1
|
Hahm J, Bauer A, Jung S, Zell N, Boßle F, Buchholz R, Lindenberger C. Process Parameter Screening for the Microalga
Chlamydomonas asymmetrica
in Batch and Turbidostat Cultivations. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sun‐Hwa Jung
- FAU Branch Campus Busan Busan South Korea
- Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden Faculty of Department of Mechanical Engineering/Environmental Technology Amberg Germany
| | - Niklas Zell
- Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden Faculty of Department of Mechanical Engineering/Environmental Technology Amberg Germany
| | - Fabian Boßle
- Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden Faculty of Department of Mechanical Engineering/Environmental Technology Amberg Germany
| | | | - Christoph Lindenberger
- FAU Branch Campus Busan Busan South Korea
- Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden Faculty of Department of Mechanical Engineering/Environmental Technology Amberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Improvements in Conventional Modeling Practices for Effective Simulation and Understanding of Microalgal Growth in Photobioreactors: an Experimental Study. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid which is an essential nutrient for both humans and animals. This review examines the global need for EPA, both in human nutrition and aquaculture. The potential shortfall in supply of this important nutrient as well as sustainability issues with wild-caught fish have generated increased interest into alternative sources of EPA. Various approaches are summarized, including heterotrophic production and the use of genetically modified microorganisms and plants. Studies on photoautotrophic production of EPA are extensively reviewed. Widely used species for large-scale production of EPA includes Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis due to their robustness and relatively high growth rates and EPA content (typically 5% of dry biomass). Approaches for large-scale production have also been reviewed. Closed reactors like flat panels, tubular reactors and bubble columns may be the most suitable due to their high productivity. However, there is no agreement in the literature as to which design generates the lowest cost of production. The economics of the process has also been examined. The best estimates for large-scale (100 hectare) plants give EPA prices of the order 39-90 USD per kilogram. This is approximately ten times higher than the price of EPA derived from fish oil. Potential avenues for lowering the cost are highlighted, along with the need to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of different EPA production methods from a more holistic perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Gu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John M Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dale D McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Legrand J, Artu A, Pruvost J. A review on photobioreactor design and modelling for microalgae production. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00450b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
From the cell to the photobioreactor and to the industrial exploitation of microalgae, through the controlled experiments and modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Legrand
- University of Nantes
- CNRS, ONIRIS, GEPEA, UMR6144
- 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex
- France
| | - Arnaud Artu
- Total, Direction générale Raffinage-Chimie
- Division Biofuels
- Tour Coupole
- 92078 Paris La Défense
- France
| | - Jérémy Pruvost
- University of Nantes
- CNRS, ONIRIS, GEPEA, UMR6144
- 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex
- France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kishi M, Nagatsuka K, Toda T. Effect of Membrane Hydrophobicity and Thickness on Energy-Efficient Dissolved Oxygen Removal From Algal Culture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:978. [PMID: 32974310 PMCID: PMC7471630 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of dissolved oxygen from algal photobioreactors is essential for high productivity in mass cultivation. Gas-permeating photobioreactor that uses hydrophobic membranes to permeate dissolved oxygen (pervaporation) from its body itself is an energy-efficient option for oxygen removal. This study comparably evaluated the characteristics of various commercial membranes and determined the criteria for the selection of suitable ones for the gas-permeating photobioreactors. It was found that oxygen permeability is limited not by that in the membrane but in the liquid boundary layer. Membrane thickness had a negative effect on membrane oxygen permeability, but the effect was as minor as less than 3% compared with the liquid boundary layer. Due to this characteristic, the lamination of non-woven fabric with the microporous film did not significantly decrease the overall oxygen transfer coefficient. The permeability in the liquid boundary layer had a significantly positive relationship with the hydrophobicity. The highest overall oxygen transfer coefficients in the water-to-air and water-to-water oxygen removal tests were 2.1 ± 0.03 × 10–5 and 1.39 ± 0.09 × 10–5 m s–1, respectively. These values were considered effective in the dissolved oxygen removal from high-density algal culture to prevent oxygen inhibition. Furthermore, hydrophobicity was found to have a significant relationship also with water entry pressure, which needs to be high to avoid culture liquid leakage. Therefore, these results suggested that a microporous membrane with strong hydrophobicity laminated with non-woven fabric would be suitable characteristics for gas-permeating photobioreactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kishi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan.,Plankton Eco-Engineering Research Center, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Nagatsuka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Toda
- Plankton Eco-Engineering Research Center, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nwoba EG, Parlevliet DA, Laird DW, Alameh K, Moheimani NR. Pilot-scale self-cooling microalgal closed photobioreactor for biomass production and electricity generation. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
7
|
Dasan YK, Lam MK, Yusup S, Lim JW, Lee KT. Life cycle evaluation of microalgae biofuels production: Effect of cultivation system on energy, carbon emission and cost balance analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:112-128. [PMID: 31229809 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and ever-increasing environmental pollution have forced humankind to look for a renewable energy source. Microalgae, a renewable biomass source, has been proposed as a promising feedstock to generate biofuels due to their fast growth rate with high lipid content. However, literatures have indicated that sustainable production of microalgae biofuels are only viable with a highly optimized production system. In the present study, a cradle-to-gate approach was used to provide expedient insights on the effect of different cultivation systems and biomass productivity toward life cycle energy (LCEA), carbon balance (LCCO2) and economic (LCC) of microalgae biodiesel production pathways. In addition, a co-production of bioethanol from microalgae residue was proposed in order to improve the economic sustainability of the overall system. The results attained in the present work indicated that traditional microalgae biofuels processing pathways resulted to several shortcomings, such as dehydration and lipid extraction of microalgae biomass required high energy input and contributed nearly 21 to 30% and 39 to 57% of the total energy requirement, respectively. Besides, the microalgae biofuels production system also required a high capital investment, which accounted for 47 to 86% of total production costs that subsequently resulted to poor techno-economic performances. Moreover, current analysis of environmental aspects of microalgae biorefinery had revealed negative CO2 balance in producing microalgae biofuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaleeni Kanna Dasan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Suzana Yusup
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Keat Teong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
CyanoFactory, a European consortium to develop technologies needed to advance cyanobacteria as chassis for production of chemicals and fuels. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
9
|
Panahi Y, Yari Khosroushahi A, Sahebkar A, Heidari HR. Impact of Cultivation Condition and Media Content on Chlorella vulgaris Composition. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9:182-194. [PMID: 31380244 PMCID: PMC6664117 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are a source material in food, pharmacy, and cosmetics industries for producing various products including high-protein nutritional supplements, synthetic pharmaceuticals, and natural colors. A promising algal source for such productions is Chlorella vulgaris which contains a considerable protein content. Similar to other microalgae, its desirability is minimal nutrient requirements since they are unicellular, photosynthetic, and fast-growing microorganisms. Another propitious option to be produced by C. vulgaris is biodiesel, since it is rich in oil too. Besides, algal well thriving in presence of increased amount of carbon dioxide makes them a practicable alternative biofuel resource without some problems of the traditional ones. At the same time, C. vulgaris is also a promising source for nutraceuticals such as amino acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. This review aims to discuss the conditions need to be observed for achieving a favorable growth efficiency of the C. vulgaris, as well as targeted productions such as biomass, antioxidant, and biofuel. Additionally, different approaches to induce any specific production are also considered comprehensively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Heidari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Economic feasibility and long-term sustainability criteria on the path to enable a transition from fossil fuels to biofuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 57:175-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
11
|
Zhang YT, Jiang JY, Shi TQ, Sun XM, Zhao QY, Huang H, Ren LJ. Application of the CRISPR/Cas system for genome editing in microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3239-3248. [PMID: 30877356 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are arguably the most abundant single-celled eukaryotes and are widely distributed in oceans and freshwater lakes. Moreover, microalgae are widely used in biotechnology to produce bioenergy and high-value products such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), bioactive peptides, proteins, antioxidants and so on. In general, genetic editing techniques were adapted to increase the production of microalgal metabolites. The main genome editing tools available today include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas nuclease system. Due to its high genome editing efficiency, the CRISPR/Cas system is emerging as the most important genome editing method. In this review, we summarized the available literature on the application of CRISPR/Cas in microalgal genetic engineering, including transformation methods, strategies for the expression of Cas9 and sgRNA, the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knock-in/knock-out strategies, and CRISPR interference expression modification strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yi Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Yu Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Simultaneous treatment of domestic wastewater and bio-lipid synthesis using immobilized and suspended cultures of microalgae and activated sludge. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
13
|
Lauersen KJ. Eukaryotic microalgae as hosts for light-driven heterologous isoprenoid production. PLANTA 2019; 249:155-180. [PMID: 30467629 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae hold incredible metabolic potential for the sustainable production of heterologous isoprenoid products. Recent advances in algal engineering have enabled the demonstration of prominent examples of heterologous isoprenoid production. Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, are the largest class of natural chemicals, with a vast diversity of structures and biological roles. Some have high-value in human-use applications, although may be found in their native contexts in low abundance or be difficult to extract and purify. Heterologous production of isoprenoid compounds in heterotrophic microbial hosts such as bacteria or yeasts has been an active area of research for some time and is now a mature technology. Eukaryotic microalgae represent sustainable alternatives to these hosts for biotechnological production processes as their cultivation can be driven by light and freely available CO2 as a carbon source. Their photosynthetic lifestyles require metabolic architectures structured towards the generation of associated isoprenoids (carotenoids, phytol) which participate in photon capture, energy dissipation, and electron transfer. Eukaryotic microalgae should, therefore, contain inherently high capacities for the generation of heterologous isoprenoid products. Although engineering strategies in eukaryotic microalgae have lagged behind the more genetically tractable bacteria and yeasts, recent advances in algal engineering concepts have demonstrated prominent examples of light-driven heterologous isoprenoid production from these photosynthetic hosts. This work seeks to provide practical insights into the choice of eukaryotic microalgae as biotechnological chassis. Recent reports of advances in algal engineering for heterologous isoprenoid production are highlighted as encouraging examples that promote their expanded use as sustainable green-cell factories. Current state of the art, limitations, and future challenges are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Lauersen
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castrillo M, Díez-Montero R, Tejero I. Model-based feasibility assessment of a deep solar photobioreactor for microalgae culturing. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
15
|
Zhou Y, Li L, Zhang R, Hu C. Fractional conversion of microalgae from water blooms. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:197-212. [PMID: 28660966 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fractional conversion of natural algae cyanobacteria from Taihu Lake was conducted. The raw Taihu Lake algae (TLA) and pretreated samples were pyrolyzed at 290 °C and 450 °C according to the TGA results. Extraction of lipids or saccharides from the TLA was performed as a pretreatment to obtain lipid extracted algae (LEA) or saccharide extracted algae (SEA). The total yields of bio-oil from fractional pyrolysis were 40.9 wt% from TLA, 42.3 wt% from LEA, and 48.5 wt% from SEA. From TLA, the major components of the bio-oil were fatty acids, amides and hydrocarbons (heptadecane) at 290 °C whereas those at 450 °C were phenols and C10-C15 hydrocarbons. Following the lipid extraction, acids, amides and indoles accounted for a large proportion at 290 °C, while the main products obtained at 450 °C were phenols, indoles and pyrroles. It is worth mentioning that the yield of bio-oil from the LEA had increased, and the composition of the bio-oil was simplified. Moreover, the average molecular weight of the bio-oil obtained from LEA had decreased. Interestingly, the extraction of saccharides inhibited pyrolysis of the lipids, so the distribution of the bio-oil from SEA changed only a little. Fractional pyrolysis of pretreated microalgae not only increased the bio-oil yield but also improved the quality of the bio-oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Park H, Lee CG. Theoretical Calculations on the Feasibility of Microalgal Biofuels: Utilization of Marine Resources Could Help Realizing the Potential of Microalgae. Biotechnol J 2017; 11:1461-1470. [PMID: 27782372 PMCID: PMC5132096 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae have long been considered as one of most promising feedstocks with better characteristics for biofuels production over conventional energy crops. There have been a wide range of estimations on the feasibility of microalgal biofuels based on various productivity assumptions and data from different scales. The theoretical maximum algal biofuel productivity, however, can be calculated by the amount of solar irradiance and photosynthetic efficiency (PE), assuming other conditions are within the optimal range. Using the actual surface solar irradiance data around the world and PE of algal culture systems, maximum algal biomass and biofuel productivities were calculated, and feasibility of algal biofuel were assessed with the estimation. The results revealed that biofuel production would not easily meet the economic break‐even point and may not be sustainable at a large‐scale with the current algal biotechnology. Substantial reductions in the production cost, improvements in lipid productivity, recycling of resources, and utilization of non‐conventional resources will be necessary for feasible mass production of algal biofuel. Among the emerging technologies, cultivation of microalgae in the ocean shows great potentials to meet the resource requirements and economic feasibility in algal biofuel production by utilizing various marine resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanwool Park
- National Marine Bioenergy R&D Center & Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul-Gyun Lee
- National Marine Bioenergy R&D Center & Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Show PL, Tang MSY, Nagarajan D, Ling TC, Ooi CW, Chang JS. A Holistic Approach to Managing Microalgae for Biofuel Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010215. [PMID: 28117737 PMCID: PMC5297844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae contribute up to 60% of the oxygen content in the Earth’s atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. Microalgae are abundantly available in the natural environment, thanks to their ability to survive and grow rapidly under harsh and inhospitable conditions. Microalgal cultivation is environmentally friendly because the microalgal biomass can be utilized for the productions of biofuels, food and feed supplements, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. The cultivation of microalgal also can complement approaches like carbon dioxide sequestration and bioremediation of wastewaters, thereby addressing the serious environmental concerns. This review focuses on the factors affecting microalgal cultures, techniques adapted to obtain high-density microalgal cultures in photobioreactors, and the conversion of microalgal biomass into biofuels. The applications of microalgae in carbon dioxide sequestration and phycoremediation of wastewater are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia.
| | - Malcolm S Y Tang
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Chien-Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering Discipline and Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pruvost J, Le Borgne F, Artu A, Legrand J. Development of a thin-film solar photobioreactor with high biomass volumetric productivity (AlgoFilm©) based on process intensification principles. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Golberg A, Sack M, Teissie J, Pataro G, Pliquett U, Saulis G, Stefan T, Miklavcic D, Vorobiev E, Frey W. Energy-efficient biomass processing with pulsed electric fields for bioeconomy and sustainable development. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:94. [PMID: 27127539 PMCID: PMC4848877 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fossil resources-free sustainable development can be achieved through a transition to bioeconomy, an economy based on sustainable biomass-derived food, feed, chemicals, materials, and fuels. However, the transition to bioeconomy requires development of new energy-efficient technologies and processes to manipulate biomass feed stocks and their conversion into useful products, a collective term for which is biorefinery. One of the technological platforms that will enable various pathways of biomass conversion is based on pulsed electric fields applications (PEF). Energy efficiency of PEF treatment is achieved by specific increase of cell membrane permeability, a phenomenon known as membrane electroporation. Here, we review the opportunities that PEF and electroporation provide for the development of sustainable biorefineries. We describe the use of PEF treatment in biomass engineering, drying, deconstruction, extraction of phytochemicals, improvement of fermentations, and biogas production. These applications show the potential of PEF and consequent membrane electroporation to enable the bioeconomy and sustainable development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Golberg
- />Porter School of Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin Sack
- />Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Justin Teissie
- />CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gianpiero Pataro
- />Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Uwe Pliquett
- />Institut für Bioprozeβ- und Analysenmeβtechnik e.V., Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Gintautas Saulis
- />Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Töpfl Stefan
- />German Institute of Food Technologies, Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Damijan Miklavcic
- />Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eugene Vorobiev
- />Departement de Genie Chimique, Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Compiegne, France
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- />Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Berteotti S, Ballottari M, Bassi R. Increased biomass productivity in green algae by tuning non-photochemical quenching. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21339. [PMID: 26888481 PMCID: PMC4758054 DOI: 10.1038/srep21339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic microalgae have a high potential for the production of biofuels and highly valued metabolites. However, their current industrial exploitation is limited by a productivity in photobioreactors that is low compared to potential productivity. The high cell density and pigment content of the surface layers of photosynthetic microalgae result in absorption of excess photons and energy dissipation through non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). NPQ prevents photoinhibition, but its activation reduces the efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, NPQ is catalyzed by protein subunits encoded by three lhcsr (light harvesting complex stress related) genes. Here, we show that heat dissipation and biomass productivity depends on LHCSR protein accumulation. Indeed, algal strains lacking two lhcsr genes can grow in a wide range of light growth conditions without suffering from photoinhibition and are more productive than wild-type. Thus, the down-regulation of NPQ appears to be a suitable strategy for improving light use efficiency for biomass and biofuel production in microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Berteotti
- Università di Verona, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Università di Verona, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Università di Verona, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Elsayed S, Boukis N, Patzelt D, Hindersin S, Kerner M, Sauer J. Gasification of Microalgae Using Supercritical Water and the Potential of Effluent Recycling. Chem Eng Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
23
|
Pruvost J, Le Borgne F, Artu A, Cornet JF, Legrand J. Industrial Photobioreactors and Scale-Up Concepts. PHOTOBIOREACTION ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ache.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
24
|
Pruvost J, Cornet JF, Pilon L. Large-Scale Production of Algal Biomass: Photobioreactors. ALGAE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12334-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
25
|
Skjånes K, Andersen U, Heidorn T, Borgvang SA. Design and construction of a photobioreactor for hydrogen production, including status in the field. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2016; 28:2205-2223. [PMID: 27471341 PMCID: PMC4947126 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-016-0789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Several species of microalgae and phototrophic bacteria are able to produce hydrogen under certain conditions. A range of different photobioreactor systems have been used by different research groups for lab-scale hydrogen production experiments, and some few attempts have been made to upscale the hydrogen production process. Even though a photobioreactor system for hydrogen production does require special construction properties (e.g., hydrogen tight, mixing by other means than bubbling with air), only very few attempts have been made to design photobioreactors specifically for the purpose of hydrogen production. We have constructed a flat panel photobioreactor system that can be used in two modes: either for the cultivation of phototrophic microorganisms (upright and bubbling) or for the production of hydrogen or other anaerobic products (mixing by "rocking motion"). Special emphasis has been taken to avoid any hydrogen leakages, both by means of constructional and material choices. The flat plate photobioreactor system is controlled by a custom-built control system that can log and control temperature, pH, and optical density and additionally log the amount of produced gas and dissolved oxygen concentration. This paper summarizes the status in the field of photobioreactors for hydrogen production and describes in detail the design and construction of a purpose-built flat panel photobioreactor system, optimized for hydrogen production in terms of structural functionality, durability, performance, and selection of materials. The motivations for the choices made during the design process and advantages/disadvantages of previous designs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Skjånes
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research—NIBIO, PO 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Uno Andersen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research—NIBIO, PO 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Thorsten Heidorn
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research—NIBIO, PO 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Stig A. Borgvang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research—NIBIO, PO 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wobbe L, Bassi R, Kruse O. Multi-Level Light Capture Control in Plants and Green Algae. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:55-68. [PMID: 26545578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth relies on photosynthesis, and the ongoing depletion of fossil carbon fuels has renewed interest in phototrophic light-energy conversion processes as a blueprint for the conversion of atmospheric CO2 into various organic compounds. Light-harvesting systems have evolved in plants and green algae, which are adapted to the light intensity and spectral composition encountered in their habitats. These organisms are constantly challenged by a fluctuating light supply and other environmental cues affecting photosynthetic performance. Excess light can be especially harmful, but plants and microalgae are equipped with different acclimation mechanisms to control the processing of sunlight absorbed at both photosystems. We summarize the current knowledge and discuss the potential for optimization of phototrophic light-energy conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Wobbe
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Universita degli Studi di Verona, Department of Biotechnology, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dürre P, Eikmanns BJ. C1-carbon sources for chemical and fuel production by microbial gas fermentation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 35:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
28
|
Gao X, Kong B, Vigil RD. Characteristic time scales of mixing, mass transfer and biomass growth in a Taylor vortex algal photobioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:283-291. [PMID: 26402871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently it has been demonstrated that algal biomass yield can be enhanced using fluid flow patterns known as Taylor vortices. It has been suggested that these growth rate improvements can be attributed to improved light delivery as a result of rapid transport of microorganisms between light and dark regions of the reactor. However, Taylor vortices also strongly impact fluid mixing and interphase (gas-liquid) mass transport, and these in turn may also explain improvements in biomass productivity. To identify the growth-limiting factor in a Taylor vortex algal photobioreactor, experiments were performed to determine characteristic time scales for mixing and mass transfer. By comparing these results with the characteristic time scale for biomass growth, it is shown that algal growth rate in Taylor vortex reactors is not limited by fluid mixing or interphase mass transfer, and therefore the observed biomass productivity improvements are likely attributable to improved light utilization efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gao
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - R Dennis Vigil
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Theoretical investigation of microalgae culture in the light changing conditions of solar photobioreactor production and comparison with cyanobacteria. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
Van Wagenen J, Pape ML, Angelidaki I. Characterization of nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production on an industrial waste-stream by application of the deceleration-stat technique. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 75:301-311. [PMID: 25792276 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial wastewaters can serve as a nutrient and water source for microalgal production. In this study the effluent of an internal circulation (IC) reactor anaerobically treating the wastes of a biotechnology production facility were chosen as the cultivation medium for Chlorella sorokiniana in batch and continuous cultures. The aim was to evaluate the rates of nutrient removal and biomass production possible at various dilution rates. The results demonstrate that the industrial wastewater served as a highly effective microalgae culture medium and that dilution rate strongly influenced algae productivity in a short light-path photobioreactor. Batch culture on undiluted wastewater showed biomass productivity of 1.33 g L(-1)day(-1), while removing over 99% of the ammonia and phosphate from the wastewater. Deceleration-stat (D-stat) experiments performed at high and low intensities of 2100 and 200 (μmol photon m(2)s(-1)) established the optimal dilution rates to reach volumetric productivity of 5.87 and 1.67 g L(-1)day(-1) respectively. The corresponding removal rates of nitrogen were 238 and 93 mg L(-1)day(-1) and 40 and 19 mg L(-1)day(-1) for phosphorous. The yield on photons at low light intensity was as high as had been observed in any previous report indicating that the waste stream allowed the algae to grow at its full potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Van Wagenen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Leon Pape
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ansari FA, Shriwastav A, Gupta SK, Rawat I, Guldhe A, Bux F. Lipid extracted algae as a source for protein and reduced sugar: a step closer to the biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 179:559-564. [PMID: 25579230 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using lipid extracted algae (LEA) as a source for protein and reduced sugar, and the effects of various procedural treatments on their yields. LEA provided comparable yields of protein and reduced sugars to those from total algae. Oven drying provided highest yields of all products followed by freeze drying, while sun drying significantly lowered their yields. Effective cell disruption by microwave and autoclave increased the lipid yields from algae, but resulted in increased loss of other compounds with lipid extracting solvents lowering their yields during sequential extraction. Relatively inefficient cell disruption by ultrasonication and osmotic shock lowered the amount of cell protein lost to the lipid extracting solvents. These results highlight the complexity of concurrent extraction of all value added products from algae, and the need for proper selection of the processes to achieve the objectives of integrated biorefinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ahmad Ansari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Amritanshu Shriwastav
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanjay Kumar Gupta
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Abhishek Guldhe
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sung MG, Lee H, Nam K, Rexroth S, Rögner M, Kwon JH, Yang JW. A simple method for decomposition of peracetic acid in a microalgal cultivation system. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:517-22. [PMID: 25270405 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A cost-efficient process devoid of several washing steps was developed, which is related to direct cultivation following the decomposition of the sterilizer. Peracetic acid (PAA) is known to be an efficient antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizing potential. Sterilization by 2 mM PAA demands at least 1 h incubation time for an effective disinfection. Direct degradation of PAA was demonstrated by utilizing components in conventional algal medium. Consequently, ferric ion and pH buffer (HEPES) showed a synergetic effect for the decomposition of PAA within 6 h. On the contrary, NaNO3, one of the main components in algal media, inhibits the decomposition of PAA. The improved growth of Chlorella vulgaris and Synechocystis PCC6803 was observed in the prepared BG11 by decomposition of PAA. This process involving sterilization and decomposition of PAA should help cost-efficient management of photobioreactors in a large scale for the production of value-added products and biofuels from microalgal biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gyu Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Glembin P, Racheva R, Kerner M, Smirnova I. Micelle mediated extraction of fatty acids from microalgae cultures: Implementation for outdoor cultivation. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
34
|
Lucker BF, Hall CC, Zegarac R, Kramer DM. The environmental photobioreactor (ePBR): An algal culturing platform for simulating dynamic natural environments. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
35
|
Improving the sunlight-to-biomass conversion efficiency in microalgal biofactories. J Biotechnol 2014; 201:28-42. [PMID: 25160918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae represent promising organisms for the sustainable production of commodities, chemicals or fuels. Future use of such systems, however, requires increased productivity of microalgal mass cultures in order to reach an economic viability for microalgae-based production schemes. The efficiency of sunlight-to-biomass conversion that can be observed in bulk cultures is generally far lower (35-80%) than the theoretical maximum, because energy losses occur at multiple steps during the light-driven conversion of carbon dioxide to organic carbon. The light-harvesting system is a major source of energy losses and thus a prime target for strain engineering. Truncation of the light-harvesting antenna in the algal model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was shown to be an effective way of increasing culture productivity at least under saturating light conditions. Furthermore engineering of the Calvin-Benson cycle or the creation of photorespiratory bypasses in A. thaliana proved to be successful in terms of achieving higher biomass productivities. An efficient generation of novel microalgal strains with improved sunlight conversion efficiencies by targeted engineering in the future will require an expanded molecular toolkit. In the meantime random mutagenesis coupled to high-throughput screening for desired phenotypes can be used to provide engineered microalgae.
Collapse
|
36
|
Huang J, Li Y, Wan M, Yan Y, Feng F, Qu X, Wang J, Shen G, Li W, Fan J, Wang W. Novel flat-plate photobioreactors for microalgae cultivation with special mixers to promote mixing along the light gradient. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 159:8-16. [PMID: 24632435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel flat-plate photobioreactors (PBRs) with special mixers (type-a, type-b, and type-c) were designed based on increased mixing degree along the light gradient. The hydrodynamic and light regime characteristic of the novel PBRs were investigated through computational fluid dynamics. Compared with the control reactor without mixer, the novel reactors can effectively increase liquid velocity along the light gradient, the frequency of light/dark (L/D) cycles, and the algal growth rates of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The maximum biomass concentrations in type-a, type-b, and type-c reactors were 42.9% (1.3 g L(-1)), 31.9% (1.2 g L(-1)), and 20.9% (1.1 g L(-1)) higher than that in the control reactor (0.91 g L(-1)), respectively, at an aeration rate of 1.0 vvm. Correlation analysis of algal growth rate with the characteristics of mixing and light regime shows the key factors affecting algal photoautotrophic growth are liquid velocity along the light gradient and L/D cycles rather than the macro-mixing degree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yuanguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Minxi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Fei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiaxing Zeyuan Bio-products Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314007, PR China
| | - Guomin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Weiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moroni M, Cicci A, Bravi M. Experimental investigation of a local recirculation photobioreactor for mass cultures of photosynthetic microorganisms. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 52:29-39. [PMID: 24447955 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work deals with the experimental fluid mechanics analysis of a wavy-bottomed cascade photobioreactor, to characterize the extent and period of recirculatory and straight-flowing streams establishing therein as a function of reactor inclination and liquid flow rate. The substream characterization via Feature Tracking (FT) showed that a local recirculation zone establishes in each vane only at inclinations ≤6° and that its location changes from the lower (≤3°) to the upper part of each vane (6°). A straight-flowing stream flows opposite (above or below) the local recirculation stream. The recirculation time ranges from 0.86 s to 0.23 s, corresponding, respectively, to the minimum flow rate at the minimum inclination and to the maximum flow rate at the maximum inclination where recirculation was observed. The increase of photosynthetic activity, resulting from the entailed "flash effect", was estimated to range between 102 and 113% with respect to equivalent tubular and bubble column photobioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Moroni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy.
| | - Agnese Cicci
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy.
| | - Marco Bravi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee E, Pruvost J, He X, Munipalli R, Pilon L. Design tool and guidelines for outdoor photobioreactors. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
39
|
Chen CY, Bai MD, Chang JS. Improving microalgal oil collecting efficiency by pretreating the microalgal cell wall with destructive bacteria. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Hoekema S, Rinzema A, Tramper J, Wijffels RH, Janssen M. Deceleration-stats save much time during phototrophic culture optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:792-802. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Hoekema
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Rinzema
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Tramper
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - René H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Janssen
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
He PJ, Mao B, Lü F, Shao LM, Lee DJ, Chang JS. The combined effect of bacteria and Chlorella vulgaris on the treatment of municipal wastewaters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:562-568. [PMID: 23973976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of Chlorella vulgaris with or without co-existing bacteria on the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter from wastewaters were studied by comparing the wastewater treatment effects between an algae-bacteria consortium and a stand-alone algae system. In the algae-bacteria system, C.vulgaris played a dominant role in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, while bacteria removed most of the organic matter from the wastewater. When treating unsterilized wastewater, bacteria were found to inhibit the growth of algae at >231 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Using the algae-bacteria consortium resulted in the removal of 97% NH4(+), 98% phosphorus and 26% DOC at a total nitrogen (TN) level of 29-174 mg/L. The reaction rate constant (k) values in sterilized and unsterilized wastewaters were 2.17 and 1.92 mg NH4(+)-N/(mg algal cell ·d), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - B Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - F Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - L M Shao
- Research and Training Center on Rural Waste Management, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PR China, China
| | - D J Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - J S Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Flocculation as a low-cost method for harvesting microalgae for bulk biomass production. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
43
|
Croze OA, Sardina G, Ahmed M, Bees MA, Brandt L. Dispersion of swimming algae in laminar and turbulent channel flows: consequences for photobioreactors. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20121041. [PMID: 23407572 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear flow significantly affects the transport of swimming algae in suspension. For example, viscous and gravitational torques bias bottom-heavy cells to swim towards regions of downwelling fluid (gyrotaxis). It is necessary to understand how such biases affect algal dispersion in natural and industrial flows, especially in view of growing interest in algal photobioreactors. Motivated by this, we here study the dispersion of gyrotactic algae in laminar and turbulent channel flows using direct numerical simulation (DNS) and a previously published analytical swimming dispersion theory. Time-resolved dispersion measures are evaluated as functions of the Péclet and Reynolds numbers in upwelling and downwelling flows. For laminar flows, DNS results are compared with theory using competing descriptions of biased swimming cells in shear flow. Excellent agreement is found for predictions that employ generalized Taylor dispersion. The results highlight peculiarities of gyrotactic swimmer dispersion relative to passive tracers. In laminar downwelling flow the cell distribution drifts in excess of the mean flow, increasing in magnitude with Péclet number. The cell effective axial diffusivity increases and decreases with Péclet number (for tracers it merely increases). In turbulent flows, gyrotactic effects are weaker, but discernable and manifested as non-zero drift. These results should have a significant impact on photobioreactor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio A Croze
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Biotechnologies for greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, and CO2) abatement: state of the art and challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2277-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
45
|
Fuentes-Grünewald C, Garcés E, Alacid E, Rossi S, Camp J. Biomass and lipid production of dinoflagellates and raphidophytes in indoor and outdoor photobioreactors. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:37-47. [PMID: 22544375 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The principal fatty acids from the lipid profiles of two autochthonous dinoflagellates (Alexandrium minutum and Karlodinium veneficum) and one raphidophyte (Heterosigma akashiwo) maintained in bubble column photobioreactors under outdoor culture conditions are described for the first time. The biomass production, lipid content and lipid productivity of these three species were determined and the results compared to those obtained when the strains were cultured indoors. Under the latter condition, the biotic values did not significantly differ among species, whereas under outdoor conditions, differences in both duplication time and fatty acids content were observed. Specifically, A. minutum had higher biomass productivity (0.35 g·L⁻¹ day⁻¹), lipid productivity (80.7 mg lipid·L⁻¹ day⁻¹) and lipid concentration (252 mg lipid·L⁻¹) at harvest time (stationary phase) in outdoor conditions. In all three strains, the growth rate and physiological response to the light and temperature fluctuations of outdoor conditions greatly impacted the production parameters. Nonetheless, the species could be successfully grown in an outdoor photobioreactor and were of sufficient robustness to enable the establishment of long-term cultures yielding consistent biomass and lipid production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Fuentes-Grünewald
- Departament de Biología Marina i Oceanografía, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Formighieri C, Franck F, Bassi R. Regulation of the pigment optical density of an algal cell: Filling the gap between photosynthetic productivity in the laboratory and in mass culture. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Hindersin S, Leupold M, Kerner M, Hanelt D. Irradiance optimization of outdoor microalgal cultures using solar tracked photobioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:345-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
50
|
Jacobi A, Steinweg C, Sastre RR, Posten C. Advanced photobioreactor LED illumination system: Scale-down approach to study microalgal growth kinetics. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|