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Wang L, Luo H, Yao B, Yao J, Zhang J. Optimizing Hexose Utilization Pathways of Cupriavidus necator for Improving Growth and L-Alanine Production under Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:548. [PMID: 38203719 PMCID: PMC10778655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cupriavidus necator is a versatile microbial chassis to produce high-value products. Blocking the poly-β-hydroxybutyrate synthesis pathway (encoded by the phaC1AB1 operon) can effectively enhance the production of C. necator, but usually decreases cell density in the stationary phase. To address this problem, we modified the hexose utilization pathways of C. necator in this study by implementing strategies such as blocking the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, completing the phosphopentose pathway by expressing the gnd gene (encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), and completing the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway by expressing the pfkA gene (encoding 6-phosphofructokinase). During heterotrophic fermentation, the OD600 of the phaC1AB1-knockout strain increased by 44.8% with pfkA gene expression alone, and by 93.1% with gnd and pfkA genes expressing simultaneously. During autotrophic fermentation, gnd and pfkA genes raised the OD600 of phaC1AB1-knockout strains by 19.4% and 12.0%, respectively. To explore the effect of the pfkA gene on the production of C. necator, an alanine-producing C. necator was constructed by expressing the NADPH-dependent L-alanine dehydrogenase, alanine exporter, and knocking out the phaC1AB1 operon. The alanine-producing strain had maximum alanine titer and yield of 784 mg/L and 11.0%, respectively. And these values were significantly improved to 998 mg/L and 13.4% by expressing the pfkA gene. The results indicate that completing the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway by expressing the pfkA gene is an effective method to improve the growth and production of C. necator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.W.); (B.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Bin Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.W.); (B.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
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Mindt M, Ferrer L, Bosch D, Cankar K, Wendisch VF. De novo tryptophanase-based indole production by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1621-1634. [PMID: 36786915 PMCID: PMC10006044 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Indole has an increasing interest in the flavor and fragrance industry. It is used in dairy products, tea drinks, and fine fragrances due to its distinct floral odor typical of jasmine blossoms. The current production of indole based on isolation from coal tar is non-sustainable and its isolation from plants is often unprofitable due to low yields. To offer an alternative to the conventional production, biosynthesis of indole has been studied recently. A glucose-based indole production was achieved by employing the Corynebacterium glutamicum tryptophan synthase α-subunit (TrpA) or indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL) from wheat Triticum aestivum in a genetically-engineered C. glutamicum strain. In addition, a highly efficient bioconversion process using C. glutamicum heterologously expressing tryptophanase gene (tnaA) from Providencia rettgeri as a biocatalyst was developed. In this work, de novo indole production from glucose was enabled by expressing the P. rettgeri tnaA in a tryptophan-producing C. glutamicum strain. By metabolic engineering of a C. glutamicum shikimate accumulating base strain, tryptophan production of 2.14 ± 0.02 g L-1 was achieved. Introduction of the tryptophanase form P. rettgeri enabled indole production, but to low titers, which could be improved by sequestering indole into the water-immiscible solvent tributyrin during fermentation and a titer of 1.38 ± 0.04 g L-1 was achieved. The process was accelerated by decoupling growth from production increasing the volumetric productivity about 4-fold to 0.08 g L-1 h-1. KEY POINTS: • Efficient de novo indole production via tryptophanases from glucose • Increased indole titers by product sequestration and improved precursor supply • Decoupling growth from production accelerated indole production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mindt
- Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Axxence Aromatic GmbH, Emmerich am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lenny Ferrer
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Translational Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dirk Bosch
- Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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3
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Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms to Produce Pyruvate and Derived Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031418. [PMID: 36771084 PMCID: PMC9919917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate is a hub of various endogenous metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, TCA cycle, amino acid, and fatty acid biosynthesis. It has also been used as a precursor for pyruvate-derived compounds such as acetoin, 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), butanol, butyrate, and L-alanine biosynthesis. Pyruvate and derivatives are widely utilized in food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, feed additives, and bioenergy industries. However, compounds such as pyruvate, acetoin, and butanol are often chemically synthesized from fossil feedstocks, resulting in declining fossil fuels and increasing environmental pollution. Metabolic engineering is a powerful tool for producing eco-friendly chemicals from renewable biomass resources through microbial fermentation. Here, we review and systematically summarize recent advances in the biosynthesis pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and metabolic engineering strategies for pyruvate and derivatives. Furthermore, the establishment of sustainable industrial synthesis platforms based on alternative substrates and new tools to produce these compounds is elaborated. Finally, we discuss the potential difficulties in the current metabolic engineering of pyruvate and derivatives and promising strategies for constructing efficient producers.
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Sheremetieva M, Anufriev K, Khlebodarova T, Kolchanov N, Yanenko A. Rational metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to create a producer of L-valine. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:743-757. [PMID: 36694718 PMCID: PMC9834717 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Valine is one of the nine amino acids that cannot be synthesized de novo by higher organisms and must come from food. This amino acid not only serves as a building block for proteins, but also regulates protein and energy metabolism and participates in neurotransmission. L-Valine is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, medicine and cosmetics, but primarily as an animal feed additive. Adding L-valine to feed, alone or mixed with other essential amino acids, allows for feeds with lower crude protein content, increases the quality and quantity of pig meat and broiler chicken meat, as well as improves reproductive functions of farm animals. Despite the fact that the market for L-valine is constantly growing, this amino acid is not yet produced in our country. In modern conditions, the creation of strains-producers and organization of L-valine production are especially relevant for Russia. One of the basic microorganisms most commonly used for the creation of amino acid producers, along with Escherichia coli, is the soil bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. This review is devoted to the analysis of the main strategies for the development of L- valine producers based on C. glutamicum. Various aspects of L-valine biosynthesis in C. glutamicum are reviewed: process biochemistry, stoichiometry and regulation, enzymes and their corresponding genes, export and import systems, and the relationship of L-valine biosynthesis with central cell metabolism. Key genetic elements for the creation of C. glutamicum-based strains-producers are identified. The use of metabolic engineering to enhance L-valine biosynthesis reactions and to reduce the formation of byproducts is described. The prospects for improving strains in terms of their productivity and technological characteristics are shown. The information presented in the review can be used in the production of producers of other amino acids with a branched side chain, namely L-leucine and L-isoleucine, as well as D-pantothenate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K.E. Anufriev
- NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Genomic Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - T.M. Khlebodarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaKurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N.A. Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaKurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A.S. Yanenko
- NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Genomic Center, Moscow, Russia
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Golubyatnikov V, Akinshin A, Ayupova N, Minushkina L. Stratifications and foliations in phase portraits of gene network models. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:758-764. [PMID: 36694713 PMCID: PMC9837163 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodic processes of gene network functioning are described with good precision by periodic trajectories (limit cycles) of multidimensional systems of kinetic-type differential equations. In the literature, such systems are often called dynamical, they are composed according to schemes of positive and negative feedback between components of these networks. The variables in these equations describe concentrations of these components as functions of time. In the preparation of numerical experiments with such mathematical models, it is useful to start with studies of qualitative behavior of ensembles of trajectories of the corresponding dynamical systems, in particular, to estimate the highest likelihood domain of the initial data, to solve inverse problems of parameter identification, to list the equilibrium points and their characteristics, to localize cycles in the phase portraits, to construct stratification of the phase portraits to subdomains with different qualities of trajectory behavior, etc. Such an à priori geometric analysis of the dynamical systems is quite analogous to the basic section "Investigation of functions and plot of their graphs" of Calculus, where the methods of qualitative studies of shapes of curves determined by equations are exposed. In the present paper, we construct ensembles of trajectories in phase portraits of some dynamical systems. These ensembles are 2-dimensional surfaces invariant with respect to shifts along the trajectories. This is analogous to classical construction in analytic mechanics, i. e. the level surfaces of motion integrals (energy, kinetic moment, etc.). Such surfaces compose foliations in phase portraits of dynamical systems of Hamiltonian mechanics. In contrast with this classical mechanical case, the foliations considered in this paper have singularities: all their leaves have a non-empty intersection, they contain limit cycles on their boundaries. Description of the phase portraits of these systems at the level of their stratifications, and that of ensembles of trajectories allows one to construct more realistic gene network models on the basis of methods of statistical physics and the theory of stochastic differential equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.P. Golubyatnikov
- Sobolev Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A.A. Akinshin
- Huawei Russian Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N.B. Ayupova
- Sobolev Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Jeong SH, Kwon M, Kim SW. Advanced Whole-cell Conversion for D-allulose Production Using an Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Liu P, Xu H, Zhang X. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for L-alanine production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:kuab057. [PMID: 34410417 PMCID: PMC9119001 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
L-alanine is extensively used in chemical, food, and medicine industries. Industrial production of L-alanine has been mainly based on the enzymatic process using petroleum-based L-aspartic acid as the substrate. L-alanine production from renewable biomass using microbial fermentation process is an alternative route. Many microorganisms can naturally produce L-alanine using aminotransferase or L-alanine dehydrogenase. However, production of L-alanine using the native strains has been limited due to their low yields and productivities. In this review, metabolic engineering of microorganisms for L-alanine production was summarized. Among them, the Escherichia coli strains developed by Dr. Lonnie Ingram's group which can produce L-alanine with anaerobic fermentation process had several advantages, especially having high L-alanine yield, and it was the first one that realized commercialization. L-alanine is also the first amino acid that could be industrially produced by anaerobic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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8
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Sharma A, Noda M, Sugiyama M, Kaur B, Ahmad A. Optimization of L-alanine production in the recombinant Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+). Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Metabolic Engineering of Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 for Heterologous Expression of Synthetic alaD Gene Cassette and L-Alanine Production in the Recombinant Strain Using Fed-Batch Fermentation. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081964. [PMID: 34441741 PMCID: PMC8391875 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering substantially aims at the development of more efficient, robust and industrially competitive microbial strains for the potential applications in food, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. An efficient lab scale bioprocess was developed for high level fermentative production of L-alanine using metabolically engineered Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+). Computational biology tools assisted the designing of a synthetic alaD gene cassette, which was further cloned in shuttle vector pLES003 and expressed using an auto-inducible P289 promoter. Further, L-alanine production in the recombinant P. acidilactici BD16 (alaD+) strain was carried out using fed-batch fermentation under oxygen depression conditions, which significantly enhanced L-alanine levels. The recombinant strain expressing the synthetic alaD gene produced 229.12 g/L of L-alanine after 42 h of fed-batch fermentation, which is the second highest microbial L-alanine titer reported so far. After extraction and crystallization, 95% crystal L-alanine (217.54 g/L) was recovered from the culture broth with an enantiomeric purity of 97%. The developed bioprocess using recombinant P. acidilactici BD16 (alaD+) is suggested as the best alternative to chemical-based commercial synthesis of L-alanine for potential industrial applications.
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Tsuge Y, Yamaguchi A. Physiological characteristics of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a cell factory under anaerobic conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6173-6181. [PMID: 34402937 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, a gram-positive and facultative anaerobic bacterium, is widely used for the industrial production of amino acids, such as L-glutamate and L-lysine. C. glutamicum grows and produces amino acids under aerobic conditions. When restricted under anaerobic conditions, it produces organic acids, such as L-lactate and succinate, through metabolic shift. With the increasing threat of global warming, these organic acids have drawn considerable attention as bio-based plastic monomers. In addition to the organic acids, the anaerobic bioprocess is also used to produce other value-added compounds, including isobutanol, ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2,3-butanediol, L-alanine, and L-valine. Therefore, C. glutamicum is now a versatile cell factory for producing a wide variety of useful chemicals under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The growth and metabolism of the bacterium depend on the oxygen levels, which modulate the rearrangement of the carbon flux by reprogramming gene expression patterns and intracellular redox states. Anaerobic cell growth and L-lysine production as well as aerobic succinate production have been demonstrated by engineering the metabolic pathways or supplying a terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen. In this review, we discuss the physiological and metabolic changes in C. glutamicum associated with its application as a cell factory under different oxygen states. Physiological switching in bacteria is initiated with the sensing of oxygen availability. While such a sensor has not been identified in C. glutamicum yet, the molecular mechanism for oxygen sensing in related bacteria is also discussed. KEY POINTS: • C. glutamicum produces a wide variety of useful compounds under anaerobic conditions. • C. glutamicum is a versatile cell factory under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. • Metabolic fate can be overcome by engineering metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Tsuge
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Dorau R, Liu J, Solem C, Jensen PR. Metabolic Engineering of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jojima T, Igari T, Noburyu R, Watanabe A, Suda M, Inui M. Coexistence of the Entner-Doudoroff and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathways enhances glucose consumption of ethanol-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:45. [PMID: 33593398 PMCID: PMC7888142 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is interesting to modify sugar metabolic pathways to improve the productivity of biocatalysts that convert sugars to value-added products. However, this attempt often fails due to the tight control of the sugar metabolic pathways. Recently, activation of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway in Escherichia coli has been shown to enhance glucose consumption, though the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a functional ED pathway in metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum that metabolizes glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway to produce ethanol under oxygen deprivation. This study aims to provide further information on metabolic engineering strategies that allow the Entner-Doudoroff and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathways to coexist. RESULTS Three genes (zwf, edd, and eda) encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase from Zymomonas mobilis were expressed in a genetically modified strain, C. glutamicum CRZ2e, which produces pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase from Z. mobilis. A 13C-labeling experiment using [1-13C] glucose indicated a distinctive 13C distribution of ethanol between the parental and the ED-introduced strains, which suggested an alteration of carbon flux as a consequence of ED pathway introduction. The ED-introduced strain, CRZ2e-ED, consumed glucose 1.5-fold faster than the parental strain. A pfkA deletion mutant of CRZ2e-ED (CRZ2e-EDΔpfkA) was also constructed to evaluate the effects of EMP pathway inactivation, which showed an almost identical rate of glucose consumption compared to that of the parental CRZ2e strain. The introduction of the ED pathway did not alter the intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio, whereas it resulted in a slight increase in the ATP/ADP ratio. The recombinant strains with simultaneous overexpression of the genes for the EMP and ED pathways exhibited the highest ethanol productivity among all C. glutamicum strains ever constructed. CONCLUSIONS The increased sugar consumption observed in ED-introduced strains was not a consequence of cofactor balance alterations, but rather the crucial coexistence of two active glycolytic pathways for enhanced glucose consumption. Coexistence of the ED and EMP pathways is a good strategy for improving biocatalyst productivity even when NADPH supply is not a limiting factor for fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Jojima
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Environmental Management, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takafumi Igari
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
| | - Ryoji Noburyu
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
| | - Masako Suda
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inui
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan.
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, 8916-5, Nara, 630-0101, Japan.
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Disruption of the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway Stimulates High-Yield Production Using Resting Corynebacterium glutamicum in the Absence of External Electron Acceptors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02114-20. [PMID: 33036990 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02114-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying and overcoming the limitations preventing efficient high-yield production of chemicals remain important tasks in metabolic engineering. In an attempt to rewire Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce ethanol, we attained a low yield (63% of the theoretical) when using resting cells on glucose, and large amounts of succinate and acetate were formed. To prevent the by-product formation, we knocked out the malate dehydrogenase and replaced the native E3 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) with that from Escherichia coli, which is active only under aerobic conditions. However, this tampering resulted in a 10-times-reduced glycolytic flux as well as a greatly increased NADH/NAD+ ratio. When we replaced glucose with fructose, we found that the glycolytic flux was greatly enhanced, which led us to speculate whether the source of reducing power could be the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) that is bypassed when fructose is metabolized. Indeed, after shutting down the PPP by deleting the zwf gene, encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the ethanol yield on glucose increased significantly, to 92% of the theoretical. Based on that, we managed to rechannel the metabolism of C. glutamicum into d-lactate with high yield, 98%, which is the highest that has been reported. It is further demonstrated that the PPP-inactivated platform strain can offer high-yield production of valuable chemicals using lactose contained in dairy waste as feedstock, which paves a promising way for potentially turning dairy waste into a valuable product.IMPORTANCE The widely used industrial workhorse C. glutamicum possesses a complex anaerobic metabolism under nongrowing conditions, and we demonstrate here that the PPP in resting C. glutamicum is a source of reducing power that can interfere with otherwise redox-balanced metabolic pathways and reduce yields of desired products. By harnessing this physiological insight, we employed the PPP-inactivated platform strains to produce ethanol, d-lactate, and alanine using the dairy waste whey permeate as the feedstock. The production yield was high, and our results show that inactivation of the PPP flux in resting cells is a promising strategy when the aim is to use nongrowing C. glutamicum cells for producing valuable compounds. Overall, we describe the benefits of disrupting the oxidative PPP in nongrowing C. glutamicum and provide a feasible approach toward waste valorization.
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Hao Y, Ma Q, Liu X, Fan X, Men J, Wu H, Jiang S, Tian D, Xiong B, Xie X. High-yield production of L-valine in engineered Escherichia coli by a novel two-stage fermentation. Metab Eng 2020; 62:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Uchikura H, Toyoda K, Matsuzawa H, Mizuno H, Ninomiya K, Takahashi K, Inui M, Tsuge Y. Anaerobic glucose consumption is accelerated at non-proliferating elevated temperatures through upregulation of a glucose transporter gene in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6719-6729. [PMID: 32556410 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is achieved through numerous enzyme reactions. Temperature governs the activity of each enzyme, ultimately determining the optimal growth temperature. The synthesis of useful chemicals and fuels utilizes a fraction of available metabolic pathways, primarily central metabolic pathways including glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, it remains unclear whether the optimal temperature for these pathways is correlated with that for cell proliferation. Here, we found that wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum displayed increased glycolytic activity under non-growing anaerobic conditions at 42.5 °C, at which cells do not proliferate under aerobic conditions. At this temperature, glucose consumption was not inhibited and increased by 28% compared with that at the optimal growth temperature of 30 °C. Transcriptional analysis revealed that a gene encoding glucose transporter (iolT2) was upregulated by 12.3-fold compared with that at 30 °C, with concomitant upregulation of NCgl2954 encoding the iolT2-regulating transcription factor. Deletion of iolT2 decreased glucose consumption rate at 42.5 °C by 28%. Complementation of iolT2 restored glucose consumption rate, highlighting the involvement of iolT2 in the accelerating glucose consumption at an elevated temperature. This study shows that the optimal temperature for glucose metabolism in C. glutamicum under anaerobic conditions differs greatly from that for cell growth under aerobic conditions, being beyond the upper limit of the growth temperature. This is beneficial for fuel and chemical production not only in terms of increasing productivity but also for saving cooling costs. KEY POINTS: • C. glutamicum accelerated anaerobic glucose consumption at elevated temperature. • The optimal temperature for glucose consumption was above the upper limit for growth. • Gene expression involved in glucose transport was upregulated at elevated temperature. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Uchikura
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Toyoda
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuzawa
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hikaru Mizuno
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ninomiya
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inui
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yota Tsuge
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Hasegawa S, Jojima T, Suda M, Inui M. Isobutanol production in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Suppressed succinate by-production by pckA inactivation and enhanced productivity via the Entner–Doudoroff pathway. Metab Eng 2020; 59:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Adaptive laboratory evolution induced novel mutations in Zymomonas mobilis ATCC ZW658: a potential platform for co-utilization of glucose and xylose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 47:329-341. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A systematic adaptive laboratory evolution strategy was employed to develop a potential Zymomonas mobilis strain with the ability to co-utilize glucose and xylose. Z. mobilis ATCC ZW658, a recombinant xylose fermenting strain, was subjected to adaptive laboratory evolution over a period of 200 days under strict selection pressure of increasing concentration of xylose. The evolved strain exhibited 1.65 times increase in the overall specific xylose utilization rate when compared with the parent strain. Furthermore, the strain displayed significantly improved performance in terms of co-fermentation of xylose in the presence of glucose with specific glucose and xylose utilization rate of 1.24 g g−1 h−1 and 1.34 g g−1 h−1, respectively. Altered phenotypic response of the evolved strain, in terms of improved xylose utilization, co-utilization of mixed sugars, enhanced growth, ethanol production, and reduced xylitol production has been explained by novel mutations, identified using next-generation sequencing, in xylose assimilating, metabolizing, and crucial regulatory pathway genes and key enzyme activity assays.
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18
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Gießelmann G, Dietrich D, Jungmann L, Kohlstedt M, Jeon EJ, Yim SS, Sommer F, Zimmer D, Mühlhaus T, Schroda M, Jeong KJ, Becker J, Wittmann C. Metabolic Engineering of
Corynebacterium glutamicum
for High‐Level Ectoine Production: Design, Combinatorial Assembly, and Implementation of a Transcriptionally Balanced Heterologous Ectoine Pathway. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800417. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Gießelmann
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Demian Dietrich
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Lukas Jungmann
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Eun J. Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKAIST 335 Gwahagno Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 305‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung S. Yim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKAIST 335 Gwahagno Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 305‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems BiologyTU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - David Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems BiologyTU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems BiologyTU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems BiologyTU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - Ki J. Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKAIST 335 Gwahagno Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 305‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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Zhang X, Lai L, Xu G, Zhang X, Shi J, Koffas MAG, Xu Z. Rewiring the Central Metabolic Pathway for High‐Yieldl‐Serine Production inCorynebacterium glutamicumby Using Glucose. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800497. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutics Science, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
| | - Lianhe Lai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutics Science, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityNo. 1800, Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityNo. 1800, Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutics Science, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
| | - Mattheos A. G. Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy 12180 NY USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy 12180 NY USA
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityNo. 1800, Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
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Enhancement of substrate supply and ido expression to improve 4-hydroxyisoleucine production in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4113-4124. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Savrasova EA, Stoynova NV. Application of leucine dehydrogenase Bcd from Bacillus subtilis for l-valine synthesis in Escherichia coli under microaerobic conditions. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01406. [PMID: 30993221 PMCID: PMC6449708 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microaerobic cultivation conditions have been shown experimentally and theoretically to improve the performance of a number of bioproduction systems. However, under these conditions, the production of l-valine by Escherichia coli is decreased mainly because of a redox cofactor imbalance and a decreased l-glutamate supply. The synthesis of one mole of l-valine from one mole of glucose generates two moles of NADH via glycolysis but consumes a total of two moles of NADPH, one in the ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) reaction and the other in the regeneration of l-glutamate as an amino group donor for the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT) reaction. The improvement of l-valine synthesis under oxygen deprivation may be due to solving these problems. Increased l-valine synthesis under oxygen deprivation conditions was previously shown in Corynebacterium glutamicum (Hasegawa et al., 2012). In this study, we have proposed the use of NADH-dependent leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH; EC 1.4.1.9) Bcd from B. subtilis instead of the native NADPH-dependent pathway including aminotransferase encoded by ilvE to improve l-valine production in E. coli under microaerobic conditions. We have created l-valine-producing strains on the base of the aminotransferase B-deficient strain V1 (B-7 ΔilvBN ΔilvIH ΔilvGME::PL-ilvBNN17KDA) by introducing one chromosomal copy of the bcd gene or the ilvE gene. Evaluation of the l-valine production by the obtained strains under microaerobic and aerobic conditions revealed that leucine dehydrogenase Bcd had a higher potential for l-valine production under microaerobic conditions. The Bcd-possessing strain exhibited 2.2-fold higher l-valine accumulation (up to 9.1 g/L) and 2.0-fold higher yield (up to 35.3%) under microaerobic conditions than the IlvE-possessing strain. The obtained results could be interpreted as follows: an altering of redox cofactor balance in the l-valine biosynthesis pathway increased the production and yield by E. coli cells under microaerobic conditions. Thus, the effective synthesis of l-valine by means of “valine fermentation” was shown in E. coli. This methodology has the advantages of being an economical and environmentally friendly process.
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22
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Conrady M, Lemoine A, Limberg MH, Oldiges M, Neubauer P, Junne S. Carboxylic acid consumption and production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2804. [PMID: 30851150 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is well-known as an industrial workhorse, most notably for its use in the bulk production of amino acids in the feed and food sector. Previous studies of the effect of gradients in scale-down reactors with complex media disclosed an accumulation of several carboxylic acids and a parallel decrease of growth and product accumulation. This study, therefore, addresses the impact of carboxylic acids, for example, acetate and l-lactate, on the cultivation of the cadaverine producing strain C. glutamicum DM1945Δact3:Ptuf -ldcCopt and their potential role in scale up related performance losses. A fluctuating power input in shake flask and stirred tank cultivations with mineral salt was applied to mimic discontinuous oxygen availability. Results demonstrate, whenever sufficient oxygen was available, C. glutamicum recovered from previously occurring stressful conditions like an oxygen limiting phase. Reassimilation of acids was detected simultaneously. In cultures, which were supplemented with either acetate or l-lactate, a rapid cometabolization of both acids in presence of glucose was observed, showing conversion rates of 7.8 and 3.8 mmol gcell dry weight -1 hr-1 , respectively. Uptake of these acids was accompanied by increased oxygen consumption. Proteins related to oxidative stress response, glycogen synthesis, and the main carbon metabolism were found in altered concentrations under oscillatory cultivation conditions. (Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012760). Virtually no impact on growth or product formation was observed. We conclude that the reduced growth and product formation in scale-down cultivations when complex media was used is not caused by the accumulation of carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Conrady
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Lemoine
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael H Limberg
- Research Centre Juelich, IBG-1-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Biotechnology, Juelich, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Research Centre Juelich, IBG-1-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Biotechnology, Juelich, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Junne
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Veldmann KH, Minges H, Sewald N, Lee JH, Wendisch VF. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the fermentative production of halogenated tryptophan. J Biotechnol 2019; 291:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum for bio-based production of chemicals, fuels, materials, and healthcare products. Metab Eng 2018; 50:122-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Lee MJ, Kim P. Recombinant Protein Expression System in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Its Application. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2523. [PMID: 30416490 PMCID: PMC6213972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, a soil-derived gram-positive actinobacterium, has been widely used for the production of biochemical molecules such as amino acids (i.e., L-glutamate and L-lysine), nucleic acids, alcohols, and organic acids. The metabolism of the bacterium has been engineered to increase the production of the target biochemical molecule, which requires a cytosolic enzyme expression. As recent demand for new proteinaceous biologics (such as antibodies, growth factors, and hormones) increase, C. glutamicum is attracting industrial interest as a recombinant protein expression host for therapeutic protein production due to the advantages such as low protease activity without endotoxin activity. In this review, we have summarized the recent studies on the heterologous expression of the recombinant protein in C. glutamicum for metabolic engineering, expansion of substrate availability, and recombinant protein secretion. We have also outlined the advances in genetic components such as promoters, surface anchoring systems, and secretory signal sequences in C. glutamicum for effective recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pil Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholirc University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
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26
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Qiu XY, Xie SS, Min L, Wu XM, Zhu LY, Zhu L. Spatial organization of enzymes to enhance synthetic pathways in microbial chassis: a systematic review. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:120. [PMID: 30064437 PMCID: PMC6066912 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, microbes have been widely applied as chassis in the construction of synthetic metabolic pathways. However, the lack of in vivo enzyme clustering of heterologous metabolic pathways in these organisms often results in low local concentrations of enzymes and substrates, leading to a low productive efficacy. In recent years, multiple methods have been applied to the construction of small metabolic clusters by spatial organization of heterologous metabolic enzymes. These methods mainly focused on using engineered molecules to bring the enzymes into close proximity via different interaction mechanisms among proteins and nucleotides and have been applied in various heterologous pathways with different degrees of success while facing numerous challenges. In this paper, we mainly reviewed some of those notable advances in designing and creating approaches to achieve spatial organization using different intermolecular interactions. Current challenges and future aspects in the further application of such approaches are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Qiu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China
| | - Si-Si Xie
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Min
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China
| | - Lv-Yun Zhu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China.
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China.
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27
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Kitade Y, Hashimoto R, Suda M, Hiraga K, Inui M. Production of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid by an Aerobic Growth-Arrested Bioprocess Using Metabolically Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02587-17. [PMID: 29305513 PMCID: PMC5835730 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02587-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum was metabolically engineered to produce 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), a valuable aromatic compound used as a raw material for the production of liquid crystal polymers and paraben. C. glutamicum was found to have a higher tolerance to 4-HBA toxicity than previously reported hosts used for the production of genetically engineered 4-HBA. To obtain higher titers of 4-HBA, we employed a stepwise overexpression of all seven target genes in the shikimate pathway in C. glutamicum Specifically, multiple chromosomal integrations of a mutated aroG gene from Escherichia coli, encoding a 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, and wild-type aroCKB from C. glutamicum, encoding chorismate synthase, shikimate kinase, and 3-dehydroquinate synthase, were effective in increasing product titers. The last step of the 4-HBA biosynthesis pathway was recreated in C. glutamicum by expressing a highly 4-HBA-resistant chorismate pyruvate-lyase (UbiC) from the intestinal bacterium Providencia rustigianii To enhance the yield of 4-HBA, we reduced the formation of by-products, such as 1,3-dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate, by deleting hdpA, a gene coding for a haloacid dehalogenase superfamily phosphatase, and pyk, a gene coding for a pyruvate kinase, from the bacterial chromosome. The maximum concentration of 4-HBA produced by the resultant strain was 36.6 g/liter, with a yield of 41% (mol/mol) glucose after incubation for 24 h in minimal medium in an aerobic growth-arrested bioprocess using a jar fermentor. To our knowledge, this is the highest concentration of 4-HBA produced by a metabolically engineered microorganism ever reported.IMPORTANCE Since aromatic compound 4-HBA has been chemically produced from petroleum-derived phenol for a long time, eco-friendly bioproduction of 4-HBA from biomass resources is desired in order to address environmental issues. In microbial chemical production, product toxicity often causes problems, but we confirmed that wild-type C. glutamicum has high tolerance to the target 4-HBA. A growth-arrested bioprocess using this microorganism has been successfully used for the production of various compounds, such as biofuels, organic acids, and amino acids. However, no production method has been applied for aromatic compounds to date. In this study, we screened for a novel final reaction enzyme possessing characteristics superior to those in previously employed microbial 4-HBA production. We demonstrated that the use of the highly 4-HBA-resistant UbiC from the intestinal bacterium P. rustigianii is very effective in increasing 4-HBA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kitade
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
- Green Phenol Development Co., Ltd., Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masako Suda
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
- Green Phenol Development Co., Ltd., Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hiraga
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
- Green Phenol Development Co., Ltd., Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inui
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
- Green Phenol Development Co., Ltd., Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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Enhanced Glucose Consumption and Organic Acid Production by Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum Based on Analysis of a pfkB1 Deletion Mutant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02638-16. [PMID: 27881414 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02638-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the analysis of a carbohydrate metabolite pathway, we found interesting phenotypes in a mutant strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum deficient in pfkB1, which encodes fructose-1-phosphate kinase. After being aerobically cultivated with fructose as a carbon source, this mutant consumed glucose and produced organic acid, predominantly l-lactate, at a level more than 2-fold higher than that of the wild-type grown with glucose under conditions of oxygen deprivation. This considerably higher fermentation capacity was unique for the combination of pfkB1 deletion and cultivation with fructose. In the metabolome and transcriptome analyses of this strain, marked intracellular accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate and significant upregulation of several genes related to the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, glycolysis, and organic acid synthesis were identified. We then examined strains overexpressing several of the identified genes and demonstrated enhanced glucose consumption and organic acid production by these engineered strains, whose values were found to be comparable to those of the model pfkB1 deletion mutant grown with fructose. l-Lactate production by the ppc deletion mutant of the engineered strain was 2,390 mM (i.e., 215 g/liter) after 48 h under oxygen deprivation, which was a 2.7-fold increase over that of the wild-type strain with a deletion of ppc IMPORTANCE: Enhancement of glycolytic flux is important for improving microbiological production of chemicals, but overexpression of glycolytic enzymes has often resulted in little positive effect. That is presumably because the central carbon metabolism is under the complex and strict regulation not only transcriptionally but also posttranscriptionally, for example, by the ATP/ADP ratio. In contrast, we studied a mutant strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum that showed markedly enhanced glucose consumption and organic acid production and, based on the findings, identified several genes whose overexpression was effective in enhancing glycolytic flux under conditions of oxygen deprivation. These results will further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of glycolytic flux and can be widely applied to the improvement of the microbial production of useful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Ahn
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury; KAIST; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Sin Jang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury; KAIST; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury; KAIST; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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30
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Chai X, Shang X, Zhang Y, Liu S, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Wen T. A novel pyruvate kinase and its application in lactic acid production under oxygen deprivation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:79. [PMID: 27852252 PMCID: PMC5112673 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate kinase (Pyk) catalyzes the generation of pyruvate and ATP in glycolysis and functions as a key switch in the regulation of carbon flux distribution. Both the substrates and products of Pyk are involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, anaplerosis and energy anabolism, which places Pyk at a primary metabolic intersection. Pyks are highly conserved in most bacteria and lower eukaryotes. Corynebacterium glutamicum is an industrial workhorse for the production of various amino acids and organic acids. Although C. glutamicum was assumed to possess only one Pyk (pyk1, NCgl2008), NCgl2809 was annotated as a pyruvate kinase with an unknown role. Results Here, we identified that NCgl2809 was a novel pyruvate kinase (pyk2) in C. glutamicum. Complementation of the WTΔpyk1Δpyk2 strain with the pyk2 gene restored its growth on d-ribose, which demonstrated that Pyk2 could substitute for Pyk1 in vivo. Pyk2 was co-dependent on Mn2+ and K+ and had a higher affinity for ADP than phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The catalytic activity of Pyk2 was allosterically regulated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) activation and ATP inhibition. Furthermore, pyk2 and ldhA, which encodes l-lactate dehydrogenase, were co-transcribed as a bicistronic mRNA under aerobic conditions and pyk2 deficiency had a slight effect on the intracellular activity of Pyk. However, the mRNA level of pyk2 in the wild-type strain under oxygen deprivation was 14.24-fold higher than that under aerobic conditions. Under oxygen deprivation, pyk1 or pyk2 deficiency decreased the generation of lactic acid, and the overexpression of either pyk1 or pyk2 increased the production of lactic acid as the activity of Pyk increased. Fed-batch fermentation of the pyk2-overexpressing WTΔpyk1 strain produced 60.27 ± 1.40 g/L of lactic acid, which was a 47% increase compared to the parent strain under oxygen deprivation. Conclusions Pyk2 functioned as a pyruvate kinase and contributed to the increased level of Pyk activity under oxygen deprivation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0313-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingyi Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Lange J, Takors R, Blombach B. Zero-growth bioprocesses: A challenge for microbial production strains and bioprocess engineering. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:27-35. [PMID: 32624726 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of renewable feedstocks is an established technology in industrial biotechnology. Besides strict aerobic or anaerobic modes of operation, novel innovative and industrially applicable fermentation processes were developed connecting the advantages of aerobic and anaerobic conditions in a combined production approach. As a consequence, rapid aerobic biomass formation to high cell densities and subsequent anaerobic high-yield and zero-growth production is realized. Following this strategy, bioprocesses operating with substantial overall yield and productivity can be obtained. Here, we summarize the current knowledge and achievements in such microbial zero-growth production processes and pinpoint to challenges due to the complex adaptation of the cellular metabolism during the cell's passage from aerobiosis to anaerobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bastian Blombach
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
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Jorge JMP, Nguyen AQD, Pérez-García F, Kind S, Wendisch VF. Improved fermentative production of gamma-aminobutyric acid via the putrescine route: Systems metabolic engineering for production from glucose, amino sugars, and xylose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:862-873. [PMID: 27800627 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid widespread in Nature. Among the various uses of GABA, its lactam form 2-pyrrolidone can be chemically converted to the biodegradable plastic polyamide-4. In metabolism, GABA can be synthesized either by decarboxylation of l-glutamate or by a pathway that starts with the transamination of putrescine. Fermentative production of GABA from glucose by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum has been described via both routes. Putrescine-based GABA production was characterized by accumulation of by-products such as N-acetyl-putrescine. Their formation was abolished by deletion of the spermi(di)ne N-acetyl-transferase gene snaA. To improve provision of l-glutamate as precursor 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity was reduced by changing the translational start codon of the chromosomal gene for 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase subunit E1o to the less preferred TTG and by maintaining the inhibitory protein OdhI in its inhibitory form by changing amino acid residue 15 from threonine to alanine. Putrescine-based GABA production by the strains described here led to GABA titers up to 63.2 g L-1 in fed-batch cultivation at maximum volumetric productivities up to 1.34 g L-1 h-1 , the highest volumetric productivity for fermentative GABA production reported to date. Moreover, GABA production from the carbon sources xylose, glucosamine, and N-acetyl-glucosamine that do not have competing uses in the food or feed industries was established. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 862-873. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M P Jorge
- Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Genetics of Prokaryotes, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Anh Q D Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Genetics of Prokaryotes, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.,evocatal GmbH, Monheim, Germany
| | - Fernando Pérez-García
- Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Genetics of Prokaryotes, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | | | - Volker F Wendisch
- Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Genetics of Prokaryotes, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
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33
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Kogure T, Kubota T, Suda M, Hiraga K, Inui M. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for shikimate overproduction by growth-arrested cell reaction. Metab Eng 2016; 38:204-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Limberg MH, Schulte J, Aryani T, Mahr R, Baumgart M, Bott M, Wiechert W, Oldiges M. Metabolic profile of 1,5-diaminopentane producing Corynebacterium glutamicum
under scale-down conditions: Blueprint for robustness to bioreactor inhomogeneities. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:560-575. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Limberg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-1: Biotechnology; Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Julia Schulte
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-1: Biotechnology; Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Tita Aryani
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-1: Biotechnology; Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Regina Mahr
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-1: Biotechnology; Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-1: Biotechnology; Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-1: Biotechnology; Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-1: Biotechnology; Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-1: Biotechnology; Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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Jojima T, Inui M. Engineering the glycolytic pathway: A potential approach for improvement of biocatalyst performance. Bioengineered 2016; 6:328-34. [PMID: 26513591 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2015.1111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic pathway is a main driving force in the fermentation process as it produces energy, cell component precursors, and fermentation products. Given its importance, the glycolytic pathway can be considered as an attractive target for the metabolic engineering of industrial microorganisms. However, many attempts to enhance glycolytic flux, by overexpressing homologous or heterologous genes encoding glycolytic enzymes, have been unsuccessful. In contrast, significant enhancement in glycolytic flux has been observed in studies with bacteria, specifically, Corynebacterium glutamicum. Although there has been a recent increase in the number of successful applications of this technology, little is known about the mechanisms leading to the enhancement of glycolytic flux. To explore the rational applications of glycolytic pathway engineering in biocatalyst development, this review summarizes recent successful studies as well as past attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Jojima
- a Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth ; Kizugawa , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masayuki Inui
- a Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth ; Kizugawa , Kyoto , Japan
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36
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Lemoine A, Limberg MH, Kästner S, Oldiges M, Neubauer P, Junne S. Performance loss ofCorynebacterium glutamicumcultivations under scale-down conditions using complex media. Eng Life Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lemoine
- Bioprocess Engineering; TU Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Michael H. Limberg
- Research Centre Juelich; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-IBG-1: Biotechnology; Juelich Germany
| | | | - Marco Oldiges
- Research Centre Juelich; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-IBG-1: Biotechnology; Juelich Germany
| | | | - Stefan Junne
- Bioprocess Engineering; TU Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Ahn JH, Jang YS, Lee SY. Production of succinic acid by metabolically engineered microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 42:54-66. [PMID: 26990278 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Succinic acid (SA) has been recognized as one of the most important bio-based building block chemicals due to its numerous potential applications. For the economical bio-based production of SA, extensive research works have been performed on developing microbial strains by metabolic engineering as well as fermentation and downstream processes. Here we review metabolic engineering strategies applied for bio-based production of SA using representative microorganisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia kudriavzevii, Escherichia coli, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, Basfia succiniciproducens, Actinobacillus succinogenes, and Corynebacterium glutamicum. In particular, strategies employed for developing engineered strains of these microorganisms leading to the best performance indices (titer, yield, and productivity) are showcased based on the published papers as well as patents. Those processes currently under commercialization are also analyzed and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Ahn
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Sin Jang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Sun X, Shen X, Jain R, Lin Y, Wang J, Sun J, Wang J, Yan Y, Yuan Q. Synthesis of chemicals by metabolic engineering of microbes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:3760-85. [PMID: 25940754 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering is a powerful tool for the sustainable production of chemicals. Over the years, the exploration of microbial, animal and plant metabolism has generated a wealth of valuable genetic information. The prudent application of this knowledge on cellular metabolism and biochemistry has enabled the construction of novel metabolic pathways that do not exist in nature or enhance existing ones. The hand in hand development of computational technology, protein science and genetic manipulation tools has formed the basis of powerful emerging technologies that make the production of green chemicals and fuels a reality. Microbial production of chemicals is more feasible compared to plant and animal systems, due to simpler genetic make-up and amenable growth rates. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of biofuels, value added chemicals, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals via metabolic engineering of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15#, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Du L, Ma L, Qi F, Zheng X, Jiang C, Li A, Wan X, Liu SJ, Li S. Characterization of a Unique Pathway for 4-Cresol Catabolism Initiated by Phosphorylation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6583-94. [PMID: 26817843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.695320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Cresol is not only a significant synthetic intermediate for production of many aromatic chemicals, but also a priority environmental pollutant because of its toxicity to higher organisms. In our previous studies, a gene cluster implicated to be involved in 4-cresol catabolism, creCDEFGHIR, was identified in Corynebacterium glutamicum and partially characterized in vivo. In this work, we report on the discovery of a novel 4-cresol biodegradation pathway that employs phosphorylated intermediates. This unique pathway initiates with the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group of 4-cresol, which is catalyzed by a novel 4-methylbenzyl phosphate synthase, CreHI. Next, a unique class I P450 system, CreJEF, specifically recognizes phosphorylated intermediates and successively oxidizes the aromatic methyl group into carboxylic acid functionality via alcohol and aldehyde intermediates. Moreover, CreD (phosphohydrolase), CreC (alcohol dehydrogenase), and CreG (aldehyde dehydrogenase) were also found to be required for efficient oxidative transformations in this pathway. Steady-state kinetic parameters (Km and kcat) for each catabolic step were determined, and these results suggest that kinetic controls serve a key role in directing the metabolic flux to the most energy effective route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Li Ma
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and
| | - Feifei Qi
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and
| | - Xianliang Zheng
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Chengying Jiang
- the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, and Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Center at Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ailei Li
- the CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- the CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, and Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Center at Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shengying Li
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and
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40
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Heider SAE, Wendisch VF. Engineering microbial cell factories: Metabolic engineering ofCorynebacterium glutamicumwith a focus on non-natural products. Biotechnol J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Nguyen AQD, Schneider J, Reddy GK, Wendisch VF. Fermentative production of the diamine putrescine: system metabolic engineering of corynebacterium glutamicum. Metabolites 2015; 5:211-31. [PMID: 25919117 PMCID: PMC4495370 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum shows great potential for the production of the glutamate-derived diamine putrescine, a monomeric compound of polyamides. A genome-scale stoichiometric model of a C. glutamicum strain with reduced ornithine transcarbamoylase activity, derepressed arginine biosynthesis, and an anabolic plasmid-addiction system for heterologous expression of E. coli ornithine decarboxylase gene speC was investigated by flux balance analysis with respect to its putrescine production potential. Based on these simulations, enhancing glycolysis and anaplerosis by plasmid-borne overexpression of the genes for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase as well as reducing 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity were chosen as targets for metabolic engineering. Changing the translational start codon of the chromosomal gene for 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase subunit E1o to the less preferred TTG and changing threonine 15 of OdhI to alanine reduced 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity about five fold and improved putrescine titers by 28%. Additional engineering steps improved further putrescine production with the largest contributions from preventing the formation of the by-product N-acetylputrescine by deletion of spermi(di)ne N-acetyltransferase gene snaA and from overexpression of the gene for a feedback-resistant N-acetylglutamate kinase variant. The resulting C. glutamicum strain NA6 obtained by systems metabolic engineering accumulated two fold more putrescine than the base strain, i.e., 58.1 ± 0.2 mM, and showed a specific productivity of 0.045 g·g-1·h-1 and a yield on glucose of 0.26 g·g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Q D Nguyen
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jens Schneider
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Gajendar Komati Reddy
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Functional Characterization of Corynebacterium alkanolyticum β-Xylosidase and Xyloside ABC Transporter in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4173-83. [PMID: 25862223 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00792-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Corynebacterium alkanolyticum xylEFGD gene cluster comprises the xylD gene that encodes an intracellular β-xylosidase next to the xylEFG operon encoding a substrate-binding protein and two membrane permease proteins of a xyloside ABC transporter. Cloning of the cluster revealed a recombinant β-xylosidase of moderately high activity (turnover for p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside of 111 ± 4 s(-1)), weak α-l-arabinofuranosidase activity (turnover for p-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside of 5 ± 1 s(-1)), and high tolerance to product inhibition (Ki for xylose of 67.6 ± 2.6 mM). Heterologous expression of the entire cluster under the control of the strong constitutive tac promoter in the Corynebacterium glutamicum xylose-fermenting strain X1 enabled the resultant strain X1EFGD to rapidly utilize not only xylooligosaccharides but also arabino-xylooligosaccharides. The ability to utilize arabino-xylooligosaccharides depended on cgR_2369, a gene encoding a multitask ATP-binding protein. Heterologous expression of the contiguous xylD gene in strain X1 led to strain X1D with 10-fold greater β-xylosidase activity than strain X1EFGD, albeit with a total loss of arabino-xylooligosaccharide utilization ability and only half the ability to utilize xylooligosaccharides. The findings suggest some inherent ability of C. glutamicum to take up xylooligosaccharides, an ability that is enhanced by in the presence of a functional xylEFG-encoded xyloside ABC transporter. The finding that xylEFG imparts nonnative ability to take up arabino-xylooligosaccharides should be useful in constructing industrial strains with efficient fermentation of arabinoxylan, a major component of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates.
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Oide S, Gunji W, Moteki Y, Yamamoto S, Suda M, Jojima T, Yukawa H, Inui M. Thermal and solvent stress cross-tolerance conferred to Corynebacterium glutamicum by adaptive laboratory evolution. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2284-98. [PMID: 25595768 PMCID: PMC4357955 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03973-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcing microbial thermotolerance is a strategy to enable fermentation with flexible temperature settings and thereby to save cooling costs. Here, we report on adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) of the amino acid-producing bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum under thermal stress. After 65 days of serial passage of the transgenic strain GLY3, in which the glycolytic pathway is optimized for alanine production under oxygen deprivation, three strains adapted to supraoptimal temperatures were isolated, and all the mutations they acquired were identified by whole-genome resequencing. Of the 21 mutations common to the three strains, one large deletion and two missense mutations were found to promote growth of the parental strain under thermal stress. Additive effects on thermotolerance were observed among these mutations, and the combination of the deletion with the missense mutation on otsA, encoding a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, allowed the parental strain to overcome the upper limit of growth temperature. Surprisingly, the three evolved strains acquired cross-tolerance for isobutanol, which turned out to be partly attributable to the genomic deletion associated with the enhanced thermotolerance. The deletion involved loss of two transgenes, pfk and pyk, encoding the glycolytic enzymes, in addition to six native genes, and elimination of the transgenes, but not the native genes, was shown to account for the positive effects on thermal and solvent stress tolerance, implying a link between energy-producing metabolism and bacterial stress tolerance. Overall, the present study provides evidence that ALE can be a powerful tool to refine the phenotype of C. glutamicum and to investigate the molecular bases of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Oide
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Gunji
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Moteki
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Yamamoto
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masako Suda
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Jojima
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yukawa
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inui
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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Tsuge Y, Yamamoto S, Kato N, Suda M, Vertès AA, Yukawa H, Inui M. Overexpression of the phosphofructokinase encoding gene is crucial for achieving high production of D-lactate in Corynebacterium glutamicum under oxygen deprivation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4679-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang D, Guan D, Liang J, Guo C, Xie X, Zhang C, Xu Q, Chen N. Reducing lactate secretion by ldhA Deletion in L-glutamate- producing strain Corynebacterium glutamicum GDK-9. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1477-83. [PMID: 25763057 PMCID: PMC4323326 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L-lactate is one of main byproducts excreted in to the fermentation medium. To improve L-glutamate production and reduce L-lactate accumulation, L-lactate dehydrogenase-encoding gene ldhA was knocked out from L-glutamate producing strain Corynebacterium glutamicum GDK-9, designated GDK-9ΔldhA. GDK-9ΔldhA produced approximately 10.1% more L-glutamate than the GDK-9, and yielded lower levels of such by-products as α-ketoglutarate, L-lactate and L-alanine. Since dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of main factors affecting L-lactate formation during L-glutamate fermentation, we investigated the effect of ldhA deletion from GDK-9 under different DO conditions. Under both oxygen-deficient and high oxygen conditions, L-glutamate production by GDK-9ΔldhA was not higher than that of the GDK-9. However, under micro-aerobic conditions, GDK-9ΔldhA exhibited 11.61% higher L-glutamate and 58.50% lower L-alanine production than GDK-9. Taken together, it is demonstrated that deletion of ldhA can enhance L-glutamate production and lower the unwanted by-products concentration, especially under micro-aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin P.R. China College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China. ; Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology Education Ministry Tianjin P.R. China Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Education Ministry, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Dan Guan
- China Biothech Fermentation Industry Association Beijing P.R. China China Biothech Fermentation Industry Association, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Liang
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin P.R. China College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China. ; Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology Education Ministry Tianjin P.R. China Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Education Ministry, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chunqian Guo
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin P.R. China College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China. ; Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology Education Ministry Tianjin P.R. China Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Education Ministry, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xixian Xie
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin P.R. China College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China. ; Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology Education Ministry Tianjin P.R. China Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Education Ministry, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin P.R. China College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China. ; Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology Education Ministry Tianjin P.R. China Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Education Ministry, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin P.R. China College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China. ; Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology Education Ministry Tianjin P.R. China Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Education Ministry, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin P.R. China College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China. ; Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology Education Ministry Tianjin P.R. China Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Education Ministry, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Recent advances in the metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of lactate and succinate from renewable resources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:375-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent increasing attention to environmental issues and the shortage of oil resources have spurred political and industrial interest in the development of environmental friendly and cost-effective processes for the production of bio-based chemicals from renewable resources. Thus, microbial production of commercially important chemicals is viewed as a desirable way to replace current petrochemical production. Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Gram-positive soil bacterium, is one of the most important industrial microorganisms as a platform for the production of various amino acids. Recent research has explored the use of C. glutamicum as a potential cell factory for producing organic acids such as lactate and succinate, both of which are commercially important bulk chemicals. Here, we summarize current understanding in this field and recent metabolic engineering efforts to develop C. glutamicum strains that efficiently produce l- and d-lactate, and succinate from renewable resources.
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Lemoine A, Maya Martίnez-Iturralde N, Spann R, Neubauer P, Junne S. Response ofCorynebacterium glutamicumexposed to oscillating cultivation conditions in a two- and a novel three-compartment scale-down bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1220-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lemoine
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering; Department of Biotechnology; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Robert Spann
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering; Department of Biotechnology; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering; Department of Biotechnology; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Junne
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering; Department of Biotechnology; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Advanced Biotechnology: Metabolically Engineered Cells for the Bio-Based Production of Chemicals and Fuels, Materials, and Health-Care Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3328-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Biotechnologie von Morgen: metabolisch optimierte Zellen für die bio-basierte Produktion von Chemikalien und Treibstoffen, Materialien und Gesundheitsprodukten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shin JH, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of L-arginine and its derivatives. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:166. [PMID: 25467280 PMCID: PMC4258820 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine (ARG) is an important amino acid for both medicinal and industrial applications. For almost six decades, the research has been going on for its improved industrial level production using different microorganisms. While the initial approaches involved random mutagenesis for increased tolerance to ARG and consequently higher ARG titer, it is laborious and often leads to unwanted phenotypes, such as retarded growth. Discovery of L-glutamate (GLU) overproducing strains and using them as base strains for ARG production led to improved ARG production titer. Continued effort to unveil molecular mechanisms led to the accumulation of detailed knowledge on amino acid metabolism, which has contributed to better understanding of ARG biosynthesis and its regulation. Moreover, systems metabolic engineering now enables scientists and engineers to efficiently construct genetically defined microorganisms for ARG overproduction in a more rational and system-wide manner. Despite such effort, ARG biosynthesis is still not fully understood and many of the genes in the pathway are mislabeled. Here, we review the major metabolic pathways and its regulation involved in ARG biosynthesis in different prokaryotes including recent discoveries. Also, various strategies for metabolic engineering of bacteria for the overproduction of ARG are described. Furthermore, metabolic engineering approaches for producing ARG derivatives such as L-ornithine (ORN), putrescine and cyanophycin are described. ORN is used in medical applications, while putrescine can be used as a bio-based precursor for the synthesis of nylon-4,6 and nylon-4,10. Cyanophycin is also an important compound for the production of polyaspartate, another important bio-based polymer. Strategies outlined here will serve as a general guideline for rationally designing of cell-factories for overproduction of ARG and related compounds that are industrially valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Shin
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea. .,BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea. .,BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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