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Wu HF, Saito-Diaz K, Huang CW, McAlpine JL, Seo DE, Magruder DS, Ishan M, Bergeron HC, Delaney WH, Santori FR, Krishnaswamy S, Hart GW, Chen YW, Hogan RJ, Liu HX, Ivanova NB, Zeltner N. Parasympathetic neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells model human diseases and development. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:734-753.e8. [PMID: 38608707 PMCID: PMC11069445 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Autonomic parasympathetic neurons (parasymNs) control unconscious body responses, including "rest-and-digest." ParasymN innervation is important for organ development, and parasymN dysfunction is a hallmark of autonomic neuropathy. However, parasymN function and dysfunction in humans are vastly understudied due to the lack of a model system. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neurons can fill this void as a versatile platform. Here, we developed a differentiation paradigm detailing the derivation of functional human parasymNs from Schwann cell progenitors. We employ these neurons (1) to assess human autonomic nervous system (ANS) development, (2) to model neuropathy in the genetic disorder familial dysautonomia (FD), (3) to show parasymN dysfunction during SARS-CoV-2 infection, (4) to model the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and (5) to show that parasymNs innervate white adipocytes (WATs) during development and promote WAT maturation. Our model system could become instrumental for future disease modeling and drug discovery studies, as well as for human developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Fu Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kenyi Saito-Diaz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jessica L McAlpine
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dong Eun Seo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D Sumner Magruder
- Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Wu Tsai Institute, Program for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mohamed Ishan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Harrison C Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William H Delaney
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Fabio R Santori
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Wu Tsai Institute, Program for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerald W Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Institute for Airway Sciences, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Natalia B Ivanova
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nadja Zeltner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Sunahara H, Tani K, Nemoto Y, Itamoto K, Itoh H, Nakaichi M, Iseri T, Horikirizono H. Transient third-degree atrioventricular block during anesthesia in a cat. Open Vet J 2021; 11:662-666. [PMID: 35070861 PMCID: PMC8770184 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Third-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) is usually permanent, with transient cases being rare. Cats with transient third-degree AVB. It had been not reported in detail. Case Description: A 9.3-year-old, male shorthair cat was evaluated for possible nervous disease resulting from otitis interna. Under propofol and isoflurane anesthesia, this cat developed a third-degree AVB. Isoproterenol was administered by continuous infusion to increase its heart rate. During recovery, heart rate returned to sinus bradycardia together with first-degree AVB without medical treatment. The cause of transient AVB was not observed at the examination. Conclusion: The case of this cat suggests that anesthesia can result in a transient third-degree AVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sunahara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Tani
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuki Nemoto
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Itamoto
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Harumichi Itoh
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Munekazu Nakaichi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toshie Iseri
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiro Horikirizono
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Carroll MS, Kenny AS, Patwari PP, Ramirez JM, Weese-Mayer DE. Respiratory and cardiovascular indicators of autonomic nervous system dysregulation in familial dysautonomia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012; 47:682-91. [PMID: 22170819 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a profound sensory and autonomic nervous system disorder associated with an increased risk for sudden death. While bradycardia resulting from loss of sympathetic tone has been hypothesized to play a role in this mortality, extended in-home monitoring has failed to find evidence of low heart rates in children with FD. In order to better characterize the specific cardio-respiratory pathophysiology and autonomic dysregulation in patients with FD, 25 affected children and matched controls were studied with in-home technology, during day and night. Respiratory and heart rate timing and variability metrics were derived from inductance plethysmography and electrocardiogram signals. Selective shortening of inspiratory time produced an overall increase in respiratory frequency in children with FD, with higher daytime respiratory variability (vs. controls), suggesting alterations in central rhythm generating circuits that may contribute to the heightened risk for sudden death. Overall heart rate was increased and variability reduced in FD cases, with elevated heart rates during 20% of study time. Time and frequency domain measures of autonomic tone indicated lower parasympathetic drive in FD patients (vs. controls). These results suggest withdrawal of vagal, rather than sympathetic tone, as a cause for the sustained increase and dramatic lability in respiration and heart rates that characterize this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Carroll
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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Cardiac sympathetic hypo-innervation in familial dysautonomia. Clin Auton Res 2008; 18:115-9. [PMID: 18498023 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-008-0464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial dysautonomia (FD) involves incomplete development of the sympathetic nervous system. Whether such loss extends to sympathetic innervation of the heart has been unknown. This study used 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine neuroimaging to assess cardiac sympathetic innervation and function in FD. METHODS Six adult FD patients underwent thoracic PET scanning for 30 minutes after i.v. 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine injection, as did healthy volunteers without (N = 21) or with (N = 10) pre-treatment by desipramine, which interferes with neuronal uptake and thereby simulates effects of noradrenergic denervation. Effective rate constants for uptake and loss were calculated using a single compartment pharmacokinetic model. RESULTS FD patients had decreased uptake and accelerated loss of 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity in the interventricular myocardial septum (P = 0.009, P = 0.05) and ventricular free wall (P = 0.007, P < 0.001), compared to untreated controls. Desipramine-treated subjects had decreased uptake but normal loss of 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity. CONCLUSIONS FD involves cardiac noradrenergic hypo-innervation. Since accelerated loss of 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity cannot be explained by decreased neuronal uptake alone, FD may also involve augmented NE loss from extant terminals.
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