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Felch KL, Crider JD, Bhattacharjee D, Huhn C, Wilson M, Bengtén E. TLR7 in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is expressed in the endolysosome and is stimulated by synthetic ssRNA analogs, imiquimod, and resiquimod. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 157:105197. [PMID: 38763479 PMCID: PMC11234115 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and key mediators of innate immunity. Despite the significance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in comparative immunology and aquaculture, its 20 TLR genes remain largely functionally uncharacterized. In this study, our aim was to determine the catfish TLR7 agonists, signaling potential, and cellular localization. Using a mammalian reporter system, we identified imiquimod and resiquimod, typical ssRNA analogs, as potent catfish TLR7 agonists. Notably, unlike grass carp TLR7, catfish TLR7 lacks the ability to respond to poly (I:C). Confocal microscopy revealed predominant catfish TLR7 expression in lysosomes, co-localizing with the endosomal chaperone protein, UNC93B1. Furthermore, imiquimod stimulation elicited robust IFNb transcription in peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from adult catfish. These findings underscore the conservation of TLR7 signaling in catfish, reminiscent of mammalian TLR7 responses. Our study sheds light on the functional aspects of catfish TLR7 and contributes to a better understanding of its role in immune defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristianna L Felch
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Crider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Biology, Belmont University, 1900 Belmont Blvd, 37212, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Debduti Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Cameron Huhn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA; Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA; Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
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2
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Lv M, Zhang J, Wang W, Jiang R, Su J. Re-identification and characterization of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella TLR20. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 5:100119. [PMID: 37841419 PMCID: PMC10568090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns in the innate immune system. Fish TLRs have undergone significant gene expansion to adapt to complex aquatic environments. Among them, TLR20 from the TLR11 family actively responds to viral and bacterial invasions. Previous studies have reported two TLR20s in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and in this study, we revised this conclusion. Based on the latest grass carp genome, we identified a new TLR20 member. These three TLR20s are arranged in tandem on chromosome 9, indicating that they are generated by gene duplication events. They were renamed CiTLR20.1 to CiTLR20.3 based on their chromosomal positions. The CiTLR20s in C. idella exhibit higher similarities with those in Danio rerio, Cyprinus carpio, and Megalobrama amblycephala, and lower similarities with those in other distantly related fish species. Selective pressure analysis revealed low conservation and negative evolution of TLR20s during evolution. The 3D structures of the three TLR20s showed significant differences, reflecting functional variations and different downstream adaptor molecule recruitment. Transcriptome data revealed tissue distribution differences of TLR20s, with TLR20.1 showing relatively low expression levels in all the tissues, while TLR20.2 and TLR20.3 showed higher expression in the head kidney, spleen, and gill. Additionally, TLR20.2 and TLR20.3 actively responded to GCRV-II infection, with higher upregulation of TLR20.2 in response to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. In conclusion, this study corrected the number of grass carp TLR20 members and analyzed TLR20 from an evolutionary and structural perspective, exploring its role in antiviral and antibacterial defense. This study provides reference for future research on fish TLR20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Lv
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weicheng Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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3
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Ferdous F, Scott T. The Immunological Capacity of Thrombocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12950. [PMID: 37629130 PMCID: PMC10454457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytes are numerous in the blood of aves (birds) and ichthyoids (fish). The origin of this cell type is a common hematopoietic stem cell giving rise to a cell that is active in blood coagulation, inflammatory functions, and the immune response in general. It has been well documented that thrombocytes can phagocytize small particles and bacteria. While phagocytosis with an associated oxidative burst has been reported for chicken thrombocytes, some questions remain as to the degradation capacity of phagosomes in ichthyoids. As innate cells, thrombocytes can be stimulated by bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens to express altered gene expression. Furthermore, there have been observations that led researchers to state that platelets/thrombocytes are capable of serving as "professional antigen presenting cells" expressing CD40, CD80/86, MHC I, and MHC II. This indeed may be the case or, more likely at this time, provide supporting evidence that these cells aid and assist in the role of professional antigen-presenting cells to initiate adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Ferdous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Thomas Scott
- Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, 129 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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Nguyen TP, Nguyen BT, Nan FH, Lee MC, Lee PT. TLR23, a fish-specific TLR, recruits MyD88 and TRIF to activate expression of a range of effectors in melanomacrophages in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:34-46. [PMID: 35598740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important food fish species that is mainly cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. However, microbial diseases have created various difficulties for this industry. The fundamental prerequisite for tackling disease outbreak prevention and disease resistance is to know how hosts' immune responses against invading microbes are initiated. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital pattern recognition receptors and play pivotal roles in the cellular innate immunity defense that is able to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In this study, Oreochromis niloticus TLR23 (OnTLR23) was cloned and bioinformatic analyses revealed that OnTLR23 is not an ortholog of mammalian TLR13 as previously suggested. The basal transcript level of OnTLR23 was found to be higher in the immune-related organs and was upregulated in the spleen and/or head kidney following Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae or poly I:C injections, and increased in the melanomacrophage-like tilapia head kidney (THK) cell line after LPS and zymosan stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that OnTLR23 locates mainly in the intracellular region in fish cells and the constitutively active form of OnTLR23 promotes the expression of molecules related to antigen presentation, proinflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and type I interferon in THK cells. A co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that OnTLR23 can interact with both OnMyD88 and OnTRIF, but not with OnTIRAP. A luciferase assay showed that the NF-κB activity was not elevated in the OnTLR23 overexpressed THK cells after treatment with ligand for TLR13 as well as other known purified bacterial-derived ligands of TLRs. Taken together, OnTLR23 is likely to recruit OnMyD88 and OnTRIF as adaptors to induce the expression of various effectors in melanomacrophages, but its corresponding ligand is an issue awaiting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Phat Nguyen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Bao Trung Nguyen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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Sousa C, Fernandes SA, Cardoso JCR, Wang Y, Zhai W, Guerreiro PM, Chen L, Canário AVM, Power DM. Toll-Like Receptor Evolution: Does Temperature Matter? Front Immunol 2022; 13:812890. [PMID: 35237266 PMCID: PMC8882821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are an ancient and well-conserved group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The isolation of the Antarctic continent and its unique teleost fish and microbiota prompted the present investigation into Tlr evolution. Gene homologues of tlr members in teleosts from temperate regions were present in the genome of Antarctic Nototheniidae and the non-Antarctic sister lineage Bovichtidae. Overall, in Nototheniidae apart from D. mawsoni, no major tlr gene family expansion or contraction occurred. Instead, lineage and species-specific changes in the ectodomain and LRR of Tlrs occurred, particularly in the Tlr11 superfamily that is well represented in fish. Positive selective pressure and associated sequence modifications in the TLR ectodomain and within the leucine-rich repeats (LRR), important for pathogen recognition, occurred in Tlr5, Tlr8, Tlr13, Tlr21, Tlr22, and Tlr23 presumably associated with the unique Antarctic microbiota. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O111:B4) Gram negative bacteria did not modify tlr gene expression in N. rossii head–kidney or anterior intestine, although increased water temperature (+4°C) had a significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cármen Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - João C. R. Cardoso
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ying Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Adelino V. M. Canário
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Deborah M. Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Deborah M. Power,
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6
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Shan S, Liu R, Feng H, Meng F, Aizaz M, Yang G. Identification and functional characterization of a fish-specific tlr19 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) that recruits TRIF as an adaptor and induces ifn expression during the immune response. Vet Res 2021; 52:88. [PMID: 34130754 PMCID: PMC8207781 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 19 (Tlr19) is a fish-specific TLR that plays a critical role in innate immunity. In the present study, we aimed to identify tlr19 from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and explored its expression profile, localization, adaptor, and signaling pathways. A novel tlr19 cDNA sequence (Cctlr19) was identified in common carp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CcTlr19 was most closely related to Danio rerio Tlr19. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that CcTlr19 was synthesized in the free ribosome and then transported to early endosomes. Cctlr19 was constitutively expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression in the brain. After poly(I:C) and Aeromonas hydrophila injection, the expression of Cctlr19 was significantly upregulated in immune-related organs. In addition, the expression of Cctlr19 was upregulated in head kidney leukocytes (HKL) upon stimulation with different ligands. Immunofluorescence and luciferase analyses indicate that CcTlr19 recruited TRIF as an adaptor. Furthermore, CcTlr19 can activate the expression of ifn-1 and viperin. Taken together, these findings lay the foundation for future research to investigate the mechanisms underlying fish tlr19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hanxiao Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Muhanmmad Aizaz
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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7
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Liu G, Zhang H, Zhao C, Zhang H. Evolutionary History of the Toll-Like Receptor Gene Family across Vertebrates. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:3615-3634. [PMID: 31800025 PMCID: PMC6946030 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to a wide range of pathogenic environments is a major aspect of the ecological adaptations of vertebrates during evolution. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are ancient membrane-bound sensors in animals and are best known for their roles in detecting and defense against invading pathogenic microorganisms. To understand the evolutionary history of the vertebrate TLR gene family, we first traced the origin of single-cysteine cluster TLRs that share the same protein architecture with vertebrate TLRs in early-branching animals and then analyzed all members of the TLR family in over 200 species covering all major vertebrate clades. Our results indicate that although the emergence of single-cysteine cluster TLRs predates the separation of bilaterians and cnidarians, most vertebrate TLR members originated shortly after vertebrate emergence. Phylogenetic analyses divided 1,726 vertebrate TLRs into 8 subfamilies, and TLR3 may represent the most ancient subfamily that emerged before the branching of deuterostomes. Our analysis reveals that purifying selection predominated in the evolution of all vertebrate TLRs, with mean dN/dS (ω) values ranging from 0.082 for TLR21 in birds to 0.434 for TLR11 in mammals. However, we did observe patterns of positive selection acting on specific codons (527 of 60,294 codons across all vertebrate TLRs, 8.7‰), which are significantly concentrated in ligand-binding extracellular domains and suggest host–pathogen coevolutionary interactions. Additionally, we found stronger positive selection acting on nonviral compared with viral TLRs, indicating the more essential nonredundant function of viral TLRs in host immunity. Taken together, our findings provide comprehensive insight into the complex evolutionary processes of the vertebrate TLR gene family, involving gene duplication, pseudogenization, purification, and positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuai Liu
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China
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8
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Qi D, Chao Y, Zhang C, Wang Z, Wang W, Chen Q, Zheng Z, Zhang Z. Duplication of toll-like receptor 22 in teleost fishes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:752-760. [PMID: 31580937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The TLRs of teleost fishes have distinct features and are highly diverse, but the duplication characteristics and expression patterns of the tlr22 gene remain unclear. Here, we identified paralogous tlr22 genes in 13 teleost fishes by screening available fish genomic resources and using molecular cloning. We then conducted comprehensive bioinformatics analyses and investigated spatiotemporal differences in the expression patterns of the tlr22 genes in G. eckloni. The results indicated that more than three paralogous tlr22 genes were possessed by some teleost fishes. Of these, tlr22c is specific to some subfamilies of the Cyprinidae (e.g., Barbinae, Cyprininae, Schizothoracinae, and Leuciscinae). Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses showed that the paralogous tlr22 genes originated from two single-gene duplication events. Molecular clock calculations dated the two gene duplication events at 49.5 and 39.3 MYA, which is before the common carp-specific genome duplication event and well after the fish-specific genome duplication. Gene duplication of tlr22 was followed by gene loss or pseudogene events in certain lineages. Spatiotemporal expression differences between the three duplicated tlr22 genes from G. eckloni suggested that these genes diverged functionally after gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
| | - Yan Chao
- Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Cunfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Zhenji Wang
- Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station of Qinghai Province, Xining, 810012, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Qichang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Ziqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China; Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China; Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
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Comparative study on pattern recognition receptors in non-teleost ray-finned fishes and their evolutionary significance in primitive vertebrates. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:566-578. [PMID: 30929190 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play important roles in innate immunity system and trigger the specific pathogen recognition by detecting the pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The main four PRRs components including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) were surveyed in the five genomes of non-teleost ray-finned fishes (NTR) including bichir (Polypterus senegalus), American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) and bowfin (Amia calva), representing all the four major basal groups of ray-finned fishes. The result indicates that all the four PRRs components have been well established in these NTR fishes. In the RLR-MAVS signal pathway, which detects intracellular RNA ligands to induce production of type I interferons (IFNs), the MAVS was lost in bichir particularly. Also, the essential genes of recognition of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) commonly in mammals like MD2, LY96 and LBP could not be identified in NTR fishes. It is speculated that TLR4 in NTR fishes may act as a cooperator with other PRRs and has a different pathway of recognizing LPS compared with that in mammals. In addition, we provide a survey of NLR and CLR in NTR fishes. The CLRs results suggest that Group V receptors are absent in fishes and Group II and VI receptors are well established in the early vertebrate evolution. Our comprehensive research of PRRs involving NTR fishes provides a new insight into PRR evolution in primitive vertebrate.
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Li Y, Wu J, Li D, Huang A, Bu G, Meng F, Kong F, Cao X, Han X, Pan X, Fan W, Yang S, Wang J, Zeng X, Du X. Teleost-specific TLR25 identified from Schizothorax prenanti may recognize bacterial/viral components and activate NF-κB and type I IFNs signaling pathways. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:361-370. [PMID: 30081181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
TLR25 is a new member of TLR1 family that is only identified in teleosts, but its function in immune response is still unclear. In current study, the coding sequence (CDS) of TLR25 was cloned from Schizothorax prenanti (named spTLR25), and spTLR25 is 2454 bp in length and coding a protein of 817 aa. The spTLR25 contains a signal peptide, twenty leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, a LRR C-terminal (LRRCT) motif, a transmembrane region and a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that spTLR25 has the closest relationship with Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) TLR25-2. The 3D structure of spTLR25 exhibits 5 α-helices and 3 β-sheets in the TIR domain, and 8 α-helices and 6 β-sheets in the LRR domains. The spTLR25 is mainly expressed in immune-related tissues and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Furthermore, the expression levels of spTLR25 were upregulated in spleen, head kidney and liver while S. prenanti was challenged with LPS or Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah), and the upregulation was also detected in head kidney leukocytes (HKL) after LPS and Poly (I:C) stimulation. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that NF-κB and type I IFNs signaling pathways can be activated by spTLR25, and this process may involve in the cascade amplification of TLR25-MyD88 signaling. In addition, the co-localization analysis showed that spTLR25 localizes to intracellular region. Taken together, our results reveal that teleost-specific TLR25 may be a multifunctional receptor for recognizing both LPS and Poly (I:C) and may activate NF-κB and type I IFNs signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkun Li
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Anqi Huang
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guixian Bu
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fanli Kong
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xingfa Han
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaofu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, PR China
| | - Wei Fan
- Fisheries Technology Extension Station of Yunnan, Kunming, 660034, PR China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang, 641100, PR China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Du
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China.
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Wu M, Guo L, Zhu KC, Guo HY, Liu B, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Genomic structure and molecular characterization of Toll-like receptors 1 and 2 from golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and their expression response to three types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:34-40. [PMID: 29723549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the immune response. Here two Toll-like receptors from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus), ToTLR1 and ToTLR2, were characterized, the full-length cDNAs were 3126 bp and 7430 bp, and the deduced proteins consisted of 801 and 825 amino acids, respectively. ToTLR1 and ToTLR2 both contained the typical TLR domain architecture including signal peptide, leucine rich repeat (LRR), C-terminal LRR domain at the extracellular region and Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (TIR) domain in the cytoplasmic region. ToTLR1 only had one intron and two exons, but ToTLR2 consisted of twelve introns and thirteen exons. The promoters of ToTLR1 and ToTLR2 contained several putative transcription factor binding sites. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ToTLR1 and ToTLR2 were clustered into the clade of TLR1 and TLR2, respectively. Tissues distribution analysis indicated that both genes were ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, with higher expression levels observed in blood, head-kidney and spleen. After injection with poly inosinic:cytidylic [poly(I:C)], flagellin and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), ToTLR1 and ToTLR2 mRNAs were significantly up-regulated in the immune related tissues, indicating the possible the role of ToTLR1 and ToTLR2 in defense against pathogenic microbes. Further research should be carried out to identify ligands of fish TLR1 and TLR2 in order to understand the function of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 200090 Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 200090 Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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12
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Li H, Li T, Guo Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Teng N, Zhang F, Yang G. Molecular characterization and expression patterns of a non-mammalian toll-like receptor gene (TLR21) in larvae ontogeny of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and upon immune stimulation. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:153. [PMID: 29724212 PMCID: PMC5934810 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the host innate immune system, various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and represent an efficient first line of defense against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of PRRs, which are able to recognize a wide range of PAMPs and play a central role in initiating innate immune responses. TLR21 is one of the non-mammalian TLRs identified in some bird and fish species. Results In the present study, we reported the cloning and identification of a TLR21 cDNA from the head kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), named CcTLR21. The full-length CcTLR21 cDNA was 3557 bp long, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 2895 bp, which encoded a putative protein of 964 amino acids. The putative CcTLR21 protein was found to comprise a signal peptide, 14 LRR domains in the extracellular region and a TIR domain in the cytoplasmic region, which fits with the characteristic TLR domain architecture. The phylogenetic analysis showed that CcTLR21 possessed high amino acid identities with the TLR21s in other freshwater teleosts. A Real-time PCR assay showed that CcTLR21 mRNA was expressed in almost all tissues examined in healthy common carp, while the levels obviously varied among different tissues. During the embryonic and early larval developmental stages of common carp, the CcTLR21 showed two peaks of expression, with the first at 1 dpf and the second at 10 dpf. When challenged with poly(I:C) (a viral model) or Aeromonas hydrophila, the expression level of CcTLR21 was up-regulated in a variety of common carp tissues. Conclusions Our findings indicate that CcTLR21 plays a significant role in innate immune defense during larvae ontogeny and in responses to viral or bacterial pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1474-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Teng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
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Gong Y, Feng S, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Hu M, Xu P, Jiang Y. Genome-wide characterization of Toll-like receptor gene family in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and their involvement in host immune response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 24:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Fadel A, Plunkett A, Li W, Tessu Gyamfi VE, Nyaranga RR, Fadel F, Dakak S, Ranneh Y, Salmon Y, Ashworth JJ. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by arabinoxylans. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmannan Fadel
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Plunkett
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Weili Li
- Institute of Food Science & Innovation; University of Chester; Chester CH1 4BJ United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Elewosi Tessu Gyamfi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Rosemarie Roma Nyaranga
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Fadel
- Independent Researcher, Al-Baha University; Al Bahah Saudi Arabia
| | - Suaad Dakak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; Al-Ahliyya Amman University; Amman Jordan
| | - Yazan Ranneh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Yasser Salmon
- Veteriner Fakultesi, Istanbul Universitesi; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Jason J Ashworth
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
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Qi D, Xia M, Chao Y, Zhao Y, Wu R. Identification, molecular evolution of toll-like receptors in a Tibetan schizothoracine fish (Gymnocypris eckloni) and their expression profiles in response to acute hypoxia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:102-113. [PMID: 28698123 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays an important role in regulating a variety of physiological responses as well as in pathological situations, but to date the roles of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in fish in response to hypoxia are still poorly understood. Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of G. eckloni and identified the members of TLR family by scanning transcriptome, and then investigated the expression profiles of a complete set of TLRs in G. eckloni in response to acute hypoxia (4 h at DO = 0.3 ± 0.1 mg/L). The de novo-assembled transcriptome consisted of a total of 162,235 transcripts, further clustered into 110,231 unigenes. Based on the transcriptome, a total of 18 TLRs were identified in G. eckloni, and of them three TLRs (TLR5, TLR8 and TLR22) possessed two distinct paralogous genes. The duplicated genes of TLR22 were discovered for the first time in cyprinid fish, but did not origin from a recent duplication event. Of them TLR22b may be specific for schizothoracine fish, at least for G. eckloni. Phylogenetic analysis supported the classification of TLRs into six families as in other vertebrates but was partly different from the previous study. The sliding window analysis showed strong signals of positive selection in TLR2, TLR 4, TLR 5a, TLR 7, TLR 19, TLR 20, TLR 21, TLR 22a and TLR 22b, but most codons under positive selection were located in the putative LRR regions. The mRNA expression of most TLRs in head kidney, spleen and gill decreased significantly or remained unchanged under acute hypoxia, whereas acute hypoxia increased expressions of TLR2 and TLR3 in head kidney, of TLR8a, TLR12 and TLR19 in spleen, and of TLR1 in gill, suggesting tissues-specific expressions of TLRs play important roles in mediating innate immune responses for host defense against tissue damages or physiological changes induced by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Mingzhe Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yan Chao
- Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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16
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Wang KL, Ji W, Zhang GR, Wei KJ, Shi ZC, Zhang XT, Zheng H, Fan QX. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of three TLR genes in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): Responses to stimulation of Aeromonas hydrophila and TLR ligands. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:466-479. [PMID: 28546018 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the most extensively researched pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play an important role in the innate immune system. In this study, partial cDNA sequences of the Pf_TLR18 and Pf_TLR19 genes and complete cDNA sequence of the Pf_TLR21 gene were cloned from yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). The open reading frames (ORFs) of the Pf_TLR18, Pf_TLR19 and Pf_TLR21 genes were 1956 bp, 2262 bp and 2949 bp in length, encoding 651, 753 and 982 amino acids, respectively. The Pf_TLR18 and Pf_TLR19 consist of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a transmembrane domain and a Toll/interleukin-I receptor domain, and the Pf_TLR21 only has LRRs and TIR domain. Homologous identity revealed that the Pf_TLR18, Pf_TLR19 and Pf_TLR21 genes have high nucleotide and protein sequence similarity with channel catfish, especially the TIR domains that exhibited the greatest conservation compared to channel catfish. Ontogenetic expression analyses indicated that the mRNA expressions of the Pf_TLR18, Pf_TLR19 and Pf_TLR21 genes could be detected from fertilized eggs to 30 day post-hatching and they exhibited different variation trends after hatching. The three TLR genes were expressed in various tissues, but they were mostly highly expressed in the spleen. The mRNA expression levels of the three genes were up-regulated in the spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, liver and blood after challenge of killed Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, the expressions of the three TLR genes were induced to up-regulate in isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes of yellow catfish after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). Our findings indicate that the three TLR genes may play a potential role in the host defense against pathogenic microbes. These results will provide valuable information to better understand the function of TLR genes in the innate immune system of yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Gui-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Kai-Jian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Ze-Chao Shi
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Huan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Qi-Xue Fan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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17
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Li H, Yang G, Ma F, Li T, Yang H, Rombout JHWM, An L. Molecular characterization of a fish-specific toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) gene from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Evolutionary relationship and induced expression upon immune stimulants. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:74-86. [PMID: 28192255 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the host innate immune system, various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved pathogens-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and represent an efficient first line of defense against invading pathogens. TLR22 is one of the fish-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs), identified in a variety of fish species. In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a TLR22 cDNA from the gills of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The full-length CcTLR22 cDNA was 3301 bp long, including a 32 bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame (ORF) of 2838 bp and a 432 bp 3'-UTR.The CcTLR22 protein was found to comprise a signal peptide, 16 LRR domains, a LRRCT domain in the extracellular region and a TIR domain in the cytoplasmic region, which fits with the characteristic TLR domain architecture. The genomic organization of CcTLR22 was identified, which was encoded by an uninterrupted exon. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that all known teleost TLR22 members were clustered into an independent clade of the TLR22 family, and showed high amino acid identities with other fish TLRs. Real-time PCR assay showed that CcTLR22 mRNA was expressed in almost all tissues examined, while the levels obviously varied among different tissues. When challenged with poly(I:C) (a viral model) or A. hydrophila bacteria, the expression level of CcTLR22 was up-regulated in a variety of common carp tissues. These results indicate that CcTLR22 plays a significant role in systemic as well as mucosal defence after viral or bacterial stimulation or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Fei Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Huiting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Jan H W M Rombout
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 9101, Wageningen 6700 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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18
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Li Y, Li Y, Cao X, Jin X, Jin T. Pattern recognition receptors in zebrafish provide functional and evolutionary insight into innate immune signaling pathways. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:80-89. [PMID: 27721456 PMCID: PMC5214946 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their signaling pathways have essential roles in recognizing various components of pathogens as well as damaged cells and triggering inflammatory responses that eliminate invading microorganisms and damaged cells. The zebrafish relies heavily on these primary defense mechanisms against pathogens. Here, we review the major PRR signaling pathways in the zebrafish innate immune system and compare these signaling pathways in zebrafish and humans to reveal their evolutionary relationship and better understand their innate immune defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yuelong Li
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiaocong Cao
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiangyu Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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Huang WJ, Yang X, Shen Y, Xu XY, Li L, Wang R, Li J. Identification and functional analysis of the toll-like receptor 20.2 gene in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:91-97. [PMID: 27370974 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We characterized and identified the cDNA sequence of Toll-like receptor 20.2 in Ctenopharyngodon idella (gctlr20.2); it consisted of 3197 bp, with an open reading frame of 2835 bp that encoded a 944 amino acid polypeptide. Relatively, high expression levels of gctlr20.2 were observed in the spleen, head kidney, liver and brain tissues, with lower expression levels in the trunk kidney, intestine and heart tissues. In vivo and in vitro, after being challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila or grass carp reovirus (GCRV), gctlr20.2 expression was induced in C. idella kidney cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, flagellin or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Overexpression of gctlr20.2 increased the expression of il1β, il8 and tnf-α, but not ifn, and also increased the activity of the nf-κB signal pathway. Silencing, via siRNA-tlr20.2, inhibited gctlr20.2 transcription by 65.7% and down-regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes, but not tnf-α. This study increases understanding of the immune system in C. idella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Healthy Culture Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Suzhou Shenhang Eco-Technology Development Co., LTD, Suzhou, 215221, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lisen Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Healthy Culture Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Suzhou Shenhang Eco-Technology Development Co., LTD, Suzhou, 215221, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Liu QN, Xin ZZ, Chai XY, Jiang SH, Li CF, Zhang HB, Ge BM, Zhang DZ, Zhou CL, Tang BP. Characterization of immune-related genes in the yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in response to LPS challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:248-254. [PMID: 27235365 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish are considered an excellent model for studies in comparative immunology as they are a representative population of lower vertebrates linked to invertebrate evolution. To gain a better understanding of the immune response in fish, we constructed a subtractive cDNA library from the head kidney of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). A total of 300 putative EST clones were identified which contained 95 genes, including 27 immune-related genes, 7 cytoskeleton-related genes, 3 genes involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis, 9 respiration and energy metabolism-related genes, 7 genes related to transport, 24 metabolism-related genes, 10 genes involved in stress responses, seven genes involved in regulation of transcription and translation and 59 unknown genes. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, a subset of randomly selected genes involved in the immune response to lipopolysaccharide challenge were investigated to verify the reliability of the SSH data which identified 16 up-regulated genes. The genes identified in this study provide novel insight into the immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Zhao-Zhe Xin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Xin-Yue Chai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Sen-Hao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Chao-Feng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Hua-Bin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Bao-Ming Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Dai-Zhen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Bo-Ping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
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21
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Fink IR, Pietretti D, Voogdt CGP, Westphal AH, Savelkoul HFJ, Forlenza M, Wiegertjes GF. Molecular and functional characterization of Toll-like receptor (Tlr)1 and Tlr2 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:70-83. [PMID: 27368535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental components of innate immunity that play significant roles in the defence against pathogen invasion. In this study, we present the molecular characterization of the full-length coding sequence of tlr1, tlr2a and tlr2b from common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Each is encoded within a single exon and contains a conserved number of leucine-rich repeats, a transmembrane region and an intracellular TIR domain for signalling. Indeed, sequence, phylogenetic and synteny analysis of carp tlr1, tlr2a and tlr2b support that these genes are orthologues of mammalian TLR1 and TLR2. The tlr genes are expressed in various immune organs and cell types. Furthermore, the carp sequences exhibited a good three-dimensional fit with the heterodimer structure of human TLR1-TLR2, including the potential to bind to the ligand Pam3CSK4. This supports the possible formation of carp Tlr1-Tlr2 heterodimers. However, we were unable to demonstrate Tlr1/Tlr2-mediated ligand binding in transfected cell lines through NF-κB activation, despite showing the expression and co-localization of Tlr1 and Tlr2. We discuss possible limitations when studying ligand-specific activation of NF-κB after expression of Tlr1 and/or Tlr2 in human but also fish cell lines and we propose alternative future strategies for studying ligand-binding properties of fish Tlrs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge R Fink
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danilo Pietretti
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos G P Voogdt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, PO Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Altmann S, Korytář T, Kaczmarzyk D, Nipkow M, Kühn C, Goldammer T, Rebl A. Toll-like receptors in maraena whitefish: Evolutionary relationship among salmonid fishes and patterns of response to Aeromonas salmonicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:391-401. [PMID: 27131902 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) interact directly with particular pathogenic structures and are thus highly important to innate immunity. The present manuscript characterises a suite of 14 TLRs in maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena), a salmonid species with increasing importance for aquaculture. Whitefish TLRs were structurally and evolutionary analysed. The results revealed a close relationship with TLRs from salmonid fish species rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Profiling the baseline expression of TLR genes in whitefish indicated that mainly members of the TLR11 family were highly expressed across all investigated tissues. A stimulation model with inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida was used to induce inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of whitefish. This bacterial challenge induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and evoked a strong influx of granulated cells of myeloid origin into the peritoneal cavity. As a likely consequence, the abundance of TLR-encoding transcripts increased moderately in peritoneal cells, with the highest levels of transcripts encoding non-mammalian TLR22a and a soluble TLR5 variant. In the course of inflammation, the proportion of granulated cells increased in peripheral blood accompanied by elevated TLR copy numbers in spleen and simultaneously reduced TLR copy numbers in head kidney at day 3 post-stimulation. Altogether, the present study provides in-vivo evidence for relatively modest TLR response patterns, but marked trafficking of myeloid cells as an immunophysiological consequence of A. salmonicida inflammation in whitefish. The present results contribute to improved understanding of the host-pathogen interaction in salmonid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Altmann
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Laboratory for Comparative Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danuta Kaczmarzyk
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Proteomics, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 10450 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mareen Nipkow
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Kühn
- State Research Centre for Agriculture and Fishery (LFA M-V), Institute for Fishery, Fischerweg 408, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Wang J, Zhang Z, Liu J, Zhao J, Yin D. Ectodomain Architecture Affects Sequence and Functional Evolution of Vertebrate Toll-like Receptors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26705. [PMID: 27216145 PMCID: PMC4877655 DOI: 10.1038/srep26705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial components of innate immunity that specifically recognize diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns from pathogens. The continuous hydrogen-bond network (asparagine ladder) formed among the asparagine residues on the concave surfaces of neighboring leucine-rich repeat modules assists in stabilizing the overall shape of TLR ectodomains responsible for ligand recognition. Analysis of 28 types of vertebrate TLRs showed that their ectodomains possessed three types of architectures: a single-domain architecture with an intact asparagine ladder, a three-domain architecture with the ladder interrupted in the middle, and a trans-three-domain architecture with the ladder broken in both termini. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, the three vertebrate TLR architectures arose during early evolution. The 1428 vertebrate TLRs can be divided into eight families based on sequence and structural differences. TLRs ligand specificities are affected by their ectodomain architectures. Three-domain TLRs bind hydrophobic ligands, whereas single-domain and trans-three-domain TLRs mainly recognize hydrophilic ligands. Analysis of 39 vertebrate genomes suggested that the number of single-domain TLR genes in terrestrial vertebrate genomes decreased by half compared to aquatic vertebrate genomes. Single-domain TLR genes underwent stronger purifying selective pressures than three-domain TLR genes in mammals. Overall, ectodomain architecture influences the sequence and functional evolution of vertebrate TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Wang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Deling Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Ao J, Mu Y, Wang K, Sun M, Wang X, Chen X. Identification and characterization of a novel Toll-like receptor 2 homologue in the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:221-227. [PMID: 26551050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of innate immunity that play significant roles in immune defence against pathogen invasion. In the present study, we identified a novel TLR2 homologue (LycTLR2b) in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) that shared low sequence identity with the previously reported large yellow croaker TLR2 (tentatively named LycTLR2a). The full-length cDNA of LycTLR2b was 2926 nucleotides (nt) long and encoded a protein consisting of 797 amino acids (aa). The deduced LycTLR2b protein exhibited a typical TLR domain architecture including a signal peptide, seven leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular region, a transmembrane domain, and a Toll-Interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain in the cytoplasmic region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both LycTLR2a and LycTLR2b fall into a major clade formed by all TLR2 sequences, and are divided into two distinct branches. Genomic organization revealed that the LycTLR2b gene lacks intron, which is similar to zebrafish and human TLR2 genes, whereas the LycTLR2a gene contains multiple introns, as found in damselfish TLR2a and Fugu TLR2 genes. Syntenic analysis suggested that the occurrence of LycTLR2a and LycTLR2b may result from a relatively recent genome duplication event. LycTLR2b mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined although at different levels. Following bacterial vaccine challenge, LycTLR2b expression levels were significantly up-regulated in both spleen and head kidney tissues. Taken together, these results indicated that two different TLR2 homologues, which may play roles in antibacterial immunity, exist in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Kunru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
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25
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Qi Z, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Ma T, Zhou J, Holland JW, Gao Q. Transcriptome analysis of the endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus): Immune modulation in response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 169:85-95. [PMID: 26620078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is the largest extant amphibian species. Disease outbreaks represent one of the major factors threatening A. davidianus populations in the wild and the viability of artificial breeding programmes. Development of future immune therapies to eliminate infectious disease in A. davidianus is dependent on a thorough understanding of the immune mechanisms elicited by pathogen encounters. To this end we have undertaken, for the first time in amphibians, differential transcriptome analysis of the giant salamander response to Aeromonas hydrophila, one of the most devastating pathogens affecting amphibian populations. Out of 87,204 non-redundant consensus unigenes 19,216 were annotated, 6834 of which were upregulated and 906 down-regulated following bacterial infection. 2058 unigenes were involved with immune system processes, including 287 differentially expressed unigenes indicative of the impact of bacterial infection on several innate and adaptive immune pathways in the giant salamander. Other pathways not directly associated with immune-related activity were differentially expressed, including developmental, structural, molecular and growth processes. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the underlying immune mechanisms elicited during bacterial infection in amphibians that may aid in the future development of disease control measures in protecting the Chinese giant salamander. With the unique position of amphibians in the transition of tetrapods from aquatic to terrestrial habitats, our study will also be invaluable towards the further understanding of the evolution of tetrapod immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China; School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China.
| | - Qihuan Zhang
- School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Zisheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China; School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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26
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Zhang J, Li L, Kong X, Wu F, Zhou C, Nie G, Li X. Expression patterns of Toll-like receptors in natural triploid Carassius auratus after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Wang J, Zhang Z, Fu H, Zhang S, Liu J, Chang F, Li F, Zhao J, Yin D. Structural and evolutionary characteristics of fish-specific TLR19. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:271-279. [PMID: 26363234 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system of fish. Although ten years have passed since the first identification, the systematic knowledge about fish-specific TLR19 is still far insufficient. In present study, a phylogenetic analysis showed that TLR19 belonged to family 11, and clustered with TLR20 and TLR11/12 on the evolutionary tree. TLR20 is the closest paralogue of TLR19. The ectodomain of TLR19 contains 24 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. The electrostatic surface potential analysis indicated that the modeled structure of TLR19 ectodomain showed much stronger polarity on the ascending lateral surface than on the descending lateral surface. The ascending lateral surface with strong electrostatic surface potential possibly mainly participates in the ligand binding of TLR19 ectodomain. The quite small dN/dS value at the TLR19 locus showed that TLR19 was very conserved. Approximately one third codons in the coding sequence of TLR19 were subjected to significantly negative selection, whereas only 5 codons underwent significantly positive selection. Overall, these findings possibly help in deepening the understanding to fish-specific TLR19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Wang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Hui Fu
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shangli Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Fen Chang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Tong C, Lin Y, Zhang C, Shi J, Qi H, Zhao K. Transcriptome-wide identification, molecular evolution and expression analysis of Toll-like receptor family in a Tibet fish, Gymnocypris przewalskii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:334-345. [PMID: 26102458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key components of innate immunity that play significant roles in immune defense against pathogens invasion. Recent frequent outbreaks of the "white spot disease" caused by parasitic infection in farmed Tibetan fishes had resulted in great economic losses. However, to our knowledge, the roles of TLRs in mediating immune response to parasitic infection in Tibetan fishes remain to be determined. Here, we performed data-mining on a widely-farmed Tibetan fish (Gymnocypris przewalskii or Gp) transcriptome to determine the genetic variation and expression pattern of TLRs. We totally obtained 14 GpTLRs and identified 5 with a complete coding sequence. Phylogenetic analysis verified their identities and supported the classification of TLRs into six families as in other vertebrates. The TLR family motifs, such as leucine rich repeat (LRR) and Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (TIR) domain, are conserved in GpTLR1-5. Selective pressure test demonstrated that all known GpTLRs are under purifying selection, except GpTLR4 underwent positive selection. Further, site model analysis suggested that 11 positively selected sites are found in LRR domain of GpTLR4. Three positively selected sites are located on outside surface of TLR4 3D structure, indicating that function of GpTLR4 may be affected. Tissue specific expression analysis showed all GpTLRs are present in gill, head-kidney and spleen but the relative abundance varied among tissues. In response to parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection, 5 GpTLR (GpTLR1, -2, -4, -9 and -20) expressions were induced. Intriguingly, GpTLR4 was significantly up-regulated in gills, while GpTLR19 and GpTLR21 unexpectedly showed no any change. In summary, these results revealed the first genomic resources of TLR family and several parasitic infection responsive TLRs in Tibetan fish. These findings provide key information for future studies aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response to pathogen invasion in Tibetan fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiu Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cunfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Jianquan Shi
- The Rescues Center of Qinghai-Lake Naked Carp, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Hongfang Qi
- The Rescues Center of Qinghai-Lake Naked Carp, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China.
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Wang J, Zhang Z, Liu J, Li F, Chang F, Fu H, Zhao J, Yin D. Structural characterization and evolutionary analysis of fish-specific TLR27. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:940-945. [PMID: 26093204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components of the innate immune response of fish. In a phylogenetic analysis, TLR27 from three fish species, which belongs to TLR family 1, clustered with TLR14/18 and TLR25 on the evolutionary tree. The ectodomain of TLR27 is predicted to include 19 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. Structural modeling showed that the TLR27 ectodomain can be divided into three distinctive sections. The lack of conserved asparagines on the concave surface of the central subdomain causes a structural transition in the middle of the ectodomain, forming a distinct hydrophobic pocket at the border between the central subdomain and the C-terminal subdomain. We infer that, like other functionally characterized TLRs in family 1, the hydrophobic pocket located between LRR11 and LRR12 participates in ligand recognition by TLR27. An evolutionary analysis showed that the dN/dS value at the TLR27 locus was very low. Approximately one quarter of the total number of TLR27 sites are under significant negatively selection pressure, whereas only two sites are under positive selection. Consequently, TLR27 is highly evolutionarily conserved and probably plays an extremely important role in the innate immune systems of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Wang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Fen Chang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Hui Fu
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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30
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Fink IR, Ribeiro CMS, Forlenza M, Taverne-Thiele A, Rombout JHWM, Savelkoul HFJ, Wiegertjes GF. Immune-relevant thrombocytes of common carp undergo parasite-induced nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 50:146-154. [PMID: 25681740 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Common carp thrombocytes account for 30-40% of peripheral blood leukocytes and are abundant in the healthy animals' spleen, the thrombopoietic organ. We show that, ex vivo, thrombocytes from healthy carp express a large number of immune-relevant genes, among which several cytokines and Toll-like receptors, clearly pointing at immune functions of carp thrombocytes. Few studies have described the role of fish thrombocytes during infection. Carp are natural host to two different but related protozoan parasites, Trypanoplasma borreli and Trypanosoma carassii, which reside in the blood and tissue fluids. We used the two parasites to undertake controlled studies on the role of fish thrombocytes during these infections. In vivo, but only during infection with T. borreli, thrombocytes were massively depleted from the blood and spleen leading to severe thrombocytopenia. Ex vivo, addition of nitric oxide induced a clear and rapid apoptosis of thrombocytes from healthy carp, supporting a role for nitric oxide-mediated control of immune-relevant thrombocytes during infection with T. borreli. The potential advantage for parasites to selectively deplete the host of thrombocytes via nitric oxide-induced apoptosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge R Fink
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M S Ribeiro
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Taverne-Thiele
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H W M Rombout
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Babik W, Dudek K, Fijarczyk A, Pabijan M, Stuglik M, Szkotak R, Zieliński P. Constraint and adaptation in newt toll-like receptor genes. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 7:81-95. [PMID: 25480684 PMCID: PMC4316619 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute die-offs of amphibian populations worldwide have been linked to the emergence of viral and fungal diseases. Inter and intraspecific immunogenetic differences may influence the outcome of infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential component of innate immunity and also prime acquired defenses. We report the first comprehensive assessment of TLR gene variation for urodele amphibians. The Lissotriton newt TLR repertoire includes representatives of 13 families and is compositionally most similar to that of the anuran Xenopus. Both ancient and recent gene duplications have occurred in urodeles, bringing the total number of TLR genes to at least 21. Purifying selection has predominated the evolution of newt TLRs in both long (∼70 Ma) and medium (∼18 Ma) timescales. However, we find evidence for both purifying and positive selection acting on TLRs in two recently diverged (2-5 Ma) allopatric evolutionary lineages (Lissotriton montandoni and L. vulgaris graecus). Overall, both forms of selection have been stronger in L. v. graecus, while constraint on most TLR genes in L. montandoni appears relaxed. The differences in selection regimes are unlikely to be biased by demographic effects because these were controlled by means of a historical demographic model derived from an independent data set of 62 loci. We infer that TLR genes undergo distinct trajectories of adaptive evolution in closely related amphibian lineages, highlight the potential of TLRs to capture the signatures of different assemblages of pathogenic microorganisms, and suggest differences between lineages in the relative roles of innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Babik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dudek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Fijarczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Pabijan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Stuglik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Szkotak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Zieliński
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Lee PT, Zou J, Holland JW, Martin SAM, Collet B, Kanellos T, Secombes CJ. Identification and characterisation of TLR18-21 genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:549-559. [PMID: 25450999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish possess many types of toll-like receptor (TLR) some of which exist in other vertebrate groups and some that do not (ie so-called "fish-specific" TLRs). In this study, we identified in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) whole-genome shotgun (WGS) contigs seven TLRs that are not found in mammals, including six types of fish-specific TLRs (one TLR18, one TLR19, and four TLR20 members (two of which are putative soluble forms (s)) and one TLR21. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that teleost TLR19-21 are closely related with murine TLR11-TLR13, whilst teleost TLR18 groups with mammalian TLR1, 2, 6 and 10. A typical TLR protein domain structure was found in all these TLRs with the exception of TLR20b(s) and TLR20c(s). TLR-GFP expression plasmids transfected into SHK-1 cells showed that salmon TLR19, TLR20a and TLR20d were preferentially localised to the intracellular compartment. Real time PCR analysis suggested that salmon TLR19-TLR21 are mainly expressed in immune related organs, such as spleen, head kidney and gills, while TLR18 transcripts are more abundant in muscle. In vitro stimulation of primary head kidney cells with type I IFN, IFNγ and IL-1β had no impact on TLR expression. Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) infection, in vivo, down-regulated TLR20a, TLR20b(s), TLR20d and TLR21 in infected salmon kidney tissue. In contrast, up-regulation of TLR19 and TLR20a expression was found in posterior kidney in rainbow trout with clinical proliferative kidney disease (PKD).
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Lee
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - J Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - J W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - S A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - B Collet
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - T Kanellos
- Zoetis International Service, 23-25 Avenue du Dr. Lannelongue 75668 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - C J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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Zhang J, Kong X, Zhou C, Li L, Nie G, Li X. Toll-like receptor recognition of bacteria in fish: ligand specificity and signal pathways. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:380-8. [PMID: 25241605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize the conserved molecular structure of pathogens and trigger the signaling pathways that activate immune cells in response to pathogen infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first and best characterized innate immune receptors. To date, at least 20 TLR types (TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5M, 5S, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26) have been found in more than a dozen of fish species. However, of the TLRs identified in fish, direct evidence of ligand specificity has only been shown for TLR2, TLR3, TLR5M, TLR5S, TLR9, TLR21, and TLR22. Some studies have suggested that TLR2, TLR5M, TLR5S, TLR9, and TLR21 could specifically recognize PAMPs from bacteria. In addition, other TLRs including TLR1, TLR4, TLR14, TLR18, and TLR25 may also be sensors of bacteria. TLR signaling pathways in fish exhibit some particular features different from that in mammals. In this review, the ligand specificity and signal pathways of TLRs that recognize bacteria in fish are summarized. References for further studies on the specificity for recognizing bacteria using TLRs and the following reactions triggered are discussed. In-depth studies should be continuously performed to identify the ligand specificity of all TLRs in fish, particularly non-mammalian TLRs, and their signaling pathways. The discovery of TLRs and their functions will contribute to the understanding of disease resistance mechanisms in fish and provide new insights for drug intervention to manipulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
| | - Chuanjiang Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xuejun Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
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Kanwal Z, Wiegertjes GF, Veneman WJ, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Comparative studies of Toll-like receptor signalling using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:35-52. [PMID: 24560981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish model systems for infectious disease are increasingly used for the functional analysis of molecular pattern recognition processes. These studies benefit from the high conservation level of all innate immune factors in vertebrates. Zebrafish studies are strategically well positioned for this because of the ease of comparisons with studies in other fish species of which the immune system also has been intensively studied, but that are currently still less amendable to detailed genetic or microscopic studies. In this paper we focus on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling factors, which currently are the best characterized in mammalian systems. We review the knowledge on TLR signalling in the context of recent advances in zebrafish studies and discuss possibilities for future approaches that can complement studies in cell cultures and rodent models. A focus in these comparisons is the role of negative control mechanisms in immune responses that appear very important in a whole organism to keep adverse systemic responses in check. We also pay much attention to comparisons with studies in common carp that is highly related to zebrafish and that because of its large body mass can complement immune studies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Kanwal
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Veneman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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