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Zhang Y, Xiao P, Pan D, Zhou X. New Insights into the Modification of the Non-Core Metabolic Pathway of Steroids in Mycolicibacterium and the Application of Fermentation Biotechnology in C-19 Steroid Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065236. [PMID: 36982310 PMCID: PMC10049677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Androsta-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), and 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD), which belong to C-19 steroids, are critical steroid-based drug intermediates. The biotransformation of phytosterols into C-19 steroids by Mycolicibacterium cell factories is the core step in the synthesis of steroid-based drugs. The production performance of engineered mycolicibacterial strains has been effectively enhanced by sterol core metabolic modification. In recent years, research on the non-core metabolic pathway of steroids (NCMS) in mycolicibacterial strains has made significant progress. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms and metabolic modifications of NCMS for accelerating sterol uptake, regulating coenzyme I balance, promoting propionyl-CoA metabolism, reducing reactive oxygen species, and regulating energy metabolism. In addition, the recent applications of biotechnology in steroid intermediate production are summarized and compared, and the future development trend of NCMS research is discussed. This review provides powerful theoretical support for metabolic regulation in the biotransformation of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Peiyao Xiao
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Delong Pan
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiuling Zhou
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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2
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Josefsen KD, Nordborg A, Le SB, Olsen SM, Sletta H. Bioconversion of Phytosterols into Androstenedione by Mycolicibacterium. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2704:245-267. [PMID: 37642849 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3385-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The chapter describes the bioconversion of phytosterols into androstenedione (AD) by Mycolicibacterium spp. in shake flasks and fermenters, as well as LC-MS-based methods for analysis of phytosterols and steroid products. Phytosterols are derived as by-products of vegetable oil refining and manufacture of wood pulp. They contain the same four-ring nucleus as steroids and may be converted to high-value steroids by removing the sidechain at C17 and minor changes at other sites in the ring structure. Many bacteria, including Mycolicibacterium spp., can degrade phytosterols. Mutants of Mycolicibacterium spp. unable of ring cleavage can, when growing on phytosterols, accumulate the steroid intermediates androstenedione (AD) and androstadienedione (ADD). The practical challenge with microbial conversion of phytosterols to steroids is that both the substrate and the product are virtually insoluble in water. In addition, some steroids, notably ADD, may be toxic for the cells. Two main strategies have been employed to overcome this challenge: the use of two-phase systems and the addition of chemically modified cyclodextrins. The latter method is used here. Defined cultivation and bioconversion media for both shake flask and fermenter are given, as well as hints how to minimize the practical problems due to the water-insoluble phytosterol. Sampling, sample extraction, and quantification of substrates and products using LC-MS analysis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Nordborg
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Simone Balzer Le
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Silje Malene Olsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
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3
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Hu W, Tong Y, Liu J, Chen P, Yang H, Feng S. Improving acid resistance of Escherichia coli base on the CfaS-mediated membrane engineering strategy derived from extreme acidophile. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1158931. [PMID: 37025359 PMCID: PMC10070827 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1158931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial microorganisms used for the production of organic acids often face challenges such as inhibited cell growth and reduced production efficiency due to the accumulation of acidic metabolites. One promising way for improving the acid resistance of microbial cells is to reconstruct their membranes. Herein, the overexpression of cfa2 from extreme acidophile endowed E. coli with high-performance on resistance to the acid stress. The engineered strain M1-93-Accfa2, constructed by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated chromosome integration, also exhibited a significantly higher resistance to severe acid stress. The analysis of fatty acid profiles indicated that the proportion of Cy-19:0 in the cell membrane of M1-93-Accfa2 increased by 5.26 times compared with the control, while the proportion of C18:1w9c decreased by 5.81 times. Correspondingly, the permeability and fluidity of the membrane decreased significantly. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the contents of intracellular glutamic acid, arginine, methionine and aspartic acid of M1-93-Accfa2 were 2.59, 2.04, 22.07 and 2.65 times that of the control after environmental acidification, respectively. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscopy observation indicated that M1-93-Accfa2 could maintain a plumper cell morphology after acid stimulation. M1-93-Accfa2 also exhibited higher-performance on the resistance to organic acids, especially succinic acid stress. These results together demonstrated the great potential of M1-93-Accfa2 constructed here in the production of organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanjun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Panyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology (Jiangnan University) Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hailin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology (Jiangnan University) Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Hailin Yang, ; Shoushuai Feng,
| | - Shoushuai Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology (Jiangnan University) Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Hailin Yang, ; Shoushuai Feng,
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De Gaetano F, Cristiano MC, Paolino D, Celesti C, Iannazzo D, Pistarà V, Iraci N, Ventura CA. Bicalutamide Anticancer Activity Enhancement by Formulation of Soluble Inclusion Complexes with Cyclodextrins. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1716. [PMID: 36421730 PMCID: PMC9687945 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicalutamide (BCL) is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen drug that represents an alternative to castration in the treatment of prostate cancer, due to its relatively long half-life and tolerable side effects. However, it possesses a very low water solubility that can affect its oral bioavailability. In this work, we developed inclusion complexes of BCL with the highly soluble hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CyD) to increase the water solubility and anticancer activity of BCL. The inclusion complexes were prepared using the freeze-drying method and were then characterized in a solid state via differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray analysis and in solution via phase-solubility studies and UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy. The BCL/HP-β-CyD and BCL/SBE-β-CyD inclusion complexes were amorphous and rapidly dissolved in water. Both the 1H-NMR spectra and molecular modeling studies confirmed the penetration of the 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile ring of BCL within the cavity of both cyclodextrins (CyDs). Due to the consistent improvement of the water solubility of BCL, the inclusion complexes showed higher antiproliferative activity toward the human prostate androgen-independent cell lines, DU-145 and PC-3, with respect to free BCL. These results demonstrate the ability of HP-β-CyD and SBE-β-CyD to complex BCL, permitting the realization of liquid formulations with potentially high oral bioavailability and/or possible parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Gaetano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Cristiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University ‘Magna Græcia’ of Catanzaro, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University ‘Magna Græcia’ of Catanzaro, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Consuelo Celesti
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada Di Dio, I-98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada Di Dio, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Venerando Pistarà
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Cinzia Anna Ventura
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
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Tekucheva DN, Fokina VV, Nikolaeva VM, Shutov AA, Karpov MV, Donova MV. Cascade Biotransformation of Phytosterol to Testosterone by Mycolicibacterium neoaurum VKM Ас-1815D and Nocardioides simplex VKM Ас-2033D Strains. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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6
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Xiong LB, Liu HH, Song L, Dong MM, Ke J, Liu YJ, Liu K, Zhao M, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Improving the biotransformation efficiency of soybean phytosterols in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum by the combined deletion of fbpC3 and embC in cell envelope synthesis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 7:453-459. [PMID: 34938904 PMCID: PMC8654695 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation of soybean phytosterols into 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD) by mycobacteria is the core step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone. However, the low permeability of the dense cell envelope largely inhibits the overall conversion efficiency of phytosterols. The antigen 85 (Ag85) complex encoded by fbpA, fbpB, and fbpC was proposed as the key factor in the combined catalysis of mycoloyl for producing mycolyl-arabinogalactan (m-AG) and trehalose dimycolate (TDM) in mycobacterial cell envelope. Herein, we confirmed that fbpC3 was essential for the biotransformation of trehalose monomycolate (TMM) to TDM in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum. The deficiency of this gene raised the cell permeability, thereby enhancing the steroid uptake and utilization. The 9-OHAD yield in the fbpC3-deficient 9-OHAD-producing strain was increased by 21.3%. Moreover, the combined deletion of fbpC3 and embC further increased the 9-OHAD yield compared to the single deletion of fbpC3. Finally, after 96 h of bioconversion in industrial resting cells, the 9-OHAD yield of 11.2 g/L was achieved from 20 g/L phytosterols and the productivity reached 0.116 g/L/h. In summary, this study suggested the critical role of the fbpC3 gene in the synthesis of TDM in M. neoaurum and verified the feasibility of improving the bioconversion efficiency of phytosterols through the cell envelope engineering strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Bin Xiong
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Huawei Safety Evaluation & Medical Research (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201206, PR China
| | - Hao-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Miao-Miao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Jie Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Huawei Safety Evaluation & Medical Research (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201206, PR China
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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Jia H, Cao S, Wu Y, Zhu W, Luo J, Shen Y, Wang M. Genomewide Transcriptome Responses of Arthrobacter simplex to Cortisone Acetate and its Mutants with Enhanced Δ 1-Dehydrogenation Efficiency. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12773-12784. [PMID: 34694802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to its superior Δ1-dehydrogenation ability, Arthrobacter simplex has been widely used for the biotransformation of cortisone acetate (CA) into prednisone acetate (PA) in the steroid industry. However, its molecular fundamentals are still unclear. Herein, the genome organization, gene regulation, and previously unreported genes involved in Δ1-dehydrogenation are revealed through genome and transcriptome analysis. A comparative study of transcriptomes of an industrial strain induced by CA or at different biotransformation periods was performed. By overexpression, the roles of six genes in CA conversion were confirmed, among which sufC and hsaA behaved better by reinforcing catalytic enzyme activity and substrate transmembrane transport. Additionally, GroEL endowed cells with the strongest stress tolerance by alleviating oxidative damage and enhancing energy levels. Finally, an optimal strain was created by coexpressing three genes, achieving 46.8 and 70.6% increase in PA amount and productivity compared to the initial values, respectively. Our study expanded the understanding of the Δ1-dehydrogenation mechanism and offered an effective approach for excellent steroid-transforming strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science &Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science &Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science &Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science &Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science &Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science &Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science &Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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8
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Schmitz LM, Kinner A, Althoff K, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Investigation of Vitamin D 2 and Vitamin D 3 Hydroxylation by Kutzneria albida. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2266-2274. [PMID: 33647186 PMCID: PMC8359954 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active vitamin D metabolites 25-OH-D and 1α,25-(OH)2 -D play an essential role in controlling several cellular processes in the human body and are potentially effective in the treatment of several diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The microbial synthesis of vitamin D2 (VD2 ) and vitamin D3 (VD3 ) metabolites has emerged as a suitable alternative to established complex chemical syntheses. In this study, a novel strain, Kutzneria albida, with the ability to form 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3 was identified. To further improve the conversion of the poorly soluble substrates, several solubilizers were tested. 100-fold higher product concentrations of 25-OH-D3 and tenfold higher concentrations of 25-OH-D2 after addition of 5 % (w/v) 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) were reached. Besides the single-hydroxylation products, the human double-hydroxylation products 1,25-(OH)2 -D2 and 1,25-(OH)2 -D3 and various other potential single- and double-hydroxylation products were detected. Thus, K. albida represents a promising strain for the biotechnological production of VD2 and VD3 metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Kirsten Althoff
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
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9
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Chang H, Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhang W, You S, Qi W, Qian J, Su R, He Z. A combined strategy of metabolic pathway regulation and two-step bioprocess for improved 4-androstene-3,17-dione production with an engineered Mycobacterium neoaurum. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Xiong LB, Liu HH, Song XW, Meng XG, Liu XZ, Ji YQ, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Improving the biotransformation of phytosterols to 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione by deleting embC associated with the assembly of cell envelope in Mycobacterium neoaurum. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:341-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhang X, Zan Z, Xia M, Luo J, Wang M. Efficient repeated batch production of androstenedione using untreated cane molasses by Mycobacterium neoaurum driven by ATP futile cycle. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 309:123307. [PMID: 32315913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of phytosterol to androstenedione (AD) by mycobacteria is a unique process accompanied by energy-producing. However, high intracellular ATP content can severely inhibit the efficient production of AD. In this study, a novel citrate-based ATP futile cycle (AFC) and pyruvate-based AFC were constructed for the first time. Application of AFCs reduced intracellular ATP and propionyl-CoA levels and increased NAD+/NADH ratios and cell viability. The forced consumption of ATP promotes the transcription of critical genes in propionyl-CoA metabolism. The synergistic effect of enhanced propionyl-CoA metabolism and AFC increased AD conversion yield from 60.6% to 97.3%. The AD productivity was further improved by repeated batch fermentation using untreated cane molasses. The maximum productivity was 181% higher than that of the original strain. Therefore, the strategy of combining AFC and repeated batch fermentation is a valuable tool for the efficient and low-cost production of AD and other steroidal pharmaceutical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zehui Zan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Menglei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jianmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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12
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Richards L, Jarrold A, Bowser T, Stevens GW, Gras SL. Cytochrome P450-mediated N-demethylation of noscapine by whole-cell biotransformation: process limitations and strategies for optimisation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:449-464. [PMID: 32507955 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyse reactions of significant industrial interest but are underutilised in large-scale bioprocesses due to enzyme stability, cofactor requirements and the poor aqueous solubility and microbial toxicity of typical substrates and products. In this work, we investigate the potential for preparative-scale N-demethylation of the opium poppy alkaloid noscapine by a P450BM3 (CYP102A1) mutant enzyme in a whole-cell biotransformation system. We identify and address several common limitations of whole-cell P450 biotransformations using this model N-demethylation process. Mass transfer into Escherichia coli cells was found to be a major limitation of biotransformation rate and an alternative Gram-positive expression host Bacillus megaterium provided a 25-fold improvement in specific initial rate. Two methods were investigated to address poor substrate solubility. First, a biphasic biotransformation system was developed by systematic selection of potentially biocompatible solvents and in silico solubility modelling using Hansen solubility parameters. The best-performing biphasic system gave a 2.3-fold improvement in final product titre compared to a single-phase system but had slower initial rates of biotransformation due to low substrate concentration in the aqueous phase. The second strategy aimed to improve aqueous substrate solubility using cyclodextrin and hydrophilic polymers. This approach provided a fivefold improvement in initial biotransformation rate and allowed a sixfold increase in final product concentration. Enzyme stability and cell viability were identified as the next parameters requiring optimisation to improve productivity. The approaches used are also applicable to the development of other pharmaceutical P450-mediated biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Richards
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ailsa Jarrold
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Princes Highway, Port Fairy, VIC, 3281, Australia
| | - Tim Bowser
- Impact Science Consulting, Unit 2/52 Swanston St, Heidelberg Heights, VIC, 2081, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Stevens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sally L Gras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Xiong LB, Liu HH, Zhao M, Liu YJ, Song L, Xie ZY, Xu YX, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Enhancing the bioconversion of phytosterols to steroidal intermediates by the deficiency of kasB in the cell wall synthesis of Mycobacterium neoaurum. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:80. [PMID: 32228591 PMCID: PMC7106593 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The bioconversion of phytosterols into high value-added steroidal intermediates, including the 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD) and 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC), is the cornerstone in steroid pharmaceutical industry. However, the low transportation efficiency of hydrophobic substrates into mycobacterial cells severely limits the transformation. In this study, a robust and stable modification of the cell wall in M. neoaurum strain strikingly enhanced the cell permeability for the high production of steroids. Results The deletion of the nonessential kasB, encoding a β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase, led to a disturbed proportion of mycolic acids (MAs), which is one of the most important components in the cell wall of Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25795. The determination of cell permeability displayed about two times improvement in the kasB-deficient strain than that of the wild type M. neoaurum. Thus, the deficiency of kasB in the 9-OHAD-producing strain resulted in a significant increase of 137.7% in the yield of 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD). Ultimately, the 9-OHAD productivity in an industrial used resting cell system was reached 0.1135 g/L/h (10.9 g/L 9-OHAD from 20 g/L phytosterol) and the conversion time was shortened by 33%. In addition, a similar self-enhancement effect (34.5%) was realized in the 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC) producing strain. Conclusions The modification of kasB resulted in a meaningful change in the cell wall mycolic acids. Deletion of the kasB gene remarkably improved the cell permeability, leading to a self-enhancement of the steroidal intermediate conversion. The results showed a high efficiency and feasibility of this construction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Bin Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Xin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Zhou L, Li H, Xu Y, Liu W, Zhang X, Gong J, Xu Z, Shi J. Effects of a nonionic surfactant TX-40 on 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione biosynthesis and physiological properties of Mycobacterium sp. LY-1. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Xu S, Luo J, Xia M, Wang M. Economical production of androstenedione and 9α-hydroxyandrostenedione using untreated cane molasses by recombinant mycobacteria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121750. [PMID: 31325842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Production of androstenedione (AD) and 9α-hydroxyandrostenedione (9α-OH-AD) by recombinant mycobacteria using untreated cane molasses and hydrolysate of mycobacterial cells (HMC) was investigated for the first time. B-vitamins feeding experiment and reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) plays an important role in the phytosterol biotransformation of mycobacteria. The respective AD and 9α-OH-AD conversion ratios were increased by 2.91 and 1.48 times through coexpression of PCC and NADH dehydrogenase. The highest conversion ratios of AD and 9α-OH-AD obtained by using a co-feeding strategy of cane molasses and HMC reached 96.38% and 95.04%, respectively, and the total costs of carbon and nitrogen sources for the culture medium were reduced by 29.89% and 49.49%, respectively. Taking the results together, untreated cane molasses and HMC can be used for the economical production of steroidal pharmaceutical precursors by mycobacteria. This study offers an economical and green strategy for steroidal pharmaceutical precursor production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhenjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuangping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jianmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Menglei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, 300457 Tianjin, China.
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16
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Sun WJ, Liu YJ, Liu HH, Ma JD, Ren YH, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Enhanced conversion of sterols to steroid synthons by augmenting the peptidoglycan synthesis gene pbpB in Mycobacterium neoaurum. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:924-935. [PMID: 31347189 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Some species of mycobacteria have been modified to transform sterols to valuable steroid synthons. The unique cell wall of mycobacteria has been recognized as an important organelle to absorb sterols. Some cell wall inhibitors (e.g., vancomycin and glycine) have been validated to enhance sterol conversion by interfering with transpeptidation in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Therefore, two transpeptidase genes, pbpA and pbpB, were selected to rationally modify the cell wall to simulate the enhancement effect of vancomycin and glycine on sterol conversion in a 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC) producing strain (WIII). Unexpectedly, the pbpA or pbpB gene augmentation was conducive to the utilization of sterols. The pbpB augmentation strain WIII-pbpB was further investigated for its better performance. Compared to WIII, the morphology of WIII-pbpB was markedly changed from oval to spindle, indicating alterations of the cell wall. Biochemical analysis indicated that the altered cell wall properties of WIII-pbpB might contribute to the positive effect on sterol utilization. The productivity of 4-HBC was enhanced by 28% in the WIII-pbpB strain compared to that of WIII. These results demonstrated that the modification of peptidoglycan synthesis can improve the conversion of sterols to steroid synthons in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-De Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | | | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Shao M, Zhang X, Rao Z, Xu M, Yang T, Xu Z, Yang S. Identification of steroid C27 monooxygenase isoenzymes involved in sterol catabolism and stepwise pathway engineering of Mycobacterium neoaurum for improved androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:635-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-02135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase, steroid C27 monooxygenase and 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase are key enzymes involved in microbial catabolism of sterols. Here, three isoenzymes of steroid C27 monooxygenase were firstly characterized from Mycobacterium neoaurum as the key enzyme in sterol C27-hydroxylation. Among these three isoenzymes, steroid C27 monooxygenase 2 exhibits the strongest function in sterol catabolism. To improve androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione production, cholesterol oxidase, steroid C27 monooxygenase 2 and 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase were coexpressed to strengthen the metabolic flux to androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, and 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione catabolism, was disrupted to block the androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione degradation pathway in M. neoaurum JC-12. Finally, the recombinant strain JC-12S2-choM-ksdd/ΔkshA produced 20.1 g/L androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, which is the highest reported production with sterols as substrate. Therefore, this work is hopes to pave the way for efficient androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione production through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Shao
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Taowei Yang
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangtian Yang
- 0000 0001 2285 7943 grid.261331.4 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University 43210 Columbus OH USA
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18
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Tang R, Shen Y, Wang M, Zhou H, Zhao Y. Highly efficient synthesis of boldenone from androst-4-ene-3,17-dione by Arthrobacter simplex and Pichia pastoris ordered biotransformation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:933-940. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Guo F, Zhang T, Li B, Wang Z, Ju F, Liang YT. Mycobacterial species and their contribution to cholesterol degradation in wastewater treatment plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:836. [PMID: 30696864 PMCID: PMC6351609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium often presents as an abundant bacterial genus in activated sludge in many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), but the species-level taxonomy and functions remain poorly understood. In this study, we profiled the mycobacterial communities in eleven WWTPs from five countries by pyrosequencing the rpoB amplicons and searching against a customized database of mycobacterial rpoB sequences. Results indicated that major mycobacterial species were related to M. brumae, M. crocinum, M. sphagni, etc., most of which belong to poorly characterized rapidly-growing group. A few opportunistic pathogenic species were detected, suggesting the potential risk of mycobacteria in WWTPs. Genomic analysis of four isolates from activated sludge indicated these genomes contained genes of degradations of alkane, aromatics, steroids and a variety of cytochrome P450 families. Additionally, a few key genes responsible for cholesterol degradation were detected in a full-scale activated sludge metatranscriptomic dataset reported previously and taxonomically assigned to mycobacteria. Evidence showed that all isolates can degrade cholesterol, a major composition of sewage. Relative abundance of mycobacteria in activated sludge was enriched by 4.7 folds after adding cholesterol into the influent for one week. Our results provided the insights into mycobacterial species and functions in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi-Ting Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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20
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Zhang Z, Li F, Cao Y, Tian Y, Li J, Zong Y, Song H. Electricity-driven 7α-hydroxylation of a steroid catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in engineered yeast. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Schematic diagram of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-catalyzed BES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yao Tian
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yongchao Zong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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21
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Luo J, Song Z, Ning J, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Cui F, Shen Y, Wang M. The ethanol-induced global alteration in Arthrobacter simplex and its mutants with enhanced ethanol tolerance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9331-9350. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Song B, Zhou Q, Xue HJ, Liu JJ, Zheng YY, Shen YB, Wang M, Luo JM. IrrE Improves Organic Solvent Tolerance and Δ 1-Dehydrogenation Productivity of Arthrobacter simplex. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5210-5220. [PMID: 29746123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During steroid bioconversion, organic solvents are widely used for facilitating hydrophobic substrate dissolution in industry. Thus, strains that tolerate organic solvents are highly desirable. IrrE, a global transcriptional factor, was introduced into Arthrobacter simplex with Δ1-dehydrogenation ability. The results evidenced that IrrE did not affect cell biological traits and biotransformation performance under non-stress conditions. However, the recombinant strain achieved a productivity higher than that of the control strain in systems containing more ethanol and substrate, which coincided with cell viability under ethanol stress, the major stress factor during biotransformation. It also demonstrated that IrrE caused genome-wide transcriptional perturbation, and several defense proteins or systems were linked with higher organic solvent tolerance. IrrE simultaneously enhanced cell resistance to various stresses, and its horizontal impacts showed strain and stress dependence. In conclusion, the introduction of exogenous global regulators is an efficient approach to enhance organic solvent tolerance in steroid-transforming strains, resulting in higher productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jie Xue
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Mei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , People's Republic of China
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Zhou P, Fang YK, Yao HK, Li H, Wang G, Liu YP. Efficient Biotransformation of Phytosterols to Dehydroepiandrosterone by Mycobacterium sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:496-506. [PMID: 29654468 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a method for the efficient production of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from phytosterols in a vegetable oil/aqueous two-phase system by Mycobacterium sp. was developed. After the 3-hydroxyl group of phytosterols was protected, they could be converted into DHEA with high yield and productivity by Mycobacterium sp. NRRL B-3683. In a shake flask biotransformation, 15.05 g l-1 of DHEA and a DHEA yield of 85.39% (mol mol-1) were attained after 7 days with an initial substrate concentration of 25 g l-1. When biotransformation was carried out in a 30-l stirred bioreactor with 25 g l-1 substrate, the DHEA concentration and yield was 16.33 g l-1 and 92.65% (mol mol-1) after 7 days, respectively. The results of this study suggest that inexpensive phytosterols could be utilized for the efficient production of DHEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Kun Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ke Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
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Genome shuffling of Colletotrichum lini for improving 3β,7α,15α-trihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one production from dehydroepiandrosterone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:937-947. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
3β,7α,15α-Trihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (7α,15α-diOH-DHEA) is a key intermediate of the novel oral contraceptive Yasmin. It can be catalyzed from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) through Colletotrichum lini. Improvement of 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA production was performed through recursive protoplast fusion of C. lini ST in a genome shuffling format. 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA yield of the best performing recombinant C. lini ST-F307 reached 6.08 g/L from 10 g/L DHEA, and this was 94.9% higher than that of the initial C. lini ST strain. Through optimized conditions, the 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA yield was increased to 9.32 g/L from 12 g/L DHEA, with 1.5% ethanol as cosolvent. This is the highest reported substrate concentration and 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA production with one-step substrate addition. Moreover, C. lini ST-F307 showed high P450 enzyme activity and gene transcript levels of several cytochrome P450s, and this might contribute to the enhancement of 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA production. Genome shuffling was an efficient approach to breed high-yield strains.
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Xiong LB, Liu HH, Xu LQ, Sun WJ, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Improving the production of 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one from sterols in Mycobacterium neoaurum by increasing cell permeability and modifying multiple genes. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:89. [PMID: 28532497 PMCID: PMC5440992 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The strategy of modifying the sterol catabolism pathway in mycobacteria has been adopted to produce steroidal pharmaceutical intermediates, such as 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC), which is used to synthesize various steroids in the industry. However, the productivity is not desirable due to some inherent problems, including the unsatisfactory uptake rate and the low metabolic efficiency of sterols. The compact cell envelope of mycobacteria is a main barrier for the uptake of sterols. In this study, a combined strategy of improving the cell envelope permeability as well as the intracellular sterol metabolism efficiency was investigated to increase the productivity of 4-HBC. Results MmpL3, encoding a transmembrane transporter of trehalose monomycolate, is an important gene influencing the assembly of mycobacterial cell envelope. The disruption of mmpL3 in Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25795 significantly enhanced the cell permeability by 23.4% and the consumption capacity of sterols by 15.6%. Therefore, the inactivation of mmpL3 was performed in a 4-HBC-producing strain derived from the wild type M. neoaurum and the 4-HBC production in the engineered strain was increased by 24.7%. Subsequently, to enhance the metabolic efficiency of sterols, four key genes, choM1, choM2, cyp125, and fadA5, involved in the sterol conversion pathway were individually overexpressed in the engineered mmpL3-deficient strain. The production of 4-HBC displayed the increases of 18.5, 8.9, 14.5, and 12.1%, respectively. Then, the more efficient genes (choM1, cyp125, and fadA5) were co-overexpressed in the engineered mmpL3-deficient strain, and the productivity of 4-HBC was ultimately increased by 20.3% (0.0633 g/L/h, 7.59 g/L 4-HBC from 20 g/L phytosterol) compared with its original productivity (0.0526 g/L/h, 6.31 g/L 4-HBC from 20 g/L phytosterol) in an industrial resting cell bio-transformation system. Conclusions Increasing cell permeability combined with the co-overexpression of the key genes (cyp125, choM1, and fadA5) involved in the conversion pathway of sterol to 4-HBC was effective to enhance the productivity of 4-HBC. The strategy might also be useful for the conversion of sterol to other steroidal intermediates by mycobacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0705-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Bin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hao-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Li-Qin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wan-Ju Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Effect of methyl-β-cyclodextrin on gene expression in microbial conversion of phytosterol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4659-4667. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Su L, Shen Y, Gao T, Luo J, Wang M. Improvement of AD Biosynthesis Response to Enhanced Oxygen Transfer by Oxygen Vectors in Mycobacterium neoaurum TCCC 11979. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1564-1574. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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A new technique for promoting cyclic utilization of cyclodextrins in biotransformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) can improve the productivity of steroid biotransformation by enhancing substrate solubility. CDs can be recycled by grafting them with appropriate carriers. Loofah fiber is an excellent grafting material for CDs, and can be applied to the biotransformation and recycling of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). In this work, a technique for recycling β-CD in cortisone acetate (CA) biotransformation by Arthrobacter simplex CPCC 140451 was studied. Loofah fiber-grafted β-CD (LF-β-CD) was prepared using epichlorohydrin, which is a cross-linking agent. The grafting yield of β-CD was 74.8 mg g−1 dried fibers. LF-β-CD could increase the solubility of CA and enhance biotransformation. The initial conversion rate of CA was 1.5-fold higher than that of the blank group. LF-β-CD was also used in biocatalytic reactions for eight cycles, and it maintained the conversion ratio of CA at approximately 90%. Given the above positive results, LF-β-CD can be utilized in biotechnological recycling applications. This method can also be applied to CD derivatives and hydrophobic compounds.
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Josefsen KD, Nordborg A, Sletta H. Bioconversion of Phytosterols into Androstenedione by Mycobacterium. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1645:177-197. [PMID: 28710629 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7183-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The chapter describes the bioconversion of phytosterols to androstenedione (AD) with Mycobacterium spp. in shake flasks and fermenters, as well as LC-MS based methods for analysis of phytosterols and steroid products.Phytosterols are derived as a by-product of vegetable oil refining and of manufacture of wood pulp. Phytosterols contain the same four-ring nucleus as steroids, and may be converted to high-value steroids by removing the side chain at C17 and minor changes at other sites in the ring structure.Many bacteria, including Mycobacterium spp., are able to degrade phytosterols. Mutants of Mycobacterium spp. unable of ring cleavage can, when growing on phytosterols, accumulate the steroid intermediates androstenedione (AD) and/or androstadienedione (ADD).The practical challenge with microbial conversion of phytosterols to steroids is that both the substrate and the product are virtually insoluble in water. In addition, some steroids, notably ADD, may be toxic to cells.Two main strategies have been employed to overcome this challenge: the use of two-phase systems, and the addition of chemically modified cyclodextrins. The latter method is used here.Defined cultivation and bioconversion media for both shake flask and fermenter are given, as well as suggestions to minimize the practical problems caused by the water-insoluble phytosterol. Sampling, sample extraction, and quantification of substrates and products using LC-MS analysis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell D Josefsen
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anna Nordborg
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
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Pang C, Cao Y, Zhu X. Biotransformation of cholesterol and 16,17-alpha epoxypregnenolone by novel Cladosporium sp. strain IS547. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 57:12-20. [PMID: 27690325 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, there are a few steroid drugs or intermediates that have been obtained via the transformation of microorganisms, and many strains of transformed steroids have not been found yet. Therefore, it is very significant to screen for the strains that have the abilities to transform steroids to produce valuable products. This study has focused on the screen and identification of strains, the structural identification of converted products, and the optimization of transformation conditions, as well as the establishment of transformation systems. A soil microbiota was screened for strain involved in the biotransformation of steroids. A new isolate IS547 is capable of converting a variety of steroids (such as cholesterol, ergosterol, hydrocortisone, progesterone, pregnenolone, and 16,17-alpha-epoxypregnenolone). Based on the 18S rDNA gene sequence comparison, the isolate IS547 has been demonstrated to be very closely related to Cladosporium sp. genus. Present paper is the first report regarding the microbial transformation by Cladosporium sp. to produce active intermediates, which include 7-hydroxy cholesterol, 20-droxyl-16α,17α-epoxypregna-4-dien-3-one, 7-ketocholesterol, and 7-droxyl-16α,17α-epoxypregna-4-dien-3,20-dione. Under the optimum conditions, the yields of product 3 and product 4 were 20.58 and 17.42%, respectively, higher than that prior to the optimization. The transformation rate increased significantly under the optimum fermentation conditions. This study describes an efficient, rapid, and inexpensive biotransformation system for the production of active pharmaceutical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Pang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Saraphanchotiwitthaya A, Sripalakit P. Production of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione from rice germ and wheat germ extracts by Mycobacterium sp. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1595-602. [PMID: 27262293 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the biotransformation of phytosterol and phytosterol-containing rice germ and wheat germ ethanolic extracts to produce 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) by Mycobacterium sp. DSM 2966 using phytosterol to hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 mol/mol) and 2 % (w/v) Tween 80 as solubilizing agents. RESULTS A maximum yield of 180 ± 27 mg AD l(-1) and 31 ± 11.4 mg ADD l(-1) with a total conversion of 65 % (day 12) was obtained using 1 g phytosterol l(-1) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2 : 1 mol/mol) with 2 % (w/v) Tween 80 in the fermentation medium. The most appropriate conditions for rice germ extract and wheat germ extract which gave the maximum conversion of 22 and 43 % (day 14) were obtained by using 2 % (w/v) Tween 80. CONCLUSIONS Phytosterol and wheat germ are effective sources for AD and ADD production while rice germ required further development. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2 :1 mol/mol) and/or 2 % (w/v) Tween 80 in the biotransformation process could improve AD and ADD yields, depending on substrates and biotransformation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurasorn Saraphanchotiwitthaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Pattana Sripalakit
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
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Shen Y, Wang F, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Wang M. Cyclic utilization of HP-β-CD in the bioconversion of cortisone acetate by Arthrobacter simplex. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:597-602. [PMID: 26704767 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-2022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the recovery and reutilization of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) to lower the cost of its industrial application in cortisone acetate bioconversion. RESULTS HP-β-CD is not degraded by Arthrobacter simplex CPCC140451 (ASP) resting cells and 96.4 % HP-β-CD could be recovered by isobutyl acetate extraction. Moreover, the inclusion ability of recovered HP-β-CD barely decreased. The saccharide metabolic and catalytic activities of ASP were greater in the aqueous phase after extracting with isobutyl acetate than other organic solvents. Cyclic utilization tests showed that cortisone acetate conversion ratio was 91.0 % after eight cycles and reached 95.7 % with 0.2-0.6 mM HP-β-CD. Furthermore, >90 % conversion ratio was reached per cycle through a co-cyclic-utilization method with HP-β-CD and immobilized ASP. CONCLUSION Cortisone acetate conversion ratio in the HP-β-CD cyclic-utilization method is promising for industrial applications. The method can also be expanded to other CDs and other hydrophobic compounds bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Shao M, Zhang X, Rao Z, Xu M, Yang T, Li H, Xu Z. Enhanced Production of Androst-1,4-Diene-3,17-Dione by Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12 Using Three-Stage Fermentation Strategy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137658. [PMID: 26352898 PMCID: PMC4564235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) production from phytosterol by Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12, fructose was firstly found favorable as the initial carbon source to increase the biomass and eliminate the lag phase of M. neoaurum JC-12 in the phytosterol transformation process. Based on this phenomenon, two-stage fermentation by using fructose as the initial carbon source and feeding glucose to maintain strain metabolism was designed. By applying this strategy, the fermentation duration was decreased from 168 h to 120 h with the ADD productivity increased from 0.071 g/(L·h) to 0.108 g/(L·h). Further, three-stage fermentation by adding phytosterol to improve ADD production at the end of the two-stage fermentation was carried out and the final ADD production reached 18.6 g/L, which is the highest reported ADD production using phytosterol as substrate. Thus, this strategy provides a possible way in enhancing the ADD production in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
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Gao X, Feng J, Hua Q, Wei D, Wang X. Investigation of factors affecting biotransformation of phytosterols to 9-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,-17-dione based on the HP-β-CD-resting cells reaction system. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.976633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-mediated alterations in cell permeability, lipid and protein profiles of steroid-transforming Arthrobacter simplex. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:387-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Enhanced biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone to 3β,7α,15α-trihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one with Gibberella intermedia CA3-1 by natural oils addition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1497-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dihydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an essential step in the synthesis of many important pharmaceutical intermediates. However, the solution to the problem of low biohydroxylation conversion in the biotransformation of DHEA has yet to be found. The effects of natural oils on the course of dihydroxylation of DHEA to 3β,7α,15α-trihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (7α,15α-diOH-DHEA) were studied. With rapeseed oil (2 %, v/v) addition, the bioconversion efficiency was improved, and the 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA yield was increased by 40.8 % compared with that of the control at DHEA concentration of 8.0 g/L. Meantime, the ratio of 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA to 7α-OH-DHEA was also increased by 4.5 times in the rapeseed oil-containing system. To explain the mechanism underlying the increase of 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA yield, the effects of rapeseed oil on the pH of the bioconversion system, the cell growth and integrity of Gibberella intermedia CA3-1, as well as the membrane composition were systematically studied. The addition of rapeseed oil enhanced the substrate dispersion and maintained the pH of the system during bioconversion. Cells grew better with favorable integrity. The fatty acid profile of G. intermedia cells revealed that rapeseed oil changed the cell membrane composition and improved cell membrane permeability for lipophilic substrates.
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Xu YG, Guan YX, Wang HQ, Yao SJ. Microbial Side-Chain Cleavage of Phytosterols by Mycobacteria in Vegetable Oil/Aqueous Two-Phase System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:522-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Li MY, Wang XD. The influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the enantioselective hydrolysis of 2-amino phenylpropionitrile catalyzed by recombinant nitrilase. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-014-0004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Luo J, Ning J, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Zheng Y, Shen Y, Wang M. The effect of ethanol on cell properties and steroid 1-en-dehydrogenation biotransformation ofArthrobacter simplex. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:555-64. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology); Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ning
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology); Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology); Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology); Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology); Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology); Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology); Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
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Improvement of Regio-Specific Production of Myricetin-3-O-α-l-Rhamnoside in Engineered Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1956-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zhang XY, Peng Y, Su ZR, Chen QH, Ruan H, He GQ. Optimization of biotransformation from phytosterol to androstenedione by a mutant Mycobacterium neoaurum ZJUVN-08. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:132-43. [PMID: 23365012 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of phytosterol (PS) by a newly isolated mutant Mycobacterium neoaurum ZJUVN-08 to produce androstenedione has been investigated in this paper. The parameters of the biotransformation process were optimized using fractional factorial design and response surface methodology. Androstenedione was the sole product in the fermentation broth catalyzed by the mutant M. neoaurum ZJUVN-08 strain. Results showed that molar ratio of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) to PS and substrate concentrations were the two most significant factors affecting androstenedione production. By analyzing the statistical model of three-dimensional surface plot, the optimal process conditions were observed at 0.1 g/L inducer, pH 7.0, molar ratio of HP-β-CD to PS 1.92:1, 8.98 g/L PS, and at 120 h of incubation time. Under these conditions, the maximum androstenedione yield was 5.96 g/L and nearly the same with the non-optimized (5.99 g/L), while the maximum PS conversion rate was 94.69% which increased by 10.66% compared with the non-optimized (84.03%). The predicted optimum conditions from the mathematical model were in agreement with the verification experimental results. It is considered that response surface methodology was a powerful and efficient method to optimize the parameters of PS biotransformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yan Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on phytosterol biotransformation by different strains of Mycobacterium neoaurum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1253-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) can improve productivity in the biotransformation of steroids by increasing conversion rate, conversion ratio, or substrate concentration. However, little is known of the proportion of products formed by multi-catabolic enzymes, e.g., via sterol side chain cleavage. Using three strains with different androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) ratios, Mycobacterium neoaurum TCCC 11028 (MNR), M. neoaurum TCCC 11028 M1 (MNR M1), and M. neoaurum TCCC 11028 M3 (MNR M3), we found that hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) can appreciably increase the ratio of ADD to AD, the reaction rate, and the molar conversion. In the presence of HP-β-CD, conversion of 0.5 g/L of phytosterol (PS) was 2.4, 2.4, and 2.3 times higher in the MNR, MNR M1, and MNR M3 systems, respectively, than in the controls. The ADD proportion increased by 38.4, 61.5, and 5.9 % compared with the control experiment, which resulted in a strong shift in the ADD/AD ratio in the ADD direction. Our results imply that the three PS-biotransforming strains cause efficient side chain degradation of PS, and the increased conversion of PS when using HP-β-CD may be associated with the higher PS concentration in each case. A similar solubilizing effect may not induce a prominent influence on the ADD/AD ratio. However, the different activities of the Δ1-dehydrogenase of PS-biotransforming strains result in different incremental percentage yields of ADD and ADD/AD ratio in the presence of HP-β-CD.
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Cui L, Shen Y, Guo X, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Luo J, Wang M. Effects of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the growth and morphology of Absidia coerulea. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2723-9. [PMID: 22806198 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin has been found to be an attractive novel solubilizer due to its unique material properties. Absidia coerulea is widely used in steroid bioconversion. The effects of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) on the growth, morphology, and steroid-converting activity of A. coerulea CICC 40302 were systematically studied. HP-β-CD affected A. coerulea growth, resulting in changes in its spore morphology and mycelial morphology. It induced an increase in the spore germination rate and a decrease in cell biomass at the stationary phase. Optical microscopy revealed that HP-β-CD altered the mycelial morphology and reduced the pellet compactness of A. coerulea. A convenient and feasible computing method was used to measure pellet compactness, and it demonstrated that the compactness degree of the pellet decreased as HP-β-CD increased, which could be attributed to the modification of the physical properties of the fermentation medium. Moreover, the changing of mycelial morphology influenced steroid-converting activity. The results showed that HP-β-CD had multiple concentration-dependent effects on A. coerulea cells. HP-β-CD in the proper concentration range holds great potential as a biocompatible solubilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
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Donova MV, Egorova OV. Microbial steroid transformations: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1423-47. [PMID: 22562163 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies of steroid modifications catalyzed by microbial whole cells represent a well-established research area in white biotechnology. Still, advances over the last decade in genetic and metabolic engineering, whole-cell biocatalysis in non-conventional media, and process monitoring raised research in this field to a new level. This review summarizes the data on microbial steroid conversion obtained since 2003. The key reactions of structural steroid functionalization by microorganisms are highlighted including sterol side-chain degradation, hydroxylation at various positions of the steroid core, and redox reactions. We also describe methods for enhancement of bioprocess productivity, selectivity of target reactions, and application of microbial transformations for production of valuable pharmaceutical ingredients and precursors. Challenges and prospects of whole-cell biocatalysis applications in steroid industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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