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Wang X, Deng W, Hu H, Jia X, Chen J, Fang P, Cheng C, Zhang S, Jiang X, Ding D, Ma B. Seasonal variations in soil microbial community co-occurrence network complexity respond differently to field-simulated warming experiments in a northern subtropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174692. [PMID: 39002597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Global warming may reshape seasonal changes in microbial community diversity and co-occurrence network patterns, with significant implications for terrestrial ecosystem function. We conducted a 2-year in situ field simulation of the effects of warming on the seasonal dynamics of soil microbial communities in a northern subtropical Quercus acutissima forest. Our study revealed that warming had no significant effect on the richness or diversity of soil bacteria or fungi in the growing season, whereas different warming gradients had different effects on their diversity in the nongrowing season. Warming also changed the microbial community structure, increasing the abundance of some thermophilic microbial species and decreasing the abundance of some symbiotrophic microorganisms. The co-occurrence network analysis of the microbial community showed that warming decreased the complexity of the intradomain network in the soil bacterial community in the growing and nongrowing seasons but increased it in the fungal community. Moreover, increasing warming temperatures increased the complexity of the interdomain network between bacteria and fungi in the growing season but decreased it in the nongrowing season, and the keystone species in the interdomain network changed with warming. Warming also reduced the proportion of positive microbial community interactions, indicating that warming reduced the mutualism, commensalism, and neutralism of microorganisms as they adapted to soil environmental stress. The factors affecting the fungal community varied considerably across warming gradients, with the bacterial community being significantly affected by soil temperature, MBC, NO3--N and NH4+-N, moreover, SOC and TN significantly affected fungal communities in the 4 °C warming treatment. These results suggest that warming increases seasonal differences in the diversity and complexity of soil microbial communities in the northern subtropical region, significantly influencing soil dynamic processes regulating forest ecosystems under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenbin Deng
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haibo Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xichuan Jia
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pei Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Can Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuyi Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Dongxia Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Geological Environment Exploration Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211102, China
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Liu R, Yao Y, Chu Q, Wei D, Wang X, Zhang S. Enhanced soil microbial stability is associated with soil organic carbon storage under high-altitude forestation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 370:122462. [PMID: 39270342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The potential of forestation to mitigate climate warming depends largely on whether it can improve terrestrial carbon (C) storage. Changes in soil microbial stability can cause ecosystem C fluctuations. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether forestation alters soil microbial stability with cascading effects on C storage in high-altitude ecosystems. In this study, a total of 14 typical planted forests were selected on the Tibetan Plateau. We showed that high-altitude forestation, particularly with poplars, altered the microbial diversity and potentially improved the stability of soil microbial communities. These changes were associated with soil C accumulation and potentially positive feedback on soil organic C storage. Variations in the microbial community stability were mostly caused by changes in soil bulk density and dissolved organic C. Superior network stability was found in fungal community rather than bacterial community. Additionally, there were strong interactions between bacterial and fungal communities that influenced soil C storage. These findings contribute to understand the differences and relationships between bacteria and fungi in plantation soils. This work reveals the potential of high-altitude forestation to mitigate climate warming through insights into the microbial-mediated mechanisms responsible for soil C storage in high-altitude ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiwen Chu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Da Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610299, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610299, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Karimi A, Tahmourespour A, Hoodaji M. Cyanobacterial biocrust alters soil physical properties reducing soil erosion and aerosol production. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2453-2461. [PMID: 38922531 PMCID: PMC11405739 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aerosol emission by wind erosion in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world, is of environmental and health significance. Different methods have been used to mitigate aerosol emission among which the biological methods may be the most efficient ones. Although previously investigated, more research is essential to determine how the use of exopolysaccharide (biocrust)-producing cyanobacteria may affect soil physical properties. The objective was to investigate the effects of the cyanobacteria, Microcoleus vaginatus ATHK43 (identified and registered by the NCBI accession number MW433686), on soil physical properties of a sandy soil 15, 30, 60, and 90 d after inoculation. The effects of cyanobacterial biocrust on soil properties including shear strength, soil resistance, aggregate stability (mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD)), and wind erosion were determined in trays using a wind tunnel. Cyanobacterial inoculation significantly increased MWD (0-1 cm depth, from 0.12 mm to 0.47 mm) and GMD (from 0.3 to 0.5 mm) after a period of 90 d. Biocrust production significantly decreased soil erosion from 55.7 kgm- 2 to 0.3 kgm- 2 (wind rate of 50 kmh- 1), and from 116.42 kgm- 2 to 0.6 kgm- 2 (wind rate of 90 kmh- 1) after 90 d. In conclusion, cyanobacterial biocrust can significantly improve soil physical properties in different parts of the world including the deserts, and reduce aerosol emission by mitigating the destructive effects of wind erosion on soil physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Karimi
- Department of Soil Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Tahmourespour
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehran Hoodaji
- Department of Soil Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
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Mony C, Vannier N, Burel F, Ernoult A, Vandenkoornhuyse P. The root microlandscape of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39169593 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of assemblages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is essential to leverage the benefits of AMF for plant growth and health. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are heterogeneously distributed in space even at small scale. We review the role of plant distribution in driving AMF assemblages (the passenger hypothesis), using a transposition of the conceptual framework of landscape ecology. Because rooting systems correspond to habitat patches with limited carrying capacity that differ in quality due to host-preference effects, we suggest considering plant communities as mosaics of AMF microhabitats. We review how predictions from landscape ecology apply to plant community effects on AMF, and the existing evidence that tests these predictions. Although many studies have been conducted on the effect of plant compositional heterogeneity on AMF assemblages, they mostly focused on the effect of plant richness, while only a few investigated the effect of configurational heterogeneity, plant connectivity or plant community temporal dynamics. We propose key predictions and future prospects to fill these gaps. Considering plant communities as landscapes extends the passenger hypothesis by including a spatially explicit dimension and its associated ecological processes and may help understand and manipulate AMF assemblages at small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine Mony
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Nathan Vannier
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE Centre Bretagne, Domaine de la Motte, BP35327, 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Burel
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Aude Ernoult
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
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Zhao W, Soininen J, Hu A, Liu J, Li M, Wang J. The structure of bacteria-fungi bipartite networks along elevational gradients in contrasting climates. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17442. [PMID: 38953280 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is altering species distribution and modifying interactions in microbial communities. Understanding microbial community structure and their interactions is crucial to interpreting ecosystem responses to climate change. Here, we examined the assemblages of stream bacteria and fungi, and the associations between the two groups along elevational gradients in two regions with contrasting precipitation and temperature, that is the Galong and Qilian mountains of the Tibetan Plateau. In the wetter and warmer region, the species richness significantly increased and decreased with elevation for bacteria and fungi, respectively, while were nonsignificant in the drier and colder region. Their bipartite network structure was also different by showing significant increases in connectance and nestedness towards higher elevations only in the wetter and warmer region. In addition, these correlation network structure generally exhibited similar positive association with species richness in the wetter and warmer region and the drier and colder region. In the wetter and warmer region, climatic change along elevation was more important in determining connectance and nestedness, whereas microbial species richness exerted a stronger influence on network structure and robustness in the drier and colder region. These findings indicate substantial forthcoming changes in microbial diversity and network structure in warming climates, especially in wetter and warmer regions on Earth, advancing the understanding of microbial bipartite interactions' response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Janne Soininen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjia Li
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Fan L, Zhang P, Cao F, Liu X, Ji M, Xie M. Effects of AMF on Maize Yield and Soil Microbial Community in Sandy and Saline Soils. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2056. [PMID: 39124174 PMCID: PMC11314339 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of applying arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on maize root growth and yield formation under different soil conditions. This study was conducted under sandy soil (S) and saline-alkali soil (Y), with treatments of AMF application (AM) and no AMF application (CK). The root characteristics, yield, and quality of maize were measured. High-throughput sequencing technology was employed to assess the impact of AMF on the soil microbial community structure, and the correlation between soil microbes and soil physicochemical properties was elucidated. The results show that under both sandy and saline-alkali soil conditions, AMF application significantly enhanced maize root growth, yield, grain quality, and soil available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) contents compared to the CK treatment. Soil microbial Alpha diversity analysis indicated that AMF application effectively increased soil microbial diversity and richness. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and microbial community structure analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial communities between AM treatment in sandy soil (SAM) and CK in sandy soil (SCK), and significant differences in both bacterial and fungal communities between AM treatment in saline-alkali soil (YAM) and CK in saline-alkali soil (YCK). Furthermore, significant correlations between microbial communities and soil physicochemical properties were found, such as AN, AP, AK, soil salinity (SS), and organic matter (OM) content. AMF application had a greater impact on bacterial communities than on fungal communities. This study demonstrated that the use of AMF as a bio-fungal fertilizer was effective in improving spring maize yields, especially in terms of yield increase and quality stability in sandy and saline soils, thereby contributing to safe and sustainable cropping practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China;
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Fuzhong Cao
- Erdos Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Erdos 017200, China; (F.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Xueping Liu
- Erdos Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Erdos 017200, China; (F.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Minjia Ji
- Erdos Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Erdos 017200, China; (F.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Min Xie
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
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Fazal A, Wen Z, Yang M, Wang C, Hao C, Lai X, Jie W, Yang L, He Z, Yang H, Cai J, Qi J, Lu G, Niu K, Sun S, Yang Y. Triple-transgenic soybean in conjunction with glyphosate drive patterns in the rhizosphere microbial community assembly. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122337. [PMID: 37562532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots continuously influence the rhizosphere, which also serves as a recruitment site for microorganisms with desirable functions. The development of genetically engineered (GE) crop varieties has offered unparalleled yield advantages. However, in-depth research on the effects of GE crops on the rhizosphere microbiome is currently insufficient. We used a triple-transgenic soybean cultivar (JD606) that is resistant to insects, glyphosate, and drought, along with its control, ZP661, and JD606 treated with glyphosate (JD606G). Using 16S and ITS rDNA sequencing, their effects on the taxonomy and function of the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere, surrounding, and bulk soil compartment niches were determined. Alpha diversity demonstrated a strong influence of JD606 and JD606G on bacterial Shannon diversity. Both treatments significantly altered the soil's pH and nitrogen content. Beta diversity identified the soil compartment niche as a key factor with a significant probability of influencing the bacterial and fungal communities associated with soybeans. Further analysis showed that the rhizosphere effect had a considerable impact on bacterial communities in JD606 and JD606G soils but not on fungal communities. Microbacterium, Bradyrhizobium, and Chryseobacterium were found as key rhizobacterial nodes. In addition, the LEfSe analysis identified biomarker taxa with plant-beneficial attributes, demonstrating rhizosphere-driven microbial recruitment. FUNGuild, Bugbase, and FAPROTAX functional predictions showed that ZP661 soils had more plant pathogen-associated microbes, while JD606 and JD606G soils had more stress-tolerance, nitrogen, and carbon cycle-related microbes. Bacterial rhizosphere networks had more intricate topologies than fungal networks. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that the bacteria and fungi with higher abundances exhibited varying degrees of positive and negative correlations. Our findings shed new light on the niche partitioning of bacterial and fungal communities in soil. It also indicates that following triple-transgenic soybean cultivation and glyphosate application, plant roots recruit microbes with beneficial taxonomic and functional traits in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Fazal
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhongling Wen
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Minkai Yang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Chenyu Hao
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaohui Lai
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wencai Jie
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhuoyu He
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinfeng Cai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinliang Qi
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Kechang Niu
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Hoosein S, Neuenkamp L, Trivedi P, Paschke MW. AM fungal-bacterial relationships: what can they tell us about ecosystem sustainability and soil functioning? FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1141963. [PMID: 37746131 PMCID: PMC10512368 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1141963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Considering our growing population and our continuous degradation of soil environments, understanding the fundamental ecology of soil biota and plant microbiomes will be imperative to sustaining soil systems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi extend their hyphae beyond plant root zones, creating microhabitats with bacterial symbionts for nutrient acquisition through a tripartite symbiotic relationship along with plants. Nonetheless, it is unclear what drives these AM fungal-bacterial relationships and how AM fungal functional traits contribute to these relationships. By delving into the literature, we look at the drivers and complexity behind AM fungal-bacterial relationships, describe the shift needed in AM fungal research towards the inclusion of interdisciplinary tools, and discuss the utilization of bacterial datasets to provide contextual evidence behind these complex relationships, bringing insights and new hypotheses to AM fungal functional traits. From this synthesis, we gather that interdependent microbial relationships are at the foundation of understanding microbiome functionality and deciphering microbial functional traits. We suggest using pattern-based inference tools along with machine learning to elucidate AM fungal-bacterial relationship trends, along with the utilization of synthetic communities, functional gene analyses, and metabolomics to understand how AM fungal and bacterial communities facilitate communication for the survival of host plant communities. These suggestions could result in improving microbial inocula and products, as well as a better understanding of complex relationships in terrestrial ecosystems that contribute to plant-soil feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Hoosein
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship/Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lena Neuenkamp
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Münster University, Münster, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Multidisciplinary Institute for Environment Studies “Ramon Margalef,” University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Microbiome Network, Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mark W. Paschke
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship/Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Beslemes D, Tigka E, Roussis I, Kakabouki I, Mavroeidis A, Vlachostergios D. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake Efficiency and Crop Productivity of Two-Rowed Barley under Different Crop Production Systems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091908. [PMID: 37176966 PMCID: PMC10181197 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) constitute a ubiquitous group of soil microorganisms, affecting plant and soil microorganism growth. Various crop management practices can have a significant impact on the AM association. This study investigated the AMF inoculation contribution on growth and productivity of two-rowed barley crop by identifying the underlying mechanisms both in conventional and organic cropping systems. A two-year field trial was set up as a split-plot design with 2 main plots [AMF inoculation: with (AMF+) and without (AMF-)] and five sub-plots (fertilization regimes: untreated, 100% recommended dose of fertilizer in organic and inorganic form, and 60% recommended dose of fertilizer in organic and inorganic form) in three replications. According to the results, AMF+ plants presented higher plant height and leaf area index (LAI), resulting in increased biomass and, as a result, higher seed yield. With regard to the quality traits, including the nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and their utilization indices, the AMF inoculated plants showed higher values. Furthermore, the level of fertilization, particularly in an inorganic form, adversely affected AMF root colonization. Consequently, it was concluded that substitution of inorganic inputs by organic, as well as inputs reduction, when combined with AMF inoculation, can produce excellent results, thus making barley crop cultivation sustainable in Mediterranean climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Beslemes
- Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 41335 Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia Tigka
- Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 41335 Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Roussis
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kakabouki
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Mavroeidis
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachostergios
- Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 41335 Larissa, Greece
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He X, Hanusch M, Ruiz-Hernández V, Junker RR. Accuracy of mutual predictions of plant and microbial communities vary along a successional gradient in an alpine glacier forefield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1017847. [PMID: 36714711 PMCID: PMC9880484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1017847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Receding glaciers create virtually uninhabited substrates waiting for initial colonization of bacteria, fungi and plants. These glacier forefields serve as an ideal ecosystem for studying transformations in community composition and diversity over time and the interactions between taxonomic groups in a dynamic landscape. In this study, we investigated the relationships between the composition and diversity of bacteria, fungi, and plant communities as well as environmental factors along a successional gradient. We used random forest analysis assessing how well the composition and diversity of taxonomic groups and environmental factors mutually predict each other. We did not identify a single best indicator for all taxonomic and environmental properties, but found specific predictors to be most accurate for each taxon and environmental factor. The accuracy of prediction varied considerably along the successional gradient, highlighting the dynamic environmental conditions along the successional gradient that may also affect biotic interactions across taxa. This was also reflected by the high accuracy of predictions of plot age by all taxa. Next to plot age, our results indicate a strong importance of pH and temperature in structuring microbial and plant community composition. In addition, taxonomic groups predicted the community composition of each other more accurately than environmental factors, which may either suggest that these groups similarly respond to other not measured environmental factors or that direct interactions between taxa shape the composition of their communities. In contrast, diversity of taxa was not well predicted, suggesting that community composition of one taxonomic group is not a strong driver of the diversity of another group. Our study provides insights into the successional development of multidiverse communities shaped by complex interactions between taxonomic groups and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie He
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maximilian Hanusch
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victoria Ruiz-Hernández
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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11
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Yang Z, Dong H, Zhang S, Jiang J, Zhu H, Yang H, Li L. Isolation and identification of mycorrhizal helper bacteria of Vaccinium uliginosum and their interaction with mycorrhizal fungi. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1180319. [PMID: 37143547 PMCID: PMC10151510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) can promote mycorrhizal fungal colonization and form mycorrhizal symbiosis structures. To investigate the effect of interactions between mycorrhizal beneficial microorganisms on the growth of blueberry, 45 strains of bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Vaccinium uliginosum were screened for potential MHB strains using the dry-plate confrontation assay and the bacterial extracellular metabolite promotion method. The results showed that the growth rate of mycelium of Oidiodendron maius 143, an ericoid mycorrhizal fungal strain, was increased by 33.33 and 77.77% for bacterial strains L6 and LM3, respectively, compared with the control in the dry-plate confrontation assay. In addition, the extracellular metabolites of L6 and LM3 significantly promoted the growth of O. maius 143 mycelium with an average growth rate of 40.9 and 57.1%, respectively, the cell wall-degrading enzyme activities and genes of O. maius 143 was significantly increased. Therefore, L6 and LM3 were preliminarily identified as potential MHB strains. In addition, the co-inoculated treatments significantly increased blueberry growth; increased the nitrate reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase activities in the leaves; and promoted nutrient uptake in blueberry. Based on the physiological, and 16S rDNA gene molecular analyses, we initially identified strain L6 as Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans and LM3 as Bacillus circulans. Metabolomic analysis revealed that mycelial exudates contain large amounts of sugars, organic acids and amino acids, which can be used as substrates to stimulate the growth of MHB. In conclusion, L6 and LM3 and O. maius 143 promote each other's growth, while co-inoculation of L6 and LM3 with O. maius 143 can promote the growth of blueberry seedlings, providing a theoretical basis for further studies on the mechanism of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi-MHB-blueberry interactions. It laid the technical foundation for the exploitation of biocontrol strain resources and the development of biological fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyi Yang,
| | - Lili Li
- Institute of Forestry Science of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
- Lili Li,
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Qin M, Li L, Miranda J, Tang Y, Song B, Oosthuizen MK, Wei W. Experimental duration determines the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant biomass in pot experiments: A meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1024874. [PMID: 36407631 PMCID: PMC9671359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play various important roles in promoting plant growth. Numerous environmental and evolutionary factors influence the response of plants to AMF. However, the importance of the individual factors on the effects of AMF on plant biomass is not clearly understood. In this study, a meta-analysis using 1,640 observations from 639 published articles related to the influence of AMF on the plant shoot, root, and total biomass was performed; 13 different experimental setting factors that had an impact on the influence of AMF and their importance were quantitatively synthesized. The meta-analysis showed that AMF had positive effects on the plant shoot, root, and total biomass; moreover, the experimental duration, plant root-to-shoot ratio (R/S), AMF root length colonization, plant family, pot size, soil texture, and the soil pH all influenced the effects of AMF on the shoot, root, and total biomass. In addition, the plant root system and plant functional type had impacts on the effect of AMF on shoot biomass; AMF guild also impacted the effect of AMF on root biomass. Of these factors, the experimental duration, plant R/S, and pot size were the three most important predicting the effects of AMF on the plant shoot, root, and total biomass. This study comprehensively assessed the importance of the different factors that influenced the response of plants to AMF, highlighting that the experimental duration, plant R/S, and pot size should be taken into consideration in pot experiments in studies of the functions of AMF. Multiple unfavorable factors that may obscure or confound the observed functions of AMF should be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | | | - Yun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Bo Song
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | | | - Wangrong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
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Zhao Y, Cai J, Zhang P, Qin W, Lou Y, Liu Z, Hu B. Core fungal species strengthen microbial cooperation in a food-waste composting process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 12:100190. [PMID: 36157338 PMCID: PMC9500350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In ecosystem engineering research, the contribution of microbial cooperation to ecosystem function has been emphasized. Fungi are one of the predominant decomposers in composting, but thus far, less attention has been given to fungal than to bacterial cooperation. Therefore, network and cohesion analyses were combined to reveal the correlation between fungal cooperation and organic matter (OM) degradation in ten composting piles. Positive cohesion, reflecting the cooperation degree, was positively linked to the degradation rate of OM. From the community perspective, core species (i.e., Candida tropicalis, Issatchenkia orientails, Kazachstania exigua, and Dipodascus australiensis) with high occurrence frequency and abundance were the key in regulating positive cohesion. These species were highly relevant to functional genera associated with OM degradation in both fungal and bacterial domains. Therefore, focusing on these core fungal species might be an appropriate strategy for targeted regulation of functional microbes and promotion of degradation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Cai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weizhen Qin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zishu Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Baolan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Research Progress and Potential Functions of AMF and GRSP in the Ecological Remediation of Metal Tailings. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal mining generates a considerable amount of tailings. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have potential value for the ecological remediation of tailings from metal mining, despite problems with these tailings, such as loose structure, high heavy-metal concentration and low organic matter and microbial diversity. This review summarizes both the application and physiological functions of AMF, and plant symbiotic systems, in the ecological remediation of tailings from metal mining. The review also includes an in-depth analysis of the characteristics, structural composition, and potential functions of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), a release product of mycorrhizal fungi, in the ecological remediation of tailings from metal mining. This review is expected to provide a basis for the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi remediation technology in the ecological remediation of tailings from metal mining.
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15
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Cui X, He H, Zhu F, Liu X, Ma Y, Xie W, Meng H, Zhang L. Community structure and co-occurrence network analysis of bacteria and fungi in wheat fields vs fruit orchards. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:453. [PMID: 35786781 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soil microorganisms play a vital role in biogeochemical processes and nutrient turnover in agricultural ecosystems. However, the information on how the structure and co-occurrence patterns of microbial communities response to the change of planting methods is still limited. In this study, a total of 34 soil samples were collected from 17 different fields of 2 planting types (wheat and orchards) along the Taige Canal in Yangtze River Delta. The structure of bacterial and fungal communities in soil were determined by 16S rRNA gene and ITS gene, respectively. The dominated bacteria were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes. The relative abundances of Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes were higher in the orchards, while Chloroflexi and Nitrospirota were more abundant in wheat fields. Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota were the predominant fungus in both soil types. Diversity of bacterial and fungal communities were greater in the wheat fields than in orchards. Statistical analyses showed that pH was the main factor shaping the community structure, and parameters of water content (WC), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) had great influences on community structure. Moreover, high co-occurrence patterns of bacterial and fungal were confirmed in both wheat fields and orchards. Network analyses showed that both wheat fields and orchards occurred modular structure, including nodes of Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota, Nitrospirota and Ascomycota. In summary, our work showed the co-occurrence network and the convergence/divergence of microbial community structure in wheat fields and orchards, giving a comprehensive understanding of the microbe-microbe interaction during planting methods' changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cui
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Environmental Science and Engineering Research Group, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - You Ma
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Xie
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Meng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Tang Y, Bao J, Wang H, Peng F, Tan P, Chu G, Liu S. A Stronger Rhizosphere Impact on the Fungal Communities Compared to the Bacterial Communities in Pecan Plantations. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899801. [PMID: 35847123 PMCID: PMC9279573 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding microbial communities associated with bulk and rhizosphere soils will benefit the maintenance of forest health and productivity and the sustainable development of forest ecosystems. Based on MiSeq sequencing, we explored the differences between the bulk soil and the rhizosphere soil on bacterial and fungal communities of pecan plantation. Results suggested that rhizosphere-associated fungal rather than bacterial community structures differed from bulk soil, and rhizosphere soil had lower fungal diversity than bulk soil. Actinobacteria and Cantharellales were the bacterial and fungal biomarkers of the rhizosphere soil of pecan plantation, respectively. In addition, Pleosporales, which are mainly involved in saprophylaxis and plant pathogenic processes, was identified as one of the most important fungal biomarkers for the bulk soil, and the FunGuild predicted a higher relative abundance of pathogenic fungi in bulk soil compared to rhizosphere soil. The pH, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and total carbon (TC) contents drove microbial community structure and composition. The bacterial network was simpler in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil. However, fungi showed the opposite network pattern. Keystone species in bacterial and fungal networks were mostly involved in nutrient cycling and the C cycling, and were found to be enriched in the rhizosphere soil. Overall, in terms of bacterial and fungal communities, the rhizosphere soil behaves more healthily than the bulk soil and has a higher potential for nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiashu Bao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hankun Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangren Peng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fangren Peng
| | - Pengpeng Tan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guolin Chu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Weng W, Yan J, Zhou M, Yao X, Gao A, Ma C, Cheng J, Ruan J. Roles of Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi as a Biocontrol Agent in the Control of Plant Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071266. [PMID: 35888985 PMCID: PMC9317293 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a class of beneficial microorganisms that are widely distributed in soil ecosystems and can form symbionts with 80% of terrestrial higher plants, and improve the nutritional status of plants. The use of AMF as a biocontrol method to antagonize soil-borne pathogens has received increasing interest from phytopathologists and ecologists. In this paper, the mechanisms of resistance to diseases induced by AMF and the application of AMF to plant fungal, bacterial, and nematode diseases have been summarized. This study aimed to enhance the potential use of AMF as a biological control method to prevent plant diseases in the future. Root morphological alteration characteristics were explained, including the influence of AMF on root structure, function, and the regulation of AMF via secondary metabolites. AMF can improve the rhizosphere environment by influencing the physical and chemical proprieties of soil, enhancing the growth of other beneficial microorganisms, and by competing with pathogenic microorganisms. Two microorganism types may compete for the same invasive sites in root systems and regulate nutrition distribution. AMF can induce the host plant to form defense systems, including improving phytohormone concentrations, inducing signal substrate production, gene expression regulation, and enhancing protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Weng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Schools of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Aning Gao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianping Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-8510-8830-5238
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Xie L, Timonen S, Gange AC, Kuoppamäki K, Hagner M, Lehvävirta S. Effect of weather conditions, substrate pH, biochar amendment and plant species on two plant growth-promoting microbes on vegetated roofs and facades. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09560. [PMID: 35677418 PMCID: PMC9167976 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vegetated building envelopes (VBEs), such as vegetated roofs and facades, are becoming more frequent in urban planning nowadays. However, harsh growing conditions restrain the application of VBEs. Plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs) might help ease the stresses, but first, it is necessary to investigate how to ensure their survival and growth under VBE conditions. Methods We conducted three experiments to test the impact of various factors on the microbial populations of inoculated PGPMs in VBEs, a mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and a bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The first experiment was conducted by inoculating the two PGPMs separately in Sedum roof plots, and the microbial populations associated with Poa alpina was monitored for two consecutive years under local weather conditions. The second experiment was conducted in a laboratory testing the effect of substrate pH (substrates collected from balcony gardens) on R. irregularis population associated with Trifolium repens and Viola tricolor. The third experiment was conducted on a meadow roof testing the effect of biochar amendment on R. irregularis population associated with Thymus serpyllum and Fragaria vesca. Results In the first experiment, Bacillus was found to associate with P. alpina, but Rhizophagus wasn't. Yet, the fungus induced high Bacillus population density in the Rhizophagus treated plots in the first year. In the second experiment, Rhizophagus abundance in T. repens was higher in the neutral substrate (6–6.5), while V. tricolor was more colonized in acidic substrate (5–5.5), suggesting an important interactive effect of substrate pH and plant species on Rhizophagus abundance. The third experiment suggested a negligible impact of biochar amendment on Rhizophagus abundance for both host plants. Conclusion Three experiments demonstrate that PGPM inoculation on VBEs is feasible, and various factors and interactions affect the PGPM populations. This paper provides reference and inspiration for other VBE research involving substrate microbial manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xie
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Sari Timonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Alan C Gange
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kirsi Kuoppamäki
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Marleena Hagner
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Susanna Lehvävirta
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, FI-00014, Finland
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19
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Indigenous microorganisms offset the benefits of growth and nutrition regulated by inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for four pioneer herbs in karst soil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266526. [PMID: 35468152 PMCID: PMC9037916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, as beneficial soil microorganisms, inevitably interact with indigenous microorganisms, regulating plant growth and nutrient utilization in natural habitats. However, how indigenous microorganisms affect the benefits of growth and nutrition regulated by inoculated AM fungi for plants in karst ecosystem habitats remains unclear today. In this experiment, the Gramineae species Setaria viridis vs. Arthraxon hispidus and the Compositae species Bidens pilosa vs. Bidens tripartita exist in the initial succession stage of the karst ecosystem. These plant species were planted into different soil microbial conditions, including AM fungi soil (AMF), AM fungi interacting with indigenous microorganisms soil (AMI), and a control soil without AM fungi and indigenous microorganisms (CK). The plant biomass, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were measured; the effect size of different treatments on these variables of plant biomass and N and P were simultaneously calculated to assess plant responses. The results showed that AMF treatment differently enhanced plant biomass accumulation, N, and P absorption in all species but reduced the N/P ratio. The AMI treatment also significantly increased plant biomass, N and P, except for the S. viridis seedlings. However, regarding the effect size, the AM fungi effect on plant growth and nutrition was greater than the interactive effect of AM fungi with indigenous microorganisms. It indicates that the indigenous microorganisms offset the AM benefits for the host plant. In conclusion, we suggest that the indigenous microorganisms offset the benefits of inoculated AM fungi in biomass and nutrient accumulation for pioneer plants in the karst habitat.
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Gardner CM, Gerhard WA, Redfern LK, Gunsch CK. Evaluation of developing maize microbiomes and associations among nitrogen cyclers and key fungal taxa. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35319433 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
More sustainable approaches to agriculture are urgently needed to protect existing resources and optimize crop yields and to provide food for a growing global human population. More sustainable agricultural practices that utilize plant-microbe relationships across cultivation are urgently needed. The main objectives of this study were to track the prokaryotic and fungal microbiomes associated with key growth stages of developing maize to evaluate the relationships among nitrogen cycling bacteria and major fungal genera including those known to contain arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other important taxa. Prokaryotic and fungal microbiomes associated with bulk soils, rhizosphere soils and tissues of developing maize were characterized using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Similarities in microbiome diversity and abundance were compared to sample metadata to explore the influence of external factors on microbiome development. Correlations among target fungal taxa, bulk bacteria and nitrogen cycling bacteria were determined using non-parametric Spearman correlations. Important maize-associated fungal taxa were detected in all samples across growth stages, with Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus fungi comprising up to 4.21, 4.26 and 0.28% of all fungal genera, respectively. Thirteen statistically significant correlations between nitrogen cycling genera and targeted fungal genera were also identified (r S≥0.70 or r S≤-0.70; P<0.05). This study is the first to note a strong positive association among several nitrifying bacteria and Fusarium (R=0.71; P=0.0046), Aspergillus (R=0.71; P=0.0055) and Cladosporium spcies (R=0.74; P=0.0038), suggesting the levels of soil nitrate, nitrite or nitrification intermediates may have large roles in the proliferation of important maize-associated fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Gardner
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Present address: Washington State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 405 Spokane St., PO Box 642910, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - William A Gerhard
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lauren K Redfern
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Present address: Florida Gulf Coast University, Environmental and Civil Engineering, 10501 FGCU Blvd. South, Ft. Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Present address: Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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21
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Bo T, Kong C, Zou S, Mo M, Liu Y. Bacillus nematocida B16 Enhanced the Rhizosphere Colonization of Pochonia chlamydosporia ZK7 and Controlled the Efficacy of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020218. [PMID: 35208675 PMCID: PMC8879550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia is widely applied in many countries as a biocontrol fungus against parasitic nematodes in plants. In a field experiment, the combined use of Bacillus nematocida B16 increased the biocontrol efficiency of P. chlamydosporia ZK7 against Meloidogyne incognita. Further study indicated that the colonization of P. chlamydosporia ZK7 in the rhizosphere soil and the roots of tomatoes was significantly higher in the combined use group than in the control group. Gas chromatography was conducted to determine the effects of signaling substances. Five compounds, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, furfural, benzaldehyde, and 2-nonanone, were found to be highly altered in the volatile compounds produced in the soil under the combined application. The changes in benzaldehyde and 2-nonanone were the main factors that resulted in an increase in the colonization of fungi P. chlamydosporia ZK7 in the tomato roots. Furfural was the main volatile substance that affected the colonization of fungi P. chlamydosporia ZK7 in the soil. The combined use of B. nematocida B16 and P. chlamydosporia ZK7 altered the volatile ranges and resulted in increased colonization of biocontrol fungi and improved biocontrol efficiency against nematodes. This combined model could be used to promote the ability of biocontrol fungi to control root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Bo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (T.B.); (C.K.); (S.Z.); (M.M.)
- Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Chuixu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (T.B.); (C.K.); (S.Z.); (M.M.)
- Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shunxing Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (T.B.); (C.K.); (S.Z.); (M.M.)
- Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Minghe Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (T.B.); (C.K.); (S.Z.); (M.M.)
- Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (T.B.); (C.K.); (S.Z.); (M.M.)
- Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
- Correspondence:
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22
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Vieira CK, Dos Anjos Borges LG, Bortolini JG, Soares CRFS, Giongo A, Stürmer SL. Does a decrease in microbial biomass alter mycorrhizal attributes and soil quality indicators in coal mining areas under revegetation process? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149843. [PMID: 34455279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Losses of microbial diversity in degraded ecosystems still have obscure consequences, especially when considering the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soil bacteria. This study investigates the effect of decreasing microbial biomass on mycorrhizal attributes and soil quality indicators. The dilution-to-extinction approach was applied in microcosms to search for associations among bacterial diversity, mycorrhizal attributes, and soil quality indicators. The experiment was conducted with four soil treatments (undiluted control 100 = D0, 10-3 = D3, 10-6 = D6, and 10-9 = D9) from a short-term (two years = 2Y) and a long-term (15 years = 15Y) coal mine revegetation area. Microcosms were inoculated with 300 spores of Acaulospora colombiana, Gigaspora albida, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum with millet as the host plant. Results included the total number of AMF spores, mycorrhizal colonization, soil aggregation, glomalin, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA), basal soil respiration, microbial biomass, and soil bacterial microbiome. Larger differences were observed between areas than between dilution treatments within the sampling area. Attributes that presented differences in the dilutions compared to D0 2Y samples were mycorrhizal colonization (D0 = 85% and D9 = 43.3%), FDA (D0 = 77.2% and D9 = 55.5%), extractable glomalin-related soil protein (D0 = 0.09 and D9 = 0.11) and bacterial diversity (D0 = 7.3 and D6 = 5.3). D0 15Y samples presented differences in microbial biomass nitrogen (D0: 232.0) and bacterial diversity (D0: 7.9, D9: 5.6) compared to the dilutions. Bacterial microbiome present in the D0 samples formed distinct clusters as to other samples and correlated with soil aggregation and basal respiration attributes. Results suggest that AMF inoculation and dilution-to-extinction did not affect soil quality indicators preeminently, but the bacterial community is affected and can influence the process of environmental revegetation. A long-term revegetation period is substantial to improve quality indicators and establish the diversity of microorganisms and consequently revegetation in areas impacted by coal mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Krug Vieira
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Dos Anjos Borges
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Instituto do Petróleo e dos Recursos Naturais (IPR), 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Giongo
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil; Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sidney Luiz Stürmer
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCN), 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil.
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Fan P, Tan W, Yu H. Effects of different concentrations and types of microplastics on bacteria and fungi in alkaline soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 229:113045. [PMID: 34890986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The threat of microplastic (MP) pollution of soil ecosystems has aroused global concern; however, relatively few studies have focused on the effects of MPs on both bacterial and fungal communities in soil. In this study, a 310-day soil incubation experiment was designed to examine the effects of 7% and 14% (W/W) polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs on soil enzyme activities and soil bacterial as well as fungal communities. The findings revealed that all three kinds of MPs stimulated soil enzyme activities, with 14% PVC, 7% PS, and 14% PE having the greatest impact on the activities of catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase. MPs did not change the types but the relative abundance of these phyla in soil. MPs mainly increased the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Ascomycota as well as declined the abundance of Acidobacteria, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota. The response of fungi to MPs was stronger than that of bacteria, and the diversity of fungal communities was more sensitive to the impact of MPs than that of bacterial communities. PVC had the greatest impact on the diversity of microbial communities. PICRUSt analysis revealed that MPs mainly promoted the metabolic function of soil bacteria. Based on the FUNGuid tool, it was found that MPs had significant effects on fungi, which were closely related to plant growth. These results indicate that the impact of MPs on soil microbial communities depends on the type and concentration of MPs and that bacteria and fungi are affected differently by MPs. Future studies could be focused on the different effects of MPs on fungi and bacteria, and what effect will this difference have on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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24
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Kumar S, Diksha, Sindhu SS, Kumar R. Biofertilizers: An ecofriendly technology for nutrient recycling and environmental sustainability. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 3:100094. [PMID: 35024641 PMCID: PMC8724949 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern intensive agricultural practices face numerous challenges that pose major threats to global food security. In order to address the nutritional requirements of the ever-increasing world population, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are applied on large scale to increase crop production. However, the injudicious use of agrochemicals has resulted in environmental pollution leading to public health hazards. Moreover, agriculture soils are continuously losing their quality and physical properties as well as their chemical (imbalance of nutrients) and biological health. Plant-associated microbes with their plant growth- promoting traits have enormous potential to solve these challenges and play a crucial role in enhancing plant biomass and crop yield. The beneficial mechanisms of plant growth improvement include enhanced nutrient availability, phytohormone modulation, biocontrol of phytopathogens and amelioration of biotic and abiotic stresses. Solid-based or liquid bioinoculant formulation comprises inoculum preparation, addition of cell protectants such as glycerol, lactose, starch, a good carrier material, proper packaging and best delivery methods. Recent developments of formulation include entrapment/microencapsulation, nano-immobilization of microbial bioinoculants and biofilm-based biofertilizers. This review critically examines the current state-of-art on use of microbial strains as biofertilizers and the important roles performed by these beneficial microbes in maintaining soil fertility and enhancing crop productivity.
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Key Words
- ABA, Abscisic acid
- ACC, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
- AM, Arbuscular mycorrhiza
- APX, Ascorbate peroxidase
- BGA, Blue green algae
- BNF, Biological nitrogen fixation
- Beneficial microorganisms
- Biofertilizers
- CAT, Catalase
- Crop production
- DAPG, 2, 4-diacetyl phloroglucinol
- DRB, Deleterious rhizospheric bacteria
- GA, Gibberellic acid
- GPX, Glutathione/thioredoxin peroxidase
- HCN, Hydrogen cyanide
- IAA, Indole acetic acid
- IAR, Intrinsic antibiotic resistance
- ISR, Induced systemic resistance
- KMB, Potassium mobilizing bacteria
- KSMs, Potassium-solubilizing microbes
- MAMPs, Microbes associated molecular patterns
- PAMPs, Pathogen associated molecular patterns
- PCA, Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid
- PGP, Plant growth-promoting
- PGPR, Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
- POD, Peroxidase
- PSB, Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria
- Rhizosphere
- SAR, Systemic acquired resistance
- SOB, Sulphur oxidizing bacteria
- Soil fertility
- Sustainable agriculture
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Diksha
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Satyavir S. Sindhu
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
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25
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Zhou Y, Sun B, Xie B, Feng K, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Li S, Du X, Zhang Q, Gu S, Song W, Wang L, Xia J, Han G, Deng Y. Warming reshaped the microbial hierarchical interactions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6331-6347. [PMID: 34544207 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global warming may alter microbially mediated ecosystem functions through reshaping of microbial diversity and modified microbial interactions. Here, we examined the effects of 5-year experimental warming on different microbial hierarchical groups in a coastal nontidal soil ecosystem, including prokaryotes (i.e., bacteria and archaea), fungi, and Cercozoa, which is a widespread phylum of protists. Warming significantly altered the diversity and structure of prokaryotic and fungal communities in soil and additionally decreased the complexity of the prokaryotic network and fragmented the cercozoan network. By using the Inter-Domain Ecological Network approach, the cross-trophic interactions among prokaryotes, fungi, and Cercozoa were further investigated. Under warming, cercozoan-prokaryotic and fungal-prokaryotic bipartite networks were simplified, whereas the cercozoan-fungal network became slightly more complex. Despite simplification of the fungal-prokaryotic network, the strengthened synergistic interactions between saprotrophic fungi and certain prokaryotic groups, such as the Bacteroidetes, retained these phyla within the network under warming. In addition, the interactions within the fungal community were quite stable under warming conditions, which stabilized the interactions between fungi and prokaryotes or protists. Additionally, we found the microbial hierarchical interactions were affected by environmental stress (i.e., salinity and pH) and soil nutrients. Interestingly, the relevant microbial groups could respond to different soil properties under ambient conditions, whereas under warming these two groups tended to respond to similar soil properties, suggesting network hub species responded to certain environmental changes related to warming, and then transferred this response to their partners through trophic interactions. Finally, warming strengthened the network modules' negative association with soil organic matters through some fungal hub species, which might trigger soil carbon loss in this ecosystem. Our study provides new insights into the response and feedback of microbial hierarchical interactions under warming scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhou
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Yellow River Delta Field Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Baohua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Yellow River Delta Field Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Kai Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojing Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE) and Dalian POCT Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiongfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Songsong Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Yellow River Delta Field Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Suppression of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Aggravates the Negative Interactive Effects of Warming and Nitrogen Addition on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Diversity and Community Composition. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0152321. [PMID: 34469189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01523-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the impacts of warming, nitrogen (N) addition, and suppression of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soil bacterial and fungal richness and community composition in a field experiment. AMF root colonization and the concentration of an AMF-specific phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) were significantly reduced after the application of the fungicide benomyl as a soil drench. Warming and N addition had no independent effects but interactively decreased soil fungal richness, while warming, N addition, and AMF suppression together reduced soil bacterial richness. Soil bacterial and fungal species diversity was lower with AMF suppression, indicating that AMF suppression has a negative effect on microbial diversity. Warming and N addition decreased the net loss of plant species and the plant species richness, respectively. AMF suppression reduced plant species richness and the net gain of plant species but enhanced the net loss of plant species. Structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that the soil bacterial community responded to the increased soil temperature (ST) induced by warming and the increased soil available N (AN) induced by N addition through changes in AMF colonization and plant species richness; ST directly affected the bacterial community, but AN affected both the soil bacterial and fungal communities via AMF colonization. In addition, higher mycorrhizal colonization increased the plant species richness by increasing the net gains in plant species under warming and N addition. IMPORTANCE AMF can influence the composition and diversity of plant communities. Previous studies have shown that climate warming and N deposition reduce the effectiveness of AMF. However, how AMF affect soil bacterial and fungal communities under these global change drivers is still poorly understood. A 4-year field study revealed that AMF suppression decreased bacterial and fungal diversity irrespective of warming or N addition, while AMF suppression interacted with warming or N addition to reduce bacterial and fungal richness. In addition, bacterial and fungal community compositions were determined by mycorrhizal colonization, which was regulated by soil AN and ST. These results suggest that AMF suppression can aggravate the severe losses to native soil microbial diversity and functioning caused by global changes; thus, AMF play a vital role in maintaining belowground ecosystem stability in the future.
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27
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The biological approaches of altering the growth and biochemical properties of medicinal plants under salinity stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7201-7213. [PMID: 34519854 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to their interesting properties for human health, medicinal plants are of worldwide interest, including Iran. More has yet to be investigated and analyzed on the use of methods affecting medicinal plant growth and biochemical properties under stress. The important question about medicinal plants is the purpose of their plantation, determining their growth conditions. The present review article is about the effects of salinity stress on the growth and production of secondary metabolites (SM) in medicinal plants. In stressful conditions including salinity, while the growth of medicinal plants decreases, the production of secondary metabolites (SM) may increase significantly affecting plant medicinal properties. SMs are self-protective substances that medicinal plants quickly accumulate to resist changes in the external environment. Although previous research has indicated the effects of salt stress on the growth and yield of medicinal plants, more has yet to be indicated on how the use of biological methods including plant growth regulators (PGR) and soil microbes (mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR) may affect the physiology of medicinal plants and the subsequent production of SM in salt stress conditions. The use of modern omics has become significantly important for the identification and characterization of new SM, transcriptomics, genomics, and proteomics of medicinal plants, as well as for the high production of plant-derived medicines. Accordingly, the possible biological mechanisms, which may affect such properties, have been presented. Future research perspectives for the production of medicinal plants in saline fields, using biological methods, have been suggested. KEY POINTS: • The important question about medicinal plants is the purpose of their plantation. • Secondary metabolites (SM) may significantly increase under salinity stress. • Biological methods, affecting the production of SM by stressed medicinal plants.
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Tahamolkonan M, Ghehsareh AM, Ashtari MK, Honarjoo N. Soil physicochemical (colloidal) properties affected by ozonated water and organic fertilization. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2021; 13:6133-6143. [PMID: 34277321 PMCID: PMC8272839 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-021-01630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
More has to be investigated on the use of ozonated water (O3) for the improvement of growth medium properties. Accordingly, the objective was to examine the effects of O3 (control, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg L-1) on soil physicochemical (colloidal) properties using organic fertilization (manure), under non-planted or planted conditions. Different soil physicochemical (colloidal) properties including soil available water (SAW), aggregate stability, soil porosity, pH, salinity (EC), organic carbon (SOC), CaCO3, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were determined. The experimental treatments and their interactions significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected soil physicochemical properties including SAW (4.17-10.98%), aggregate stability and porosity (7.77-57.37%), SOC (0.15-2.09%), and CEC (17.68-42.75 Cmol( +)/kg). Interestingly, the single use of O3 or in combination with manure significantly decreased EC. Although O3 significantly decreased SOC in non-planted soils, it significantly increased SOC in planted soils. O3 may enhance soil physicochemical (colloidal) properties, and if combined with manure in a planted soil, such positive effects may be further enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tahamolkonan
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mohammadi Ghehsareh
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Kalbasi Ashtari
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Naser Honarjoo
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Malicka M, Magurno F, Posta K, Chmura D, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Differences in the effects of single and mixed species of AMF on the growth and oxidative stress defense in Lolium perenne exposed to hydrocarbons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 217:112252. [PMID: 33930772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous mutualistic plant symbionts that promote plant growth and protect them from abiotic stresses. Studies on AMF-assisted phytoremediation have shown that AMF can increase plant tolerance to the presence of hydrocarbon contaminants by improving plant nutrition status and mitigating oxidative stress. This work aimed to evaluate the impact of single and mixed-species AMF inocula (Funneliformis caledonium, Diversispora varaderana, Claroideoglomus walkeri), obtained from a contaminated environment, on the growth, oxidative stress (DNA oxidation and lipid peroxidation), and activity of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) in Lolium perenne growing on a substrate contaminated with 0/0-30/120 mg phenol/polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) kg-1. The assessment of AMF tolerance to the presence of contaminants was based on mycorrhizal root colonization, spore production, the level of oxidative stress, and antioxidative activity in AMF spores. In contrast to the mixed-species AMF inoculum, single AMF species significantly enhanced the growth of host plants cultured on the contaminated substrate. The effect of inoculation on the level of oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in plant tissues differed between the AMF species. Changes in the level of oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in AMF spores in response to contamination also depended on AMF species. Although the concentration of phenol and PAHs had a negative effect on the production of AMF spores, low (5/20 mg phenol/PAHs kg-1) and medium (15/60 mg phenol/PAHs kg-1) substrate contamination stimulated the mycorrhizal colonization of roots. Among the studied AMF species, F. caledonium was the most tolerant to phenol and PAHs and showed the highest potential in plant growth promotion. The results presented in this study might contribute to the development of functionally customized AMF-assisted phytoremediation strategies with indigenous AMF, more effective than commercial AMF inocula, as a result of their selection by the presence of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Malicka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Franco Magurno
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katalin Posta
- Institute of Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent István University, Páter Károly 1 Street, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary
| | - Damian Chmura
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Street, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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Santoyo G, Gamalero E, Glick BR. Mycorrhizal-Bacterial Amelioration of Plant Abiotic and Biotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.672881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microbiota plays an important role in the sustainable production of the different types of agrosystems. Among the members of the plant microbiota, mycorrhizal fungi (MF) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) interact in rhizospheric environments leading to additive and/or synergistic effects on plant growth and heath. In this manuscript, the main mechanisms used by MF and PGPB to facilitate plant growth are reviewed, including the improvement of nutrient uptake, and the reduction of ethylene levels or biocontrol of potential pathogens, under both normal and stressful conditions due to abiotic or biotic factors. Finally, it is necessary to expand both research and field use of bioinoculants based on these components and take advantage of their beneficial interactions with plants to alleviate plant stress and improve plant growth and production to satisfy the demand for food for an ever-increasing human population.
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Hao L, Zhang Z, Hao B, Diao F, Zhang J, Bao Z, Guo W. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter microbiome structure of rhizosphere soil to enhance maize tolerance to La. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 212:111996. [PMID: 33545409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosphere microbes are essential partners for plant stress tolerance. Recent studies indicate that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can facilitate the revegetation of soils contaminated by heavy metals though interacting with rhizosphere microbiome. However, it is unclear how AMF affect rhizosphere microbiome to improve the growth of plant under rare earth elements (REEs) stress. AMF (Claroideoglomus etunicatum) was inoculated to maize grown in soils spiked with Lanthanum (0 mg kg-1, La0; 10 mg kg-1, La10; 100 mg kg-1, La100; 500 mg kg-1, La500). Plant biomass, nutrient uptake, REE uptake and rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community were evaluated. The results indicated that La100 and La500 decreased significantly root colonization rates and nutrition uptake (K, P, Ca and Mg content). La500 decreased significantly α-diversity indexes of bacterial and fungal community. AMF enhanced significantly the shoot and root fresh and dry weight of maize in all La treatments (except for the root fresh and dry weight of La0 and La10 treatment). For La100 and La500 treatments, AMF increased significantly nutrition uptake (K, P, Ca and Mg content) in shoot of maize by 27.40-441.77%. For La500 treatment, AMF decreased significantly shoot La concentration by 51.53% in maize, but increased significantly root La concentration by 30.45%. In addition, AMF decreased bacterial and fungal Shannon index in La0 treatment, but increased bacterial Shannon index in La500 treatment. Both AMF and La500 affected significantly the bacterial and fungal community composition, and AMF led to more influence than La. AMF promoted the enrichment of bacteria, including Planomicrobium, Lysobacter, Saccharothrix, Agrococcus, Microbacterium, Streptomyces, Penicillium and other unclassified genus, and fungi (Penicillium) in La500, which showed the function for promoting plant growth and tolerance of heavy metal. The study revealed that AMF can regulate the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal composition and foster certain beneficial microbes to enhance the tolerance of maize under La stress. Phytoremediation assisted by AMF is an attractive approach to ameliorate REEs-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhechao Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Baihui Hao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Fengwei Diao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhihua Bao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
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Wang X, Feng H, Wang Y, Wang M, Xie X, Chang H, Wang L, Qu J, Sun K, He W, Wang C, Dai C, Chu Z, Tian C, Yu N, Zhang X, Liu H, Wang E. Mycorrhizal symbiosis modulates the rhizosphere microbiota to promote rhizobia-legume symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:503-516. [PMID: 33309942 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants establish symbioses with mutualistic fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and bacteria, such as rhizobia, to exchange key nutrients and thrive. Plants and symbionts have coevolved and represent vital components of terrestrial ecosystems. Plants employ an ancestral AM signaling pathway to establish intracellular symbioses, including the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, in their roots. Nevertheless, the relationship between the AM and rhizobial symbioses in native soil is poorly understood. Here, we examined how these distinct symbioses affect root-associated bacterial communities in Medicago truncatula by performing quantitative microbiota profiling (QMP) of 16S rRNA genes. We found that M. truncatula mutants that cannot establish AM or rhizobia symbiosis have an altered microbial load (quantitative abundance) in the rhizosphere and roots, and in particular that AM symbiosis is required to assemble a normal quantitative root-associated microbiota in native soil. Moreover, quantitative microbial co-abundance network analyses revealed that AM symbiosis affects Rhizobiales hubs among plant microbiota and benefits the plant holobiont. Through QMP of rhizobial rpoB and AM fungal SSU rRNA genes, we revealed a new layer of interaction whereby AM symbiosis promotes rhizobia accumulation in the rhizosphere of M. truncatula. We further showed that AM symbiosis-conditioned microbial communities within the M. truncatula rhizosphere could promote nodulation in different legume plants in native soil. Given that the AM and rhizobial symbioses are critical for crop growth, our findings might inform strategies to improve agricultural management. Moreover, our work sheds light on the co-evolution of these intracellular symbioses during plant adaptation to native soil conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Huan Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xingguang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huizhong Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Like Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jicheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Hanyubio Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chuanchao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Changfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Center for Multi-Omics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Kaifeng 475001, China; Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Rhizosphere Microbiome Cooperations: Strategies for Sustainable Crop Production. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1069-1085. [PMID: 33611628 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between microorganisms and host plants determine the growth and development as well as the health of the host plant. Various microbial groups inhabit the rhizosphere, each with its peculiar function. The survival of each microbial group depends to a large extent on its ability to colonize the plant root and outcompete the native organisms. The role of the rhizospheric microbiome in enhancing plant growth has not been fully maximized. An understanding of the complexities of microbial interactions and factors affecting their assembly in the community is necessary to benefit maximally from the cooperations of various microbial communities for sustainable crop production. In this review, we outline the various organisms associated with the plant rhizosphere with emphasis on their interactions and mechanisms used in plant growth promotion.
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Salomon MJ, Watts-Williams SJ, McLaughlin MJ, Cavagnaro TR. Urban soil health: A city-wide survey of chemical and biological properties of urban agriculture soils. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2020; 275:122900. [PMID: 32834569 PMCID: PMC7362792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The integration of urban green spaces into modern city planning is seen as a promising tool to offset the drawbacks of ever-expanding cities. Urban agriculture is a common method to implement such strategies and to increase urban sustainability with a special focus on food security. Due to their location, urban farms are highly influenced by past and present anthropogenic activities which can threaten both soil health and food safety. This study includes 12 urban agriculture sites in the metropolitan area of Adelaide, Australia. It is the first of its kind to focus on soil health in urban agriculture systems with a further emphasis on mycorrhizal fungi. Descriptive information about each site, the biodiversity of the selected plots and soil samples from different depths and locations were collected and analysed for chemical and biological parameters. Seven metals, total and plant-available (Colwell) phosphorus and available nitrogen were measured in soils. A glasshouse bioassay was also conducted to determine the abundance of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soils and the change of root colonization after inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Results showed a generally high biodiversity of plants that correlated with site activity (commercial or community garden) and which could potentially be used for urban biodiversity conservation. Metal concentrations in soils were below national guidelines levels for all samples, although sites with previous industrial history showed elevated levels when compared to sites without industrial history. The use of raised beds with introduced soils eliminated differences in previous land-use history, thereby providing a good option to support cleaner production. Gardening soils were considered highly fertile, with plant-available (Colwell) P concentrations exceeding recommended levels for most horticultural crops, while soils were adequately supplied with nitrogen. Most plant nutrients were derived from freely available urban waste streams and integrated via composting. Various urban waste streams could be used to counter-act imbalanced soil nutrients. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were present in all sites, indicating that the practiced soil management is sustainable from a microbial perspective. Given their important role in supporting plant nutrition, and potential to reduce the need for external nutrient inputs, they provide an important focal point for achieving clean and sustainable urban food production. The results were incorporated into a framework for the management of urban soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Salomon
- The Waite Research Institute and the School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - S J Watts-Williams
- The Waite Research Institute and the School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - M J McLaughlin
- The Waite Research Institute and the School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - T R Cavagnaro
- The Waite Research Institute and the School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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Zarraonaindia I, Martínez-Goñi XS, Liñero O, Muñoz-Colmenero M, Aguirre M, Abad D, Baroja-Careaga I, de Diego A, Gilbert JA, Estonba A. Response of Horticultural Soil Microbiota to Different Fertilization Practices. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111501. [PMID: 33171888 PMCID: PMC7694448 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly agricultural production necessitates manipulation of microbe-plant interactions, requiring a better understanding of how farming practices influence soil microbiota. We studied the effect of conventional and organic treatment on soil bacterial richness, composition, and predicted functional potential. 16S rRNA sequencing was applied to soils from adjacent plots receiving either a synthetic or organic fertilizer, where two crops were grown within treatment, homogenizing for differences in soil properties, crop, and climate. Conventional fertilizer was associated with a decrease in soil pH, an accumulation of Ag, Mn, As, Fe, Co, Cd, and Ni; and an enrichment of ammonia oxidizers and xenobiotic compound degraders (e.g., Candidatus Nitrososphaera, Nitrospira, Bacillus, Pseudomonas). Soils receiving organic fertilization were enriched in Ti (crop biostimulant), N, and C cycling bacteria (denitrifiers, e.g., Azoarcus, Anaerolinea; methylotrophs, e.g., Methylocaldum, Methanosarcina), and disease-suppression (e.g., Myxococcales). Some predicted functions, such as glutathione metabolism, were slightly, but significantly enriched after a one-time manure application, suggesting the enhancement of sulfur regulation, nitrogen-fixing, and defense of environmental stressors. The study highlights that even a single application of organic fertilization is enough to originate a rapid shift in soil prokaryotes, responding to the differential substrate availability by promoting soil health, similar to recurrent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Zarraonaindia
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (X.S.M.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.A.); (D.A.); (I.B.-C.); (A.E.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Xabier Simón Martínez-Goñi
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (X.S.M.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.A.); (D.A.); (I.B.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Olaia Liñero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (O.L.); (A.d.D.)
| | - Marta Muñoz-Colmenero
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (X.S.M.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.A.); (D.A.); (I.B.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Mikel Aguirre
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (X.S.M.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.A.); (D.A.); (I.B.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - David Abad
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (X.S.M.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.A.); (D.A.); (I.B.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Igor Baroja-Careaga
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (X.S.M.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.A.); (D.A.); (I.B.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Alberto de Diego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (O.L.); (A.d.D.)
| | - Jack A. Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Andone Estonba
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (X.S.M.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.A.); (D.A.); (I.B.-C.); (A.E.)
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Productivity and quality of horticultural crops through co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting bacteria. Microbiol Res 2020; 239:126569. [PMID: 32771873 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Associations between plants and microorganisms exist in nature, and they can either be beneficial or detrimental to host plants. Promoting beneficial plant-microbe interaction for increased crop yield and quality is one pathway to eco-friendly and sustainable crop production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are microorganisms that are beneficial to horticultural crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi establish symbioses with plant roots which help to improve nutrient uptake by the host plant and alter its physiology to withstand external abiotic factors and pathogens. Plant growth promoting bacteria promote plant growth either directly by aiding resource acquisition and controlling the levels of plant hormones or indirectly by reducing the inhibitory effects of phytopathogens. Co-inoculation of both organisms combines the benefits of each for increased crop productivity. Even though the co-inoculation of PGPB and AMF have been shown to enhance the yield and quality of crops, its benefits have fully not been exploited for horticultural crops. In this review, the response of horticultural crops to co-inoculation with PGPB and AMF with particular interest to the impact on the yield and crop quality was discussed. We explained some of the mechanisms responsible for the synergy between AMF and PGPB in plant growth promotion. Finally, suggestions on areas that need to be researched further to exploit and improve the effects of these organisms were highlighted.
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Dagher DJ, de la Providencia IE, Pitre FE, St-Arnaud M, Hijri M. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Assemblages Significantly Shifted upon Bacterial Inoculation in Non-Contaminated and Petroleum-Contaminated Environments. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E602. [PMID: 32326329 PMCID: PMC7232219 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to reduce plant stress and improve their health and growth, making them important components of the plant-root associated microbiome, especially in stressful conditions such as petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) contaminated environments. Purposely manipulating the root-associated AMF assemblages in order to improve plant health and modulate their interaction with the rhizosphere microbes could lead to increased agricultural crop yields and phytoremediation performance by the host plant and its root-associated microbiota. In this study, we tested whether repeated inoculations with a Proteobacteria consortium influenced plant productivity and the AMF assemblages associated with the root and rhizosphere of four plant species growing either in non-contaminated natural soil or in sediments contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. A mesocosm experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design in four blocks with two factors: (1) substrate contamination (contaminated or not contaminated), and (2) inoculation (or not) with a bacterial consortium composed of ten isolates of Proteobacteria. Plants were grown in a greenhouse over four months, after which the effect of treatments on plant biomass and petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the substrate were determined. MiSeq amplicon sequencing, targeting the 18S rRNA gene, was used to assess AMF community structures in the roots and rhizosphere of plants growing in both contaminated and non-contaminated substrates. We also investigated the contribution of plant identity and biotope (plant roots and rhizospheric soil) in shaping the associated AMF assemblages. Our results showed that while inoculation caused a significant shift in AMF communities, the substrate contamination had a much stronger influence on their structure, followed by the biotope and plant identity to a lesser extent. Moreover, inoculation significantly increased plant biomass production and was associated with a decreased petroleum hydrocarbons dissipation in the contaminated soil. The outcome of this study provides knowledge on the factors influencing the diversity and community structure of AMF associated with indigenous plants following repeated inoculation of a bacterial consortium. It highlights the dominance of soil chemical properties, such as petroleum hydrocarbon presence, over biotic factors and inputs, such as plant species and microbial inoculations, in determining the plant-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri J. Dagher
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (D.J.D.); (F.E.P.); (M.S.-A.)
| | | | - Frédéric E. Pitre
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (D.J.D.); (F.E.P.); (M.S.-A.)
| | - Marc St-Arnaud
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (D.J.D.); (F.E.P.); (M.S.-A.)
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (D.J.D.); (F.E.P.); (M.S.-A.)
- AgroBioSciences, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Lot 660–Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
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Wu JT, Wang L, Zhao L, Huang XC, Ma F. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effect growth and photosynthesis of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex. Steudel under copper stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:62-69. [PMID: 31464065 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is an effective way to remove heavy metals' inhibition on plants, however, few relevant research attempts have been made to determine the contribution of AMF to the physiological and biochemical changes related to the enhanced copper tolerance of Phragmites australis under metal-stressed conditions. In this study, the effects of AMF inoculation on P. australis under different concentrations of copper stress were investigated according to the changes in the parameters related to growth and development, and photosynthetic charateristics. Then, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were evaluated by the Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) system, which could accurately quantify the DEPs by measuring peak intensities of reporter ions in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra. It was found that AMF inoculation may relieve the photosynthesis inhibition caused by copper stress on P. australis and thus promote growth. Proteomic analysis results showed that under copper stress, the inoculation of R. irregularis resulted in a total of 459 differently-expressed proteins (200 up-regulated and 259 down-regulated) in root buds. In addition, the photosynthetic changes caused by AMF inoculation mainly involve the up-regulated expression of transmembrane protein-pigment complexes CP43 (photosystem II) and FNR (ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase related to photosynthetic electron transport). These results indicate that AMF could effectively improve the growth and physiological activity of P. australis under copper stress, and thus provides a new direction and instructive evidence for determining the mechanisms by which AMF inoculation enhances the copper tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-T Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - X-C Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - F Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Bourles A, Guentas L, Charvis C, Gensous S, Majorel C, Crossay T, Cavaloc Y, Burtet-Sarramegna V, Jourand P, Amir H. Co-inoculation with a bacterium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves root colonization, plant mineral nutrition, and plant growth of a Cyperaceae plant in an ultramafic soil. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:121-131. [PMID: 31900591 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ecological restoration of nickel mining-degraded areas in New Caledonia is strongly limited by low availability of soil mineral nutrients, metal toxicity, and slow growth rates of native plant species. In order to improve plant growth for restoration programs, special attention was paid to interactions between plant and soil microorganisms. In this study, we evaluated the influence of inoculation with Curtobacterium citreum BE isolated from a New Caledonian ultramafic soil on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and growth of Tetraria comosa, an endemic sedge used in restoration programs. A greenhouse experiment on ultramafic substrate was conducted with an inoculum comprising two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species isolated from New Caledonian ultramafic soils: Rhizophagus neocaledonicus and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. The effects on plant growth of the AMF and C. citreum BE inoculated separately were not significant, but their co-inoculation significantly enhanced the dry weight of T. comosa compared with the non-inoculated control. These differences were positively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization which was improved by C. citreum BE. Compared with the control, co-inoculated plants were characterized by better mineral nutrition, a higher Ca/Mg ratio, and lower metal translocation. However, for Ca/Mg ratio and metal translocation, there were no significant differences between the effects of AMF inoculation and co-inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bourles
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Linda Guentas
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France.
- Laboratoire MAPIEM EA 4323, SeaTech-Ecole d'ingénieurs, Université de Toulon, BP 20132, 83957, La Garde Cedex, France.
| | - César Charvis
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Simon Gensous
- Equipe ARBOREAL, groupe EcoRCE, Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, BP 73, Port-Laguerre, 98890, Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Clarisse Majorel
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Thomas Crossay
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Yvon Cavaloc
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Valérie Burtet-Sarramegna
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Philippe Jourand
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM UMR040), Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-82/J, F-34398 Cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Hamid Amir
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
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Di Salvo LP, Groppa MD, García de Salamone IE. Natural Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization of Wheat and Maize Crops Under Different Agricultural Practices. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45971-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Robles-Aguilar AA, Grunert O, Hernandez-Sanabria E, Mysara M, Meers E, Boon N, Jablonowski ND. Effect of Applying Struvite and Organic N as Recovered Fertilizers on the Rhizosphere Dynamics and Cultivation of Lupine ( Lupinus angustifolius). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572741. [PMID: 33329631 PMCID: PMC7717983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture and horticulture heavily rely on the input of fertilizers to sustain food (and feed) production. However, high carbon footprint and pollution are associated with the mining processes of P and K, and the artificial nitrogen fixation for the production of synthetic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers or recovered nutrients from different waste sources can be used to reduce the environmental impact of fertilizers. We tested two recovered nutrients with slow-release patterns as promising alternatives for synthetic fertilizers: struvite and a commercially available organic fertilizer. Using these fertilizers as a nitrogen source, we conducted a rhizotron experiment to test their effect on plant performance and nutrient recovery in lupine plants. Plant performance was not affected by the fertilizer applied; however, N recovery was higher from the organic fertilizer than from struvite. As root architecture is fundamental for plant productivity, variations in root structure and length as a result of soil nutrient availability driven by plant-bacteria interactions were compared showing also no differences between fertilizers. However, fertilized plants were considerably different in the root length and morphology compared with the no fertilized plants. Since the microbial community influences plant nitrogen availability, we characterized the root-associated microbial community structure and functionality. Analyses revealed that the fertilizer applied had a significant impact on the associations and functionality of the bacteria inhabiting the growing medium used. The type of fertilizer significantly influenced the interindividual dissimilarities in the most abundant genera between treatments. This means that different plant species have a distinct effect on modulating the associated microbial community, but in the case of lupine, the fertilizer had a bigger effect than the plant itself. These novel insights on interactions between recovered fertilizers, plant, and associated microbes can contribute to developing sustainable crop production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A. Robles-Aguilar
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver Grunert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Greenyard Horticulture, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emma Hernandez-Sanabria
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, VIB – KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Mysara
- Unit of Microbiology, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, StudieCentrum voor Kernenergie⋅Centre d’étude de l’Energie Nucléaire (SCK⋅CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erik Meers
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Nico Boon,
| | - Nicolai D. Jablonowski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Nicolai D. Jablonowski,
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The Non-Simultaneous Enhancement of Phosphorus Acquisition and Mobilization Respond to Enhanced Arbuscular Mycorrhization on Maize ( Zea mays L.). Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120651. [PMID: 31817176 PMCID: PMC6956227 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can ameliorate not only plant phosphorus (P) nutrition but also soil P mobilization, while P mobilization occurs secondarily and may in turn limit P acquisition at certain crop growth stages. It can be termed as the "mycorrhiza-inducible P limitation", which has so far largely escaped study. A pot experiment was conducted to test the dynamic P acquisition of maize (Zea mays L.) at the vegetative growth stage and P mobilization in the soil in response to AM fungal inoculation in an unsterilized arable alkaline soil. The experiment included two fertilization levels and two AM inoculation levels, i.e., nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) fertilization (NPK) and non-fertilization (control), as well as Funneliformis mosseae inoculation (+M) and non-inoculation (-M). Regardless of fertilization, +M increased mycorrhizal colonization and plant biomass at weeks 4 and 8 but increased tissue P concentration only at week 4 compared with those of -M. In addition, the plant P acquisition and shoot biomass in the control+M treatment at weeks 4 and 8 were close to and much lower than those of NPK-M, respectively. Furthermore, the increase in soil P mobilization potential, which was achieved by the accelerated soil alkaline phosphatase activity and the decreased soil pH, was lower than the increase in root P-acquiring efficiency, which was achieved by the enhanced mycorrhization and ZEAma;Pht1;6 (a mycorrhiza- inducible Pi transporter in maize root) expression. Regardless of fertilization, +M thus significantly decreased soil available P concentrations compared with those in the -M treatments. Therefore, there was a large, real gap between soil P mobilization and root P acquisition in response to enhanced root mycorrhizal colonization, substantially limiting plant P acquisition and growth.
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Miransari M, Smith D. Sustainable wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in saline fields: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:999-1014. [PMID: 31448647 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1654973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A large part of global agricultural fields, including the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ones, are subjected to various stresses including salinity. Given the increasing world population, finding methods and strategies that can alleviate salinity stress on crop yield production is of outmost importance. The presented review has consulted more than 400 articles related to the clean and sustainable production of wheat in saline fields affected by biological, environmental, economical, and social parameters including the important issue of climate change (global warming). The negative effects of salt stress on plant growth and the techniques, which have been so far detected to alleviate salinity stress on wheat growth have been analyzed and presented. The naturally tolerant species of wheat can use a range of mechanisms to alleviate salinity stress including sodium exclusion, potassium retention, and osmoregulation. However, the following can be considered as the most important techniques to enhance wheat tolerance under stress: (1) the biotechnological (crop breeding), biological (soil microbes), and biochemical (seed priming) methods, (2) the use of naturally tolerant genotypes, and (3) their combined use. The proper handling of irrigation water is also an important subject, which must be considered when planting wheat in saline fields. In conclusion, the sustainable and cleaner production of wheat under salt stress is determined by a combination of different parameters including the biotechnological techniques, which if handled properly, can enhance wheat production in saline fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miransari
- Department of Book and Article, AbtinBerkeh Scientific Ltd. Company , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Donald Smith
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald College of McGill University , Quebec , Canada
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Nanjundappa A, Bagyaraj DJ, Saxena AK, Kumar M, Chakdar H. Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bacillus spp. in soil enhancing growth of crop plants. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2019; 6:23. [PMID: 31798924 PMCID: PMC6882151 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-019-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microorganisms play an important role in enhancing soil fertility and plant health. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria form a key component of the soil microbial population. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic association with most of the cultivated crop plants and they help plants in phosphorus nutrition and protecting them against biotic and abiotic stresses. Many species of Bacillus occurring in soil are also known to promote plant growth through phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Synergistic interaction between AMF and Bacillus spp. in promoting plant growth compared to single inoculation with either of them has been reported. This is because of enhanced nutrient uptake, protection against plant pathogens and alleviation of abiotic stresses (water, salinity and heavy metal) through dual inoculation compared to inoculation with either AMF or Bacillus alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuroopa Nanjundappa
- Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development, 41 RBI Colony, Anand Nagar, Bangalore, 560024 India.,Government Science College, Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore, 560001 India
| | - Davis Joseph Bagyaraj
- Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development, 41 RBI Colony, Anand Nagar, Bangalore, 560024 India
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- 2ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
| | - Murugan Kumar
- 2ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
| | - Hillol Chakdar
- 2ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
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Rolfe SA, Griffiths J, Ton J. Crying out for help with root exudates: adaptive mechanisms by which stressed plants assemble health-promoting soil microbiomes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:73-82. [PMID: 31731229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ immunological and ecological strategies to resist biotic stress. Recent evidence suggests that plants adapt to biotic stress by changing their root exudation chemistry to assemble health-promoting microbiomes. This so-called 'cry-for-help' hypothesis provides a mechanistic explanation for previously characterized soil feedback responses to plant disease, such as the development of disease-suppressing soils upon successive cultivations of take all-infected wheat. Here, we divide the hypothesis into individual stages and evaluate the evidence for each component. We review how plant immune responses modify root exudation chemistry, as well as what impact this has on microbial activities, and the subsequent plant responses to these activities. Finally, we review the ecological relevance of the interaction, along with its translational potential for future crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rolfe
- Plant Production and Protection (P(3)), Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Joseph Griffiths
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection (P(3)), Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Impacts of core rotation, defaunation and nitrogen addition on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, microorganisms and microarthropods in a tropical montane rainforest. Trop Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-019-00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Konstantinou S, Monokrousos N, Kapagianni P, Menkissoglu‐Spiroudi U, Gwynn‐Jones D, Stamou GP, Papatheodorou EM. Instantaneous responses of microbial communities to stress in soils pretreated with
Mentha spicata
essential oil and/or inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Konstantinou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Nikos Monokrousos
- Department of Soil Science of Athens, Institute of Soil and Water Resources Hellenic Agricultural Organization‐DEMETER Athens Greece
| | - Pantelitsa Kapagianni
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Urania Menkissoglu‐Spiroudi
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Dylan Gwynn‐Jones
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Ceredigion UK
| | | | - Efimia M. Papatheodorou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
- International Hellenic University Thessaloniki Greece
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Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Trap Cultures Prepared from Abandoned Coalmine Overburden Spoils. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Akyol TY, Niwa R, Hirakawa H, Maruyama H, Sato T, Suzuki T, Fukunaga A, Sato T, Yoshida S, Tawaraya K, Saito M, Ezawa T, Sato S. Impact of Introduction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Root Microbial Community in Agricultural Fields. Microbes Environ 2019; 34:23-32. [PMID: 30584188 PMCID: PMC6440726 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important members of the root microbiome and may be used as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. To elucidate the impact of AM fungal inoculation on indigenous root microbial communities, we used high-throughput sequencing and an analytical pipeline providing fixed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as an output to investigate the bacterial and fungal communities of roots treated with a commercial AM fungal inoculum in six agricultural fields. AM fungal inoculation significantly influenced the root microbial community structure in all fields. Inoculation changed the abundance of indigenous AM fungi and other fungal members in a field-dependent manner. Inoculation consistently enriched several bacterial OTUs by changing the abundance of indigenous bacteria and introducing new bacteria. Some inoculum-associated bacteria closely interacted with the introduced AM fungi, some of which belonged to the genera Burkholderia, Cellulomonas, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, and Streptomyces and may be candidate mycorrhizospheric bacteria that contribute to the establishment and/or function of the introduced AM fungi. Inoculated AM fungi also co-occurred with several indigenous bacteria with putative beneficial traits, suggesting that inoculated AM fungi may recruit specific taxa to confer better plant performance. The bacterial families Methylobacteriaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Armatimonadaceae, and Alicyclobacillaceae were consistently reduced by the inoculation, possibly due to changes in the host plant status caused by the inoculum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study to investigate interactions between AM fungal inoculation and indigenous root microbial communities in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rieko Niwa
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)2–1–18 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305–8666Japan
| | | | - Hayato Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo 060–8589Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata UniversityTsuruoka 997–8555Japan
| | - Takae Suzuki
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku UniversityOsaki 989–6711Japan
| | - Ayako Fukunaga
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NAROAyabe 623–0035Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural UniversityAkita 010–0195Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yoshida
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)2–1–18 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305–8666Japan
| | - Keitaro Tawaraya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata UniversityTsuruoka 997–8555Japan
| | - Masanori Saito
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku UniversityOsaki 989–6711Japan
- Department of Innovation Research, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, 102–0076Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ezawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo 060–8589Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai 980–8577Japan
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Shinde S, Zerbs S, Collart FR, Cumming JR, Noirot P, Larsen PE. Pseudomonas fluorescens increases mycorrhization and modulates expression of antifungal defense response genes in roots of aspen seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:4. [PMID: 30606121 PMCID: PMC6318872 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants, fungi, and bacteria form complex, mutually-beneficial communities within the soil environment. In return for photosynthetically derived sugars in the form of exudates from plant roots, the microbial symbionts in these rhizosphere communities provide their host plants access to otherwise inaccessible nutrients in soils and help defend the plant against biotic and abiotic stresses. One role that bacteria may play in these communities is that of Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria (MHB). MHB are bacteria that facilitate the interactions between plant roots and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi and, while the effects of MHB on the formation of plant-fungal symbiosis and on plant health have been well documented, the specific molecular mechanisms by which MHB drive gene regulation in plant roots leading to these benefits remain largely uncharacterized. RESULTS Here, we investigate the effects of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 (SBW25) on aspen root transcriptome using a tripartite laboratory community comprised of Populus tremuloides (aspen) seedlings and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor (Laccaria). We show that SBW25 has MHB activity and promotes mycorrhization of aspen roots by Laccaria. Using transcriptomic analysis of aspen roots under multiple community compositions, we identify clusters of co-regulated genes associated with mycorrhization, the presence of SBW25, and MHB-associated functions, and we generate a combinatorial logic network that links causal relationships in observed patterns of gene expression in aspen seedling roots in a single Boolean circuit diagram. The predicted regulatory circuit is used to infer regulatory mechanisms associated with MHB activity. CONCLUSIONS In our laboratory conditions, SBW25 increases the ability of Laccaria to form ectomycorrhizal interactions with aspen seedling roots through the suppression of aspen root antifungal defense responses. Analysis of transcriptomic data identifies that potential molecular mechanisms in aspen roots that respond to MHB activity are proteins with homology to pollen recognition sensors. Pollen recognition sensors integrate multiple environmental signals to down-regulate pollenization-associated gene clusters, making proteins with homology to this system an excellent fit for a predicted mechanism that integrates information from the rhizosphere to down-regulate antifungal defense response genes in the root. These results provide a deeper understanding of aspen gene regulation in response to MHB and suggest additional, hypothesis-driven biological experiments to validate putative molecular mechanisms of MHB activity in the aspen-Laccaria ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka Shinde
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439 USA
- Present address: Oil-Dri Innovation Center, 777 Forest Edge Rd., Vernon Hills, IL 60061 USA
| | - Sarah Zerbs
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Frank R. Collart
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Jonathan R. Cumming
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Dr, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Philippe Noirot
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Peter E. Larsen
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan St., Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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