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Hanfland J, Lousberg J, Ringbeck B, Schäfers C, Schlich K, Eilebrecht S. Short-term test for the toxicogenomic assessment of ecotoxic modes of action in Myriophyllum spicatum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171722. [PMID: 38490423 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In environmental risk assessment of substances, the 14-day growth inhibition test following OECD test guideline 239 is employed to assess toxicity in the macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum. Currently, this test evaluates physiological parameters and does not allow the identification of the mode of action (MoA) by which adverse effects are induced. However, for an improved ecotoxicity assessment of substances, knowledge about their ecotoxic MoA in non-target organisms is required. It has previously been suggested that the identification of gene expression changes can contribute to MoA identification. Therefore, we developed a shortened three-day assay for M. spicatum including the transcriptomic assessment of global gene expression changes and applied this assay to two model substances, the herbicide and photosynthesis inhibitor bentazone and the pharmaceutical and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin. Due to the lack of a reference genome for M. spicatum we performed a de novo transcriptome assembly followed by a functional annotation to use the toxicogenomic results for MoA discrimination. The gene expression changes induced by low effect concentrations of these substances were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and impaired biological functions for the respective MoA. We observed both concentration-dependent numbers and differentiated patterns of DEGs for both substances. While bentazone impaired genes involved in the response to reactive oxygen species as well as light response, and also genes involved in developmental processes, atorvastatin exposure led to a differential regulation of genes related to brassinosteroid response as well as potential metabolic shifts between the mevalonate and methyl erythritol 4-phosphate pathway. Based on these responses, we identified biomarker candidates for the assessment of MoA in M. spicatum. Utilizing the shortened assay developed in this study, the investigation of the identified biomarker candidates may contribute to the development of future MoA-specific screening approaches in the ecotoxicological hazard prediction using aquatic non-standard model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Hanfland
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 49149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Joëlle Lousberg
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany; Department of Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Ringbeck
- Department Trace Analysis and Environmental Monitoring, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Karsten Schlich
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
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Expression analysis of squalene synthase gene in mevalonate pathway of Sanghuangporus baumii. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Zhang Q, Zeng W, Xu S, Zhou J. Metabolism and strategies for enhanced supply of acetyl-CoA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125978. [PMID: 34598073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA is a kind of important cofactor that is involved in many metabolic pathways. It serves as the precursor for many interesting commercial products, such as terpenes, flavonoids and anthraquinones. However, the insufficient supply of acetyl-CoA limits biosynthesis of its derived compounds in the intracellular. In this review, we outlined metabolic pathways involved in the catabolism and anabolism of acetyl-CoA, as well as some important derived products. We examined several strategies for the enhanced supply of acetyl-CoA, and provided insight into pathways that generate acetyl-CoA to balance metabolism, which can be harnessed to improve the titer, yield and productivities of interesting products in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other eukaryotic microorganisms. We believe that peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation could be an attractive strategy for enhancing the supply of acetyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Hara KY, Kageyama Y, Tanzawa N, Hirono-Hara Y, Kikukawa H, Wakabayashi K. Development of astaxanthin production from citrus peel extract using Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12640-12647. [PMID: 33089462 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a use for the inedible parts of citrus, mainly peel, would have great environmental and economic benefits worldwide. Astaxanthin is a value-added fine chemical that affects fish pigmentation and has recently been used in healthcare products for humans, resulting in an increased demand. This study aimed to produce astaxanthin from a citrus, ponkan, peel extract using the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, which has the ability to use both pentose and hexose. Feeding on only ponkan peel extract enhanced X. dendrorhous growth and the concomitant astaxanthin production. Additionally, we determined that pectin and its arabinose content were the main substrate and sole carbon source, respectively, for X. dendrorhous growth and astaxanthin production. Thus, ponkan peel extract could become a valuable resource for X. dendrorhous-based astaxanthin production. Using citrus peel extract for microbial fermentation will allow the development of processes that produce value-added chemicals from agricultural byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yuya Kageyama
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nanami Tanzawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirono-Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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Wang S, Liu Z, Wang X, Sun T, Zou L. Cloning and characterization of a phosphomevalonate kinase gene from Sanghuangporus baumii. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1938678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Wang
- Department of Forest Conservation, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Zengcai Liu
- Department of Forest Conservation, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xutong Wang
- Department of Forest Conservation, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Food Science, Harbin University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Forest Conservation, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
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Soares-Castro P, Soares F, Santos PM. Current Advances in the Bacterial Toolbox for the Biotechnological Production of Monoterpene-Based Aroma Compounds. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010091. [PMID: 33379215 PMCID: PMC7794910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes are plant secondary metabolites, widely used in industrial processes as precursors of important aroma compounds, such as vanillin and (-)-menthol. However, the physicochemical properties of monoterpenes make difficult their conventional conversion into value-added aromas. Biocatalysis, either by using whole cells or enzymes, may overcome such drawbacks in terms of purity of the final product, ecological and economic constraints of the current catalysis processes or extraction from plant material. In particular, the ability of oxidative enzymes (e.g., oxygenases) to modify the monoterpene backbone, with high regio- and stereo-selectivity, is attractive for the production of "natural" aromas for the flavor and fragrances industries. We review the research efforts carried out in the molecular analysis of bacterial monoterpene catabolic pathways and biochemical characterization of the respective key oxidative enzymes, with particular focus on the most relevant precursors, β-pinene, limonene and β-myrcene. The presented overview of the current state of art demonstrates that the specialized enzymatic repertoires of monoterpene-catabolizing bacteria are expanding the toolbox towards the tailored and sustainable biotechnological production of values-added aroma compounds (e.g., isonovalal, α-terpineol, and carvone isomers) whose implementation must be supported by the current advances in systems biology and metabolic engineering approaches.
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Pramastya H, Xue D, Abdallah II, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ. High level production of amorphadiene using Bacillus subtilis as an optimized terpenoid cell factory. N Biotechnol 2020; 60:159-167. [PMID: 33148534 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The anti-malarial drug artemisinin, produced naturally in the plant Artemisia annua, experiences unstable and insufficient supply as its production relies heavily on the plant source. To meet the massive demand for this compound, metabolic engineering of microbes has been studied extensively. In this study, we focus on improving the production of amorphadiene, a crucial artemisinin precursor, in Bacillus subtilis. The expression level of the plant-derived amorphadiene synthase (ADS) was upregulated by fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Furthermore, a co-expression system of ADS and a synthetic operon carrying the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway genes was established. Subsequently, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme in formation of the sesquiterpene precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), was expressed to supply sufficient substrate for ADS. The consecutive combination of these features yielded a B. subtilis strain expressing chromosomally integrated GFP-ADS followed by FPPS and a plasmid encoded synthetic operon showing a stepwise increased production of amorphadiene. An experimental design-aided systematic medium optimization was used to maximize the production level for the most promising engineered B. subtilis strain, resulting in an amorphadiene yield of 416 ± 15 mg/L, which is 20-fold higher than that previously reported in B. subtilis and more than double the production in Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a shake flask fermentation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hegar Pramastya
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands; Pharmaceutical Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ingy I Abdallah
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Abdallah II, Pramastya H, van Merkerk R, Sukrasno, Quax WJ. Metabolic Engineering of Bacillus subtilis Toward Taxadiene Biosynthesis as the First Committed Step for Taxol Production. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:218. [PMID: 30842758 PMCID: PMC6391936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are natural products known for their medicinal and commercial applications. Metabolic engineering of microbial hosts for the production of valuable compounds, such as artemisinin and Taxol, has gained vast interest in the last few decades. The Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) Bacillus subtilis 168 with its broad metabolic potential is considered one of these interesting microbial hosts. In the effort toward engineering B. subtilis as a cell factory for the production of the chemotherapeutic Taxol, we expressed the plant-derived taxadiene synthase (TXS) enzyme. TXS is responsible for the conversion of the precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) to taxa-4,11-diene, which is the first committed intermediate in Taxol biosynthesis. Furthermore, overexpression of eight enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway was performed to increase the flux of the GGPP precursor. This was achieved by creating a synthetic operon harboring the B. subtilis genes encoding the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (dxs, ispD, ispF, ispH, ispC, ispE, ispG) together with ispA (encoding geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthases) responsible for providing farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). In addition, a vector harboring the crtE gene (encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, GGPPS, of Pantoea ananatis) to increase the supply of GGPP was introduced. The overexpression of the MEP pathway enzymes along with IspA and GGPPS caused an 83-fold increase in the amount of taxadiene produced compared to the strain only expressing TXS and relying on the innate pathway of B. subtilis. The total amount of taxadiene produced by that strain was 17.8 mg/l. This is the first account of the successful expression of taxadiene synthase in B. subtilis. We determined that the expression of GGPPS through the crtE gene is essential for the formation of sufficient precursor, GGPP, in B. subtilis as its innate metabolism is not efficient in producing it. Finally, the extracellular localization of taxadiene production by overexpressing the complete MEP pathway along with IspA and GGPPS presents the prospect for further engineering aiming for semisynthesis of Taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingy I Abdallah
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hegar Pramastya
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Pharmaceutical Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sukrasno
- Pharmaceutical Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Wim J Quax
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Efferth T, Banerjee M, Abu-Darwish MS, Abdelfatah S, Böckers M, Bhakta-Guha D, Bolzani V, Daak S, Demirezer ÖL, Dawood M, Efferth M, El-Seedi HR, Fischer N, Greten HJ, Hamdoun S, Hong C, Horneber M, Kadioglu O, Khalid HE, Khalid SA, Kuete V, Mahmoud N, Marin J, Mbaveng A, Midiwo J, Nakagawa H, Naß J, Ngassapa O, Ochwang'i D, Omosa LK, Ooko EA, Özenver N, Poornima P, Romero MR, Saeed MEM, Salgueiro L, Seo EJ, Yan G, Yasin Z, Saeed EM, Paul NW. Biopiracy versus One-World Medicine-From colonial relicts to global collaborative concepts. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:319-331. [PMID: 30190231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practices of biopiracy to use genetic resources and indigenous knowledge by Western companies without benefit-sharing of those, who generated the traditional knowledge, can be understood as form of neocolonialism. HYPOTHESIS The One-World Medicine concept attempts to merge the best of traditional medicine from developing countries and conventional Western medicine for the sake of patients around the globe. STUDY DESIGN Based on literature searches in several databases, a concept paper has been written. Legislative initiatives of the United Nations culminated in the Nagoya protocol aim to protect traditional knowledge and regulate benefit-sharing with indigenous communities. The European community adopted the Nagoya protocol, and the corresponding regulations will be implemented into national legislation among the member states. Despite pleasing progress, infrastructural problems of the health care systems in developing countries still remain. Current approaches to secure primary health care offer only fragmentary solutions at best. Conventional medicine from industrialized countries cannot be afforded by the impoverished population in the Third World. Confronted with exploding costs, even health systems in Western countries are endangered to burst. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular among the general public in industrialized countries, although the efficacy is not sufficiently proven according to the standards of evidence-based medicine. CAM is often available without prescription as over-the-counter products with non-calculated risks concerning erroneous self-medication and safety/toxicity issues. The concept of integrative medicine attempts to combine holistic CAM approaches with evidence-based principles of conventional medicine. CONCLUSION To realize the concept of One-World Medicine, a number of standards have to be set to assure safety, efficacy and applicability of traditional medicine, e.g. sustainable production and quality control of herbal products, performance of placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trials, phytovigilance, as well as education of health professionals and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mita Banerjee
- Department of English and Linguistics, American Studies, Center for Comparative Native and Indigenous Studies, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sanad Abu-Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Madeleine Böckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dipita Bhakta-Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, TN, India
| | - Vanderlan Bolzani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Salah Daak
- Dr. Salah Wanesi Foundation for Cancer Research and Control, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Henry J Greten
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sami Hamdoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chunlan Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Horneber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hassan E Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sami A Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Karthoum, Sudan
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - José Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), CIBERehd, IBSAL, University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Armelle Mbaveng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jacob Midiwo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Janine Naß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olipa Ngassapa
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dominic Ochwang'i
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leonida K Omosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edna A Ooko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadire Özenver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paramasivan Poornima
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Abertay, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Rodriguez Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), CIBERehd, IBSAL, University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ligia Salgueiro
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ge Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Norbert W Paul
- Institute for the History, Philosophy, and Ethics of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Pathway engineering for the production of β-amyrin and cycloartenol in Escherichia coli—a method to biosynthesize plant-derived triterpene skeletons in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6615-6625. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yamamoto K, Hara KY, Morita T, Nishimura A, Sasaki D, Ishii J, Ogino C, Kizaki N, Kondo A. Enhancement of astaxanthin production in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by efficient method for the complete deletion of genes. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:155. [PMID: 27624332 PMCID: PMC5022159 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is the only yeast known to produce astaxanthin, an anti-oxidant isoprenoid (carotenoid) widely used in the aquaculture, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The potential of this microorganism as a platform cell factory for isoprenoid production has been recognized because of high flux through its native terpene pathway. Recently, we developed a multiple gene expression system in X. dendrorhous and enhanced the mevalonate synthetic pathway to increase astaxanthin production. In contrast, the mevalonate synthetic pathway is suppressed by ergosterol through feedback inhibition. Therefore, releasing the mevalonate synthetic pathway from this inhibition through the deletion of genes involved in ergosterol synthesis is a promising strategy to improve isoprenoid production. An efficient method for deleting diploid genes in X. dendrorhous, however, has not yet been developed. Results Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous was cultivated under gradually increasing concentrations of antibiotics following the introduction of antibiotic resistant genes to be replaced with target genes. Using this method, double CYP61 genes encoding C-22 sterol desaturases relating to ergosterol biosynthesis were deleted sequentially. This double CYP61 deleted strain showed decreased ergosterol biosynthesis compared with the parental strain and single CYP61 disrupted strain. Additionally, this double deletion of CYP61 genes showed increased astaxanthin production compared with the parental strain and the single CYP61 knockout strain. Finally, astaxanthin production was enhanced by 1.4-fold compared with the parental strain, although astaxanthin production was not affected in the single CYP61 knockout strain. Conclusions In this study, we developed a system to completely delete target diploid genes in X. dendrorhous. Using this method, we deleted diploid CYP61 genes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol that inhibits the pathway for mevalonate, which is a common substrate for isoprenoid biosynthesis. The resulting decrease in ergosterol biosynthesis increased astaxanthin production. The efficient method for deleting diploid genes developed in this study has the potential to improve industrial production of various isoprenoids in X. dendrorhous. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0556-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.,Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Morita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Medical Device Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Takasago, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kizaki
- Biotechnology Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Takasago, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. .,Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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Deng Y, Sun M, Xu S, Zhou J. Enhanced (S)-linalool production by fusion expression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase and linalool synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:187-95. [PMID: 26909774 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In order to improve the availability of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) in the mevalonate pathway for enhancing (S)-linalool production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. METHODS AND RESULTS A (S)-linalool synthase (LIS): AaLS1 from Actinidia arguta was coexpressed with FPPS with different peptide linkers to redirect the flux from geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to (S)-linalool production in S. cerevisiae. The strain with the best peptide linker ((GGGGS)3 ), produced 101·55 ± 2·97 μg l(-1) (S)-linalool, a 69·7% increase compared to those with two independent LIS and FPPS expressed. In a 3-l fermenter, the (S)-linalool titre was further improved to 240·64 ± 5·31 μg l(-1) . CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the fusion proteins catalysing consecutive steps in a metabolic pathway significantly improved the (S)-linalool production with GPP as precursor. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The fusion protein strategy co-expressing AaLS1 and FPPS, assembled with a long peptide linker made S. cerevisiae produced the highest reported (S)-Linalool titre to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Kunjapur AM, Hyun JC, Prather KLJ. Deregulation of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis and regeneration improves methylation in the E. coli de novo vanillin biosynthesis pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:61. [PMID: 27067813 PMCID: PMC4828866 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vanillin is an industrially valuable molecule that can be produced from simple carbon sources in engineered microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. In E. coli, de novo production of vanillin was demonstrated previously as a proof of concept. In this study, a series of data-driven experiments were performed in order to better understand limitations associated with biosynthesis of vanillate, which is the immediate precursor to vanillin. Results Time-course experiments monitoring production of heterologous metabolites in the E. coli de novo vanillin pathway revealed a bottleneck in conversion of protocatechuate to vanillate. Perturbations in central metabolism intended to increase flux into the heterologous pathway increased average vanillate titers from 132 to 205 mg/L, but protocatechuate remained the dominant heterologous product on a molar basis. SDS-PAGE, in vitro activity measurements, and l-methionine supplementation experiments suggested that the decline in conversion rate was influenced more by limited availability of the co-substrate S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM) than by loss of activity of the heterologous O-methyltransferase. The combination of metJ deletion and overexpression of feedback-resistant variants of metA and cysE, which encode enzymes involved in SAM biosynthesis, increased average de novo vanillate titers by an additional 33 % (from 205 to 272 mg/L). An orthogonal strategy intended to improve SAM regeneration through overexpression of native mtn and luxS genes resulted in a 25 % increase in average de novo vanillate titers (from 205 to 256 mg/L). Vanillate production improved further upon supplementation with methionine (as high as 419 ± 58 mg/L), suggesting potential for additional enhancement by increasing SAM availability. Conclusions Results from this study demonstrate context dependency of engineered pathways and highlight the limited methylation capacity of E. coli. Unlike in previous efforts to improve SAM or methionine biosynthesis, we pursued two orthogonal strategies that are each aimed at deregulating multiple reactions. Our results increase the working knowledge of SAM biosynthesis engineering and provide a framework for improving titers of metabolic products dependent upon methylation reactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0459-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room E17-504G, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jason C Hyun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room E17-504G, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kristala L J Prather
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room E17-504G, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Majdi M, Ashengroph M, Abdollahi MR. Sesquiterpene lactone engineering in microbial and plant platforms: parthenolide and artemisinin as case studies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1041-1059. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Buono S, Langellotti AL, Martello A, Rinna F, Fogliano V. Functional ingredients from microalgae. Food Funct 2015; 5:1669-85. [PMID: 24957182 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of natural sources are under investigation to evaluate their possible use for new functional ingredient formulation. Some records attested the traditional and ancient use of wild harvested microalgae as human food but their cultivation for different purposes started about 40 years ago. The most popular species are Arthrospira (traditional name, Spirulina), Chlorella spp., Dunaliella spp. and Haematococcus spp. Microalgae provide a bewildering array of opportunities to develop healthier food products using innovative approaches and a number of different strategies. Compared to other natural sources of bioactive ingredients, microalgae have many advantages such as their huge biodiversity, the possibility to grow in arid land and with limited fresh water consumption and the flexibility of their metabolism, which could be adapted to produce specific molecules. All these factors led to very sustainable production making microalgae eligible as one of the most promising foods for the future, particularly as source of proteins, lipids and phytochemicals. In this work, a revision of the knowledge about the use of microalgae as food and as a source of functional ingredients has been performed. The most interesting results in the field are presented and commented upon, focusing on the different species of microalgae and the activity of the nutritionally relevant compounds. A summary of the health effects obtained together with pros and cons in the adoption of this natural source as functional food ingredients is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Buono
- CRIAcq, University of Naples Federico II, Parco Gussone Ed 77, 80055 Portici, Italy.
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Hara KY, Morita T, Mochizuki M, Yamamoto K, Ogino C, Araki M, Kondo A. Development of a multi-gene expression system in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:175. [PMID: 25471659 PMCID: PMC4264253 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) is the only yeast known to produce astaxanthin, an anti-oxidant isoprenoid (carotenoid) that is widely used in the aquaculture, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Recently, the potential of this microorganism as a platform cell factory for isoprenoid production has been recognized because of high flux through its native terpene pathway. Addition of mevalonate, the common precursor for isoprenoid biosynthesis, has been shown to be critical to enhance the astaxanthin content in X. dendrorhous. However, addition of mevalonate is unrealistic during industrial isoprenoid production because it is an unstable and costly chemical. Therefore, up-regulating the intracellular mevalonate supply by enhancing the mevalonate synthetic pathway though genetic engineering is a promising strategy to improve isoprenoid production in X. dendrorhous. However, a system to strongly express multiple genes has been poorly developed for X. dendrorhous. RESULTS Here, we developed a multiple gene expression system using plasmids containing three strong promoters in X. dendrorhous (actin, alcohol dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate isomerase) and their terminators. Using this system, three mevalonate synthetic pathway genes encoding acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA reductase were overexpressed at the same time. This triple overexpressing strain showed an increase in astaxanthin production compared with each single overexpressing strain. Additionally, this triple overexpression of mevalonate synthetic pathway genes together with genes involved in β-carotene and astaxanthin synthesis showed a synergetic effect on increasing astaxanthin production. Finally, astaxanthin production was enhanced by 2.1-fold compared with the parental strain without a reduction of cell growth. CONCLUSIONS We developed a system to strongly overexpress multiple genes in X. dendrorhous. Using this system, the synthetic pathway of mevalonate, a common substrate for isoprenoid biosynthesis, was enhanced, causing an increase in astaxanthin production. Combining this multiple gene overexpression system with a platform strain that overproduces mevalonate has the potential to improve industrial production of various isoprenoids in X. dendrorhous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Morita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Masao Mochizuki
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Araki
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Production of the sesquiterpenoid (+)-nootkatone by metabolic engineering of Pichia pastoris. Metab Eng 2014; 24:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bution ML, Molina G, Abrahão MR, Pastore GM. Genetic and metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the development of new flavor compounds from terpenic substrates. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 35:313-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.855161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Brückner K, Tissier A. High-level diterpene production by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT METHODS 2013; 9:46. [PMID: 24330621 PMCID: PMC3878842 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of plant terpene synthases is typically done by production of recombinant enzymes in Escherichia coli. This is often difficult due to solubility and codon usage issues. Furthermore, plant terpene synthases which are targeted to the plastids, such as diterpene synthases, have to be shortened in a more or less empirical approach to improve expression. We report here an optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana for plant diterpene synthase expression and product analysis. RESULTS Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of plant diterpene synthases in N. benthamiana led to the accumulation of diterpenes within 3 days of infiltration and with a maximum at 5 days. Over 50% of the products were exported onto the leaf surface, thus considerably facilitating the analysis by reducing the complexity of the extracts. The robustness of the method was tested by expressing three different plant enzymes, cembratrien-ol synthase from Nicotiana sylvestris, casbene synthase from Ricinus communis and levopimaradiene synthase from Gingko biloba. Furthermore, co-expression of a 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase from tomato and a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from tobacco led to a 3.5-fold increase in the amount of cembratrien-ol produced, with maximum yields reaching 2500 ng/cm2. CONCLUSION With this optimized method for diterpene synthase expression and product analysis, a single infiltrated leaf of N. benthamiana would be sufficient to produce quantities required for the structure elucidation of unknown diterpenes. The method will also be of general use for gene function discovery, pathway reconstitution and metabolic engineering of diterpenoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Brückner
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle-Saale, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle-Saale, Germany
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22
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Putignani L, Massa O, Alisi A. Engineered Escherichia coli as new source of flavonoids and terpenoids. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Parmar SS, Jaiwal A, Dhankher OP, Jaiwal PK. Coenzyme Q10 production in plants: current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:152-64. [PMID: 24090245 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or Ubiquinone10 (UQ10), an isoprenylated benzoquinone, is well-known for its role as an electron carrier in aerobic respiration. It is a sole representative of lipid soluble antioxidant that is synthesized in our body. In recent years, it has been found to be associated with a range of patho-physiological conditions and its oral administration has also reported to be of therapeutic value in a wide spectrum of chronic diseases. Additionally, as an antioxidant, it has been widely used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, neutraceuticals, and functional foods as well as in anti-aging creams. Since its limited dietary uptake and decrease in its endogenous synthesis in the body with age and under various diseases states warrants its adequate supply from an external source. To meet its growing demand for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, there is a great interest in the commercial production of CoQ10. Various synthetic and fermentation of microbial natural producers and their mutated strains have been developed for its commercial production. Although, microbial production is the major industrial source of CoQ10 but due to low yield and high production cost, other cost-effective and alternative sources need to be explored. Plants, being photosynthetic, producing high biomass and the engineering of pathways for producing CoQ10 directly in food crops will eliminate the additional step for purification and thus could be used as an ideal and cost-effective alternative to chemical synthesis and microbial production of CoQ10. A better understanding of CoQ10 biosynthetic enzymes and their regulation in model systems like E. coli and yeast has led to the use of metabolic engineering to enhance CoQ10 production not only in microbes but also in plants. The plant-based CoQ10 production has emerged as a cost-effective and environment-friendly approach capable of supplying CoQ10 in ample amounts. The current strategies, progress and constraints of CoQ10 production in plants are discussed in this review.
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Wriessnegger T, Pichler H. Yeast metabolic engineering – Targeting sterol metabolism and terpenoid formation. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:277-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yen HW, Hu IC, Chen CY, Ho SH, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Microalgae-based biorefinery--from biofuels to natural products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:166-174. [PMID: 23206809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The potential for biodiesel production from microalgal lipids and for CO2 mitigation due to photoautotrophic growth of microalgae have recently been recognized. Microalgae biomass also has other valuable components, including carbohydrates, long chain fatty acids, pigments and proteins. The microalgae-based carbohydrates consist mainly of cellulose and starch without lignin; thus they can be ready carbon source for the fermentation industry. Some microalgae can produce long chain fatty acids (such as DHA and EPA) as valuable health food supplements. In addition, microalgal pigments and proteins have considerable potential for many medical applications. This review article presents comprehensive information on the current state of these commercial applications, as well as the utilization and characteristics of the microalgal components, in addition to the key factors and challenges that should be addressed during the production of these materials, and thus provides a useful report that can aid the development of an efficient microalgae-based biorefinery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Yen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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26
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Wessjohann LA, Keim J, Weigel B, Dippe M. Alkylating enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Melillo E, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ, Kayser O. Production of α-cuprenene in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous: a step closer to a potent terpene biofactory. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:13. [PMID: 23383605 PMCID: PMC3626582 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a natural producer of the carotenoid astaxanthin. Because of its high flux, the native terpene pathway leading to the production of the tetraterpene is of particular interest as it can be redirected toward the production of other terpene compounds. The genetic tools for the transformation of the yeast with the concurrent knock-out of genes involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis are made available and here we show that the production of the sesquiterpene α-cuprenene is possible in mutant strains of X. dendrorhous transformed with the Cop6 gene originating from the fungus Coprinus cinereus. For the evaluation of the production levels, we chose to express the same gene and analyze the accumulation of α-cuprenene in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well. Here we propose that X. dendrorhous is a candidate in the search for the potential platform organism for the production of terpenes. Results All three X. dendrorhous mutants functionally express the Cop6 gene and accumulate α-cuprenene. The production of α-cuprenene in the red yeast reached 80 mg/L, which represents a far higher concentration compared to the levels obtained in the E. coli and S. cerevisiae mutants. At this expression levels the pool of terpene precursors has not become a limiting factor in the X. dendrorhous mutants since the expression of the Cop6 gene in the genomic rDNA of the yeast allows production of both α-cuprenene and astaxanthin without affecting the growth or the accumulation levels of both compounds. Conclusions We have shown that X. dendrorhous can produce α-cuprenene, and the results here presented, next to the capability of accumulating at least two more non-native sesquiterpenes, demonstrates the high potential of this yeast to become an interesting terpene-based drugs producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Melillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A, Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
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Yadav VG, De Mey M, Lim CG, Ajikumar PK, Stephanopoulos G. The future of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology: towards a systematic practice. Metab Eng 2012; 14:233-41. [PMID: 22629571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Industrial biotechnology promises to revolutionize conventional chemical manufacturing in the years ahead, largely owing to the excellent progress in our ability to re-engineer cellular metabolism. However, most successes of metabolic engineering have been confined to over-producing natively synthesized metabolites in E. coli and S. cerevisiae. A major reason for this development has been the descent of metabolic engineering, particularly secondary metabolic engineering, to a collection of demonstrations rather than a systematic practice with generalizable tools. Synthetic biology, a more recent development, faces similar criticisms. Herein, we attempt to lay down a framework around which bioreaction engineering can systematize itself just like chemical reaction engineering. Central to this undertaking is a new approach to engineering secondary metabolism known as 'multivariate modular metabolic engineering' (MMME), whose novelty lies in its assessment and elimination of regulatory and pathway bottlenecks by re-defining the metabolic network as a collection of distinct modules. After introducing the core principles of MMME, we shall then present a number of recent developments in secondary metabolic engineering that could potentially serve as its facilitators. It is hoped that the ever-declining costs of de novo gene synthesis; the improved use of bioinformatic tools to mine, sort and analyze biological data; and the increasing sensitivity and sophistication of investigational tools will make the maturation of microbial metabolic engineering an autocatalytic process. Encouraged by these advances, research groups across the world would take up the challenge of secondary metabolite production in simple hosts with renewed vigor, thereby adding to the range of products synthesized using metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikramaditya G Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Hong KK, Nielsen J. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a key cell factory platform for future biorefineries. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2671-90. [PMID: 22388689 PMCID: PMC11115109 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering is the enabling science of development of efficient cell factories for the production of fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food ingredients through microbial fermentations. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key cell factory already used for the production of a wide range of industrial products, and here we review ongoing work, particularly in industry, on using this organism for the production of butanol, which can be used as biofuel, and isoprenoids, which can find a wide range of applications including as pharmaceuticals and as biodiesel. We also look into how engineering of yeast can lead to improved uptake of sugars that are present in biomass hydrolyzates, and hereby allow for utilization of biomass as feedstock in the production of fuels and chemicals employing S. cerevisiae. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of how technologies from systems biology and synthetic biology can be used to advance metabolic engineering of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk-Ki Hong
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Biosustainability, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Seoul, 157-724 Korea
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Biosustainability, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Melillo E, Muntendam R, Quax WJ, Kayser O. Heterologous expression of pentalenene synthase (PSS) from Streptomyces UC5319 in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:302-7. [PMID: 22771888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the pentalenene synthase (PSS) gene from Streptomyces UC5319 was expressed in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, a native producer of astaxanthin. For the expression of the gene and the concurrent knock out of the native crtE or crtYB genes, two new vectors were engineered and used for the transformation of the wild-type strain of X. dendrorhous. The transformations resulted in white colonies, showing a complete shutdown of the carotenoid production. Furthermore, an additional vector was constructed for the insertion of the PSS gene in the rDNA of the yeast. All the mutant strains produce the sesquiterpene pentalenene and show no difference in growth when compared to the wild-type strain. In this report, we demonstrate that X. dendrorhous is a suitable host for the expression of heterologous terpene cyclases and for the production of foreign terpene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Melillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Toward biosynthetic design and implementation of Escherichia coli-derived paclitaxel and other heterologous polyisoprene compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2497-504. [PMID: 22287010 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07391-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli offers unparalleled engineering capacity in the context of heterologous natural product biosynthesis. However, as with other heterologous hosts, cellular metabolism must be designed or redesigned to support final compound formation. This task is at once complicated and aided by the fact that the cell does not natively produce an abundance of natural products. As a result, the metabolic engineer avoids complicated interactions with native pathways closely associated with the outcome of interest, but this convenience is tempered by the need to implement the required metabolism to allow functional biosynthesis. This review focuses on engineering E. coli for the purpose of polyisoprene formation, as it is related to isoprenoid compounds currently being pursued through a heterologous approach. In particular, the review features the compound paclitaxel and early efforts to design and overproduce intermediates through E. coli.
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Kumar S, Hahn FM, Baidoo E, Kahlon TS, Wood DF, McMahan CM, Cornish K, Keasling JD, Daniell H, Whalen MC. Remodeling the isoprenoid pathway in tobacco by expressing the cytoplasmic mevalonate pathway in chloroplasts. Metab Eng 2012; 14:19-28. [PMID: 22123257 PMCID: PMC5767336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering to enhance production of isoprenoid metabolites for industrial and medical purposes is an important goal. The substrate for isoprenoid synthesis in plants is produced by the mevalonate pathway (MEV) in the cytosol and by the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. A multi-gene approach was employed to insert the entire cytosolic MEV pathway into the tobacco chloroplast genome. Molecular analysis confirmed the site-specific insertion of seven transgenes and homoplasmy. Functionality was demonstrated by unimpeded growth on fosmidomycin, which specifically inhibits the MEP pathway. Transplastomic plants containing the MEV pathway genes accumulated higher levels of mevalonate, carotenoids, squalene, sterols, and triacyglycerols than control plants. This is the first time an entire eukaryotic pathway with six enzymes has been transplastomically expressed in plants. Thus, we have developed an important tool to redirect metabolic fluxes in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway and a viable multigene strategy for engineering metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kumar
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
- Yulex Corporation, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Frederick M. Hahn
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Edward Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Talwinder S. Kahlon
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Delilah F. Wood
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Colleen M. McMahan
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | | | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Maureen C. Whalen
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
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Wang C, Yoon SH, Jang HJ, Chung YR, Kim JY, Choi ES, Kim SW. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for α-farnesene production. Metab Eng 2011; 13:648-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li WL, Zhan GH, Zheng H. [Advances on actinomycetic terpenoid biosynthesis]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:1087-92. [PMID: 21993283 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are the most diverse class of natural products. Recently, a series of terpenoids with novel structures have been isolated from actinomyces. Their biosynthetic gene clusters have been identified and characterized either by direct cloning or genomic mining, which promoted investigations of their biosynthetic pathways, as well as the key enzymatic mechanisms. This paper provides a brief overview of the major research published in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Li
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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Misawa N. Pathway engineering for functional isoprenoids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:627-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jang YS, Park JM, Choi S, Choi YJ, Seung DY, Cho JH, Lee SY. Engineering of microorganisms for the production of biofuels and perspectives based on systems metabolic engineering approaches. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:989-1000. [PMID: 21889585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing oil price and environmental concerns caused by the use of fossil fuel have renewed our interest in utilizing biomass as a sustainable resource for the production of biofuel. It is however essential to develop high performance microbes that are capable of producing biofuels with very high efficiency in order to compete with the fossil fuel. Recently, the strategies for developing microbial strains by systems metabolic engineering, which can be considered as metabolic engineering integrated with systems biology and synthetic biology, have been developed. Systems metabolic engineering allows successful development of microbes that are capable of producing several different biofuels including bioethanol, biobutanol, alkane, and biodiesel, and even hydrogen. In this review, the approaches employed to develop efficient biofuel producers by metabolic engineering and systems metabolic engineering approaches are reviewed with relevant example cases. It is expected that systems metabolic engineering will be employed as an essential strategy for the development of microbial strains for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sin Jang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Engineering microbial factories for synthesis of value-added products. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:873-90. [PMID: 21526386 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms have become an increasingly important platform for the production of drugs, chemicals, and biofuels from renewable resources. Advances in protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology enable redesigning microbial cellular networks and fine-tuning physiological capabilities, thus generating industrially viable strains for the production of natural and unnatural value-added compounds. In this review, we describe the recent progress on engineering microbial factories for synthesis of valued-added products including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, biofuels, and chemicals. Related topics on lignocellulose degradation, sugar utilization, and microbial tolerance improvement will also be discussed.
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Harada H, Shindo K, Iki K, Teraoka A, Okamoto S, Yu F, Hattan JI, Utsumi R, Misawa N. Efficient functional analysis system for cyanobacterial or plant cytochromes P450 involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:467-76. [PMID: 21229242 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tractable plasmids (pAC-Mv-based plasmids) for Escherichia coli were constructed, which carried a mevalonate-utilizing gene cluster, towards an efficient functional analysis of cytochromes P450 involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. They included genes coding for a series of redox partners that transfer the electrons from NAD(P)H to a P450 protein. The redox partners used were ferredoxin reductases (CamA and NsRED) and ferredoxins (CamB and NsFER), which are derived from Pseudomonas putida and cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120, respectively, as well as three higher-plant NADPH-P450 reductases, the Arabidopsis thaliana ATR2 and two corresponding enzymes derived from ginger (Zingiber officinale), named ZoRED1 and ZoRED2. We also constructed plasmids for functional analysis of two P450s, α-humulene-8-hydroxylase (CYP71BA1) from shampoo ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) and germacrene A hydroxylase (P450NS; CYP110C1) from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, and co-transformed E. coli with each of the pAC-Mv-based plasmids. Production levels of 8-hydroxy-α-humulene with recombinant E. coli cells (for CYP71BA1) were 1.5- to 2.3-fold higher than that of a control strain without the mevalonate-pathway genes. Level of the P450NS product with the combination of NsRED and NsFER was 2.9-fold higher than that of the CamA and CamB. The predominant product of P450NS was identified as 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethylnaphth-1-ol with NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Harada
- Central Laboratories for Frontier Technology, Kirin Holdings Co. Ltd., i-BIRD, Suematsu, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
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Frias JA, Richman JE, Erickson JS, Wackett LP. Purification and characterization of OleA from Xanthomonas campestris and demonstration of a non-decarboxylative Claisen condensation reaction. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10930-8. [PMID: 21266575 PMCID: PMC3064148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OleA catalyzes the condensation of fatty acyl groups in the first step of bacterial long-chain olefin biosynthesis, but the mechanism of the condensation reaction is controversial. In this study, OleA from Xanthomonas campestris was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The purified protein was shown to be active with fatty acyl-CoA substrates that ranged from C(8) to C(16) in length. With limiting myristoyl-CoA (C(14)), 1 mol of the free coenzyme A was released/mol of myristoyl-CoA consumed. Using [(14)C]myristoyl-CoA, the other products were identified as myristic acid, 2-myristoylmyristic acid, and 14-heptacosanone. 2-Myristoylmyristic acid was indicated to be the physiologically relevant product of OleA in several ways. First, 2-myristoylmyristic acid was the major condensed product in short incubations, but over time, it decreased with the concomitant increase of 14-heptacosanone. Second, synthetic 2-myristoylmyristic acid showed similar decarboxylation kinetics in the absence of OleA. Third, 2-myristoylmyristic acid was shown to be reactive with purified OleC and OleD to generate the olefin 14-heptacosene, a product seen in previous in vivo studies. The decarboxylation product, 14-heptacosanone, did not react with OleC and OleD to produce any demonstrable product. Substantial hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoA substrates to the corresponding fatty acids was observed, but it is currently unclear if this occurs in vivo. In total, these data are consistent with OleA catalyzing a non-decarboxylative Claisen condensation reaction in the first step of the olefin biosynthetic pathway previously found to be present in at least 70 different bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A. Frias
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Jack E. Richman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Jasmine S. Erickson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Lawrence P. Wackett
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Pollier J, Moses T, Goossens A. Combinatorial biosynthesis in plants: A (p)review on its potential and future exploitation. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1897-916. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Catabolism of citronellol and related acyclic terpenoids in pseudomonads. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:859-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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