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Dang S, Geng J, Wang R, Feng Y, Han Y, Gao R. Isolation of endophytes from Dioscorea nipponica Makino for stimulating diosgenin production and plant growth. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:95. [PMID: 38472393 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Both bacterial and fungal endophytes exhibited one or more plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. Among these strains, the Paenibacillus peoriae SYbr421 strain demonstrated the greatest activity in the direct biotransformation of tuber powder from D. nipponica into diosgenin. Endophytes play crucial roles in shaping active metabolites within plants, significantly influencing both the quality and yield of host plants. Dioscorea nipponica Makino accumulates abundant steroidal saponins, which can be hydrolyzed to produce diosgenin. However, our understanding of the associated endophytes and their contributions to plant growth and diosgenin production is limited. The present study aimed to assess the PGP ability and potential of diosgenin biotransformation by endophytes isolates associated with D. nipponica for the efficient improvement of plant growth and development of a clean and effective approach for producing the valuable drug diosgenin. Eighteen bacterial endophytes were classified into six genera through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA gene. Similarly, 12 fungal endophytes were categorized into 5 genera based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS rDNA gene. Pure culture experiments revealed that 30 isolated endophytic strains exhibited one or more PGP traits, such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore synthesis, and IAA production. One strain of endophytic bacteria, P. peoriae SYbr421, effectively directly biotransformed the saponin components in D. nipponica. Moreover, a high yield of diosgenin (3.50%) was obtained at an inoculum size of 4% after 6 days of fermentation. Thus, SYbr421 could be used for a cleaner and more eco-friendly diosgenin production process. In addition, based on the assessment of growth-promoting isolates and seed germination results, the strains SYbr421, SYfr1321, and SYfl221 were selected for greenhouse experiments. The results revealed that the inoculation of these promising isolates significantly increased the plant height and fresh weight of the leaves and roots compared to the control plants. These findings underscore the importance of preparing PGP bioinoculants from selected isolates as an additional option for sustainable diosgenin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangni Dang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiang Geng
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Youzhi Han
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.
| | - Runmei Gao
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.
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Salwan R, Rana A, Saini R, Sharma A, Sharma M, Sharma V. Diversity analysis of endophytes with antimicrobial and antioxidant potential from Viola odorata: an endemic plant species of the Himalayas. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2361-2374. [PMID: 37227628 PMCID: PMC10484869 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Viola odorata, also known as "Banafshah" in high altitudes of Himalayas, is well known for its pharmaceutical importance in Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal system. The plant is a source of various drugs for its anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, antipyretic, and laxative properties. The endophytes of plants have been reported for their role in modulating various physiological and biological processes of the host plants. In the present study, a total of 244 endophytes were isolated in pure cultures from the roots of Viola odorata, and genetic diversity was evaluated using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC). The molecular fingerprinting revealed variation among various rRNA types among morphologically different endophytes based on ARDRA and ERIC-PCR. The screening of endophytes showed antimicrobial activity of 11 bacterial isolates and one actinomycete SGA9 against various pathogens Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The antioxidant activity revealed the majority of the bacterial isolates able to scavenge the free radical in the range of 10-50% and 8 bacterial isolates in the range of 50-85%. Principal component analysis separated eight isolates away from the central eclipse and form a separate group based on antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. The identification of these eight isolates showed affiliation with different species of the genus Enterobacter, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Streptomyces. This is the first report on the characterization of endophytic bacteria and actinomycetes from endemic Viola odorata. Results suggested that these endophytes could be explored for the production of antimicrobial and antioxidant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Salwan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur (HP), 177 001, India.
| | - Aditi Rana
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur (HP), 177 001, India
| | - Raj Saini
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur (HP), 177 001, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur (HP), 177 001, India
| | - Monica Sharma
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur (HP), 177 001, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali (PB.), 140 413, India
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Anguita-Maeso M, Navas-Cortés JA, Landa BB. Insights into the Methodological, Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing the Characterization of Xylem-Inhabiting Microbial Communities of Olive Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:912. [PMID: 36840260 PMCID: PMC9967459 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular pathogens are the causal agents of some of the most devastating plant diseases in the world, which can cause, under specific conditions, the destruction of entire crops. These plant pathogens activate a range of physiological and immune reactions in the host plant following infection, which may trigger the proliferation of a specific microbiome to combat them by, among others, inhibiting their growth and/or competing for space. Nowadays, it has been demonstrated that the plant microbiome can be modified by transplanting specific members of the microbiome, with exciting results for the control of plant diseases. However, its practical application in agriculture for the control of vascular plant pathogens is hampered by the limited knowledge of the plant endosphere, and, in particular, of the xylem niche. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of how research on the plant microbiome has evolved during the last decades to unravel the factors and complex interactions that affect the associated microbial communities and their surrounding environment, focusing on the microbial communities inhabiting the xylem vessels of olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea), the most ancient and important woody crop in the Mediterranean Basin. For that purpose, we have highlighted the role of xylem composition and its associated microorganisms in plants by describing the methodological approaches explored to study xylem microbiota, starting from the methods used to extract xylem microbial communities to their assessment by culture-dependent and next-generation sequencing approaches. Additionally, we have categorized some of the key biotic and abiotic factors, such as the host plant niche and genotype, the environment and the infection with vascular pathogens, that can be potential determinants to critically affect olive physiology and health status in a holobiont context (host and its associated organisms). Finally, we have outlined future directions and challenges for xylem microbiome studies based on the recent advances in molecular biology, focusing on metagenomics and culturomics, and bioinformatics network analysis. A better understanding of the xylem olive microbiome will contribute to facilitate the exploration and selection of specific keystone microorganisms that can live in close association with olives under a range of environmental/agronomic conditions. These microorganisms could be ideal targets for the design of microbial consortia that can be applied by endotherapy treatments to prevent or control diseases caused by vascular pathogens or modify the physiology and growth of olive trees.
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Tsalgatidou PC, Thomloudi EE, Nifakos K, Delis C, Venieraki A, Katinakis P. Calendula officinalis-A Great Source of Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Bacteria (PGPEB) and Biological Control Agents (BCA). Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010206. [PMID: 36677498 PMCID: PMC9865722 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of beneficial bacteria may present an alternative approach to chemical plant protection and fertilization products as they enhance growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant growth-promoting bacteria are found in the rhizosphere, epiphytically or endophytically (Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Bacteria, PGPEB). In the present study, 36 out of 119 isolated endophytic bacterial strains from roots, leaves and flowers of the pharmaceutical plant Calendula officinalis were further identified and classified into Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Stenotrophomonas and Rhizobium genera. Selected endophytes were evaluated depending on positive reaction to different plant growth promoting (PGP) traits, motility, survival rate and inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro and ex vivo (tomato fruit). Bacteria were further assessed for their plant growth effect on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and on seed bio-primed tomato plantlets, in vitro. Our results indicated that many bacterial endophytes increased seed germination, promoted plant growth and changed root structure by increasing lateral root density and length and root hair formation. The most promising antagonistic PGPEB strains (Cal.r.29, Cal.l.30, Cal.f.4, Cal.l.11, Cal.f.2.1, Cal.r.19 and Cal.r.11) are indicated as effective biological control agents (BCA) against Botrytis cinerea on detached tomato fruits. Results underlie the utility of beneficial endophytic bacteria for sustainable and efficient crop production and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina C. Tsalgatidou
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
- Correspondence: (P.C.T.); (A.V.)
| | - Eirini-Evangelia Thomloudi
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Kallimachos Nifakos
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Anastasia Venieraki
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (P.C.T.); (A.V.)
| | - Panagiotis Katinakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Singh D, Thapa S, Mahawar H, Kumar D, Geat N, Singh SK. Prospecting potential of endophytes for modulation of biosynthesis of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites and plant growth promotion of medicinal and aromatic plants. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:699-730. [PMID: 35460457 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants possess pharmacological properties (antidiabetes, anticancer, antihypertension, anticardiovascular, antileprosy, etc.) because of their potential to synthesize a wide range of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites. The concentration of bioactive secondry metabolites depends on plant species, local environment, soil type and internal microbiome. The internal microbiome of medicinal plants plays the crucial role in the production of bioactive secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketones, flavonoids, quinols and phenols. In this review, the host specific secondry metabolites produced by endophytes, their therapeutic properties and host-endophytes interaction in relation to production of bioactive secondry metaboloites and the role of endophytes in enhancing the production of bioactive secondry metabolites is discussed. How biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, micronutrient uptake, phytohormone production, disease suppression, etc. can play a vital role in enhacing the plant growth and development.The role of endophytes in enhancing the plant growth and content of bioactive secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in a sustainable mode is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Singh
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India.
| | - Shobit Thapa
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Himanshu Mahawar
- ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research (DWR), Maharajpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482004, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- ICAR- Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Neelam Geat
- Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342304, India
| | - S K Singh
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India
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In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Gram-Positive Bacteria from Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Greene against L5178Y-R Lymphoma Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020894. [PMID: 35055716 PMCID: PMC8775836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant-associated microorganisms represent a potential source of new antitumor compounds. The aim of the present study was to isolate endophytic and rhizosphere Gram-positive bacteria from Ibervillea sonorae and produce extracts with antitumor activity. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were obtained from 28 d bacterial fermentation, after which murine L5178Y-R lymphoma cells growth inhibition was evaluated at concentrations ranging from 15.62 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction colorimetric assay. IC50 and the selectivity index (SI) were calculated and compared with healthy control human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Identification of the isolated strains was performed using the 16S ribosomal gene and by MALDI-TOF MS mass spectrometry. The endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial extracts from strains ISE-B22, ISE-B26, ISE-B27, ISS-A01, ISS-A06, and ISS-A16 showed significant (p < 0.05) L5178Y-R cell growth inhibition, compared with an untreated control. The rhizosphere Micromonospora echinospora isolate ISS-A16 showed the highest (90.48%) percentage of lymphoma cells growth inhibition and SI (19.1) for PBMC, whereas the Bacillus subtilis ISE-B26 isolate caused significant (p < 0.01) growth inhibition (84.32%) and a SI of 5.2. Taken together, results of the present study evidenced antitumor effects by I. sonorae endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria culture extracts. Further research will involve the elucidation of the compounds that exert the antitumor activity and their evaluation in pre-clinical studies.
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Abdel-Hamid MS, Fouda A, El-Ela HKA, El-Ghamry AA, Hassan SED. Plant growth-promoting properties of bacterial endophytes isolated from roots of Thymus vulgaris L. and investigate their role as biofertilizers to enhance the essential oil contents. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:175-196. [PMID: 35041305 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the current study was to improve the essential oil contents of Thymus vulgaris L. using bio-inoculation with bacterial endophytes. Therefore, out of fourteen endophytic bacterial isolates obtained from roots of T. vulgaris, five isolates were selected based on the highest nitrogen-fixation and phosphate solubilization activity and identified as: Bacillus haynesii T9r, Citrobacter farmeri T10r, Bacillus licheniformis T11r, Bacillus velezensis T12r, and Bacillus velezensis T13r. These five strains have been recorded as ammonia, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), siderophores, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producers. These strains have the efficacy to fix-nitrogen by reduction of acetylene with values of 82.133±1.4-346.6±1.4 n-mole-C2H4/ml/24 h. The IAA, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, benzyl, kinten, and ziaten production were confirmed using HPLC. Two strains of T11r and T13r showed the highest plant growth-promoting properties and were selected for bio-inoculation of T. vulgaris individually or in a consortium with different mineral fertilization doses (0, 50, 75, and 100%) under field conditions. The highest growth performance was attained with the endophytic consortium (T11r+T13r) in the presence of 100% mineral fertilization. The GC-MS analysis of thyme oil contents showed the presence of 23 various compounds with varying percentages and the thymol fraction represented the highest percentages (39.1%) in the presence of the bacterial consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amr Fouda
- Soil Fertility and Microbiology Department, Desert Research Center, El-Mataria, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham Kamal Abo El-Ela
- Soil Fertility and Microbiology Department, Desert Research Center, El-Mataria, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abbas A El-Ghamry
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Saad El-Din Hassan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
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Pei D, Zhang Q, Zhu X, Han S. Endophytic Bacillus subtilis P10 from Prunus cerasifera as a biocontrol agent against tomato Verticillium wilt. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e244261. [PMID: 34287505 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.244261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria serve key roles in the maintenance of plant health and growth. Few studies to date, however, have explored the antagonistic and plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties of Prunus cerasifera endophytes. To that end, we isolated endophytic bacteria from P. cerasifera tissue samples and used a dual culture plate assay to screen these microbes for antagonistic activity against Verticillium dahliae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum, and F. moniliforme. Of the 36 strains of isolated bacteria, four (strains P1, P10, P16, and P20) exhibited antagonistic effects against all five model pathogens, and the P10 strain exhibited the strongest antagonistic to five pathogens. This P10 strain was then characterized in-depth via phenotypic assessments, physiological analyses, and 16s rDNA sequencing, revealing it to be a strain of Bacillus subtilis. Application of a P10 cell suspension (1×108 CFU/mL) significantly enhanced the seed germination and seedling growth of tomato in a greenhouse setting. This P10 strain further significantly suppressed tomato Verticillium wilt with much lower disease incidence and disease index scores being observed following P10 treatment relative to untreated plants in pot-based experiments. Tomato plants that had been treated with strain P10 also enhanced defense-related enzymes, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity upon V. dahliae challenge relative to plants that had not been treated with this endophytic bacterium. The results revealed that the P10 bacterial strain has potential value as a biocontrol agent for use in the prevention of tomato Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pei
- Shangqiu Normal University, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Appllication of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, College of Biology and Food, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Shangqiu, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Shangqiu Normal University, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Appllication of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, College of Biology and Food, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Shangqiu, China
| | - X Zhu
- Shangqiu Normal University, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Appllication of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, College of Biology and Food, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Shangqiu, China
| | - S Han
- Shangqiu Normal University, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Appllication of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, College of Biology and Food, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Shangqiu, China
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Ingrey SD, Pearson LA, Kalaitzis JA, Neilan BA. Australian bush medicines harbour diverse microbial endophytes with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2244-2256. [PMID: 33904206 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Microbial endophytes produce specialized metabolites, including antibiotics and other compounds of pharmaceutical and agricultural value. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and bioactivity of endophytes from medicinal plants used by the Dharawal People of Gamay (Botany Bay), Australia. METHODS AND RESULTS Of the 48 endophytes isolated, 19 tested positive for polyketide synthase or non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes via a PCR incorporating degenerate primers. The biosynthetically talented endophytes were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and included 4 bacteria species belonging to the orders Bacillales, Rhizobiales and Burkholderiales and 15 Ascomycota fungi species belonging to the orders Botryosphaeriales, Cladosporiales, Glomerellales, Microascales and Eurotiales. Antimicrobial testing using the disc diffusion assay demonstrated that 15 of the 19 isolates had broad-spectrum activity against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that Australian bush medicines harbour diverse biosynthetically talented microbial endophytes capable of producing broad-spectrum antibacterial compounds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study suggests that compounds produced by microbial endophytes likely contribute to the collective medicinal properties of Australian bush medicines. Significantly, it highlights that Indigenous botanical knowledge and modern molecular approaches can be used in tandem to prioritize microorganisms that produce pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Ingrey
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cardinale M, Viola M, Miceli E, Faddetta T, Puglia AM, Maggini V, Tani C, Firenzuoli F, Schiff S, Bogani P, Fani R, Papini A. The cypsela (achene) of Echinacea purpurea as a diffusion unit of a community of microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2951-2965. [PMID: 33687502 PMCID: PMC8007504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea is a plant cultivated worldwide for its pharmaceutical properties, mainly related to the stimulation of the immune system in the treatment of respiratory infections. The cypselas (fruits) of E. purpurea were examined in order to investigate the presence, localization and potential function(s) of endophytic microorganisms. Electron and confocal microscopy observations showed that three different components of microorganisms were associated to cypselas of E. purpurea: (i) one endocellular bacterial component in the cotyledons, enclosed within the host membrane; (ii) another more generic bacterial component adhering to the external side of the perianth; and (iii) a fungal component inside the porous layer of the perianth, the woody and porous modified residual of the flower, in the form of numerous hyphae able to cross the wall between adjacent cells. Isolated bacteria were affiliated to the genera Paenibacillus, Pantoea, and Sanguibacter. Plate tests showed a general resistance to six different antibiotics and also to an antimicrobial-producing Rheinheimera sp. test strain. Finally, microbiome-deprived E. purpurea seeds showed a reduced ability to germinate, suggesting an active role of the microbiome in the plant vitality. Our results suggest that the endophytic bacterial community of E. purpurea, previously found in roots and stem/leaves, might be already carried at the seed stage, hosted by the cotyledons. A further microbial fungal component is transported together with the seed in the perianth of the cypsela, whose remarkable structure may be considered as an adaptation for fungal transportation, and could influence the capability of the seed to germinate in the soil.Key Points• The fruit of Echinacea purpurea contains fungi not causing any damage to the plant.• The seed cotyledons contain endocellular bacteria.• Seed/fruit deprived of the microbiome showed a reduced ability to germinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, P.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marian Viola
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Teresa Faddetta
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Puglia
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Maggini
- Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Tani
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Schiff
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Alessio Papini
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Webster G, Mullins AJ, Cunningham-Oakes E, Renganathan A, Aswathanarayan JB, Mahenthiralingam E, Vittal RR. Culturable diversity of bacterial endophytes associated with medicinal plants of the Western Ghats, India. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5876344. [PMID: 32710748 PMCID: PMC7422900 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endophytes are found in the internal tissues of plants and have intimate associations with their host. However, little is known about the diversity of medicinal plant endophytes (ME) or their capability to produce specialised metabolites that may contribute to therapeutic properties. We isolated 75 bacterial ME from 24 plant species of the Western Ghats, India. Molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing grouped MEs into 13 bacterial genera, with members of Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes being the most abundant. To improve taxonomic identification, 26 selected MEs were genome sequenced and average nucleotide identity (ANI) used to identify them to the species-level. This identified multiple species in the most common genus as Bacillus. Similarly, identity of the Enterobacterales was also distinguished within Enterobacter and Serratia by ANI and core-gene analysis. AntiSMASH identified non-ribosomal peptide synthase, lantipeptide and bacteriocin biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) as the most common BGCs found in the ME genomes. A total of five of the ME isolates belonging to Bacillus, Serratia and Enterobacter showed antimicrobial activity against the plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum. Using molecular and genomic approaches we have characterised a unique collection of endophytic bacteria from medicinal plants. Their genomes encode multiple specialised metabolite gene clusters and the collection can now be screened for novel bioactive and medicinal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Webster
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Alex J Mullins
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Edward Cunningham-Oakes
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Arun Renganathan
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, Mysore, India
| | | | - Eshwar Mahenthiralingam
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Ravishankar Rai Vittal
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, Mysore, India
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12
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Fouda A, Eid AM, Elsaied A, El-Belely EF, Barghoth MG, Azab E, Gobouri AA, Hassan SED. Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytic Bacterial Community Inhabiting the Leaves of Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC Inherent to Arid Regions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:E76. [PMID: 33401438 PMCID: PMC7824221 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 15 bacterial endophytes linked with the leaves of the native medicinal plant Pulicaria incisa were isolated and identified as Agrobacterium fabrum, Acinetobacter radioresistant, Brevibacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus barengoltzii, and Burkholderia cepacia. These isolates exhibited variant tolerances to salt stress and showed high efficacy in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in the absence/presence of tryptophan. The maximum productivity of IAA was recorded for B. cereus BI-8 and B. subtilis BI-10 with values of 117 ± 6 and 108 ± 4.6 μg mL-1, respectively, in the presence of 5 mg mL-1 tryptophan after 10 days. These two isolates had a high potential in phosphate solubilization and ammonia production, and they showed enzymatic activities for amylase, protease, xylanase, cellulase, chitinase, and catalase. In vitro antagonistic investigation showed their high efficacy against the three phytopathogens Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, and Pythium ultimum, with inhibition percentages ranging from 20% ± 0.2% to 52.6% ± 0.2% (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, these two endophytic bacteria were used as bio-inoculants for maize seeds, and the results showed that bacterial inoculations significantly increased the root length as well as the fresh and dry weights of the roots compared to the control plants. The Zea mays plant inoculated with the two endophytic strains BI-8 and BI-10 significantly improved (p ≤ 0.05) the growth performance as well as the nutrient uptake compared with an un-inoculated plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Fouda
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (A.E.); (E.F.E.-B.); (M.G.B.); or (S.E.-D.H.)
| | - Ahmed M. Eid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (A.E.); (E.F.E.-B.); (M.G.B.); or (S.E.-D.H.)
| | - Albaraa Elsaied
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (A.E.); (E.F.E.-B.); (M.G.B.); or (S.E.-D.H.)
| | - Ehab F. El-Belely
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (A.E.); (E.F.E.-B.); (M.G.B.); or (S.E.-D.H.)
| | - Mohammed G. Barghoth
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (A.E.); (E.F.E.-B.); (M.G.B.); or (S.E.-D.H.)
| | - Ehab Azab
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Adil A. Gobouri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saad El-Din Hassan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (A.E.); (E.F.E.-B.); (M.G.B.); or (S.E.-D.H.)
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13
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Cain JW, Miller KI, Kalaitzis JA, Chau R, Neilan BA. Genome mining of a fungal endophyte of Taxus yunnanensis (Chinese yew) leads to the discovery of a novel azaphilone polyketide, lijiquinone. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1415-1427. [PMID: 32281262 PMCID: PMC7415360 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome mining of Ascomycete sp. F53 (F53), a fungal endophyte of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Taxus yunnanensis (Chinese yew), revealed 35 putative specialized metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters, one of which encodes a rarely seen tandem polyketide synthase pathway with close homology to azaphilone biosynthesis pathways. A novel compound, lijiquinone 1, was subsequently isolated from F53 and structurally and functionally characterized. The m/z 385 [M + H+ ]+ compound, comprised of a cyclohexenone side group attached to a core bicyclic ring, displayed cytotoxicity against human myeloma cells (IC50 = 129 μM), as well as antifungal activity against Candida albicans (IC50 = 79 μM) and Cryptococcus albidus (IC50 = 141 μM). Our results suggest that enzymes encoded on the lij gene cluster are responsible for the synthesis of 1 and that the medicinal properties of T. yunnanensis could be partially mediated by this novel azaphilone. This study highlights the utility of combining traditional knowledge with contemporary genomic approaches for the discovery of new bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Cain
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kristin I Miller
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - John A Kalaitzis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rocky Chau
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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14
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Castronovo LM, Calonico C, Ascrizzi R, Del Duca S, Delfino V, Chioccioli S, Vassallo A, Strozza I, De Leo M, Biffi S, Bacci G, Bogani P, Maggini V, Mengoni A, Pistelli L, Lo Nostro A, Firenzuoli F, Fani R. The Cultivable Bacterial Microbiota Associated to the Medicinal Plant Origanum vulgare L.: From Antibiotic Resistance to Growth-Inhibitory Properties. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:862. [PMID: 32457726 PMCID: PMC7226918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The insurgence of antibiotic resistance and emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens prioritize research to discover new antimicrobials. In this context, medicinal plants produce bioactive compounds of pharmacological interest: some extracts have antimicrobial properties that can contrast different pathogens. For such a purpose, Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae family) is a medicinal aromatic plant, whose essential oil (EO) is recognized for its antiseptic, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. The cultivable bacteria from different compartments (i.e., flower, leaf, stem and soil) were isolated in order to: (i) characterize the bacterial microbiota associated to the plant, determining the forces responsible for the structuring of its composition (by evaluation of cross inhibition); (ii) investigate if bacterial endophytes demonstrate antimicrobial activities against human pathogens. A pool of plants belonging to O. vulgare species was collected and the specimen chemotype was defined by hydrodistillation of its essential oil. The isolation of plant associated bacteria was performed from the four compartments. Microbiota was further characterized through a culture-independent approach and next-generation sequencing analysis, as well. Isolates were molecularly typed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling and taxonomically assigned by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates and pairwise cross-inhibition of isolates on agar plates (i.e., antagonistic interactions) were also assessed. High level of diversity of bacterial isolates was detected at both genus and strain level in all different compartments. Most strains were tolerant against common antibiotics; moreover, they produced antagonistic patterns of interactions mainly with strains from different compartments with respect to that of original isolation. Strains that exhibited high inhibitory properties were further tested against human pathogens, revealing a strong capacity to inhibit the growth of strains resistant to several antibiotics. In conclusion, this study regarded the characterization of O. vulgare L. chemotype and of the bacterial communities associated to this medicinal plant, also allowing the evaluation of antibiotic resistance and antagonistic interactions. This study provided the bases for further analyses on the possible involvement of endophytic bacteria in the production of antimicrobial molecules that could have an important role in clinical and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmela Calonico
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Sara Del Duca
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Vania Delfino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sofia Chioccioli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alberto Vassallo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Iolanda Strozza
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Bacci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Valentina Maggini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine - CERFIT Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine - CERFIT Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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15
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Cueva-Yesquén LG, Goulart MC, Attili de Angelis D, Nopper Alves M, Fantinatti-Garboggini F. Multiple Plant Growth-Promotion Traits in Endophytic Bacteria Retrieved in the Vegetative Stage From Passionflower. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:621740. [PMID: 33537051 PMCID: PMC7847900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.621740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria exhibiting beneficial traits like increasing the bioavailability of essential nutrients and modulating hormone levels in plants are known as plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria. The occurrence of this specific group of bacteria in the endophytic environment may reflect the decisive role they play in a particular condition. This study aimed to determine the taxonomical diversity of the culturable bacterial endophytes, isolated in the vegetative stage of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata), and assess its potential to promote plant growth by phenotypic and genotypic approaches. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene allowed us to classify 58 bacterial endophytes into nine genera. Bacillus (70.7%) was the most dominant genus, followed by Pseudomonas (8.6%) and Pantoea (6.9%). A few isolates belonged to Rhodococcus and Paenibacillus, whereas the genera Lysinibacillus, Microvirga, Xanthomonas, and Leclercia were represented by only one isolate. The strains were tested for nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, indole-acetic-acid synthesis, and siderophore production. Moreover, PGP related genes (nifH, ipdC, asb, and AcPho) were detected by PCR-based screening. Most of the isolates (94.8%) displayed a potential for at least one of the PGP traits tested by biochemical assays or PCR-based screening. Nine strains were selected based on results from both approaches and were evaluated for boosting the Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) germination and growth. All tested isolates improved germination in vitro, and the majority (78%) increased growth parameters in vivo. The results suggested that most of culturable bacteria inhabiting P. incarnata in the vegetative stage could be used as probiotics for agricultural systems. Besides, their occurrence may be associated with specific physiological needs typical of this development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gabriel Cueva-Yesquén
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Division of Microbial Resources, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Paulínia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luis Gabriel Cueva-Yesquén,
| | - Marcela Cristina Goulart
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Division of Microbial Resources, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Paulínia, Brazil
| | - Derlene Attili de Angelis
- Division of Microbial Resources, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Paulínia, Brazil
| | - Marcos Nopper Alves
- Division of Agrotechnology, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Paulínia, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fantinatti-Garboggini
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Division of Microbial Resources, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Paulínia, Brazil
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16
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Qin D, Wang L, Han M, Wang J, Song H, Yan X, Duan X, Dong J. Effects of an Endophytic Fungus Umbelopsis dimorpha on the Secondary Metabolites of Host-Plant Kadsura angustifolia. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2845. [PMID: 30524412 PMCID: PMC6262151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes live widely inside plant tissues and some have been revealed to provide benefits to their host and ecological environment. Considering the fact that endophytes are engaged in remarkably stable long-term interactions with the host for their whole life cycle, it's conceivable that both partners have substantial influence on each other's metabolic processes. Here, we investigated the fermented products of an endophytic fungus Umbelopsis dimorpha SWUKD3.1410 grown on host-plant Kadsura angustifolia and wheat bran, respectively, to assess the impact of SWUKD3.1410 on the secondary metabolites of K. angustifolia. Twenty compounds (1-20) were isolated and identified as 11 schitriterpenoids (1-9, 17-18), two lignans (10, 20), two sesquiterpenoids (11-12), one trinorsesquiterpenoid (13), one monoterpene (14), one sterol (19), and two simple aromatic compounds (15-16) by the extensive 1D-, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS data analysis. Except for nigranoic acid (1), compounds 2-19 have been firstly found from K. angustifolia. Of them, metabolites 2, 11, and 14 were identified to be new. Obtained results indicated that U. dimorpha SWUKD3.1410 could not only produce the same/similar components as its host does, and modify the host-plant components, but also enhance the production of these highly oxygenated schitriterpenoids/schinortriterpenoids in plants. This study suggested an interesting prospective for setting up alternative processing techniques to improve the quality of crude drugs derived from K. angustifolia and increase their values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meijun Han
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongchuan Song
- Solar Energy Research Institute, School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinyan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Singh R, Dubey AK. Diversity and Applications of Endophytic Actinobacteria of Plants in Special and Other Ecological Niches. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1767. [PMID: 30135681 PMCID: PMC6092505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are wide spread in nature and represent the largest taxonomic group within the domain Bacteria. They are abundant in soil and have been extensively explored for their therapeutic applications. This versatile group of bacteria has adapted to diverse ecological habitats, which has drawn considerable attention of the scientific community in recent times as it has opened up new possibilities for novel metabolites that may help in solving some of the most challenging problems of the day, for example, novel drugs for drug-resistant human pathogens, affordable means to maintain ecological balance in various habitats, and alternative practices for sustainable agriculture. Traditionally, free dwelling soil actinobacteria have been the subject of intensive research. Of late, symbiotic actinobacteria residing as endophytes within the plant tissues have generated immense interest as potential source of novel compounds, which may find applications in medicine, agriculture, and environment. In the light of these possibilities, this review focuses on the diversity of endophytic actinobacteria isolated from the plants of extreme habitats and specific ecological niches. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to assign chemical class to the compounds obtained from endophytic actinobacteria. Potential therapeutic applications of these compounds and the utility of endophytic actinobacteria in agriculture and environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok K. Dubey
- Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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18
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Zhao L, Xu Y, Lai X. Antagonistic endophytic bacteria associated with nodules of soybean (Glycine max L.) and plant growth-promoting properties. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:269-278. [PMID: 29117917 PMCID: PMC5914205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 276 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the root nodules of soybean (Glycine max L.) grown in 14 sites in Henan Province, China. The inhibitory activity of these bacteria against pathogenic fungus Phytophthora sojae 01 was screened in vitro. Six strains with more than 63% inhibitory activities were further characterized through optical epifluorescence microscopic observation, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene, potential plant growth-promoting properties analysis, and plant inoculation assay. On the basis of the phylogeny of 16S rRNA genes, the six endophytic antagonists were identified as belonging to five genera: Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Ochrobactrum, and Bacillus. The strain Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DD161 had the strongest inhibitory activity (71.14%) against the P. sojae 01, which caused morphological abnormal changes of fungal mycelia; such changes include fracture, lysis, formation of a protoplast ball at the end of hyphae, and split ends. Except for Ochrobactrum haematophilum DD234, other antagonistic strains showed the capacity to produce siderophore, indole acetic acid, and nitrogen fixation activity. Regression analysis suggested a significant positive correlation between siderophore production and inhibition ratio against P. sojae 01. This study demonstrated that nodule endophytic bacteria are important resources for searching for inhibitors specific to the fungi and for promoting effects for soybean seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- LongFei Zhao
- Shangqiu Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions of Henan, Shangqiu, Henan, PR China.
| | - YaJun Xu
- Shangqiu Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions of Henan, Shangqiu, Henan, PR China
| | - XinHe Lai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Inflammation & Diseases, Wenzhou, China
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19
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de Medeiros AG, Savi DC, Mitra P, Shaaban KA, Jha AK, Thorson JS, Rohr J, Glienke C. Bioprospecting of Diaporthe terebinthifolii LGMF907 for antimicrobial compounds. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:499-505. [PMID: 29497981 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been observed with increasing frequency over the past decades, driving the search for new drugs and stimulating the interest in natural products sources. Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants represent a great source of novel bioactive compounds useful to pharmaceutical and agronomical purposes. Diaporthe terebinthifolii is an endophytic species isolated from Schinus terebinthifolius, a plant used in popular medicine for several health problems. The strain D. terebinthifolii LGMF907 was previously reported by our group to produce secondary metabolites with biological activity against phytopathogens. Based on these data, strain LGMF907 was chosen for bioprospecting against microorganisms of clinical importance and for characterization of major secondary metabolites. In this study, different culture conditions were evaluated and the biological activity of this strain was expanded. The crude extracts demonstrated high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The compounds diaporthin and orthosporin were characterized and also showed activity against the clinical microorganisms evaluated. This study discloses the first isolation of diaporthin and orthosporin from D. terebinthifolii, and revealed the potential of this endophytic fungus to produce secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliandra G de Medeiros
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19071, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81531-980, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Daiani C Savi
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19071, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81531-980, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Prithiba Mitra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation (CPRI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Amit K Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation (CPRI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Chirlei Glienke
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19071, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81531-980, Brazil.
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20
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Bazghaleh N, Hamel C, Gan Y, Tar'an B, Knight JD. Genotypic variation in the response of chickpea to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and non-mycorrhizal fungal endophytes. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:265-275. [PMID: 29390194 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots host symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and other fungal endophytes that can impact plant growth and health. The impact of microbial interactions in roots may depend on the genetic properties of the host plant and its interactions with root-associated fungi. We conducted a controlled condition experiment to investigate the effect of several chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes on the efficiency of the symbiosis with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Whereas the AM symbiosis increased the biomass of most of the chickpea cultivars, inoculation with non-AM fungal endophytes had a neutral effect. The chickpea cultivars responded differently to co-inoculation with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Co-inoculation had additive effects on the biomass of some cultivars (CDC Corrine, CDC Anna, and CDC Cory), but non-AM fungal endophytes reduced the positive effect of AM fungi on Amit and CDC Vanguard. This study demonstrated that the response of plant genotypes to an AM symbiosis can be modified by the simultaneous colonization of the roots by non-AM fungal endophytes. Intraspecific variations in the response of chickpea to AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes indicate that the selection of suitable genotypes may improve the ability of crop plants to take advantage of soil ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Bazghaleh
- a Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2 Canada.,b Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8 Canada.,c Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Chantal Hamel
- b Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8 Canada.,d Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, G1V 2J3 Canada
| | - Yantai Gan
- a Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2 Canada.,c Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Bunyamin Tar'an
- c Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Joan Diane Knight
- b Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8 Canada
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Plant growth-promoting activities for bacterial and fungal endophytes isolated from medicinal plant of Teucrium polium L. J Adv Res 2017; 8:687-695. [PMID: 28951786 PMCID: PMC5607146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal endophytes are widespread inhabitants inside plant tissues and have been shown to assist plant growth and health. However, little is known about plant growth-promoting endophytes (PGPE) of medicinal plants. Therefore, the aims of this study were to identify bacterial and fungal endophytes of Teucrium polium and to characterize plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties of these endophytes. Seven bacterial endophytes were isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, where five endophytic fungi were obtained and assigned to Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium crustosum. The isolated endophytes differentially produced indole acetic acid (IAA) and ammonia, and in addition to their enzymatic and antimicrobial activities, they exhibited variable capacity for phosphate solubilization. In order to investigate the effect of endophytes on plant growth, four representative endophytes and their consortiums were selected concerning to their potential ability to promote plant growth. The results indicated that microbial endophytes isolated from medicinal plants possessing a vital role to improve plant growth and could be used as inoculants to establish a sustainable crop production system.
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Martinez-Klimova E, Rodríguez-Peña K, Sánchez S. Endophytes as sources of antibiotics. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 134:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Joshi RK. A Perspective on the Phytopharmaceuticals Responsible for the Therapeutic Applications. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The word phytopharmaceutical deals with a complex mixture of compounds derived from the plant source that is used as a medicine or drug. Primitive human societies have been depending on plants and plant products for various remedies. Several plants in the different forms have been reported in traditional medicine and to find a rational for the treatment of various diseases than to isolated single compounds. Many of the single compounds isolated from the plant origin are effectively used in the medicine. The search of natural products in drug discovery has been greatly enhanced in the last few years. The impetus to use phytopharmaceutical agents for the treatment of disease, most of the plant based drugs are quite safe and have lesser adverse effects and are claimed that it works as synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K. Joshi
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), India
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Rakshith D, Santosh P, Pradeep TP, Gurudatt DM, Baker S, Yashavantha Rao HC, Pasha A, Satish S. Application of Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Coupled with a Molecular Approach for the Dereplication of Antimicrobial Metabolites. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhao L, Xu Y, Lai XH, Shan C, Deng Z, Ji Y. Screening and characterization of endophytic Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains from medicinal plant Lonicera japonica for use as potential plant growth promoters. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 46:977-89. [PMID: 26691455 PMCID: PMC4704640 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 48 endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized tissues of
the medicinal plant Lonicera japonica, which is grown in eastern
China; six strains were selected for further study based on their potential ability
to promote plant growth in vitro (siderophore and indoleacetic acid production). The
bacteria were characterized by phylogenetically analyzing their 16S rRNA gene
similarity, by examining their effect on the mycelial development of pathogenic
fungi, by testing their potential plant growth-promoting characteristics, and by
measuring wheat growth parameters after inoculation. Results showed that the number
of endophytic bacteria in L. japonica varied among different
tissues, but it remained relatively stable in the same tissues from four different
plantation locations. Among the three endophytic strains, strains 122 and 124 both
had high siderophore production, with the latter showing the highest phosphate
solubilization activity (45.6 mg/L) and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase
activity (47.3 nmol/mg/h). Strain 170 had the highest indoleacetic acid (IAA)
production (49.2 mg/L) and cellulase and pectinase activities. After inoculation,
most of the six selected isolates showed a strong capacity to promote wheat growth.
Compared with the controls, the increase in the shoot length, root length, fresh
weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content was most remarkable in wheat seedlings
inoculated with strain 130. The positive correlation between enzyme (cellulose and
pectinase) activity and inhibition rate on Fusarium oxysporum, the
IAA production, and the root length of wheat seedlings inoculated with each tested
endophytic strain was significant in regression analysis. Deformity of pathogenic
fungal mycelia was observed under a microscope after the interaction with the
endophytic isolates. Such deformity may be directly related to the production of
hydrolytic bacterial enzymes (cellulose and pectinase). The six endophytic bacterial
strains were identified to be Paenibacillus and
Bacillus strains based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing
analysis and their physiological and biochemical characteristics. Results indicate
the promising application of endophytic bacteria to the biological control of
pathogenic fungi and the improvement of wheat crop growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions of Henan, Shangqiu Normal University, PR China
| | - Yajun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions of Henan, Shangqiu Normal University, PR China
| | - Xin-He Lai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Changjuan Shan
- School of Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Zhenshan Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, PR China
| | - Yuliang Ji
- Biological and Medical Engineering Department, Shangluo University, PR China
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Wicaksono WA, Jones EE, Monk J, Ridgway HJ. The Bacterial Signature of Leptospermum scoparium (Mānuka) Reveals Core and Accessory Communities with Bioactive Properties. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163717. [PMID: 27676607 PMCID: PMC5038978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospermum scoparium or mānuka is a New Zealand native medicinal plant that produces an essential oil with antimicrobial properties. This is the first study to investigate the structure and bioactivity of endophytic bacteria in mānuka by using a combination of cultivation-independent (DGGE) and dependent approaches. A total of 23 plants were sampled across three sites. Plants were considered either immature (3-8 years) or mature (>20 years). The endophyte community structure and richness was affected by plant tissue and bacterial communities became more stable and uniform as plant maturity increased. A total of 192 culturable bacteria were recovered from leaves, stems and roots. Some bacterial isolates showed in vitro biocontrol activity against two fungal pathogens, Ilyonectria liriodendri and Neofusicoccum luteum and a bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. A high proportion of bacterial endophytes could produce siderophores and solubilise phosphate in vitro. Gammaproteobacteria was the most variable class, representing the majority of cultivated bacteria with bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisnu Adi Wicaksono
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - E. Eirian Jones
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jana Monk
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hayley J. Ridgway
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Santos PJCD, Savi DC, Gomes RR, Goulin EH, Da Costa Senkiv C, Tanaka FAO, Almeida ÁMR, Galli-Terasawa L, Kava V, Glienke C. Diaporthe endophytica and D. terebinthifolii from medicinal plants for biological control of Phyllosticta citricarpa. Microbiol Res 2016; 186-187:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alvin A, Kalaitzis J, Sasia B, Neilan B. Combined genetic and bioactivity‐based prioritization leads to the isolation of an endophyte‐derived antimycobacterial compound. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1229-39. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Alvin
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - J.A. Kalaitzis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - B. Sasia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - B.A. Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
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Kalaitzis JA, Ingrey SD, Chau R, Simon Y, Neilan BA. Genome-Guided Discovery of Natural Products and Biosynthetic Pathways from Australia’s Untapped Microbial Megadiversity. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Historically microbial natural product biosynthesis pathways were elucidated mainly by isotope labelled precursor directed feeding studies. Now the genetics underpinning the assembly of microbial natural products biosynthesis is so well understood that some pathways and their products can be predicted from DNA sequences alone. The association between microbial natural products and their biosynthesis gene clusters is now driving the field of ‘genetics guided natural product discovery’. This account overviews our research into cyanotoxin biosynthesis before the genome sequencing era through to some recent discoveries resulting from the mining of Australian biota for natural product biosynthesis pathways.
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Raja HA, Kaur A, El-Elimat T, Figueroa M, Kumar R, Deep G, Agarwal R, Faeth SH, Cech NB, Oberlies NH. Phylogenetic and chemical diversity of fungal endophytes isolated from Silybum marianum (L) Gaertn. (milk thistle). Mycology 2015; 6:8-27. [PMID: 26000195 PMCID: PMC4409047 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1009186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of the herb milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is widespread, and its chemistry has been studied for over 50 years. However, milk thistle endophytes have not been studied previously for their fungal and chemical diversity. We examined the fungal endophytes inhabiting this medicinal herb to determine: (1) species composition and phylogenetic diversity of fungal endophytes; (2) chemical diversity of secondary metabolites produced by these organisms; and (3) cytotoxicity of the pure compounds against the human prostate carcinoma (PC-3) cell line. Forty-one fungal isolates were identified from milk thistle comprising 25 operational taxonomic units based on BLAST search via GenBank using published authentic sequences from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence data. Maximum likelihood analyses of partial 28S rRNA gene showed that these endophytes had phylogenetic affinities to four major classes of Ascomycota, the Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Leotiomycetes. Chemical studies of solid-substrate fermentation cultures led to the isolation of four new natural products. In addition, 58 known secondary metabolites, representing diverse biosynthetic classes, were isolated and characterized using a suite of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry techniques. Selected pure compounds were tested against the PC-3 cell line, where six compounds displayed cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC27402, USA
| | - Amninder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC27402, USA
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC27402, USA
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF04510, Mexico
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO80045, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO80045, USA
| | - Stanley H. Faeth
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC27402, USA
| | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC27402, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC27402, USA
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Qian CD, Fu YH, Jiang FS, Xu ZH, Cheng DQ, Ding B, Gao CX, Ding ZS. Lasiodiplodia sp. ME4-2, an endophytic fungus from the floral parts of Viscum coloratum, produces indole-3-carboxylic acid and other aromatic metabolites. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:297. [PMID: 25433389 PMCID: PMC4255639 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on endophytes, a relatively under-explored group of microorganisms, are currently popular amongst biologists and natural product researchers. A fungal strain (ME4-2) was isolated from flower samples of mistletoe (Viscum coloratum) during a screening program for endophytes. As limited information on floral endophytes is available, the aim of the present study is to characterise fungal endophytes using their secondary metabolites. Results ME4-2 grew well in both natural and basic synthetic media but produced no conidia. Sequence analysis of its internal transcribed spacer rDNA demonstrated that ME4-2 forms a distinct branch within the genus Lasiodiplodia and is closely related to L. pseudotheobromae. This floral endophyte was thus identified as Lasiodiplodia sp. based on its molecular biological characteristics. Five aromatic compounds, including cyclo-(Trp-Ala), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), indole-3-carbaldehyde, mellein and 2-phenylethanol, were found in the culture. The structures of these compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods combined with gas chromatography. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to report isolation of these aromatic metabolites from a floral endophyte. Interestingly, ICA, a major secondary metabolite produced by ME4-2, seemed to be biosynthesized via an unusual pathway. Furthermore, our results indicate that the fungus ME4-2 is a potent producer of 2-phenylethanol, which is a common component of floral essential oils. Conclusions This study introduces a fungal strain producing several important aromatic metabolites with pharmaceutical or food applications and suggests that endophytic fungi isolated from plant flowers are promising natural sources of aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Dong Qian
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China.
| | - Yu-Hang Fu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Jiang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China.
| | - Dong-Qing Cheng
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China.
| | - Bin Ding
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China.
| | - Cheng-Xian Gao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China.
| | - Zhi-Shan Ding
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China.
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Abdalla MA, Matasyoh JC. Endophytes as producers of peptides: an overview about the recently discovered peptides from endophytic microbes. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:257-70. [PMID: 25205333 PMCID: PMC4199945 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An endophyte is a fungus or bacterium that lives within a plant in a symbiotic relationship. Extensive colonization of the plant tissue by endophytes creates a barrier effect, where they outcompete and prevent pathogenic organisms from taking hold. This happens by producing secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of the competitors or pathogens. In this way they play a very important role in the plant defence mechanisms. The metabolites produced by these endophytes fall within a wide range of classes of compounds that include peptides which are the focus of this review. Peptides are increasingly being selected for drug development because they are specific for their targets and have a higher degree of interactions. There have been quite a number of endophytic peptides reported in the recent past indicating that endophytes can be used for the production of peptide based drugs. Molecular screening for NRPS, which shows peptide producing capability, has also shown that endophytes are potential producers of peptides. The presence of NRPS also offers the possibility of genetic modifications which may generate peptides with high pharmacological activities. This review, therefore, aims to show the current status of peptides isolated from endophytic bacteria and fungi in the recent decade. Endophytes as potential sources of peptides according to NRPS studies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Ali Abdalla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, 13314, Shambat, Khartoum North, Sudan,
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Santiago C, Sun L, Munro MHG, Santhanam J. Polyketide and benzopyran compounds of an endophytic fungus isolated from Cinnamomum mollissimum: biological activity and structure. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:627-32. [PMID: 25183332 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014apjtb-2014-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study bioactivity and compounds produced by an endophytic Phoma sp. fungus isolated from the medicinal plant Cinnamomum mollissimum. METHODS Compounds produced by the fungus were extracted from fungal broth culture with ethyl acetate. This was followed by bioactivity profiling of the crude extract fractions obtained via high performance liquid chromatography. The fractions were tested for cytotoxicity to P388 murine leukemic cells and antimicrobial activity against bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Compounds purified from active fractions which showed antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities were identified using capillary nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, mass spectrometry and admission to AntiMarin database. RESULTS Three known compounds, namely 4-hydroxymellein, 4,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-1-one and 1-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanone, were isolated from the fungus. The polyketide compound 4-hydroxymellein showed high inhibitory activity against P388 murine leukemic cells (94.6%) and the bacteria Bacillus subtilis (97.3%). Meanwhile, 4,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-1-one, a benzopyran compound, demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against P388 murine leukemic cells (48.8%) and the fungus Aspergillus niger (56.1%). The second polyketide compound, 1 (2,6-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanone was inactive against the tested targets. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the potential of endophytes as producers of pharmacologically important compounds, including polyketides which are major secondary metabolites in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Santiago
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | | | - Jacinta Santhanam
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Brader G, Compant S, Mitter B, Trognitz F, Sessitsch A. Metabolic potential of endophytic bacteria. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 27:30-7. [PMID: 24863894 PMCID: PMC4045207 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial endophytic microbiome promotes plant growth and health and beneficial effects are in many cases mediated and characterized by metabolic interactions. Recent advances have been made in regard to metabolite production by plant microsymbionts showing that they may produce a range of different types of metabolites. These substances play a role in defense and competition, but may also be needed for specific interaction and communication with the plant host. Furthermore, few examples of bilateral metabolite production are known and endophytes may modulate plant metabolite synthesis as well. We have just started to understand such metabolic interactions between plants and endophytes, however, further research is needed to more efficiently make use of beneficial plant-microbe interactions and to reduce pathogen infestation as well as to reveal novel bioactive substances of commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Brader
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stéphane Compant
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Birgit Mitter
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Friederike Trognitz
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Angela Sessitsch
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Alvin A, Miller KI, Neilan BA. Exploring the potential of endophytes from medicinal plants as sources of antimycobacterial compounds. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:483-95. [PMID: 24582778 PMCID: PMC7126926 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural product drug discovery has regained interest due to low production costs, structural diversity, and multiple uses of active compounds to treat various diseases. Attention has been directed towards medicinal plants as these plants have been traditionally used for generations to treat symptoms of numerous diseases. It is established that plants harbour microorganisms, collectively known as endophytes. Exploring the as-yet untapped natural products from the endophytes increases the chances of finding novel compounds. The concept of natural products targeting microbial pathogens has been applied to isolate novel antimycobacterial compounds, and the rapid development of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has significantly increased the need for new treatments against this pathogen. It remains important to continuously screen for novel compounds from natural sources, particularly from rarely encountered microorganisms, such as the endophytes. This review focuses on bioprospecting for polyketides and small peptides exhibiting antituberculosis activity, although current treatments against tuberculosis are described. It is established that natural products from these structure classes are often biosynthesised by microorganisms. Therefore it is hypothesised that some bioactive polyketides and peptides originally isolated from plants are in fact produced by their endophytes. This is of interest for further endophyte natural product investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsus Alvin
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kristin I Miller
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Köberl M, Schmidt R, Ramadan EM, Bauer R, Berg G. The microbiome of medicinal plants: diversity and importance for plant growth, quality and health. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:400. [PMID: 24391634 PMCID: PMC3868918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Past medicinal plant research primarily focused on bioactive phytochemicals, however, the focus is currently shifting due to the recognition that a significant number of phytotherapeutic compounds are actually produced by associated microbes or through interaction with their host. Medicinal plants provide an enormous bioresource of potential use in modern medicine and agriculture, yet their microbiome is largely unknown. The objective of this review is (i) to introduce novel insights into the plant microbiome with a focus on medicinal plants, (ii) to provide details about plant- and microbe-derived ingredients of medicinal plants, and (iii) to discuss possibilities for plant growth promotion and plant protection for commercial cultivation of medicinal plants. In addition, we also present a case study performed both to analyse the microbiome of three medicinal plants (Matricaria chamomilla L., Calendula officinalis L., and Solanum distichum Schumach. and Thonn.) cultivated on organically managed Egyptian desert farm and to develop biological control strategies. The soil microbiome of the desert ecosystem was comprised of a high abundance of Gram-positive bacteria of prime importance for pathogen suppression under arid soil conditions. For all three plants, we observed a clearly plant-specific selection of the microbes as well as highly specific diazotrophic communities that overall identify plant species as important drivers in structural and functional diversity. Lastly, native Bacillus spec. div. strains were able to promote plant growth and elevate the plants’ flavonoid production. These results underline the numerous links between the plant-associated microbiome and the plant metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Köberl
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Schmidt
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
| | - Elshahat M Ramadan
- Faculty of Agriculture, SEKEM, Heliopolis University, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
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Rivera-Chávez J, González-Andrade M, González MDC, Glenn AE, Mata R. Thielavins A, J and K: α-Glucosidase inhibitors from MEXU 27095, an endophytic fungus from Hintonia latiflora. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 94:198-205. [PMID: 23809634 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the bio-active organic extract obtained from solid-media culture of MEXU 27095, an endophytic fungus isolated from the Mexican medicinal plant Hintonia latiflora (Rubiaceae), led to separation of three tridepsides which were identified as thielavins A, J and K. All three compounds inhibited Saccharomyces cerevisieae α-glucosidase (αGHY) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 23.8, 15.8, and 22.1μM, respectively. Their inhibitory action was higher than that of acarbose (IC50=545μM), used as a positive control. Kinetic analysis established that the three compounds acted as non-competitive inhibitors with ki values of 27.8, 66.2 and 55.4μM, respectively (α=1.0, 1.2, 0.7, respectively); acarbose behaved as competitive inhibitor with a ki value of 156.1μM. Thielavin J inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (αGHBs) with an IC50 of 30.5μM, being less active than acarbose (IC50=0. 015μM); in this case, compound (2) (ki=20.0μM and α=2.9) and acarbose (ki=0.008μM and α=1.9) behaved as non-competitive inhibitors. Docking analysis predicted that all three thielavins and acarbose bind to homologated αGHBs and to αGHY (PDB: 3A4A) in a pocket close to the catalytic site for maltose and isomaltose, respectively. The α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of thielavin K (3) were corroborated in vivo since it induced a noted antihyperglycemic action during an oral sucrose tolerance test (3.1, 10.0 and 31.6mg/kg) in normal and nicotinamide-streptozotocin diabetic mice. In addition, at a dose of 10mg/kg, it provoked a moderate hypoglycemic activity in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rivera-Chávez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico
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Symbiotic influence of endophytic Bacillus pumilus on growth promotion and probiotic potential of the medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dasari S, Miller KI, Kalaitzis JA, Bhadbhade M, Neilan BA. Alternariol 9-O-methyl ether dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o872-3. [PMID: 23795051 PMCID: PMC3685032 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813012294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
THE TITLE COMPOUND (SYSTEMATIC NAME 3,7-dihy-droxy-9-meth-oxy-1-methyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate), C15H12O5·C2H6OS, was isolated from an unidentified endophytic fungus (belonging to class Ascomycetes) of Taxus sp. In the crystal, both the alternariol 9-O-methyl ether (AME) and the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mol-ecules exhibit crystallographic mirror symmetry. One of the hy-droxy groups makes bifurcated hydrogen bonds, viz. an intra-molecular bond with the carbonyl group and an inter-molecular bond with the carbonyl group in an inversion-related AME mol-ecule. In the crystal, the AME mol-ecules are organized into stacks parallel with the b axis by π-π inter-actions between centrosymmetrically related mol-ecules [the distance between the centroid of the central ring and the centroid of the meth-oxy-substituted benzene ring in the next mol-ecule of the stack is 3.6184 (5) Å]. Pairs of DMSO mol-ecules, linked via centrosymmetric C-H⋯O contacts, are inserted into the voids created by the AME mol-ecules, making O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O contacts with the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Dasari
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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