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Freitas BCB, Morais MG, Costa JAV.
Chlorella minutissima
grown with xylose and arabinose in tubular photobioreactors: Evaluation of kinetics, carbohydrate production, and protein profile. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara C. B. Freitas
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande, Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Rio Grande Brazil
| | - Michele G. Morais
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry Rio Grande Brazil
| | - Jorge A. V. Costa
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande, Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Rio Grande Brazil
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Assessment of Arabian Gulf Seaweeds from Kuwait as Sources of Nutritionally Important Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs). Foods 2021; 10:foods10102442. [PMID: 34681494 PMCID: PMC8536129 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) compositions of ten seaweeds representative of Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Ochrophyta from Kuwait in the Arabian Gulf region were determined and are discussed in the context of their potential nutritional perspectives for seaweed valorization. All the seaweeds had higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) and lower monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents than those typical of tropical environments. Palmitic, myristic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, and stearidonic acids were the major FAs detected. Arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids were detected in minor amounts. Conserved fatty acid patterns revealed phylogenetic relationships among phyla, classes, and orders matching the molecular phylogenies at higher taxonomic ranks. Hierarchical clustering analyses clearly segregated different seaweeds (except Codium papillatum and Iyengaria stellata) into distinct groups based on their FA signatures. All but one species (Chondria sp.) had health-beneficial n6/n3 PUFAs (0.33:1–2.94:1) and atherogenic (0.80–2.52) and thrombogenic indices (0.61–5.17). However, low PUFA/SFA contents in most of the species (except Ulva spp.) may limit their utilization in the formulation of PUFA-rich functional foods. Ulva spp. had substantially high PUFAs with PUFA/SFA > 0.4, n6/n3 (0.33–0.66) and atherogenic (0.80–1.15) and thrombogenic indices (0.49–0.72), providing substantial potential for their utilization in food and feed applications.
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Li H, Yao J, Duran R, Liu J, Min N, Chen Z, Zhu X, Zhao C, Ma B, Pang W, Li M, Cao Y, Liu B. Toxic response of the freshwater green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa to combined effect of flotation reagent butyl xanthate and nickel. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117285. [PMID: 33984773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Butyl Xanthate (BX) is a typical flotation reagent used to extract non-ferrous nickel ores, discharged into the surrounding environment of mining areas in large quantities. However, few studies have focused on the toxicity of combined pollution of BX and nickel (Ni) on aquatic plants, especially phytoplankton, the main producer of aquatic ecosystems. The toxicity and potential mechanism of single and combined pollution of BX and Ni at different concentrations (0-20 mg L-1) on typical freshwater algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) were studied. BX slightly stimulated the growth of C. pyrenoidosa on the first day, but Ni and Ni/BX mixture significantly inhibited it during incubation. Results showed that the inhibition rate (I) of the pollutants on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa followed the order: Ni/BX mixture > Ni > BX. The 96-h 20% effective inhibitory concentrations (96h-EC20) of Ni and BX on C. pyrenoidosa growth were 3.86 mg L-1 and 19.25 mg L-1, respectively, indicating C. pyrenoidosa was sensitive to pollutants. The content of total soluble protein (TSP) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) changed significantly, which may be caused by the damage of pollutants to cell structures (cell membranes and chloroplasts). In addition, the I of pollutants on C. pyrenoidosa growth was related to dose, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The increasement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), and MDA content, suggested C. pyrenoidosa suffered from oxidative stress, leading to lipid oxidation. These results will help to understand the toxicity mechanism of pollutants in typical mining areas and assess the environmental risks of pollutants to primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Robert Duran
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China; Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY Group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, 64013, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Jianli Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Min
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Wancheng Pang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Bang Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, China
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Devadasu E, Subramanyam R. Enhanced Lipid Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Caused by Severe Iron Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:615577. [PMID: 33927732 PMCID: PMC8076870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.615577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are used as a source of lipids for the production of biofuels. Most algae produce neutral lipids under stress conditions. Here, lipid accumulation by the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was examined during cultivation under iron-limiting conditions. Severe iron stress caused the cells to accumulate a significant amount of lipid, specifically triacylglycerols (TAGs), by compromising the growth. Semi-quantitative measurements by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed an increase in both carbohydrate and lipid content in iron-stressed C. reinhardtii cells compared to control. Analysis by flow cytometry and thin layer chromatography confirmed that severe iron deficiency-induced TAG accumulation to fourfold higher than in iron-replete control cells. This accumulation of TAGs was mostly degraded from chloroplast lipids accompanied by overexpression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT2A) protein. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis demonstrated significantly enhanced levels of C16:0, C18:2, and C18:3 fatty acids (FAs). These results indicate that iron stress triggers the rapid accumulation of TAGs in C. reinhardtii cells. The enhanced production of these lipids caused by the iron deficiency may contribute to the efficient production of algal biofuels if we escalate to the photobioreactor's growth conditions.
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Chen J, Liu H. Nutritional Indices for Assessing Fatty Acids: A Mini-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165695. [PMID: 32784511 PMCID: PMC7460856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fats are generally fatty acids that may play positive or negative roles in the prevention and treatment of diseases. In nature, fatty acids occur in the form of mixtures of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), so their nutritional and/or medicinal values must be determined. Herein, we do not consider the classic indices, such as ∑SFA, ∑MUFA, ∑PUFA, ∑n-6 PUFA, ∑n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA; instead, we summarize and review the definitions, implications, and applications of indices used in recent years, including the PUFA/SFA, index of atherogenicity (IA), the index of thrombogenicity (IT), the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH), the health-promoting index (HPI), the unsaturation index (UI), the sum of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA), fish lipid quality/flesh lipid quality (FLQ), the linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) ratio, and trans fatty acid (TFA). Of these nutritional indices, IA and IT are the most commonly used to assess the composition of fatty acids as they outline significant implications and provide clear evidence. EPA + DHA is commonly used to assess the nutritional quality of marine animal products. All indices have their advantages and disadvantages; hence, a rational choice of which to use is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0532-82031823
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Morando-Grijalva CA, Vázquez-Larios AL, Alcántara-Hernández RJ, Ortega-Clemente LA, Robledo-Narváez PN. Isolation of a freshwater microalgae and its application for the treatment of wastewater and obtaining fatty acids from tilapia cultivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28575-28584. [PMID: 32212076 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, isolated strains of the microalgae Chlamydomonas sp. (CH) and Chlorella vulgaris (CV) were used to treat aquaculture wastewater and to obtain fatty acids and from a fattening culture of tilapia. The microalgae were cultivated for 11 days in tubular photobioreactors with an operating volume of 2 L, constant aeration and illumination. High removal rates of NO3- and PO43- were achieved for both Chlamydomonas sp. (84.7% and 96%, respectively) and Chlorella vulgaris (94.6 and 97.9%, respectively). The maximum biomass productivity achieved by Chlamydomonas sp. was 0.06 and 0.10 gL-1d-1 for Chlorella vulgaris. Therefore, tilapia wastewater contained the necessary nutrient concentration for algal growth and development. Chlamydomonas sp. biomass lipid content was 69%, while that of Chlorella vulgaris was 40%. The lipid profile of both microalgae was abundant in palmitic acid (78% for Chlamydomonas sp. and 35% for Chlorella vulgaris). This fatty acid is suitable for biodiesel production. Tilapia wastewater is low-cost alternative culture medium as it contains the necessary nutrient concentration for microalgae development and growth.
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Toyotake Y, Nishiyama M, Yokoyama F, Ogawa T, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T. A Novel Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase of Escherichia coli Produces Membrane Phospholipids with a cis-vaccenoyl Group and Is Related to Flagellar Formation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E745. [PMID: 32403425 PMCID: PMC7277886 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) introduces fatty acyl groups into the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids (PLs). Various bacteria produce multiple LPAATs, whereas it is believed that Escherichia coli produces only one essential LPAAT homolog, PlsC-the deletion of which is lethal. However, we found that E. coli possesses another LPAAT homolog named YihG. Here, we show that overexpression of YihG in E. coli carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in plsC allowed its growth at non-permissive temperatures. Analysis of the fatty acyl composition of PLs from the yihG-deletion mutant (∆yihG) revealed that endogenous YihG introduces the cis-vaccenoyl group into the sn-2 position of PLs. Loss of YihG did not affect cell growth or morphology, but ∆yihG cells swam well in liquid medium in contrast to wild-type cells. Immunoblot analysis showed that FliC was highly expressed in ∆yihG cells, and this phenotype was suppressed by expression of recombinant YihG in ∆yihG cells. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the flagellar structure was observed only in ∆yihG cells. These results suggest that YihG has specific functions related to flagellar formation through modulation of the fatty acyl composition of membrane PLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Toyotake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Fumiaki Yokoyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.N.); (F.Y.); (T.O.); (J.K.)
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Patel MK, Mishra A, Jaiswar S, Jha B. Metabolic profiling and scavenging activities of developing circumscissile fruit of psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk.) reveal variation in primary and secondary metabolites. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:116. [PMID: 32171251 PMCID: PMC7071626 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing fruit is considered as an excellent model to study the complex network of metabolites which are altered rapidly during development. RESULTS Metabolomics revealed that developing psyllium fruit is a rich source of primary metabolites (ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and amino-acids), secondary metabolites and natural antioxidants. Eidonomy and anatomy confirmed that psyllium fruit followed five stages of development. Total lipids and fatty acids were synthesized differentially; saturated fatty acids (FAs) increased, whereas total polyunsaturated FAs decreased with increasing developmental stage. The unsaturation index and degree of unsaturation showed a catenary curve. Principal component analysis confirmed a significant shift in the FA profile from bud initiation to the maturation stage. Similarly, a similar level of total amino acids was present at different developmental stage following a temporal biosynthesis pathway. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents decreased in tandem with fruit development. Twenty-two different metabolites were identified, and metabolic changes were also observed during fruit development. Six metabolites were detected exclusively in the flowering stage, whereas two were detected in each of early and maturity stages of development. The metabolites apigenin and kaempferol were detected ubiquitously in all developmental stages. Time-dependent metabolomics revealed a shift in metabolite biosynthesis. CONCLUSION During fruit development, metabolites, FAs, amino acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidants and scavenging activities changed progressively and were co-ordinately linked to each other. As a future perspective, further studies will focus on the validation of identified metabolites, which integrated with transcriptomics data and will reveal the metabolic regulatory network of development psyllium fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Patel
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
- Present address: Department of Postharvest Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agriculture Research Organization, HaMaccabim Road 68, 7505101 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
| | - Santlal Jaiswar
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
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Ermis H, Guven-Gulhan U, Cakir T, Altinbas M. Effect of iron and magnesium addition on population dynamics and high value product of microalgae grown in anaerobic liquid digestate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3510. [PMID: 32103096 PMCID: PMC7044283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, FeSO4 supplementation ranging from 0 to 4.5 mM, and MgSO4 supplementation ranging from 0 to 5.1 mM were investigated to observe the effect on the population dynamics, biochemical composition and fatty acid content of mixed microalgae grown in Anaerobic Liquid Digestate (ALD). Overall, 3.1 mM FeSO4 addition into ALD increased the total protein content 60% and led to highest biomass (1.56 g L-1) and chlorophyll-a amount (18.7 mg L-1) produced. Meanwhile, 0.4 mM MgSO4 addition increased the total carotenoid amount 2.2 folds and slightly increased the biomass amount. According to the microbial community analysis, Diphylleia rotans, Synechocystis PCC-6803 and Chlorella sorokiniana were identified as mostly detected species after confirmation with 4 different markers. The abundance of Chlorella sorokiniana and Synechocystis PCC-6803 increased almost 2 folds both in iron and magnesium addition. On the other hand, the dominancy of Diphylleia rotans was not affected by iron addition while drastically decreased (95%) with magnesium addition. This study helps to understand how the dynamics of symbiotic life changes if macro elements are added to the ALD and reveal that microalgae can adapt to adverse environmental conditions by fostering the diversity with a positive effect on high value product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Ermis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Tunahan Cakir
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Altinbas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Variation in Lipid Components from 15 Species of Tropical and Temperate Seaweeds. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110630. [PMID: 31698797 PMCID: PMC6891767 DOI: 10.3390/md17110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the variation in lipid components from 15 species of seaweeds belonging to the Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Rhodophyta phyla collected in tropical (Indonesia) and temperate (Japan) areas. Analyses were performed of multiple components, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and alpha tocopherol (α-Toc). Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid contents varied among phyla, but not with the sampling location. Chl a and b were the major chlorophylls in Chlorophyta. Chl a and Chl c were the main chlorophylls in Ochrophyta, while Chl a was the dominant chlorophylls in Rhodophyta. β-Carotene and fucoxanthin were detected as major seaweed carotenoids. The former was present in all species in a variety of ranges, while the latter was mainly found in Ochrophyta and in small quantities in Rhodophyta, but not in Chlorophyta. The total lipids (TL) content and fatty acids composition were strongly affected by sampling location. The TL and n-3 PUFAs levels tended to be higher in temperate seaweeds compared with those in tropical seaweeds. The major n-3 PUFAs in different phyla, namely, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) in Ochrophyta, α-linolenic acid (ALA) and SDA in Chlorophyta, and EPA in Rhodophyta, accumulated in temperate seaweeds. Chlorophylls, their derivatives, and carotenoids are known to have health benefits, such as antioxidant activities, while n-3 PUFAs are known to be essential nutrients that positively influence human nutrition and health. Therefore, seaweed lipids could be used as a source of ingredients with health benefits for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a Δ 12-fatty acid desaturase from the Antarctic microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:328. [PMID: 31406650 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L, which can thrive in extreme environments of the Antarctic, could represent a promising alternative for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) production. A new Δ12-fatty acid desaturase (FAD)-encoding gene (Δ 12 CiFAD), 1269 bp in size, was cloned from Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Δ 12 CiFAD-encoded protein was homologous to known FADs with conserved histidine motifs, and localized to the chloroplast. Functional analysis of Δ 12 CiFAD indicated that recombinant Synechococcus 6803 expressing Δ12CiFAD could accumulate C18:2, whereas recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing this enzyme could not accumulate C18:2 or any other new fatty acids. These results indicate that Δ12CiFAD is a functional enzyme in the chloroplast that can adjust Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L cell membrane fluidity to adapt to Antarctic extreme low-temperature environments, which give us insights into the frigostable and cold-resistant mechanisms of hypothermic organisms.
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Teco-Bravo JI, Barahona-Pérez LF, Reyes-Sosa CF, Ku-González ÁF, Herrera-Valencia VA, Peraza-Echeverria S. Enhanced production of triacylglycerols and polyunsaturated fatty acids in novel acid-tolerant mutants of the green microalga Chlorella saccharophila. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1561-1571. [PMID: 31187270 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the microalga Chlorella saccharophila was subjected to ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis, and mutant screening was conducted based on acidity tolerance to generate mutants with increased triacylglycerol (TAG) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents. Two improved mutant strains (M1 and M5) were generated. M1 and M5 accumulated 27.2% and 27.4% more TAG, respectively, and showed stronger fluorescence intensity than the wild-type (WT) strain when the cells of these mutants were stained with the lipophilic Nile Red stain. In the M1 mutant, 50.5% of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were saturated (C16:0 and C18:0) and 25.27% were monounsaturated (C18:1) fatty acids which are suitable for biofuels production. In the M5 mutant, 65.19% of the total FAMEs were nutritional PUFAs (C16:2, C18:2, and C18:3), while these FAMEs were not detected in the WT. These results demonstrated that UV mutagenesis coupled to an acid pH screening strategy represents a valuable and fast platform to generate mutants of C. saccharophila with improved TAG and PUFA contents for biofuels and nutraceutical applications, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalsen Iván Teco-Bravo
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Felipe Barahona-Pérez
- Unidad de Energía Renovable, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, km 5. Sierra Papacal, C.P. 97302, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Carlos Francisco Reyes-Sosa
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida, Avenida Tecnológico S/N, C.P. 97118, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Ángela Francisca Ku-González
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Virginia Aurora Herrera-Valencia
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
| | - Santy Peraza-Echeverria
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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Sathasivam R, Radhakrishnan R, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF. Microalgae metabolites: A rich source for food and medicine. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:709-722. [PMID: 31048995 PMCID: PMC6486502 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are one of the important components in food chains of aquatic ecosystems and have been used for human consumption as food and as medicines. The wide diversity of compounds synthesized from different metabolic pathways of fresh and marine water algae provide promising sources of fatty acids, steroids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, lectins, mycosporine-like amino acids, halogenated compounds, polyketides, toxins, agar agar, alginic acid and carrageenan. This review discusses microalgae used to produce biological substances and its economic importance in food science, the pharmaceutical industry and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramalingam Radhakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed F. Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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de Freitas BCB, Brächer EH, de Morais EG, Atala DIP, de Morais MG, Costa JAV. Cultivation of different microalgae with pentose as carbon source and the effects on the carbohydrate content. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:1062-1070. [PMID: 29251249 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1417491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the search for alternative carbon sources for microalgae cultivation, pentoses can be considered interesting alternatives since the most abundant global source of renewable biomass is lignocellulosic waste, which contains significant quantities of pentoses. However, the use of pentoses (C5) in the cultivation of microalgae is still not widely studied and only recently the first metabolic pathway for pentose absorption in microalgae was proposed. So, the objective of this work was to evaluate if the use of pentoses affects the growth and carbohydrates content of Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella homosphaera and Dunaliella salina. The kinetic parameters, carbohydrate and protein content and the theoretical potential for ethanol production were estimated for all strains. The highest cellular concentrations (1.25 g L-1) were obtained for D. salina with 5% of pentoses. The addition of pentoses leads to high levels of carbohydrates for C. minutissima (58.6%) cultured with 5% of pentoses, and from this biomass, it is possible to determine a theoretical production of ethanol of 38 mL per 100 g of biomass. The pentoses affect the growth and the biomass composition of the studied strains, generating biomass with potential use for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Catarina Bastos de Freitas
- a Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Eduarda Holz Brächer
- a Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Etiele Greque de Morais
- a Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | | | - Michele Greque de Morais
- c Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry , College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- a Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
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15
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Patel MK, Das S, Thakur JK. GC-MS-Based Analysis of Methanol: Chloroform-extracted Fatty Acids from Plant Tissues. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e3014. [PMID: 34395804 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are carboxylic acids with long aliphatic chains that may be straight, branched and saturated or unsaturated. Most of the naturally occurring plant FAs contains an even number of carbon (C4-C24). FAs are used in food and pharmacological industries due to their nutritional importance. In addition, FAs are considered as a promising alternative for the production of biodiesel from terrestrial plant biomass. To establish commercial applications, more reliable analytical methods are needed for the identification, quantification, and composition determination of FAs. Here, we describe a relatively rapid and sensitive method for the extraction, identification, and quantification of FAs from a small quantity of plant tissue. The method includes steps of lipid extraction, conversion of lipid to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by transmethylation, identification and quantification of FAMEs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this protocol, an internal standard is added prior to GC-MS analysis. The amount of each FA is calculated from its peak area relative to the peak area of the internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Patel
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Mori CC, Bagatini IL, Garcia da Silva T, Parrish CC, Henriques Vieira AA. Use of fatty acids in the chemotaxonomy of the family Selenastraceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 151:9-16. [PMID: 29631105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The family Selenastraceae includes many species of freshwater green microalgae with morphological characteristics that are so subtly different that it is difficult to discriminate species within it. Therefore, the use of the diacritical characteristics of traditional morphological taxonomy may be ineffective at differentiating among many species of the family. Chemotaxonomy based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) can help resolve uncertainties not completely addressed by other approaches, such as molecular studies of some species within the Selenastraceae. Here, we first tested three techniques for the analysis of microalgal FAME to choose the one that would provide the best profiles for chemotaxonomy: 1) direct transesterification (DT) of the biomass followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS); 2) extraction using chloroform and methanol, followed by transesterification (T) and then analysis by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC-FID); and 3) extraction with chloroform and methanol and then separation into lipid classes using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using the Iatroscan-Chromarod system. The tests were conducted on 12 strains (11 species) of Selenastraceae and one outgroup strain. The fatty acid profiles produced by the DT-GC-MS technique yielded the best results for the chemotaxonomy of the Selenastraceae species using 12 FAME. The proportion of the variance in the fatty acid profiles obtained with DT-GC-MS analysis explained by species was 85%, whereas the differences explained by strains was 92%. Therefore, DT-GC-MS was used to analyze other microalgae strains, totaling 15 species of 8 genera of green coccoid microalgae, including the recently described Curvastrum. The results with all strains showed that fatty acid profiles obtained by DT-GC-MS were significantly different (p < 0.001) among strains and among species. The variance in fatty acids profiles explained by separation into strains was 97%, whereas the separation into species explained 93% of the variance. Statistical analyses showed that, for our dataset, the C18 fatty acids 18:3ω3 and 18:4ω6 were indicative of the Selenastraceae. Therefore, fatty acid profiles are a useful auxiliary chemotaxonomic tool for species identification in Selenastraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilene Cristina Mori
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Highway SP 310, 235 km, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Inessa Lacativa Bagatini
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Highway SP 310, 235 km, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Thais Garcia da Silva
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Highway SP 310, 235 km, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Christopher Charles Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Sciences Centre, Marine Lab Road, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Armando Augusto Henriques Vieira
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Highway SP 310, 235 km, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
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Shi X, Li S, Liu C, Zhang M, Liu M. Community structure of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes differs in lakes with different trophic statuses along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4817532. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mixue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zheng H, Sun C, Hou X, Wu M, Yao Y, Li F. Pyrolysis of Arundo donax L. to produce pyrolytic vinegar and its effect on the growth of dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:273-281. [PMID: 28950136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become global environmental issues, and the demand for alternative algaecides is urgent. Pyrolytic vinegars (PVs) were pyrolyzed from giant reed at 300-600°C to investigate the underlying mechanisms of their inhibitory effect on the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis by sub-chronic toxicity experiments. The major components of PVs were acetic acid, phenols, aldehyde, ketone, and esters. The 96h median effective concentration (96h-EC50) values of PVs were 0.65-1.08mLL-1, and PV300 showed the strongest inhibitory effect. The increased contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes activities indicated that K. brevis cells were suffering from oxidative stress, leading to lipid oxidation and cell structure damage. The sites of ROS accumulation in the treated cells were chloroplasts and mitochondria. These results suggest the suitability of PVs as potential algaecides for HAB control, and also provide a new direction for biomass valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Cuizhu Sun
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fengmin Li
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Spijkerman E, Lukas M, Wacker A. Ecophysiological strategies for growth under varying light and organic carbon supply in two species of green microalgae differing in their motility. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:43-51. [PMID: 28881198 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixing events in stratified lakes result in microalgae being exposed to varying conditions in light and organic carbon concentrations. Stratified lakes consist of an upper illuminated strata and a lower, darker strata where organic carbon accumulates. Therefore, in this contribution we explore the importance of dissolved organic carbon for growth under various light intensities by measuring some ecophysiological adaptations in two green microalgae. We compared the non-motile Chlorella vulgaris with the flagellated Chlamydomonas acidophila under auto-, mixo-, and heterotrophic growth conditions. In both algae the maximum photosynthetic and growth rates were highest under mixotrophy, and both algae appeared inhibited in their phosphorus acquisition under heterotrophy. Heterotrophic conditions provoked the largest differences as C. vulgaris produced chlorophyll a in darkness and grew as well as in autotrophic conditions, whereas Chl. acidophila bleached and could not grow heterotrophically. Although the fatty acid composition of both phytoplankton species differed, both species reacted in a similar way to changes in their growth conditions, mainly by a decrease of C18:3n-3 and an increase of C18:1n-9 from auto- to heterotrophic conditions. The two contrasting responses within the group of green microalgae suggest that dissolved organic carbon has a high deterministic potential to explain the survival and behaviour of green algae in the deeper strata of lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Spijkerman
- University of Potsdam, Dept. of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Marcus Lukas
- University of Potsdam, Dept. of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Wacker
- University of Potsdam, Dept. of Theoretical Aquatic Ecology and Ecophysiology, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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20
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Poerschmann J, Koschorreck M, Górecki T. Organic matter in sediment layers of an acidic mining lake as assessed by lipid analysis. Part II: Neutral lipids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:219-227. [PMID: 26848013 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural neutralization of acidic mining lakes is often limited by organic matter. The knowledge of the sources and degradability of organic matter is crucial for understanding alkalinity generation in these lakes. Sediments collected at different depths (surface sediment layer from 0 to 1 cm and deep sediment layer from 4 to 5cm) from an acidic mining lake were studied in order to characterize sedimentary organic matter based on neutral signature markers. Samples were exhaustively extracted, subjected to pre-chromatographic derivatizations and analyzed by GC/MS. Herein, molecular distributions of diagnostic alkanes/alkenes, terpenes/terpenoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols and ketones, sterols, and hopanes/hopanoids were addressed. Characterization of the contribution of natural vs. anthropogenic sources to the sedimentary organic matter in these extreme environments was then possible based on these distributions. With the exception of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, combined concentrations across all marker classes proved higher in the surface sediment layer as compared to those in the deep sediment layer. Alkane and aliphatic alcohol distributions pointed to predominantly allochthonous over autochthonous contribution to sedimentary organic matter. Sterol patterns were dominated by phytosterols of terrestrial plants including stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. Hopanoid markers with the ββ-biohopanoid "biological" configuration were more abundant in the surface sediment layer, which pointed to higher bacterial activity. The pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pointed to prevailing anthropogenic input. Pyrolytic makers were likely to due to atmospheric deposition from a nearby former coal combustion facility. The combined analysis of the array of biomarkers provided new insights into the sources and transformations of organic matter in lake sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Poerschmann
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matthias Koschorreck
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Lake Research, Brueckstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Patel MK, Mishra A, Jha B. Non-targeted Metabolite Profiling and Scavenging Activity Unveil the Nutraceutical Potential of Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:431. [PMID: 27092153 PMCID: PMC4821064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted metabolomics implies that psyllium (Plantago ovata) is a rich source of natural antioxidants, PUFAs (ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids) and essential and sulfur-rich amino acids, as recommended by the FAO for human health. Psyllium contains phenolics and flavonoids that possess reducing capacity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities. In leaves, seeds, and husks, about 76, 78, 58% polyunsaturated, 21, 15, 20% saturated, and 3, 7, 22% monounsaturated fatty acids were found, respectively. A range of FAs (C12 to C24) was detected in psyllium and among different plant parts, a high content of the nutritive indicators ω-3 alpha-linolenic acid CPS (57%) and ω-6 linoleic acid CPS (18%) was detected in leaves. Similarly, total content of phenolics and the essential amino acid valine were also detected utmost in leaves followed by sulfur-rich amino acids and flavonoids. In total, 36 different metabolites were identified in psyllium, out of which 26 (13 each) metabolites were detected in leaves and seeds, whereas the remaining 10 were found in the husk. Most of the metabolites are natural antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids, or alkaloids and can be used as nutrient supplements. Moreover, these metabolites have been reported to have several pharmaceutical applications, including anti-cancer activity. Natural plant ROS scavengers, saponins, were also detected. Based on metabolomic data, the probable presence of a flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was inferred, which provides useful insight for metabolic engineering in the future. Non-targeted metabolomics, antioxidants and scavenging activities reveal the nutraceutical potential of the plant and also suggest that psyllium leaves can be used as a green salad as a dietary supplement to daily food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
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22
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Vítová M, Goecke F, Sigler K, Řezanka T. Lipidomic analysis of the extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria in response to changes in pH. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Pandey S, Patel MK, Mishra A, Jha B. Physio-Biochemical Composition and Untargeted Metabolomics of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Make It Promising Functional Food and Help in Mitigating Salinity Stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144469. [PMID: 26641494 PMCID: PMC4671573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumin is an annual, aromatic, herbaceous, medicinal, spice plant, most widely used as a food additive and flavoring agent in different cuisines. The study is intended to comprehensively analyse physiological parameters, biochemical composition and metabolites under salinity stress. Seed germination index, rate of seed emergence, rate of seed germination, mean germination time, plant biomass, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents decreased concomitantly with salinity. In contrast, total antioxidant activity, H2O2, proline and MDA contents increased concurrently with stress treatments. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were decreased initially about 1.4-fold at 50 mM, and thereafter increased about 1.2-fold at 100 mM NaCl stress. Relative water content remained unchanged up to 50 mM NaCl stress, and thereafter decreased significantly. About 2.8-fold electrolyte leakage was found in 50 mM, which increases further 4-fold at 100 mM NaCl stress. Saturated fatty acids (FAs) increased gradually with salinity, whereas unsaturation index and degree of unsaturation change arbitrarily along with the percent quantity of unsaturated FAs. Total lipid and fatty acid composition were significantly influenced by salinity stress. A total of 45 differentially expressed metabolites were identified, including luteolin, salvianolic acid, kaempferol and quercetin, which are phenolic, flavonoid or alkaloids in nature and contain antioxidant activities. Additionally, metabolites with bioactivity such as anticancerous (docetaxel) and antimicrobial (megalomicin) properties were also identified. The study evidenced that plant shoots are a rich source of metabolites, essential amino acids, phenolic compounds and fatty acids, which unveil the medicinal potential of this plant, and also provide useful insight about metabolic responses under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Pandey
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Patel
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, New Delhi, India
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24
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Puzanskiy RK, Shavarda AL, Tarakhovskaya ER, Shishova MF. Analysis of metabolic profile of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultivated under autotrophic conditions. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Rosenberg JN, Kobayashi N, Barnes A, Noel EA, Betenbaugh MJ, Oyler GA. Comparative analyses of three Chlorella species in response to light and sugar reveal distinctive lipid accumulation patterns in the Microalga C. sorokiniana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92460. [PMID: 24699196 PMCID: PMC3974682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While photosynthetic microalgae, such as Chlorella, serve as feedstocks for nutritional oils and biofuels, heterotrophic cultivation can augment growth rates, support high cell densities, and increase triacylglycerol (TAG) lipid content. However, these species differ significantly in their photoautotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. In this study, the phylogeny of thirty Chlorella strains was determined in order to inform bioprospecting efforts and detailed physiological assessment of three species. The growth kinetics and lipid biochemistry of C. protothecoides UTEX 411, C. vulgaris UTEX 265, and C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 were quantified during photoautotrophy in Bold's basal medium (BBM) and heterotrophy in BBM supplemented with glucose (10 g L−1). Heterotrophic growth rates of UTEX 411, 265, and 1230 were found to be 1.5-, 3.7-, and 5-fold higher than their respective autotrophic rates. With a rapid nine-hour heterotrophic doubling time, Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230 maximally accumulated 39% total lipids by dry weight during heterotrophy compared to 18% autotrophically. Furthermore, the discrete fatty acid composition of each strain was examined in order to elucidate lipid accumulation patterns under the two trophic conditions. In both modes of growth, UTEX 411 and 265 produced 18∶1 as the principal fatty acid while UTEX 1230 exhibited a 2.5-fold enrichment in 18∶2 relative to 18∶1. Although the total lipid content was highest in UTEX 411 during heterotrophy, UTEX 1230 demonstrated a two-fold increase in its heterotrophic TAG fraction at a rate of 28.9 mg L−1 d−1 to reach 22% of the biomass, corresponding to as much as 90% of its total lipids. Interestingly, UTEX 1230 growth was restricted during mixotrophy and its TAG production rate was suppressed to 18.2 mg L−1 d−1. This constraint on carbon flow raises intriguing questions about the impact of sugar and light on the metabolic regulation of microalgal lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian N Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Synaptic Research LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Austin Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Eric A Noel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George A Oyler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Synaptic Research LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
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Effects of Environmental Factors and Nutrient Availability on the Biochemical Composition of Algae for Biofuels Production: A Review. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Skjånes K, Rebours C, Lindblad P. Potential for green microalgae to produce hydrogen, pharmaceuticals and other high value products in a combined process. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 33:172-215. [PMID: 22765907 PMCID: PMC3665214 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.681625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Green microalgae for several decades have been produced for commercial exploitation, with applications ranging from health food for human consumption, aquaculture and animal feed, to coloring agents, cosmetics and others. Several products from green algae which are used today consist of secondary metabolites that can be extracted from the algal biomass. The best known examples are the carotenoids astaxanthin and β-carotene, which are used as coloring agents and for health-promoting purposes. Many species of green algae are able to produce valuable metabolites for different uses; examples are antioxidants, several different carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, anticancer and antiviral drugs. In many cases, these substances are secondary metabolites that are produced when the algae are exposed to stress conditions linked to nutrient deprivation, light intensity, temperature, salinity and pH. In other cases, the metabolites have been detected in algae grown under optimal conditions, and little is known about optimization of the production of each product, or the effects of stress conditions on their production. Some green algae have shown the ability to produce significant amounts of hydrogen gas during sulfur deprivation, a process which is currently studied extensively worldwide. At the moment, the majority of research in this field has focused on the model organism, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but other species of green algae also have this ability. Currently there is little information available regarding the possibility for producing hydrogen and other valuable metabolites in the same process. This study aims to explore which stress conditions are known to induce the production of different valuable products in comparison to stress reactions leading to hydrogen production. Wild type species of green microalgae with known ability to produce high amounts of certain valuable metabolites are listed and linked to species with ability to produce hydrogen during general anaerobic conditions, and during sulfur deprivation. Species used today for commercial purposes are also described. This information is analyzed in order to form a basis for selection of wild type species for a future multi-step process, where hydrogen production from solar energy is combined with the production of valuable metabolites and other commercial uses of the algal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Skjånes
- Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Fredrik A. Dahls vei 20, Ås, Norway.
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28
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Kumari P, Bijo AJ, Mantri VA, Reddy CRK, Jha B. Fatty acid profiling of tropical marine macroalgae: an analysis from chemotaxonomic and nutritional perspectives. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 86:44-56. [PMID: 23168246 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The lipid and fatty acid (FA) compositions for 100 marine macroalgae were determined and discussed from the context of chemotaxonomic and nutritional perspectives. In general, the lipid contents in macroalgae were low (2.3-20 mg/g fr. wt.) but with substantially high amounts of nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as LA, ALA, STA, AA, EPA and DHA, that ranged from 10% to 70% of TFAs. More than 90% of the species showed nutritionally beneficial n6/n3 ratio (0.1:1-3.6:1) (p≤0.001). A closer look at the FA data revealed characteristic chemotaxonomic features with C18 PUFAs (LA, ALA and STA) being higher in Chlorophyta, C20 PUFAs (AA and EPA) in Rhodophyta while Phaeophyta depicted evenly distribution of C18 and C20 PUFAs. The ability of macroalgae to produce long-chain PUFAs could be attributed to the coupling of chloroplastic FA desaturase enzyme system from a photosynthetic endosymbiont to the FA desaturase/elongase enzyme system of a non-photosynthetic eukaryotic protist host. Further, the principal component analysis segregated the three macroalgal groups with a marked distinction of different genera, families and orders, Hierarchical cluster analyses substantiated the phylogenetic relationships of all orders investigated except for those red algal taxa belonging to Gigartinales, Ceramiales, Halymeniales and Rhodymeniales for which increased sampling effort is required to infer a conclusion. Also, the groups deduced from FA compositions were congruent with the clades inferred from nuclear and plastid genome sequences. This study further indicates that FA signatures could be employed as a valid chemotaxonomic tool to differentiate macroalgae at higher taxonomic levels such as family and orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- Discipline of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
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Leya T. Snow Algae: Adaptation Strategies to Survive on Snow and Ice. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Spijkerman E, Wacker A, Weithoff G, Leya T. Elemental and fatty acid composition of snow algae in Arctic habitats. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:380. [PMID: 23112797 PMCID: PMC3482990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Red, orange or green snow is the macroscopic phenomenon comprising different eukaryotic algae. Little is known about the ecology and nutrient regimes in these algal communities. Therefore, eight snow algal communities from five intensively tinted snow fields in western Spitsbergen were analysed for nutrient concentrations and fatty acid (FA) composition. To evaluate the importance of a shift from green to red forms on the FA-variability of the field samples, four snow algal strains were grown under nitrogen replete and moderate light (+N+ML) or N-limited and high light (−N+HL) conditions. All eight field algal communities were dominated by red and orange cysts. Dissolved nutrient concentration of the snow revealed a broad range of NH+4 (<0.005–1.2 mg N l−1) and only low PO3−4 (<18 μg P l−1) levels. The external nutrient concentration did not reflect cellular nutrient ratios as C:N and C:P ratios of the communities were highest at locations containing relatively high concentrations of NH+4 and PO3−4. Molar N:P ratios ranged from 11 to 21 and did not suggest clear limitation of a single nutrient. On a per carbon basis, we found a 6-fold difference in total FA content between the eight snow algal communities, ranging from 50 to 300 mg FA g C−1. In multivariate analyses total FA content opposed the cellular N:C quota and a large part of the FA variability among field locations originated from the abundant FAs C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, and C18:3n-3. Both field samples and snow algal strains grown under −N+HL conditions had high concentrations of C18:1n-9. FAs possibly accumulated due to the cessation of growth. Differences in color and nutritional composition between patches of snow algal communities within one snow field were not directly related to nutrient conditions. We propose that the highly patchy distribution of snow algae within and between snow fields may also result from differences in topographical and geological parameters such as slope, melting water rivulets, and rock formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Spijkerman
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany
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Fernie AR, Obata T, Allen AE, Araújo WL, Bowler C. Leveraging metabolomics for functional investigations in sequenced marine diatoms. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:395-403. [PMID: 22465020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the genomic decoding of a wide range of photosynthetic organisms from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the complex genomes of important crop species to single-celled marine phytoplankton. The comparative sequencing of green, red and brown algae has provided considerable insight into a number of important questions concerning their evolution, physiology and metabolism. The combinatorial application of metabolomics has further deepened our understanding both of the function of individual genes and of metabolic processes. Here we discuss the power of utilising metabolomics in conjunction with sequencing data to gain greater insight into the metabolic hierarchies underpinning the function of individual organisms, using unicellular marine diatoms as a case study to exemplify the advantages of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Han D, Yang D, Lee EJ, Park S. Food web structure in aSalix subfragilisdominated wetland in Hangang estuary using stable isotopes and fatty acid biomarkers. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2011.620623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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33
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Lu S, Wang J, Niu Y, Yang J, Zhou J, Yuan Y. Metabolic profiling reveals growth related FAME productivity and quality of Chlorella sorokiniana with different inoculum sizes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1651-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Poerschmann J, Koschorreck M, Górecki T. Organic matter in sediments of an acidic mining lake as assessed by lipid analysis. Part I: fatty acids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:614-623. [PMID: 22119026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) patterns of sediments collected from the bottom of an acidic mine pit lake (AML) at different depths (surface sediment: 0 to 1cm; deep sediment: 4 to 5 cm) were studied to characterize microbial communities and the sources of sedimentary organic matter (SOM). Studies were performed on the molecular level utilizing source-specific, diagnostic FA biomarkers. The biomarker-based approach has been used widely in marine sediment studies, but has not been applied for sediments from AMLs so far. Combined FA concentrations in the surface sediment were higher compared to those in the deep sediment (497 vs. 127 μg g(-1)d.w., respectively). This was related to deposition of autochthonous biomass and higher terrestrial plants onto the surface sediment, as well as--to lesser extent--with higher bacterial activity on the sediment-water interface. The FA distribution in both sediments was characterized by a strong even-over-odd preference and was bimodal in nature: there was a cluster at nC(14)-nC(18) characteristic of chiefly autochthonous (algal and bacterial) SOM production, and another cluster at nC(22-28) related to input from higher plants. The FA distribution in the surface sediment pointed to higher terrestrial input compared to autochthonous contribution to SOM (67%:33%) as an estimate. Fingerprinting of viable bacteria was accomplished through signature FA markers including branched C(15) and C(17) surrogates, cyclopropanoic acids, 3-hydroxy (OH) acids and monounsaturated surrogates with unusual double bond localization. The abundance of Gram-negative bacteria was higher in the surface sediment as evidenced by total diagnostic 3-OH-fatty acids (37 μg g(-1) versus 25 μg g(-1)). Potential source taxa in both sediment layers included acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria including Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. High abundances of terminally branched C(15) and C(17) surrogates in both sediments pointed to sulfate- and iron-reducing bacteria. Signature FAs characteristic of methanotrophs were virtually lacking in both sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Poerschmann
- UFZ-Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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35
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Gálvez-Valdivieso G, Cardeñosa R, Vera JM, Pineda M, Aguilar M. γ-Tocopherol methyltransferase from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: functional characterization and expression analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 143:316-328. [PMID: 21883249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
γ-Tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) (EC 2.1.1.95) is a very important enzyme in tocopherol biosynthesis in all photosynthetic organisms. In this paper, we present the functional characterization and expression analysis of γ-TMT from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Recombinant TMT1 enzyme was purified and characterized. The size of TMT1 subunit was estimated as 37 kDa by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), in accordance with the predicted molecular size after TMT1 cDNA sequence. Recombinant TMT1 also showed an apparent molecular mass of 37 kDa in its native conformation, suggesting that native TMT1 has a monomeric structure similar to the plant TMTs already characterized. pH and temperature dependence of TMT1 activity were also similar to plant TMTs. Substrate specificity studies showed that Chlamydomonas TMT1 is responsible for the conversion of γ- and δ-tocopherol to α- and β-tocopherol, respectively. The kinetic properties of Chlamydomonas recombinant γ-TMT activity were studied and γ-TMT1 has a similar affinity for γ- and δ-tocopherol. Promoter sequence analysis and expression analysis by northern blot revealed that tmt1 expression is strongly upregulated by high light and downregulated by low temperature. This regulatory pattern of tmt1 expression supports the idea that γ- and α-tocopherol play specific roles in the adaptation to growth under low temperature and high light stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Gálvez-Valdivieso
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C-4, 3a Planta, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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36
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Interactions between P-limitation and different C conditions on the fatty acid composition of an extremophile microalga. Extremophiles 2011; 15:597-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Ota M, Kato Y, Watanabe M, Sato Y, Smith RL, Rosello-Sastre R, Posten C, Inomata H. Effects of nitrate and oxygen on photoautotrophic lipid production from Chlorococcum littorale. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3286-92. [PMID: 21115344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects of oxygen and nitrate on fatty acid/lipid production from a highly CO(2)-tolerant microalgal species Chlorococcum littorale were examined under photoautotrophic conditions of 295 K, a light intensity of 170 μmol-photon m(-2) s(-1), a bubbling CO(2) concentration of 5% (v/v) and bubbling oxygen concentrations to be volumetrically adjusted by mixing oxygen gas with inert nitrogen gas at concentrations ranging from 0% to 95% (v/v). The results showed that maximum fatty acid content reached ca. 34 wt.% under oxygen-freely bubbling conditions and this value decreased to be ca. 20 wt.% when air-like oxygen concentration of 20% was chosen. This means that degree of the accumulation strongly depended on the level of bubbling oxygen concentrations, which can be a crucial factor after nitrogen depletion in the photoautotrophic culture system. TLC-FID/FPD analyses showed that triglycerides were found to be a dominant lipid class for this accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ota
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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38
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James GO, Hocart CH, Hillier W, Chen H, Kordbacheh F, Price GD, Djordjevic MA. Fatty acid profiling of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under nitrogen deprivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3343-51. [PMID: 21146403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii starch-less mutant, BAF-J5, was found to store lipids up to 65% of dry cell weight when grown photoheterotrophically and subjected to nitrogen starvation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used as a high-throughput method for semi-quantitative measurements of protein, carbohydrate and lipid content. The fatty acids of wild-type and starch mutants were identified and quantified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. C. reinhardtii starch mutants, BAF-J5 and I7, produce significantly elevated levels of 16:0, 18:1(Δ9), 18:2(Δ9,12) and 18:3(Δ9,12,15) fatty acids. Long-chain saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found under nitrogen starvation. Oleosin-like and caleosin-like genes were identified in the C. reinhardtii genome. However, proteomic analysis of isolated lipid bodies only identified a key lipid droplet associated protein. This study shows it is possible to manipulate algal biosynthetic pathways to produce high levels of lipid that may be suitable for conversion to liquid fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O James
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Herzsprung P, Hertkorn N, Friese K, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Photochemical degradation of natural organic sulfur compounds (CHOS) from iron-rich mine pit lake pore waters--an initial understanding from evaluation of single-elemental formulae using ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2909-2924. [PMID: 20857451 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand the chemical diversity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in iron-rich mine waters, a variety of sediment pore waters was analysed by means of ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS). A considerable number of the DOM elemental formulae were found to contain sulfur. In a rather simplified experiment, DOM was exposed to sunlight in the presence of dissolved ferric iron, which is common in the oxygenated acidified epilimnetic waters of mine pit lakes. The photochemical alteration of the CHOS (carbon-, hydrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-containing) compounds was then categorised by following the changes in signal intensity of mass peaks. Nearly 20,000 elemental compositions were identified and sorted into the following categories: totally degraded, partially degraded, not significantly degraded, minor new photoproducts, and newly formed photoproducts. A large proportion of the CHOS compounds were found to be entirely degraded; the degradation ratios exceeded those of the CHO compounds. The pools of totally degraded compounds and those of newly formed products were contrasted with respect to photochemically relevant mass differences. These results indicate that photochemical loss of sulfur-containing low molecular weight compounds can be considered likely. One feasible explanation is the photodegradation of sulfonic acids within the CHOS pool eventually leading to the release of sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Herzsprung
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
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40
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41
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Ota M, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Watanabe M, Sato Y, Smith RL, Inomata H. Fatty acid production from a highly CO2 tolerant alga, Chlorocuccum littorale, in the presence of inorganic carbon and nitrate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:5237-42. [PMID: 19559600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic fatty acid production of a highly CO(2)-tolerant green alga Chlorococcum littorale was investigated in the presence of inorganic carbon and nitrate at 295 K and a light intensity of 170 micromol-photon m(-2) s(-1). CO(2) concentration in the bubbling gas was adjusted by mixing pure gas components of CO(2) and N(2) to avoid photorespiration and beta-oxidation of fatty acids under O(2) atmosphere conditions. Fatty acid content was almost constant for the CO(2) concentrations ranging from 5% to 50% under nitrate-rich conditions corresponding to the logarithmic growth phase. After nitrate depletion, the content drastically increased with a decrease in CO(2) concentration. HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) ratio in the culture media was found to be a controlling factor for fatty acid production after the nitrate limitation phase. For a CO(2) concentration of 5%, the fatty acid content was ca. 34 wt.% at maximum, which is comparable with other land plant seed oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ota
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba-6-6-11-403, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Matthew T, Zhou W, Rupprecht J, Lim L, Thomas-Hall SR, Doebbe A, Kruse O, Hankamer B, Marx UC, Smith SM, Schenk PM. The metabolome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following induction of anaerobic H2 production by sulfur depletion. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23415-25. [PMID: 19478077 PMCID: PMC2749115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolome of the model species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been analyzed during 120 h of sulfur depletion to induce anaerobic hydrogen (H(2)) production, using NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and TLC. The results indicate that these unicellular green algae consume freshly supplied acetate in the medium to accumulate energy reserves during the first 24 h of sulfur depletion. In addition to the previously reported accumulation of starch, large amounts of triacylglycerides were deposited in the cells. During the early 24- to 72-h time period fermentative energy metabolism lowered the pH, H(2) was produced, and amino acid levels generally increased. In the final phase from 72 to 120 h, metabolism slowed down leading to a stabilization of pH, even though some starch and most triacylglycerides remained. We conclude that H(2) production does not slow down due to depletion of energy reserves but rather due to loss of essential functions resulting from sulfur depletion or due to a build-up of the toxic fermentative products formate and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timmins Matthew
- From the School of Biological Sciences and
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- the ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and
| | - Wenxu Zhou
- the ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and
- Centre of Excellence for Plant Metabolomics, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia, and
| | - Jens Rupprecht
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lysha Lim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Anja Doebbe
- the Department of Biology, AlgaeBioTech Group, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- the Department of Biology, AlgaeBioTech Group, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ute C. Marx
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Steven M. Smith
- the ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and
- Centre of Excellence for Plant Metabolomics, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia, and
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Folmer F, Jaspars M, Solano G, Cristofanon S, Henry E, Tabudravu J, Black K, Green DH, Küpper FC, Aalbersberg W, Feussner K, Dicato M, Diederich M. The inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation by marine natural products. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:592-606. [PMID: 19445900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The deregulated activation of NF-kappaB is associated with cancer development and inflammatory diseases. With an aim to find new NF-kappaB inhibitors, we purified and characterized compounds from extracts of the Fijian sponge Rhabdastrella globostellata, the crinoid Comanthus parvicirrus, the soft corals Sarcophyton sp. nov. and Sinularia sp., and the gorgonian Subergorgia sp. after an initial screening of 266 extracts from different marine origins. Results obtained show that selected purified compounds had a cytotoxic effect on the human leukaemia cell line K562, inhibited both TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB-DNA binding as well as TNF-alpha-induced IkappaBalpha degradation and nuclear translocation of p50/p65. Furthermore, we observed the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation induced by an overexpression of IKKbeta. Interestingly, natural products inhibited IKKbeta kinase as well as the 26S proteasome proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Folmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, UK
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Poerschmann J, Rauschen S, Langer U, Augustin J, Górecki T. Fatty acid patterns of genetically modified Cry3Bb1 expressing Bt-maize MON88017 and its near-isogenic line. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:127-132. [PMID: 19067518 DOI: 10.1021/jf803009u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) profiles of the Bt-maize line MON88017 expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein and its near-isogenic line DKC5143 were examined. Plant compartments under study included leaves taken from different internodes and roots. Sample preparation involved pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of the biomass, transmethylation of the extracted lipids to give fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and finally GC-MS analysis. The essential quality parameters for the FA profiles included total FA and sum of saturated FA, as well as double-bond index (DBI). FA profiles of the roots--characterized by high concentrations of homomorphic FA including palmitic and stearic acid, along with low concentrations of polyunsaturated surrogates--revealed high similarity between the genetically modified and the near-isogenic line. In contrast, FA profiles of the leaves showed significant differences: higher total FA concentrations and higher DBI were observed for the near-isogenic line. This was overwhelmingly associated with lower concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3omega3,6,9ccc) in the genetically modified leaf samples. These differences were particularly pronounced for leaves taken from the fourth elongated, above-ground internode. Given the large reported variability in the population of maize lines, MON88017 and its near-isogenic line can be regarded as equivalent with regard to their fatty acid profiles, despite the differences observed for the leaves. Further experiments are needed to assess whether the genetic modification of Bt-maize plants might induce unintended effects with regard to FA profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Poerschmann
- Department of Environmental Technology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Tittel J, Poerschmann J, Wannicke N, Kamjunke N. Polymerized coumaric acid as a model substrate for terrestrial-derived dissolved organic carbon utilized by aquatic microorganisms. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 73:237-41. [PMID: 18400319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that many surface waters receive more terrestrial carbon than assumed in the past, and that aquatic food webs are largely based on the supply of external dissolved organic carbon. However, very little information is available on how efficiently external carbon is utilized by microorganisms and transported to consumers of higher trophic levels. To address this issue, we prepared and tested polymers of 14C-p-coumaric acid (PCA) as a model substrate for terrestrial organic carbon. Photodegradation products that can be considered potential substrates for microorganisms were identified using hyphenated techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ion chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (IC/MS). Photolysis of PCA released monomeric phenol derivatives, e.g. 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The photolysis products observed were similar to those characteristic for natural organic carbon. Both a heterotrophic bacteria assemblage and a cultured algae strain exhibiting heterotrophic capabilities proved capable of utilizing the model substrate. Irradiation of PCA increased the uptake rate approximately eight times for the bacteria, but no significant increase was observed for the algae. Potential sources of interferences, e.g. the uptake of 14CO2 released by photolysis, were addressed. It was concluded that PCA is a suitable substrate to study the metabolism of terrestrial DOC within aquatic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Tittel
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Lake Research, Brückstr. 3a, D 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
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WEITHOFF G, WACKER A. The mode of nutrition of mixotrophic flagellates determines the food quality for their consumers. Funct Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Poerschmann J, Fabbri D, Górecki T. Investigation of the solvent extracts of humic organic matter (HOM) isolated from the Ravenna Lagoon to study environmental pollution and microbial communities. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 70:206-14. [PMID: 17663998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Solvent extracts of HOM isolated from highly polluted sediments from the Ravenna Lagoon were studied. Diagnostic indicators included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nonylphenols as hazardous organic pollutants to characterize anthropogenic pollution, as well as fatty acids (FA, analysed as methyl esters, FAME) to characterize microbial communities responsible for natural attenuation processes. The distribution of PAHs including cyclopentafused surrogates pointed to a significant pyrogenic origin, characteristic for methane combustion. The PAH distribution was characterized by high concentrations of highly carcinogenic analytes with molecular weights of 276Da (benzo[ghi]perylene prevailing) and 300Da (coronene prevailing). The PAH pattern as obtained by solvent extraction was very different from that obtained from pyrolysis/thermochemolysis of the HOM polymeric matrix. The FA pattern indicated strong bacterial input, with a significant contribution from methanotrophic bacteria as revealed by monounsaturated members with n:1omega8 and n:1omega5 double bonds in the alkyl chain. Terrestrial inputs as revealed by FAME analysis beyond C(20) with pronounced even-over-odd discrimination were of minor significance. This was confirmed by the pattern of nC(24)-nC(30) alcohols in strong even-over-odd prevalence occurring in relatively low concentrations. The hopane hydrocarbon distribution reflected a distinctive impact from industrial processes utilizing heavy fractions of petroleum as feedstock. Hopanols along with the 17beta(H),21beta(H)-bishomohopanoic acid pointed to hopane producers, including methanotrophic and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Nonylphenols, which could not be detected in the pyrograms of solvent-extracted HOM matrix, had a total concentration of about 70microg g(-1) referred to the HOM in the solvent extract. In addition to common phytosterols including beta-sitosterol, coprostanol could be detected in the solvent extracts pointing to human fecal matter contamination. Concentration of resin acids turned out to be very low, thus no harmful environmental effects are to be expected from these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Poerschmann
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Environmental Technology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Spijkerman E, Barua D, Gerloff-Elias A, Kern J, Gaedke U, Heckathorn SA. Stress responses and metal tolerance of Chlamydomonas acidophila in metal-enriched lake water and artificial medium. Extremophiles 2007; 11:551-62. [PMID: 17429574 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-007-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas acidophila faces high heavy-metal concentrations in acidic mining lakes, where it is a dominant phytoplankton species. To investigate the importance of metals to C. acidophila in these lakes, we examined the response of growth, photosynthesis, cell structure, heat-shock protein (Hsp) accumulation, and metal adsorption after incubation in metal-rich lake water and artificial growth medium enriched with metals (Fe, Zn). Incubation in both metal-rich lake water and medium caused large decreases in photosystem II function (though no differences among lakes), but no decrease in growth rate (except for medium + Fe). Concentrations of small Hsps were higher in algae incubated in metal-rich lake-water than in metal-enriched medium, whereas Hsp60 and Hsp70A were either less or equally expressed. Cellular Zn and Fe contents were lower, and metals adsorbed to the cell surface were higher, in lake-water-incubated algae than in medium-grown cells. The results indicate that high Zn or Fe levels are likely not the main or only contributor to the low primary production in mining lakes, and multiple adaptations of C. acidophila (e.g., high Hsp levels, decreased metal accumulation) increase its tolerance to metals and permit survival under such adverse environmental conditions. Supposedly, the main stress factor present in the lake water is an interaction between low P and high Fe concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Spijkerman
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Potsdam, Germany.
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Unusual medium-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from the snow alga Chloromonas brevispina. Microbiol Res 2007; 163:373-9. [PMID: 17403601 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used to identify unusual medium-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the snow alga Chloromonas brevispina collected in 2006 from surface layers of a snow field with conspicuous green patches in Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic). PUFAs formed more than 75% total fatty acids. Among them, mass spectroscopy of picolinyl esters showed sizable proportions of medium-chain PUFA, e.g., 5,8,11-tetradecatrienoic and 6,9,12-pentadecatrienoic acids. The high relative content of PUFA indicates that PUFA are an important element ensuring cell survival. Our report appears to be the first to describe the presence of short- and medium-chain PUFAs in green psychrophilic algae of the genus Chloromonas.
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Growth and photosynthetic utilization of inorganic carbon of the microalga Chlamydomonas acidophila isolated from Tinto river. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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