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An Y, Lu W, Li W, Pan L, Lu M, Cesarino I, Li Z, Zeng W. Dietary Fiber in Plant Cell Walls—The Healthy Carbohydrates. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is one of the major classes of nutrients for humans. It is widely distributed in the edible parts of natural plants, with the cell wall being the main DF-containing structure. The DF content varies significantly in different plant species and organs, and the processing procedure can have a dramatic effect on the DF composition of plant-based foods. Given the considerable nutritional value of DF, a deeper understanding of DF in food plants, including its composition and biosynthesis, is fundamental to the establishment of a daily intake reference of DF and is also critical to molecular breeding programs for modifying DF content. In the past decades, plant cell wall biology has seen dramatic progress, and such knowledge is of great potential to be translated into DF-related food science research and may provide future research directions for improving the health benefits of food crops. In this review, to spark interdisciplinary discussions between food science researchers and plant cell wall biologists, we focus on a specific category of DF—cell wall carbohydrates. We first summarize the content and composition of carbohydrate DF in various plant-based foods, and then discuss the structure and biosynthesis mechanism of each carbohydrate DF category, in particular the respective biosynthetic enzymes. Health impacts of DF are highlighted, and finally, future directions of DF research are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Füreder V, Rodriguez-Colinas B, Cervantes FV, Fernandez-Arrojo L, Poveda A, Jimenez-Barbero J, Ballesteros AO, Plou FJ. Selective Synthesis of Galactooligosaccharides Containing β(1→3) Linkages with β-Galactosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum (Saphera). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4930-4938. [PMID: 32279499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transglycosylation activity of a novel commercial β-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum (Saphera) was evaluated. The optimal conditions for the operation of this enzyme, measured with o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, were 40 °C and pH around 6.0. Although at low lactose concentrations the property of this enzyme was basically hydrolytic, an increase of lactose concentration to 400 g/L resulted in a significant formation (107.2 g/L, 27% yield) of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The maximum amount of GOS was obtained at a lactose conversion of approximately 90%, which contrasts with other β-galactosidases, for which the highest GOS yield is achieved at 40-50% lactose conversion. Using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and 1D and 2D NMR, we determined the structure of most of the GOS synthesized by this enzyme. The main identified products were Gal-β(1→3)-Gal-β(1→4)-Glc (3'-O-β-galactosyl-lactose), Gal-β(1→6)-Glc (allolactose), Gal-β(1→3)-Glc (3-galactosyl-glucose), Gal-β(1→3)-Gal (3-galactobiose), and the tetrasaccharide Gal-β(1→3)-Gal-β(1→3)-Gal-β(1→4)-Glc. In general, B. bifidum β-galactosidase showed a tendency to form β(1→3) linkages followed by β(1→6) and more scarcely β(1→4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Füreder
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Rodriguez-Colinas
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Poveda
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jesus Jimenez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Plou
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Deng P, Meng C, Wu Y, Xu J, Tang X, Zhang X, Xiao Y, Wang X, Fang Z, Fang W. An unusual GH1 β-glucosidase from marine sediment with β-galactosidase and transglycosidation activities for superior galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4927-4943. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fara A, Sabater C, Palacios J, Requena T, Montilla A, Zárate G. Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides production from lactose and lactulose by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL450. Food Funct 2020; 11:5875-5886. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00942c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are useful dietary ingredients recognized worldwide as prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Fara
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Tecnológica
- CERELA-CONICET
- Chacabuco 145
- (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán
- Argentina
| | - Carlos Sabater
- Grupo de Química y Funcionalidad de Carbohidratos y Derivados
- CIAL (CSIC-UAM)
- 28049 Madrid
- España
| | - Jorge Palacios
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Tecnológica
- CERELA-CONICET
- Chacabuco 145
- (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán
- Argentina
| | - Teresa Requena
- Grupo de Biología Funcional de Bacterias Lácticas
- CIAL (CSIC-UAM)
- 28049 Madrid
- España
| | - Antonia Montilla
- Grupo de Química y Funcionalidad de Carbohidratos y Derivados
- CIAL (CSIC-UAM)
- 28049 Madrid
- España
| | - Gabriela Zárate
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Tecnológica
- CERELA-CONICET
- Chacabuco 145
- (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán
- Argentina
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Genes Involved in Galactooligosaccharide Metabolism in Lactobacillus reuteri and Their Ecological Role in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01788-19. [PMID: 31519661 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01788-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Lactobacillus reuteri are commonly used as probiotics due to their demonstrated therapeutic properties. Many strains of L. reuteri also utilize the prebiotic galactooligosaccharide (GOS), providing a basis for formulating synergistic synbiotics that could enhance growth or persistence of this organism in vivo In this study, in-frame deletion mutants were constructed to characterize the molecular basis of GOS utilization in L. reuteri ATCC PTA-6475. Results suggested that GOS transport relies on a permease encoded by lacS, while a second unidentified protein may function as a galactoside transporter. Two β-galactosidases, encoded by lacA and lacLM, sequentially degrade GOS oligosaccharides and GOS disaccharides, respectively. Inactivation of lacL and lacM resulted in impaired growth in the presence of GOS and lactose. In vitro competition experiments between the wild-type and ΔlacS ΔlacM strains revealed that the GOS-utilizing genes conferred a selective advantage in media with GOS but not glucose. GOS also provided an advantage to the wild-type strain in experiments in gnotobiotic mice but only on a purified, no sucrose diet. Differences in cell numbers between GOS-fed mice and mice that did not receive GOS were small, suggesting that carbohydrates other than GOS were sufficient to support growth. On a complex diet, the ΔlacS ΔlacM strain was outcompeted by the wild-type strain in gnotobiotic mice, suggesting that lacL and lacM are involved in the utilization of alternative dietary carbohydrates. Indeed, the growth of the mutants was impaired in raffinose and stachyose, which are common in plants, demonstrating that α-galactosides may constitute alternate substrates of the GOS pathway.IMPORTANCE This study shows that lac genes in Lactobacillus reuteri encode hydrolases and transporters that are necessary for the metabolism of GOS, as well as α-galactoside substrates. Coculture experiments with the wild-type strain and a gos mutant clearly demonstrated that GOS utilization confers a growth advantage in medium containing GOS as the sole carbohydrate source. However, the wild-type strain also outcompeted the mutant in germfree mice, suggesting that GOS genes in L. reuteri also provide a basis for utilization of other carbohydrates, including α-galactosides, ordinarily present in the diets of humans and other animals. Collectively, our work provides information on the metabolism of L. reuteri in its natural niche in the gut and may provide a basis for the development of synbiotic strategies.
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Mangan D, McCleary BV, Culleton H, Cornaggia C, Ivory R, McKie VA, Delaney E, Kargelis T. A novel enzymatic method for the measurement of lactose in lactose-free products. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:947-956. [PMID: 30120788 PMCID: PMC6585930 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years there has been a surge in the number of commercially available lactose-free variants of a wide variety of products. This presents an analytical challenge for the measurement of the residual lactose content in the presence of high levels of mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides. RESULTS In the current work, we describe the development of a novel enzymatic low-lactose determination method termed LOLAC (low lactose), which is based on an optimized glucose removal pre-treatment step followed by a sequential enzymatic assay that measures residual glucose and lactose in a single cuvette. Sensitivity was improved over existing enzymatic lactose assays through the extension of the typical glucose detection biochemical pathway to amplify the signal response. Selectivity for lactose in the presence of structurally similar oligosaccharides was provided by using a β-galactosidase with much improved selectivity over the analytical industry standards from Aspergillus oryzae and Escherichia coli (EcLacZ), coupled with a 'creep' calculation adjustment to account for any overestimation. The resulting enzymatic method was fully characterized in terms of its linear range (2.3-113 mg per 100 g), limit of detection (LOD) (0.13 mg per 100 g), limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.44 mg per 100 g) and reproducibility (≤ 3.2% coefficient of variation (CV)). A range of commercially available lactose-free samples were analyzed with spiking experiments and excellent recoveries were obtained. Lactose quantitation in lactose-free infant formula, a particularly challenging matrix, was carried out using the LOLAC method and the results compared favorably with those obtained from a United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) accredited laboratory employing quantitative high performance anion exchange chromatography - pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) analysis. CONCLUSION The LOLAC assay is the first reported enzymatic method that accurately quantitates lactose in lactose-free samples. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mangan
- Megazyme u.c., IDA Business ParkSouthern Cross Road, Bray, Co. WicklowIreland
| | - Barry V McCleary
- Megazyme u.c., IDA Business ParkSouthern Cross Road, Bray, Co. WicklowIreland
| | - Helena Culleton
- Megazyme u.c., IDA Business ParkSouthern Cross Road, Bray, Co. WicklowIreland
| | - Claudio Cornaggia
- Megazyme u.c., IDA Business ParkSouthern Cross Road, Bray, Co. WicklowIreland
| | - Ruth Ivory
- Megazyme u.c., IDA Business ParkSouthern Cross Road, Bray, Co. WicklowIreland
| | - Vincent A McKie
- Megazyme u.c., IDA Business ParkSouthern Cross Road, Bray, Co. WicklowIreland
| | - Elaine Delaney
- Megazyme u.c., IDA Business ParkSouthern Cross Road, Bray, Co. WicklowIreland
| | - Tadas Kargelis
- Megazyme u.c., IDA Business ParkSouthern Cross Road, Bray, Co. WicklowIreland
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The lactose operon from Lactobacillus casei is involved in the transport and metabolism of the human milk oligosaccharide core-2 N-acetyllactosamine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7152. [PMID: 29740087 PMCID: PMC5940811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactose operon (lacTEGF) from Lactobacillus casei strain BL23 has been previously studied. The lacT gene codes for a transcriptional antiterminator, lacE and lacF for the lactose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate: phosphotransferase system (PTSLac) EIICB and EIIA domains, respectively, and lacG for the phospho-β-galactosidase. In this work, we have shown that L. casei is able to metabolize N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), a disaccharide present at human milk and intestinal mucosa. The mutant strains BL153 (lacE) and BL155 (lacF) were defective in LacNAc utilization, indicating that the EIICB and EIIA of the PTSLac are involved in the uptake of LacNAc in addition to lactose. Inactivation of lacG abolishes the growth of L. casei in both disaccharides and analysis of LacG activity showed a high selectivity toward phosphorylated compounds, suggesting that LacG is necessary for the hydrolysis of the intracellular phosphorylated lactose and LacNAc. L. casei (lacAB) strain deficient in galactose-6P isomerase showed a growth rate in lactose (0.0293 ± 0.0014 h−1) and in LacNAc (0.0307 ± 0.0009 h−1) significantly lower than the wild-type (0.1010 ± 0.0006 h−1 and 0.0522 ± 0.0005 h−1, respectively), indicating that their galactose moiety is catabolized through the tagatose-6P pathway. Transcriptional analysis showed induction levels of the lac genes ranged from 130 to 320–fold in LacNAc and from 100 to 200–fold in lactose, compared to cells growing in glucose.
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9
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Carević M, Bezbradica D, Banjanac K, Milivojević A, Fanuel M, Rogniaux H, Ropartz D, Veličković D. Structural Elucidation of Enzymatically Synthesized Galacto-oligosaccharides Using Ion-Mobility Spectrometry-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3609-15. [PMID: 27109424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) represent a diverse group of well-characterized prebiotic ingredients derived from lactose in a reaction catalyzed with β-galactosidases. Enzymatic transgalactosylation results in a mixture of compounds of various degrees of polymerization and types of linkages. Because structure plays an important role in terms of prebiotic activity, it is of crucial importance to provide an insight into the mechanism of transgalactosylation reaction and occurrence of different types of β-linkages during GOS synthesis. Our study proved that a novel one-step method, based on ion-mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry (IMS-MS/MS), enables complete elucidation of GOS structure. It has been shown that β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae has the highest affinity toward formation of β-(1→3) or β-(1→6) linkages. Additionally, it was observed that the occurrence of different linkages varies during the reaction course, indicating that tailoring favorable GOS structures with improved prebiotic activity can be achieved by adequate control of enzymatic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Carević
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade , Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Bezbradica
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade , Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Banjanac
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade , Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Milivojević
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade , Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Dušan Veličković
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Talens-Perales D, Polaina J, Marín-Navarro J. Structural Dissection of the Active Site of Thermotoga maritima β-Galactosidase Identifies Key Residues for Transglycosylating Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2917-2924. [PMID: 26998654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases, specifically β-galactosidases, can be used to synthesize galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) due to the transglycosylating (secondary) activity of these enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis of a thermoresistant β-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima has been carried out to study the structural basis of transgalactosylation and to obtain enzymatic variants with better performance for GOS biosynthesis. Rational design of mutations was based on homologous sequence analysis and structural modeling. Analysis of mutant enzymes indicated that residue W959, or an alternative aromatic residue at this position, is critical for the synthesis of β-3'-galactosyl-lactose, the major GOS obtained with the wild-type enzyme. Mutants W959A and W959C, but not W959F, showed an 80% reduced synthesis of this GOS. Other substitutions, N574S, N574A, and F571L, increased the synthesis of β-3'-galactosyl-lactose about 40%. Double mutants F571L/N574S and F571L/N574A showed an increase of about 2-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Talens-Perales
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC , Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Polaina
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC , Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Marín-Navarro
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC , Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Hassan N, Geiger B, Gandini R, Patel BKC, Kittl R, Haltrich D, Nguyen TH, Divne C, Tan TC. Engineering a thermostable Halothermothrix orenii β-glucosidase for improved galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3533-43. [PMID: 26621798 PMCID: PMC4803828 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactose is produced in large amounts as a by-product from the dairy industry. This inexpensive disaccharide can be converted to more useful value-added products such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) by transgalactosylation reactions with retaining β-galactosidases (BGALs) being normally used for this purpose. Hydrolysis is always competing with the transglycosylation reaction, and hence, the yields of GOSs can be too low for industrial use. We have reported that a β-glucosidase from Halothermothrix orenii (HoBGLA) shows promising characteristics for lactose conversion and GOS synthesis. Here, we engineered HoBGLA to investigate the possibility to further improve lactose conversion and GOS production. Five variants that targeted the glycone (-1) and aglycone (+1) subsites (N222F, N294T, F417S, F417Y, and Y296F) were designed and expressed. All variants show significantly impaired catalytic activity with cellobiose and lactose as substrates. Particularly, F417S is hydrolytically crippled with cellobiose as substrate with a 1000-fold decrease in apparent k cat, but to a lesser extent affected when catalyzing hydrolysis of lactose (47-fold lower k cat). This large selective effect on cellobiose hydrolysis is manifested as a change in substrate selectivity from cellobiose to lactose. The least affected variant is F417Y, which retains the capacity to hydrolyze both cellobiose and lactose with the same relative substrate selectivity as the wild type, but with ~10-fold lower turnover numbers. Thin-layer chromatography results show that this effect is accompanied by synthesis of a particular GOS product in higher yields by Y296F and F417S compared with the other variants, whereas the variant F417Y produces a higher yield of total GOSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hassan
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Geiger
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosaria Gandini
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bharat K C Patel
- Microbial Gene Research and Resources Facility, School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Roman Kittl
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thu-Ha Nguyen
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Divne
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tien Chye Tan
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Benavente R, Pessela BC, Curiel JA, de las Rivas B, Muñoz R, Guisán JM, Mancheño JM, Cardelle-Cobas A, Ruiz-Matute AI, Corzo N. Improving Properties of a Novel β-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum by Covalent Immobilization. Molecules 2015; 20:7874-89. [PMID: 25942370 PMCID: PMC6272498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20057874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum (LPG) was over-expressed in E. coli and purified via a single chromatographic step by using lowly activated IMAC (immobilized metal for affinity chromatography) supports. The pure enzyme exhibited a high hydrolytic activity of 491 IU/mL towards o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside. This value was conserved in the presence of different divalent cations and was quite resistant to the inhibition effects of different carbohydrates. The pure multimeric enzyme was stabilized by multipoint and multisubunit covalent attachment on glyoxyl-agarose. The glyoxyl-LPG immobilized preparation was over 20-fold more stable than the soluble enzyme or the one-point CNBr-LPG immobilized preparation at 50 °C. This β-galactosidase was successfully used in the hydrolysis of lactose and lactulose and formation of different oligosaccharides was detected. High production of galacto-oligosaccharides (35%) and oligosaccharides derived from lactulose (30%) was found and, for the first time, a new oligosaccharide derived from lactulose, tentatively identified as 3'-galactosyl lactulose, has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Benavente
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Benevides C Pessela
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Curiel
- Grupo de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca de las Rivas
- Grupo de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Grupo de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Manuel Guisán
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP-CSIC), Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose M Mancheño
- Grupo de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Centro Regional do Porto da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana I Ruiz-Matute
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nieves Corzo
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Mao B, Li D, Zhao J, Liu X, Gu Z, Chen YQ, Zhang H, Chen W. In vitro fermentation of lactulose by human gut bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10970-10977. [PMID: 25340538 DOI: 10.1021/jf503484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose has been known as a prebiotic that can selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Recent studies have indicated that Streptococcus mutans, Clostridium perfringens, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are also able to utilize lactulose. However, the previous studies mainly focused on the utilization of lactulose by individual strains, and few studies were designed to identify the species that could utilize lactulose among gut microbiota. This study aimed to identify lactulose-metabolizing bacteria in the human gut, using in silico and traditional culture methods. The prediction results suggested that genes for the transporters and glycosidases of lactulose are well distributed in the genomes of 222 of 453 strains of gastrointestinal-tract bacteria. The screening assays identified 35 species with the ability to utilize lactulose, of which Cronobacter sakazakii, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas putida were reported for the first time to be capable of utilizing lactulose. In addition, significant correlations between lactulose and galactooligosaccharide metabolism were found. Thus, more attention should be paid to bacteria besides bifidobacteria and lactobacilli to further investigate the relationship between functional oligosaccharides and gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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14
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Arreola SL, Intanon M, Suljic J, Kittl R, Pham NH, Kosma P, Haltrich D, Nguyen TH. Two β-galactosidases from the human isolate Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20213: molecular cloning and expression, biochemical characterization and synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104056. [PMID: 25089712 PMCID: PMC4121272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two β-galactosidases, β-gal I and β-gal II, from Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20213, which was isolated from the intestine of an infant, were overexpressed in Escherichia coli with co-expression of the chaperones GroEL/GroES, purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and biochemically characterized. Both β-gal I and β-gal II belong to glycoside hydrolase family 2 and are homodimers with native molecular masses of 220 and 211 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for hydrolysis of the two substrates o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (oNPG) and lactose were determined at pH 7.0 and 50°C for β-gal I, and at pH 6.5 and 55°C for β-gal II, respectively. The kcat/Km values for oNPG and lactose hydrolysis are 722 and 7.4 mM-1s-1 for β-gal I, and 543 and 25 mM-1s-1 for β-gal II. Both β-gal I and β-gal II are only moderately inhibited by their reaction products D-galactose and D-glucose. Both enzymes were found to be very well suited for the production of galacto-oligosaccharides with total GOS yields of 33% and 44% of total sugars obtained with β-gal I and β-gal II, respectively. The predominant transgalactosylation products are β-D-Galp-(1→6)-D-Glc (allolactose) and β-D-Galp-(1→3)-D-Lac, accounting together for more than 75% and 65% of the GOS formed by transgalactosylation by β-gal I and β-gal II, respectively, indicating that both enzymes have a propensity to synthesize β-(1→6) and β-(1→3)-linked GOS. The resulting GOS mixtures contained relatively high fractions of allolactose, which results from the fact that glucose is a far better acceptor for galactosyl transfer than galactose and lactose, and intramolecular transgalactosylation contributes significantly to the formation of this disaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Lozel Arreola
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Montira Intanon
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmina Suljic
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Kittl
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ngoc Hung Pham
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; School of Food Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Paul Kosma
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thu-Ha Nguyen
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Cecchini DA, Laville E, Laguerre S, Robe P, Leclerc M, Doré J, Henrissat B, Remaud-Siméon M, Monsan P, Potocki-Véronèse G. Functional metagenomics reveals novel pathways of prebiotic breakdown by human gut bacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72766. [PMID: 24066026 PMCID: PMC3774763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine hosts a complex bacterial community that plays a major role in nutrition and in maintaining human health. A functional metagenomic approach was used to explore the prebiotic breakdown potential of human gut bacteria, including non-cultivated ones. Two metagenomic libraries, constructed from ileum mucosa and fecal microbiota, were screened for hydrolytic activities on the prebiotic carbohydrates inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides and lactulose. The DNA inserts of 17 clones, selected from the 167 hits that were identified, were pyrosequenced in-depth, yielding in total 407, 420 bp of metagenomic DNA. From these sequences, we discovered novel prebiotic degradation pathways containing carbohydrate transporters and hydrolysing enzymes, for which we provided the first experimental proof of function. Twenty of these proteins are encoded by genes that are also present in the gut metagenome of at least 100 subjects, whatever are their ages or their geographical origin. The sequence taxonomic assignment indicated that still unknown bacteria, for which neither culture conditions nor genome sequence are available, possess the enzymatic machinery to hydrolyse the prebiotic carbohydrates tested. The results expand the vision on how prebiotics are metabolized along the intestine, and open new perspectives for the design of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide A. Cecchini
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Laville
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Laguerre
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marion Leclerc
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Micalis, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas Cedex, France
| | - Joël Doré
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Micalis, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR6098, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universités Aix-Marseille I & II, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Monsan
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabrielle Potocki-Véronèse
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Osman A, Tzortzis G, Rastall RA, Charalampopoulos D. High yield production of a soluble bifidobacterial β-galactosidase (BbgIV) in E. coli DH5α with improved catalytic efficiency for the synthesis of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2213-2223. [PMID: 23383752 DOI: 10.1021/jf304792g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The bifidobacterial β-galactosidase (BbgIV) was produced in E. coli DH5α at 37 and 30 °C in a 5 L bioreactor under varied conditions of dissolved oxygen (dO2) and pH. The yield of soluble BbgIV was significantly (P < 0.05) increased once the dO2 dropped to 0-2% and remained at such low values during the exponential phase. Limited dO2 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the plasmid copy number and decreased the cells growth rate. Consequently, the BbgIV yield increased to its maximum (71-75 mg per g dry cell weight), which represented 20-25% of the total soluble proteins in the cells. In addition, the specific activity and catalytic efficiency of BbgIV were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced under limited dO2 conditions. This was concomitant with a change in the enzyme secondary structure, suggesting a link between the enzyme structure and function. The knowledge generated from this work is very important for producing BbgIV as a biocatalyst for the development of a cost-effective process for the synthesis of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides from lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Osman
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading , PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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17
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Recent developments in manufacturing oligosaccharides with prebiotic functions. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:257-95. [PMID: 23942834 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The market for prebiotics is steadily growing. To satisfy this increasing worldwide demand, the introduction of effective bioprocessing methods and implementation strategies is required. In this chapter, we review recent developments in the manufacture of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS). These well-established oligosaccharides (OS) provide several health benefits and have excellent technological properties that make their use as food ingredients especially attractive. The biosyntheses of lactose-based GOS and sucrose-based FOS show similarities in terms of reaction mechanisms and product formation. Both GOS and FOS can be synthesized using whole cells or (partially) purified enzymes in immobilized or free forms. The biocatalysis results in a final product that consists of OS, unreacted disaccharides, and monosaccharides. This incomplete conversion poses a challenge to manufacturers because an enrichment of OS in this mixture adds value to the product. For removing digestible carbohydrates from OS, a variety of bioengineering techniques have been investigated, including downstream separation technologies, additional bioconversion steps applying enzymes, and selective fermentation strategies. This chapter summarizes the state-of-the-art manufacturing strategies and recent advances in bioprocessing technologies that can lead to new possibilities for manufacturing and purifying sucrose-based FOS and lactose-based GOS.
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18
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González-Rodríguez I, Ruiz L, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, Sánchez B. Factors involved in the colonization and survival of bifidobacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene González-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC); Villaviciosa; Asturias; Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC); Villaviciosa; Asturias; Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC); Villaviciosa; Asturias; Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC); Villaviciosa; Asturias; Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC); Villaviciosa; Asturias; Spain
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19
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O'Connell Motherway M, Kinsella M, Fitzgerald GF, van Sinderen D. Transcriptional and functional characterization of genetic elements involved in galacto-oligosaccharide utilization by Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. Microb Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23199239 PMCID: PMC3815386 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several prebiotics, such as inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides, are widely used commercially in foods and there is convincing evidence, in particular for galacto-oligosaccharides, that prebiotics can modulate the microbiota and promote bifidobacterial growth in the intestinal tract of infants and adults. In this study we describe the identification and functional characterization of the genetic loci responsible for the transport and metabolism of purified galacto-oligosaccharides (PGOS) by Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. We further demonstrate that an extracellular endogalactanase specified by several B. breve strains, including B. breve UCC2003, is essential for partial degradation of PGOS components with a high degree of polymerization. These partially hydrolysed PGOS components are presumed to be transported into the bifidobacterial cell via various ABC transport systems and sugar permeases where they are further degraded to galactose and glucose monomers that feed into the bifid shunt. This work significantly advances our molecular understanding of bifidobacterial PGOS metabolism and its associated genetic machinery to utilize this prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O'Connell Motherway
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland; Departments of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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20
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Garrido D, Ruiz-Moyano S, Jimenez-Espinoza R, Eom HJ, Block DE, Mills DA. Utilization of galactooligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis isolates. Food Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23200660 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible substrates that stimulate the growth of beneficial microbial populations in the intestine, especially Bifidobacterium species. Among them, fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides are commonly used in the food industry, especially as a supplement for infant formulas. Mechanistic details on the enrichment of bifidobacteria by these prebiotics are important to understand the effects of these dietary interventions. In this study the consumption of galactooligosaccharides was studied for 22 isolates of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, one of the most representative species in the infant gut microbiota. In general all isolates showed a vigorous growth on these oligosaccharides, but consumption of larger galactooligosaccharides was variable. Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697 has five genes encoding β-galactosidases, and three of them were induced during bacterial growth on commercial galactooligosaccharides. Recombinant β-galactosidases from B. infantis ATCC 15697 displayed different preferences for β-galactosides such as 4' and 6'-galactobiose, and four β-galactosidases in this strain released monosaccharides from galactooligosaccharides. Finally, we determined the amounts of short chain fatty acids produced by strain ATCC 15697 after growth on different prebiotics. We observed that biomass and product yields of substrate were higher for lactose and galactooligosaccharides, but the amount of acids produced per cell was larger after growth on human milk oligosaccharides. These results provide a molecular basis for galactooligosaccharide consumption in B. infantis, and also represent evidence for physiological differences in the metabolism of prebiotics that might have a differential impact on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrido
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Abstract
Intestinal colonization of bifidobacteria is important for the health of infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) have been identified as growth factors for bifidobacteria. Recently, a bifidobacterial enzymatic system to metabolize HMO was identified. 1,3-β-Galactosyl-N-acetylhexosamine phosphorylase (GLNBP, EC 2.4.1.211), which catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of galacto-N-biose (GNB) (Galβ1→3GalNAc)] and lacto-N-biose I (LNB) (Galβ1→3GlcNAc), is a key enzyme to explain the metabolism of HMO. Infant-type bifidobacteria possess the intracellular pathway to specifically metabolize GNB and LNB (GNB/LNB pathway). Bifidobacterium bifidum possesses extracellular enzymes to liberate LNB from HMO. However, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis imports intact HMO to be hydrolyzed by intracellular enzymes. Bifidobacterial enzymes related to the metabolism of HMO are useful tools for preparing compounds related to HMO. For instance, LNB and GNB were produced from sucrose and GlcNAc/GalNAc in 1 pot using 4 bifidobacterial enzymes, including GLNBP. LNB is expected to be a selective bifidus factor for infant-type strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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22
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Osman A, Tzortzis G, Rastall RA, Charalampopoulos D. BbgIV Is an Important Bifidobacterium β-Galactosidase for the Synthesis of Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharides at High Temperatures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:740-748. [PMID: 22148735 DOI: 10.1021/jf204719w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The individual contributions of four β-galactosidases present in Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171 toward galactooligosaccharide (GOS) synthesis were investigated. Although the β-galactosidase activity of the whole cells significantly decreased as a function of temperature (40-75 °C), GOS yield was at its maximum at 65 °C. Native-PAGE of the whole cells showed that the contributions of BbgIII and BbgIV to GOS synthesis increased as the temperature increased. Moreover, BbgIII and BbgIV were found to be more temperature stable and to produce a higher GOS yield than BbgI and BbgII, when used in their free form. The GOS yield using BbgIV was 54.8% (percent of total carbohydrates) and 63.9% (percent lactose converted to GOS) at 65 °C from 43% w/w lactose. It was shown that BbgIV is the most important β-galactosidase in B. bifidum NCIMB 41171 and can be used for GOS synthesis at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Osman
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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23
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Batra N, Singh J, Joshi A, Bhatia S. Applications of β-gal-III isozyme from Bacillus coagulans RCS3, in lactose hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:879-84. [PMID: 21855568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus coagulans RCS3 isolated from hot water springs secreted five isozymes i.e. β-gal I-V of β-galactosidase. β-gal III isozyme was purified using DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G 100 column chromatography. Its molecular weight characterization showed a single band at 315kD in Native PAGE, while two subunits of 50.1 and 53.7 kD in SDS PAGE. β-Gal III had pH optima in the range of 6-7 and temperature optima at 65°C. It preferred nitro-aryl-β-d-galactoside as substrate having K(m) of 4.16 mM with ONPG. More than 85% and 80% hydrolysis of lactose (1-5%, w/v) was recorded within 48 h of incubation at 55°C and 50°C respectively and pH range of 6-7. About 78-86% hydrolysis of lactose in various brands of standardized milk was recorded at incubation temperature of 50°C. These results marked the applications of β-gal III in processing of milk/whey industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Batra
- Dept. of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Chandigarh, India.
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24
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Pokusaeva K, Fitzgerald GF, van Sinderen D. Carbohydrate metabolism in Bifidobacteria. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 6:285-306. [PMID: 21484167 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-010-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Bifidobacterium can be found as components of the gastrointestinal microbiota, and are believed to play an important role in maintaining and promoting human health by eliciting a number of beneficial properties. Bifidobacteria can utilize a diverse range of dietary carbohydrates that escape degradation in the upper parts of the intestine, many of which are plant-derived oligo- and polysaccharides. The gene content of a bifidobacterial genome reflects this apparent metabolic adaptation to a complex carbohydrate-rich gastrointestinal tract environment as it encodes a large number of predicted carbohydrate-modifying enzymes. Different bifidobacterial strains may possess different carbohydrate utilizing abilities, as established by a number of studies reviewed here. Carbohydrate-degrading activities described for bifidobacteria and their relevance to the deliberate enhancement of number and/or activity of bifidobacteria in the gut are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Pokusaeva
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Miwa M, Horimoto T, Kiyohara M, Katayama T, Kitaoka M, Ashida H, Yamamoto K. Cooperation of β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from bifidobacteria in assimilation of human milk oligosaccharides with type 2 structure. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1402-9. [PMID: 20581010 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are predominant in the intestines of breast-fed infants and offer health benefits to the host. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are considered to be one of the most important growth factors for intestinal bifidobacteria. HMOs contain two major structures of core tetrasaccharide: lacto-N-tetraose (Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc; type 1 chain) and lacto-N-neotetraose (Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc; type 2 chain). We previously identified the unique metabolic pathway for lacto-N-tetraose in Bifidobacterium bifidum. Here, we clarified the degradation pathway for lacto-N-neotetraose in the same bifidobacteria. We cloned one β-galactosidase (BbgIII) and two β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (BbhI and BbhII), all of which are extracellular membrane-bound enzymes. The recombinant BbgIII hydrolyzed lacto-N-neotetraose into Gal and lacto-N-triose II, and furthermore the recombinant BbhI, but not BbhII, catalyzed the hydrolysis of lacto-N-triose II to GlcNAc and lactose. Since BbgIII and BbhI were highly specific for lacto-N-neotetraose and lacto-N-triose II, respectively, they may play essential roles in degrading the type 2 oligosaccharides in HMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Miwa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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26
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Tzortzis G. Development and functional properties of Bimuno®: a second-generation prebiotic mixture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1616/1476-2137.15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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