) from exposure to impacted media, e.g., landfill leachate or biosolids, direct contaminated discharge, and contaminant transport from atmospheric deposition, have caused significant environmental pollution. Such solids can act as secondary sources of PFAS for groundwater and surface water contamination. There are currently no proven technologies that can degrade PFAS in soil and sediments in a cost-effective, environmentally-friendly, and energy-efficient manner. This study examines the use of coupled high and low-frequency ultrasound in desorbing and degrading PFAS in soil, thereby achieving concurrent treatment and destruction of PFAS in soil. Two common PFAS, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), were used to evaluate treatment performance in soils with both low and high organic matter contents. The test results showed that the ultrasound treatment could significantly reduce PFAS concentrations in artificially contaminated soil; however, no significant degradation was achieved. Ultrasound treatment did improve desorption of PFAS from solid particles, particularly from the highly absorbent organic soil; 68.8 ± 1.8% of PFOA and 45.4 ± 4.1% of PFOS were leached from the soil after ultrasound treatment compared to only 28 ± 0.2% of PFOA and 1 ± 3.1% of PFOSafter desorption in water. This work shows that sonication treatment is an effective technology for the removal of PFAS from solids, however, the presence of solids in the solid-liquid slurry can negatively impact ultrasonic cavitation, inhibiting the sonolytic degradation of desorbed PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra A Kewalramani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Boran Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Richard W Marsh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Jay N Meegoda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Lucia Rodriguez Freire
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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15
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Lewis AJ, Yun X, Spooner DE, Kurz MJ, McKenzie ER, Sales CM. Exposure pathways and bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in freshwater aquatic ecosystems: Key considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153561. [PMID: 35101505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the bioaccumulative behavior, toxicity, and recalcitrance to degradation, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a focus for many researchers investigating freshwater aquatic ecosystems. PFAS are a diverse set of chemicals that accumulate and transport quite differently in the environment depending on the length of their fluoroalkyl chains and their functional groups. This diversity in PFAS chemical characteristics combined with varying environmental factors also impact the bioaccumulation of these compounds in different organisms. In this review, we evaluate environmental factors (such as organic carbon, proteins, lipids, and dissolved cations) as well as PFAS characteristics (head group, chain-length, and concentration) that contribute to the significant variation seen in the literature of bioaccumulation metrics reported for organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Of the factors evaluated, it was found that PFAS concentration, dissolved organic matter, sediment organic matter, and biotransformation of precursor PFAS tended to significantly impact reported bioaccumulation metrics the most. Based on this review, it is highly suggested that future studies provide sufficient details of important environmental factors, specific organism traits/ behavior, and PFAS concentrations/compounds when reporting on bioaccumulation metrics to further fill data gaps and improve our understanding of PFAS in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa J Lewis
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Yun
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Daniel E Spooner
- Department of Biology, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA
| | - Marie J Kurz
- Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Christopher M Sales
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Liu N, Wu C, Lyu G, Li M. Efficient adsorptive removal of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids using reed straw-derived biochar (RESCA). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149191. [PMID: 34333431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water and groundwater treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) heavily relies on adsorption-based approaches using carbonaceous materials, such as granular activated carbon (GAC). Application of GAC is restricted by its inefficiency to remove short-chain PFAAs that have prevalently emerged as substitutes and/or metabolites of long-chain polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Here, we synthesized reed straw-derived biochar (RESCA) exhibiting exceptional removal efficiencies (>92%) toward short-chain PFAAs at environment-relevant concentrations (e.g., 1 μg/L). Pseudo-second-order kinetic constants of RESCA were 1.13 and 1.23 L/(mg h) for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), respectively, over six times greater than GAC. SEM imaging and BET analysis revealed the combination of highly hydrophobic surface and scattered distribution of mesopores (2-10 nm in diameter) was associated with the rapid adsorption of short-chain PFAAs. RESCA-packed filters demonstrated effective removal of the mixture of three short-chain and three long-chain PFAAs in the influent with the flow rate up to 45 mL/min. In contrast, GAC-packed filters were significantly less efficient in the removal of short-chain PFAAs, which were also negatively affected by the increase of the flow rate. Efficacy of RESCA-packed filters was also validated in four PFAA-spiked groundwater samples from different sites. Dissolved organic matter (DOC) of >8 mg/L can negatively affect the removal of short-chain PFAAs by RESCA. Feasibility of scaling up the RESCA adsorption system was investigated using breakthrough simulation. Overall, RESCA represents a green adsorbent alternative for the feasible and scalable treatment of a wide spectrum of PFAAs of different chain lengths and functional moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Guifen Lyu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States; Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States.
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17
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Hua Z, Yu L, Liu X, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Xue H. Perfluoroalkyl acids in surface sediments from the lower Yangtze River: Occurrence, distribution, sources, inventory, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149332. [PMID: 34375265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, mass inventory, and ecological risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in surface sediments from the lower Yangtze River were investigated based on field and laboratory assays conducted in November 2019. The total concentrations of 13 target PFAAs (∑PFAAs) ranged from 13.83 to 20.33 ng/g dw, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were predominant in the surface sediments with average concentrations of 2.89 and 4.07 ng/g dw, respectively. The ∑PFAAs concentrations in pore-water ranged from 23.30 to 58.81 ng/L, and PFOA and PFOS were predominant with mean concentrations of 6.29 and 5.04 ng/L, respectively. The profiles of PFAAs composition in surface sediments showed limited difference. Results of fugacity model revealed that PFOS was in relative equilibrium, whereas PFOA exhibited a diffusion trend from sediments to water body. Correlation analysis and positive matrix factorization demonstrated that the main sources of ∑PFAAs were electroplating and fast-food packaging, degradation products and textile, mixed sources, and PFOA-based products. The mass inventory of ∑PFAAs was estimated to be 1680.72 kg, and the results of ecological risk assessments based on equilibrium partition and species sensitivity distribution methods suggested that the hazards of PFAAs in sediments to local aquatic organisms are low. However, the evaluation methods and control measures of PFAAs in surface sediments are still limited, requiring further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Liang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yixin Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Ying Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yundong Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hongqin Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
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18
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Le ST, Gao Y, Kibbey TCG, Glamore WC, O'Carroll DM. A new framework for modeling the effect of salt on interfacial adsorption of PFAS in environmental systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148893. [PMID: 34265607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are surface active contaminants of great environmental concern, due to their widespread historical use and their environmental persistence. Salts are known to have a profound influence on the interfacial behaviors of all ionic surfactants, including some of the most commonly detected PFAS. This work describes a new mass-action model for predicting the interfacial behavior of surfactants as a function of salt concentration. The three-parameter model is fit to interfacial tension data over a range of salt concentrations, and is then able to predict interfacial adsorption isotherms for the entire range from no added salt, up to 0.5 M added salt. The phenomenological nature of the model means that it is likely to provide more robust predictions for new systems and conditions than some of the existing empirical approaches, and the minimal number of adjustable parameters ensures that unique calibrations are possible with limited data. The model is found to be consistent with experimental data, and is bracketed by experimental values at low PFAS concentrations. Of particular interest, the model predicts the existence of sigmoidal adsorption isotherms at low salt concentrations, a deviation from isotherms calculated the commonly-used Szyszkowski equation; the observation is supported by a maximum in measured interfacial adsorption coefficient calculated from low-concentration surface tension measurements. Because adsorption affinities can vary by orders of magnitude with changing salt concentration, the ability to predict the effects of salt on adsorption is of critical importance for quantitative prediction of PFAS behavior in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Thao Le
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yi Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tohren C G Kibbey
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - William C Glamore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Pilli S, Pandey AK, Pandey V, Pandey K, Muddam T, Thirunagari BK, Thota ST, Varjani S, Tyagi RD. Detection and removal of poly and perfluoroalkyl polluting substances for sustainable environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113336. [PMID: 34325368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PFAs (poly and perfluoroalkyl compounds) are hazardous and bioaccumulative chemicals that do not readily biodegrade or neutralize under normal environmental conditions. They have various industrial, commercial, domestic and defence applications. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, there are around 4700 PFAs registered to date. They are present in every stream of life, and they are often emerging and are even difficult to be detected by the standard chemical methods. This review aims to focus on the sources of various PFAs and the toxicities they impose on the environment and especially on humankind. Drinking water, food packaging, industrial areas and commercial household products are the primary PFAs sources. Some of the well-known treatment methods for remediation of PFAs presented in the literature are activated carbon, filtration, reverse osmosis, nano filtration, oxidation processes etc. The crucial stage of handling the PFAs occurs in determining and analysing the type of PFA and its remedy. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of determination & tools, and techniques for remediation of PFAs in the environment. Improving new treatment methodologies that are economical and sustainable are essential for excluding the PFAs from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Pilli
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Fathimanagar, Telangana, 506004, India.
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Department of Geography, Allahabad Degree College (A.D.C.), Allahabad University, Prayagraj, 211003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kritika Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped, Kanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tulasiram Muddam
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Fathimanagar, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Baby Keerthi Thirunagari
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Fathimanagar, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Sai Teja Thota
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Fathimanagar, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382 010, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi
- Chief Scientific Officer, BOSK Bioproducts, 399 Rue Jacquard, Suite 100, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Langenbach B, Wilson M. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Significance and Considerations within the Regulatory Framework of the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111142. [PMID: 34769660 PMCID: PMC8583519 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging environmental crisis. Deemed forever chemicals, many congeners bioaccumulate and are incredibly persistent in the environment due to the presence of the strong carbon-fluorine covalent bonds. Notable PFAS compounds include perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and GenX. Robust toxicological knowledge exists for these substances, but regulatory decisions based on this knowledge has fallen behind. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has addressed this issue with the PFAS Action Plan and EPA Council on PFAS, but the regulatory framework is severely lacking. Currently, no federal regulations or standards exist. Many occupational and non-occupational human cohorts exist that can lend knowledge on the environmental implications of PFAS and associated health effects. Occupationally, firefighters face significant exposure risks due to use of PFAS containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and personal protective equipment contamination. Non-occupationally, wastewater discharge in North Carolina led to chronic and widespread residential exposure to GenX via drinking water contamination. This public health review seeks to convey the current and future significance of PFAS as an environmental contaminate, to lend considerations on regulatory frameworks within the USA, and to help guide and promote the need for future epidemiological studies in order to tackle this environmental emergency. While the PFAS Action Plan creates a scientific and regulatory foundation, it is important to take these lessons and apply them to future environmental health issues.
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21
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Jacob P, Wang R, Ching C, Helbling DE. Evaluation, optimization, and application of three independent suspect screening workflows for the characterization of PFASs in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1554-1565. [PMID: 34550138 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Suspect screening is a valuable tool for characterizing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in environmental media. Although a variety of data mining tools have been developed and applied for suspect screening of PFAS, few suspect screening workflows have undergone a comprehensive performance evaluation or optimization. The goals of this research were to: (1) evaluate and optimize three independent suspect screening workflows for the detection of PFASs in water samples; and (2) apply the optimized suspect screening workflows to an environmental sample to determine the extent to which suspect screening results converge. We evaluated and optimized suspect screening workflows using Compound Discoverer v3.2, enviMass v4.2, and FluoroMatch v2.4 using test samples containing 33 target PFASs. The average sensitivity (Sen) and selectivity (Sel) for each workflow across the test samples was: Compound Discoverer Sen = 71%, Sel = 85%; enviMass Sen = 89%, Sel = 80%; FluoroMatch Sen = 51%, Sel = 82%. We then applied the optimized workflows to a contaminated groundwater sample containing an unknown number of PFASs. Each workflow managed to annotate unique PFASs that were not annotated by the other workflows including 2 by Compound Discoverer and 19 each by enviMass and FluoroMatch. Thirty-two enviMass hits and 28 of the Compound Discoverer and FluoroMatch hits were annotated by at least one of the other workflows. Sixteen PFASs were annotated by all three of the optimized workflows. This work provides a basis for conducting suspect screening for PFASs that will lead to more consistent reporting of suspect screening data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Jacob
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ri Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Casey Ching
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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22
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Borthakur A, Wang M, He M, Ascencio K, Blotevogel J, Adamson DT, Mahendra S, Mohanty SK. Perfluoroalkyl acids on suspended particles: Significant transport pathways in surface runoff, surface waters, and subsurface soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126159. [PMID: 34229412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eroded particles from the source zone could transport a high concentration of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to sediments and water bodies. Yet, the contribution of suspended particles has not been systematically reviewed. Analyzing reported studies, we quantitatively demonstrate that suspended particles in surface water can contain significantly higher concentrations of PFAAs than the sediment below, indicating the source of suspended particles are not the sediment but particles eroded and carried from the source zone upstream. The affinity of PFAAs to particles depends on the particle composition, including organic carbon fraction and iron or aluminum oxide content. In soils, most PFAAs are retained within the top 5 m below the ground surface. The distribution of PFAAs in the subsurface varies based on site properties and local weather conditions. The depth corresponding to the maximum concentration of PFAA in soil decreases with an increase in soil organic carbon or rainfall amount received in the catchment areas. We attribute a greater accumulation of PFAAs near the upper layer of the subsurface to an increase in the accumulation of particles eroded from source zones upstream receiving heavy rainfall. Precursor transformation in the aerobic zone is significantly higher than in the anaerobic zone, thereby making the aerobic subsurface zone serve as a long-term source of groundwater pollution. Collectively, these results suggest that suspended particles, often an overlooked vector for PFAAs, can be a dominant pathway for the transport of PFAAs in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annesh Borthakur
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meng He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katia Ascencio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jens Blotevogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Shaily Mahendra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay K Mohanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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23
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Point AD, Holsen TM, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Crimmins BS. Trends (2005-2016) of perfluoroalkyl acids in top predator fish of the Laurentian Great Lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146151. [PMID: 33711592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first assessment of temporal trends (2005-2016) for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in top predator fish of the Laurentian Great Lakes except Lake Ontario, for which we provide a post-2008 update. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) or walleye (Sander vitreus; Lake Erie only) collected annually from 2005 to 2016 were analyzed for 12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with carbon chain lengths between 4 and 16 (C4-C16). Individual analyte concentrations generally decreased in fish basin-wide between 2005 and 2016, including Lake Ontario lake trout previously found to lack declining PFAA concentrations up until 2008. Declining fish PFAA burden reflects a positive response to the industrial phase-outs of these chemicals. Notable exceptions to this general decline included most analytes in lake trout collected from Lake Superior near Keweenaw Point and C6 and C8 PFSAs and C9 PFCAs in Lake Erie lake trout and walleye, which exhibited constant or increasing concentrations in recent years. Recent increases in Lake Superior shoreline development and mobilization from increased sediment resuspension and contamination from biosolids-amended agricultural soils in the Lake Erie watershed are plausible explanations for these cases. However, data scarcity prohibits confirmation of these suspected causes. The lingering lack of declining concentrations noted in this study together with the ongoing evolution of the fluorinated chemical industry emphasize the vigilance needed to better understand how past and future emissions will affect the Great Lakes and global ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Point
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States of America
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States of America; Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States of America
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States of America
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States of America; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America.
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States of America; AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, PA, United States of America
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24
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Miranda DA, Benskin JP, Awad R, Lepoint G, Leonel J, Hatje V. Bioaccumulation of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a tropical estuarine food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142146. [PMID: 33254889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was investigated in a tropical mangrove food web from an estuary in Bahia, Brazil. Samples of 44 organisms (21 taxa), along with biofilm, leaves, sediment and suspended particulate matter were analyzed. Sum (∑) PFAS concentrations in biota samples were dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 93% detection frequency in tissues; 0.05 to 1.97 ng g-1 ww whole-body (wb)), followed by perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA, 57%; 0.01 to 0.28 ng g-1 ww wb). PFOS precursors such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA, 54%; 0.01 to 0.32 ng g-1 ww wb) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA; 30%; 0.01 to 0.21 ng g-1 ww wb) were also detected. PFAS accumulation profiles revealed different routes of exposure among bivalve, crustacean and fish groups. Statistics for left-censored data were used in order to minimize bias on trophic magnification factors (TMFs) calculations. TMFs >1 were observed for PFOS (linear + branched isomers), EtFOSA (linear + branched isomers), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), and in all cases, dissimilar accumulation patterns were observed among different trophic positions. The apparent biodilution of some long-chain PFCAs through the food chain (TMF < 1) may be due to exposure from multiple PFAS sources. This is the first study investigating bioaccumulation of PFASs in a tropical food web and provides new insight on the behavior of this ubiquitous class of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele A Miranda
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente (CIEnAm) and Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 41170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raed Awad
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS - Oceanology), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Juliana Leonel
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Hatje
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente (CIEnAm) and Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 41170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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25
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Shahsavari E, Rouch D, Khudur LS, Thomas D, Aburto-Medina A, Ball AS. Challenges and Current Status of the Biological Treatment of PFAS-Contaminated Soils. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:602040. [PMID: 33490051 PMCID: PMC7817812 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs) which are of current concern as they are linked to a myriad of adverse health effects in mammals. They can be found in drinking water, rivers, groundwater, wastewater, household dust, and soils. In this review, the current challenge and status of bioremediation of PFAs in soils was examined. While several technologies to remove PFAS from soil have been developed, including adsorption, filtration, thermal treatment, chemical oxidation/reduction and soil washing, these methods are expensive, impractical for in situ treatment, use high pressures and temperatures, with most resulting in toxic waste. Biodegradation has the potential to form the basis of a cost-effective, large scale in situ remediation strategy for PFAS removal from soils. Both fungal and bacterial strains have been isolated that are capable of degrading PFAS; however, to date, information regarding the mechanisms of degradation of PFAS is limited. Through the application of new technologies in microbial ecology, such as stable isotope probing, metagenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics there is the potential to examine and identify the biodegradation of PFAS, a process which will underpin the development of any robust PFAS bioremediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan Rouch
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Leadin S Khudur
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Duncan Thomas
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for the Transformation of Australia's Biosolids Resource, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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26
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Meegoda JN, Kewalramani JA, Li B, Marsh RW. A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8117. [PMID: 33153160 PMCID: PMC7663283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pollutants that have demonstrated a high level of environmental persistence and are very difficult to remediate. As the body of literature on their environmental effects has increased, so has regulatory and research scrutiny. The widespread usage of PFAS in industrial applications and consumer products, complicated by their environmental release, mobility, fate, and transport, have resulted in multiple exposure routes for humans. Furthermore, low screening levels and stringent regulatory standards that vary by state introduce considerable uncertainty and potential costs in the environmental management of PFAS. The recalcitrant nature of PFAS render their removal difficult, but existing and emerging technologies can be leveraged to destroy or sequester PFAS in a variety of environmental matrices. Additionally, new research on PFAS remediation technologies has emerged to address the efficiency, costs, and other shortcomings of existing remediation methods. Further research on the impact of field parameters such as secondary water quality effects, the presence of co-contaminants and emerging PFAS, reaction mechanisms, defluorination yields, and the decomposition products of treatment technologies is needed to fully evaluate these emerging technologies, and industry attention should focus on treatment train approaches to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N. Meegoda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Jitendra A. Kewalramani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Brian Li
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;
| | - Richard W. Marsh
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
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27
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Zhao Z, Cheng X, Hua X, Jiang B, Tian C, Tang J, Li Q, Sun H, Lin T, Liao Y, Zhang G. Emerging and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water, sediment, and air of the Bohai Sea and its surrounding rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114391. [PMID: 32213363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contamination in the Bohai Sea and its surrounding rivers has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, few studies have been conducted regarding the distribution of PFASs in multiple environmental media and their distributions between the suspended particles and dissolved phases. In this study, surface water, surface sediment, and air samples were collected at the Bohai Sea to investigate the concentration and distribution of 39 targeted PFASs. Moreover, river water samples from 35 river estuaries were collected to estimate PFAS discharge fluxes to the Bohai Sea. The results showed that total ionic compound (Σi-PFASs) concentrations ranged from 19.3 to 967 ng/L (mean 125 ± 152 ng/L) in the water and 0.70-4.13 ng/g dw (1.78 ± 0.76 ng/g) in surface sediment of the Bohai Sea, respectively. In the estuaries, Σi-PFAS concentrations were ranged from 10.5 to 13500 ng/L (882 ± 2410 ng/L). In the air, ΣPFAS (Σi-PFASs + Σn-PFASs) concentrations ranged from 199 to 678 pg/m3 (462 ± 166 pg/m3). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant compound in the seawater, sediment, and river water; in the air, 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol was predominant. Xiaoqing River discharged the largest Σi-PFAS flux to the Bohai Sea, which was estimated as 12,100 kg/y. Some alternatives, i.e., 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate acid (6:2 FTSA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), and chlorinated 6:2 polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (Cl-6:2 PFESA), showed higher levels than or comparable concentrations to those of the C8 legacy PFASs in some sampling sites. The particle-derived distribution coefficient in seawater was higher than that in the river water. Using high resolution mass spectrometry, 29 nontarget emerging PFASs were found in 3 river water and 3 seawater samples. Further studies should be conducted to clarify the sources and ecotoxicological effects of these emerging PFASs in the Bohai Sea area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xianghui Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xia Hua
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Qilu Li
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yuhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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28
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Hewitt LM, Roy JW, Rowland SJ, Bickerton G, DeSilva A, Headley JV, Milestone CB, Scarlett AG, Brown S, Spencer C, West CE, Peru KM, Grapentine L, Ahad JM, Pakdel H, Frank RA. Advances in Distinguishing Groundwater Influenced by Oil Sands Process-Affected Water (OSPW) from Natural Bitumen-Influenced Groundwaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1522-1532. [PMID: 31906621 PMCID: PMC7003248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to advance analytical methods for detecting oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) seepage from mining containments and discriminating any such seepage from the natural bitumen background in groundwaters influenced by the Alberta McMurray formation. Improved sampling methods and quantitative analyses of two groups of monoaromatic acids were employed to analyze OSPW and bitumen-affected natural background groundwaters for source discrimination. Both groups of monoaromatic acids showed significant enrichment in OSPW, while ratios of O2/O4 containing heteroatomic ion classes of acid extractable organics (AEOs) did not exhibit diagnostic differences. Evaluating the monoaromatic acids to track a known plume of OSPW-affected groundwater confirmed their diagnostic abilities. A secondary objective was to assess anthropogenically derived artificial sweeteners and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as potential tracers for OSPW. Despite the discovery of acesulfame and PFAS in most OSPW samples, trace levels in groundwaters influenced by general anthropogenic activities preclude them as individual robust tracers. However, their inclusion with the other metrics employed in this study served to augment the tiered, weight of evidence methodology developed. This methodology was then used to confirm earlier findings of OSPW migrations into groundwater reaching the Athabasca River system adjacent to the reclaimed pond at Tar Island Dyke.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Mark Hewitt
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada, L7R 4A6
| | - James W. Roy
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada, L7R 4A6
| | - Steve J. Rowland
- Petroleum
and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, 5, Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K.
| | - Greg Bickerton
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada, L7R 4A6
| | - Amila DeSilva
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada, L7R 4A6
| | - John V. Headley
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK Canada, S7N3H5
| | - Craig B. Milestone
- School
of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Davis Campus, Sheridan College, 7899 McLaughlin Road, Brampton, ON Canada, L6Y 5H9
| | - Alan G. Scarlett
- Petroleum
and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, 5, Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K.
| | - Susan Brown
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada, L7R 4A6
| | - Christine Spencer
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada, L7R 4A6
| | - Charles E. West
- Petroleum
and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, 5, Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K.
| | - Kerry M. Peru
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK Canada, S7N3H5
| | - Lee Grapentine
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada, L7R 4A6
| | - Jason M.E. Ahad
- Geological
Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC Canada, G1K 9A9
| | | | - Richard A. Frank
- Water
Science and Technology Directorate, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada, L7R 4A6
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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