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Henson WR, Meyers AW, Jayakody LN, DeCapite A, Black BA, Michener WE, Johnson CW, Beckham GT. Biological upgrading of pyrolysis-derived wastewater: Engineering Pseudomonas putida for alkylphenol, furfural, and acetone catabolism and (methyl)muconic acid production. Metab Eng 2021; 68:14-25. [PMID: 34438073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While biomass-derived carbohydrates have been predominant substrates for biological production of renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials, organic waste streams are growing in prominence as potential alternative feedstocks to improve the sustainability of manufacturing processes. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is a promising approach to generate biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass, but it generates a complex, carbon-rich, and toxic wastewater stream that is challenging to process catalytically but could be biologically upgraded to valuable co-products. In this work, we implemented modular, heterologous catabolic pathways in the Pseudomonas putida KT2440-derived EM42 strain along with the overexpression of native toxicity tolerance machinery to enable utilization of 89% (w/w) of carbon in CFP wastewater. The dmp monooxygenase and meta-cleavage pathway from Pseudomonas putida CF600 were constitutively expressed to enable utilization of phenol, cresols, 2- and 3-ethyl phenol, and methyl catechols, and the native chaperones clpB, groES, and groEL were overexpressed to improve toxicity tolerance to diverse aromatic substrates. Next, heterologous furfural and acetone utilization pathways were incorporated, and a native alcohol dehydrogenase was overexpressed to improve methanol utilization, generating reducing equivalents. All pathways (encoded by genes totaling ~30 kilobases of DNA) were combined into a single strain that can catabolize a mock CFP wastewater stream as a sole carbon source. Further engineering enabled conversion of all aromatic compounds in the mock wastewater stream to (methyl)muconates with a ~90% (mol/mol) yield. Biological upgrading of CFP wastewater as outlined in this work provides a roadmap for future applications in valorizing other heterogeneous waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Henson
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Alex W Meyers
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Lahiru N Jayakody
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Annette DeCapite
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Brenna A Black
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - William E Michener
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Christopher W Johnson
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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2
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Zhu X, Luo Z, Zhu X. Novel insights into the enrichment of phenols from walnut shell pyrolysis loop: Torrefaction coupled fractional condensation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 131:462-470. [PMID: 34271394 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enriching high-value chemicals from the pyrolysis of agricultural and forestry waste is an efficient way to achieve sustainable development and large-scale application of biomass pyrolysis. Phenols, as important chemical raw materials, spices and food additives, have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a novel technical route of torrefaction pretreatment combined with fractional condensation in pyrolysis loop was proposed to enrich the phenols in liquid products. In this study, the enrichment of phenols from the pyrolysis loop of walnut shell under the combination of torrefaction and fractional condensation was explored using a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor equipped with a three-stage condensation system. Simultaneously, the effects of torrefaction on feedstocks were investigated through a thermogravimetric analyzer based on the characteristics of feedstocks. The results showed that the torrefaction and pyrolysis loop had a negative impact on the pyrolysis efficiency and the yield of liquid products, while the change in the condensation efficiency depended on the combined effects of torrefaction and pyrolysis loop. In addition, phenols tended to be enriched in the second condensation stage, especially phenol, o-cresol, 4-ethylphenol. Importantly, torrefaction could significantly enrich phenols in the liquid products, and the enrichment of phenols is relatively increased by 109.44% at least. Moreover, the pyrolysis loop was also beneficial to the enrichment of phenols, which was at least 90% higher than that of walnut shell. This study provided a potential route to enrich high value-added products from the pyrolysis loop of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiefei Zhu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zejun Luo
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xifeng Zhu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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3
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Awasthi MK, Sarsaiya S, Wainaina S, Rajendran K, Awasthi SK, Liu T, Duan Y, Jain A, Sindhu R, Binod P, Pandey A, Zhang Z, Taherzadeh MJ. Techno-economics and life-cycle assessment of biological and thermochemical treatment of bio-waste. RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2021; 144:110837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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4
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Creating Values from Biomass Pyrolysis in Sweden: Co-Production of H2, Biocarbon and Bio-Oil. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen and biocarbon are important materials for the future fossil-free metallurgical industries in Sweden; thus, it is interesting to investigate the process that can simultaneously produce both. Process simulations of biomass pyrolysis coupled with steam reforming and water-gas-shift to produce H2, biocarbon, and bio-oil are investigated in this work. The process simulation is performed based on a biomass pyrolysis plant currently operating in Sweden. Two co-production schemes are proposed: (1) production of biocarbon and H2, and (2) production of biocarbon, H2, and bio-oil. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the performance of the production schemes under different operating parameters. The results indicated that there are no notable differences in terms of the thermal efficiency for both cases. Varying the bio-oil condenser temperature only slightly changes the system’s thermal efficiency by less than 2%. On the other hand, an increase in biomass moisture content from 7 to 14 wt.% can decrease the system’s efficiency from 79.0% to 72.6%. Operating expenses are evaluated to elucidate the economics of 3 different cases: (1) no bio-oil production, (2) bio-oil production with the condenser at 50 °C, and (3) bio-oil production with the condenser at 130 °C. Based on operation expenses (OPEX) and revenue alone, it is found that producing more bio-oil helps improving the economics of the process. However, capital costs and the cost for post-processing of bio-oil should also be considered in the future. The estimated minimum selling price for biocarbon based on OPEX alone is approx. 10 SEK, which is within the range of the current commercial price of charcoal and coke.
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5
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Ghosh A, Haverly MR, Lindstrom JK, Johnston PA, Brown RC. Tetrahydrofuran-based two-step solvent liquefaction process for production of lignocellulosic sugars. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
THF-based solvent liquefaction demonstrates a new economic and sustainable approach for fractionating, saccharifying biomass with simple and efficient solvent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Ghosh
- Bioeconomy Institute
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert C. Brown
- Bioeconomy Institute
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
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6
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Ghosh A, Bai X, Brown RC. Solubilized Carbohydrate Production by Acid-Catalyzed Depolymerization of Cellulose in Polar Aprotic Solvents. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
- Bioeconomy Institute; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
| | - Xianglan Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
| | - Robert C. Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
- Bioeconomy Institute; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
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7
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Stanford JP, Hall PH, Rover MR, Smith RG, Brown RC. Separation of sugars and phenolics from the heavy fraction of bio-oil using polymeric resin adsorbents. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Rother C, Gutmann A, Gudiminchi R, Weber H, Lepak A, Nidetzky B. Biochemical Characterization and Mechanistic Analysis of the Levoglucosan Kinase from Lipomyces starkeyi. Chembiochem 2018; 19:596-603. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rother
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ramakrishna Gudiminchi
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Alexander Lepak
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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9
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Arnold S, Moss K, Henkel M, Hausmann R. Biotechnological Perspectives of Pyrolysis Oil for a Bio-Based Economy. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:925-936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Meile K, Zhurinsh A, Viksna A. Comparison of photodiode array, evaporative light scattering, and single-quadrupole mass spectrometric detection methods for the UPLC analysis of pyrolysis liquids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Meile
- Department of Technological Research, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Zhurinsh
- Department of Technological Research, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arturs Viksna
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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11
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Guarnieri MT, Ann Franden M, Johnson CW, Beckham GT. Conversion and assimilation of furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng Commun 2017; 4:22-28. [PMID: 29468129 PMCID: PMC5779731 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugar dehydration products, furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), are commonly formed during high-temperature processing of lignocellulose, most often in thermochemical pretreatment, liquefaction, or pyrolysis. Typically, these two aldehydes are considered major inhibitors in microbial conversion processes. Many microbes can convert these compounds to their less toxic, dead-end alcohol counterparts, furfuryl alcohol and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfuryl alcohol. Recently, the genes responsible for aerobic catabolism of furfural and HMF were discovered in Cupriavidus basilensis HMF14 to enable complete conversion of these compounds to the TCA cycle intermediate, 2-oxo-glutarate. In this work, we engineer the robust soil microbe, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, to utilize furfural and HMF as sole carbon and energy sources via complete genomic integration of the 12 kB hmf gene cluster previously reported from Burkholderia phytofirmans. The common intermediate, 2-furoic acid, is shown to be a bottleneck for both furfural and HMF metabolism. When cultured on biomass hydrolysate containing representative amounts of furfural and HMF from dilute-acid pretreatment, the engineered strain outperforms the wild type microbe in terms of reduced lag time and enhanced growth rates due to catabolism of furfural and HMF. Overall, this study demonstrates that an approach for biological conversion of furfural and HMF, relative to the typical production of dead-end alcohols, enables both enhanced carbon conversion and substantially improves tolerance to hydrolysate inhibitors. This approach should find general utility both in emerging aerobic processes for the production of fuels and chemicals from biomass-derived sugars and in the biological conversion of high-temperature biomass streams from liquefaction or pyrolysis where furfural and HMF are much more abundant than in biomass hydrolysates from pretreatment. HMF and furfural are common microbial inhibitors in biomass conversion. HMF and furfural gene cluster was isolated from Burkholderia phytofirmans.. We heterologously express the HMF/furfural gene cluster in Pseudomonas putida.. Expression enables cultivation on HMF and furfural as a sole carbon source. Expression also enables enhanced conversion on lignocellulosic hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Guarnieri
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO 80401
| | - Mary Ann Franden
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO 80401
| | | | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO 80401
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12
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Recovery and Utilization of Lignin Monomers as Part of the Biorefinery Approach. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Li X, Luque-Moreno LC, Oudenhoven SRG, Rehmann L, Kersten SRA, Schuur B. Aromatics extraction from pyrolytic sugars using ionic liquid to enhance sugar fermentability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:12-18. [PMID: 27214164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fermentative bioethanol production from pyrolytic sugars was improved via aromatics removal by liquid-liquid extraction. As solvents, the ionic liquid (IL) trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide (P666,14[N(CN)2]) and ethyl acetate (EA) were compared. Two pyrolytic sugar solutions were created from acid-leached and untreated pinewood, with levoglucosan contents (most abundant sugar) of 29.0% and 8.3% (w/w), respectively. In a single stage extraction, 70% of the aromatics were effectively removed by P666,14[N(CN)2] and 50% by EA, while no levoglucosan was extracted. The IL was regenerated by vacuum evaporation (100mbar) at 220°C, followed by extraction of aromatics from fresh pyrolytic sugar solutions. Regenerated IL extracted aromatics with similar extraction efficiency as the fresh IL, and the purified sugar fraction from pretreated pinewood was hydrolyzed to glucose and fermented to ethanol, yielding 0.46g ethanol/(g glucose), close to the theoretical maximum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- University of Twente, Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Luis C Luque-Moreno
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Stijn R G Oudenhoven
- University of Twente, Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Rehmann
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Sascha R A Kersten
- University of Twente, Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Boelo Schuur
- University of Twente, Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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14
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Xiong X, Lian J, Yu X, Garcia-Perez M, Chen S. Engineering levoglucosan metabolic pathway in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 for lipid production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1551-1560. [PMID: 27558782 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oleaginous strains of Rhodococcus including R. jostii RHA1 have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to accumulate triacylglycerols (TAGs), robust growth properties and genetic tractability. In this study, a novel metabolic pathway was introduced into R. jostii by heterogenous expression of the well-characterized gene, lgk encoding levoglucosan kinase from Lipomyces starkeyi YZ-215. This enables the recombinant R. jostii RHA1 to produce TAGs from the anhydrous sugar, levoglucosan, which can be generated efficiently as the major molecule from the pyrolysis of cellulose. The recombinant R. jostii RHA1 could grow on levoglucosan as the sole carbon source, and the consumption rate of levoglucosan was determined. Furthermore, expression of one more copy of lgk increased the enzymatic activity of LGK in the recombinant. However, the growth performance of the recombinant bearing two copies of lgk on levoglucosan was not improved. Although expression of lgk in the recombinants was not repressed by the glucose present in the media, glucose in the sugar mixture still affected consumption of levoglucosan. Under nitrogen limiting conditions, lipid produced from levoglucosan by the recombinant bearing lgk was up to 43.54 % of the cell dry weight, which was comparable to the content of lipid accumulated from glucose. This work demonstrated the technical feasibility of producing lipid from levoglucosan, an anhydrosugar derived from the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, by the genetically modified rhodococci strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Xiong
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, L. J. Smith Hall, P.O. Box 646120, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA
| | - Jieni Lian
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, L. J. Smith Hall, P.O. Box 646120, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Xiaochen Yu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, L. J. Smith Hall, P.O. Box 646120, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, L. J. Smith Hall, P.O. Box 646120, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, L. J. Smith Hall, P.O. Box 646120, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA.
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15
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Bacik JP, Jarboe LR. Bioconversion of anhydrosugars: Emerging concepts and strategies. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:700-8. [PMID: 27416973 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As methods for the use of anhydrosugars in chemical and biofuel production continue to develop, our collective knowledge of anhydrosugar processing enzymes continues to improve, including their mechanistic details, structural dynamics and modes of substrate binding. Of particular interest, anhydrosugar kinases, such as levoglucosan kinase (LGK) and 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (AnmK), utilize an unusual mechanism whereby the sugar substrate is both cleaved and phosphorylated. The phosphorylated sugar can then be routed to other metabolic pathways, thereby allowing its further bioconversion. Advanced engineering efforts to improve the catalytic efficiency and stability of LGK have been steadily progressing. Other enzymes that cleave the glycosidic bond of disaccharide sugars containing an anhydrosugar component are also being identified and characterized. Accordingly, the potential future use of these enzymes in large-scale production strategies is becoming increasingly viable. Here, a mini-review of the observed characteristics of anhydrosugar processing enzymes is presented along with recent developments in the bioconversion of these sugars. © 2016 IUBMB Life 68(9):700-708, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Bacik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
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16
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Righi S, Bandini V, Marazza D, Baioli F, Torri C, Contin A. Life Cycle Assessment of high ligno-cellulosic biomass pyrolysis coupled with anaerobic digestion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 212:245-253. [PMID: 27107341 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A Life Cycle Assessment is conducted on pyrolysis coupled to anaerobic digestion to treat corn stovers and to obtain bioenergy and biochar. The analysis takes into account the feedstock treatment process, the fate of products and the indirect effects due to crop residue removal. The biochar is considered to be used as solid fuel for coal power plants or as soil conditioner. All results are compared with a corresponding fossil-fuel-based scenario. It is shown that the proposed system always enables relevant primary energy savings of non-renewable sources and a strong reduction of greenhouse gases emissions without worsening the abiotic resources depletion. Conversely, the study points out that the use of corn stovers for mulch is critical when considering acidification and eutrophication impacts. Therefore, removal of corn stovers from the fields must be planned carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Righi
- CIRI Energia e Ambiente, U.O. Biomasse, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; Department of Physics, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, viale Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Bandini
- CIRI Energia e Ambiente, U.O. Biomasse, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Diego Marazza
- CIRI Energia e Ambiente, U.O. Biomasse, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Filippo Baioli
- CIRSA Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via dell'Agricoltura 5, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Cristian Torri
- CIRI Energia e Ambiente, U.O. Biomasse, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Andrea Contin
- CIRI Energia e Ambiente, U.O. Biomasse, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; Department of Physics, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, viale Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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17
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Lian J, McKenna R, Rover MR, Nielsen DR, Wen Z, Jarboe LR. Production of biorenewable styrene: utilization of biomass-derived sugars and insights into toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:595-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fermentative production of styrene from glucose has been previously demonstrated in Escherichia coli. Here, we demonstrate the production of styrene from the sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass depolymerized by fast pyrolysis. A previously engineered styrene-producing strain was further engineered for utilization of the anhydrosugar levoglucosan via expression of levoglucosan kinase. The resulting strain produced 240 ± 3 mg L−1 styrene from pure levoglucosan, similar to the 251 ± 3 mg L−1 produced from glucose. When provided at a concentration of 5 g L−1, pyrolytic sugars supported styrene production at titers similar to those from pure sugars, demonstrating the feasibility of producing this important industrial chemical from biomass-derived sugars. However, the toxicity of contaminant compounds in the biomass-derived sugars and styrene itself limit further gains in production. Styrene toxicity is generally believed to be due to membrane damage. Contrary to this prevailing wisdom, our quantitative assessment during challenge with up to 200 mg L−1 of exogenously provided styrene showed little change in membrane integrity; membrane disruption was observed only during styrene production. Membrane fluidity was also quantified during styrene production, but no changes were observed relative to the non-producing control strain. This observation that styrene production is much more damaging to the membrane integrity than challenge with exogenously supplied styrene provides insight into the mechanism of styrene toxicity and emphasizes the importance of verifying proposed toxicity mechanisms during production instead of relying upon results obtained during exogenous challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Bioeconomy Institute Iowa State University 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
| | - Rebekah McKenna
- grid.215654.1 0000000121512636 Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy Arizona State University Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Marjorie R Rover
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Bioeconomy Institute Iowa State University 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
| | - David R Nielsen
- grid.215654.1 0000000121512636 Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy Arizona State University Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University 3051 Sweeney Hall 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
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Linking pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion (Py-AD) for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 38:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Zhao X, Jarboe L, Wen Z. Utilization of pyrolytic substrate by microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: cell membrane property change as a response of the substrate toxicity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4241-51. [PMID: 26995605 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid derived from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising substrate for microalgae fermentation for producing lipid-rich biomass. However, crude pyrolytic acetic acid solution contains various toxic compounds inhibiting algal growth. It was hypothesized that such an inhibition was mainly due to the cell membrane damage. In this work, the cell membrane property of algal cells was evaluated at various conditions to elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition caused by the pyrolytic substrate solution. It was found that acetic acid itself served a carbon source for boosting algal cell growth but also caused cell membrane leakage. The acetic acid concentration for highest cell density was 4 g/L. Over-liming treatment of crude pyrolytic acetic acid increased the algal growth with a concurrent reduction of cell membrane leakage. Directed evolution of algal strain enhanced cell membrane integrity and thus increased its tolerance to the toxicity of the crude substrate. Statistical analysis shows that there was a significant correlation between the cell growth performance and the cell membrane integrity (leakage) but not membrane fluidity. The addition of cyto-protectants such as Pluronic F68 and Pluronic F127 enhanced the cell membrane integrity and thus, resulted in enhanced cell growth. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of algal cells visually confirmed the cell membrane damage as the mechanism of the pyrolytic substrate inhibition. Collectively, this work indicates that the cell membrane is one major reason for the toxicity of pyrolytic acetic acid when being used for algal culture. To better use this pyrolytic substrate, cell membrane of the microorganism needs to be strengthened through either strain improvement or addition of membrane protectant reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Laura Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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20
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Lian J, Choi J, Tan YS, Howe A, Wen Z, Jarboe LR. Identification of Soil Microbes Capable of Utilizing Cellobiosan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149336. [PMID: 26872347 PMCID: PMC4752346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 100 million tons of anhydrosugars, such as levoglucosan and cellobiosan, are produced through biomass burning every year. These sugars are also produced through fast pyrolysis, the controlled thermal depolymerization of biomass. While the microbial pathways associated with levoglucosan utilization have been characterized, there is little known about cellobiosan utilization. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of six cellobiosan-utilizing microbes from soil samples. Each of these organisms is capable of using both cellobiosan and levoglucosan as sole carbon source, though both minimal and rich media cellobiosan supported significantly higher biomass production than levoglucosan. Ribosomal sequencing was used to identify the closest reported match for these organisms: Sphingobacterium multivorum, Acinetobacter oleivorans JC3-1, Enterobacter sp SJZ-6, and Microbacterium sps FXJ8.207 and 203 and a fungal species Cryptococcus sp. The commercially-acquired Enterobacter cloacae DSM 16657 showed growth on levoglucosan and cellobiosan, supporting our isolate identification. Analysis of an existing database of 16S rRNA amplicons from Iowa soil samples confirmed the representation of our five bacterial isolates and four previously-reported levoglucosan-utilizing bacterial isolates in other soil samples and provided insight into their population distributions. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA of strains previously reported to utilize levoglucosan and our newfound isolates showed that the organisms isolated in this study are distinct from previously described anhydrosugar-utilizing microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- Bioeconomy Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jinlyung Choi
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yee Shiean Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Adina Howe
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Laura R. Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Park HC, Choi HS, Lee JE. Heat transfer of bio-oil in a direct contact heat exchanger during condensation. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Conversion of levoglucosan and cellobiosan by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:24-29. [PMID: 29468111 PMCID: PMC5779712 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis offers a straightforward approach for the deconstruction of plant cell wall polymers into bio-oil. Recently, there has been substantial interest in bio-oil fractionation and subsequent use of biological approaches to selectively upgrade some of the resulting fractions. A fraction of particular interest for biological upgrading consists of polysaccharide-derived substrates including sugars and sugar dehydration products such as levoglucosan and cellobiosan, which are two of the most abundant pyrolysis products of cellulose. Levoglucosan can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate through the use of a levoglucosan kinase (LGK), but to date, the mechanism for cellobiosan utilization has not been demonstrated. Here, we engineer the microbe Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon and energy source through LGK integration. Moreover, we demonstrate that cellobiosan can be enzymatically converted to levoglucosan and glucose with β-glucosidase enzymes from both Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 and Family 3. β-glucosidases are commonly used in both natural and industrial cellulase cocktails to convert cellobiose to glucose to relieve cellulase product inhibition and to facilitate microbial uptake of glucose. Using an exogenous β-glucosidase, we demonstrate that the engineered strain of P. putida can grow on levoglucosan up to 60 g/L and can also utilize cellobiosan. Overall, this study elucidates the biological pathway to co-utilize levoglucosan and cellobiosan, which will be a key transformation for the biological upgrading of pyrolysis-derived substrates. Levoglucosan kinase is engineered into Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Cellobiosan can be cleaved to levoglucosan and glucose by β-glucosidases. This provides a path forward to co-utilize levoglucosan and cellobiosan. These transformations will be important for hybrid processing applications.
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Shen Y, Jarboe L, Brown R, Wen Z. A thermochemical–biochemical hybrid processing of lignocellulosic biomass for producing fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1799-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Klesmith JR, Bacik JP, Michalczyk R, Whitehead TA. Comprehensive Sequence-Flux Mapping of a Levoglucosan Utilization Pathway in E. coli. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:1235-43. [PMID: 26369947 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic metabolic pathways often suffer from low specific productivity, and new methods that quickly assess pathway functionality for many thousands of variants are urgently needed. Here we present an approach that enables the rapid and parallel determination of sequence effects on flux for complete gene-encoding sequences. We show that this method can be used to determine the effects of over 8000 single point mutants of a pyrolysis oil catabolic pathway implanted in Escherichia coli. Experimental sequence-function data sets predicted whether fitness-enhancing mutations to the enzyme levoglucosan kinase resulted from enhanced catalytic efficiency or enzyme stability. A structure of one design incorporating 38 mutations elucidated the structural basis of high fitness mutations. One design incorporating 15 beneficial mutations supported a 15-fold improvement in growth rate and greater than 24-fold improvement in enzyme activity relative to the starting pathway. This technique can be extended to improve a wide variety of designed pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Klesmith
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - John-Paul Bacik
- Bioscience
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ryszard Michalczyk
- Bioscience
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Timothy A. Whitehead
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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25
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Islam ZU, Zhisheng Y, Hassan EB, Dongdong C, Hongxun Z. Microbial conversion of pyrolytic products to biofuels: a novel and sustainable approach toward second-generation biofuels. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:1557-79. [PMID: 26433384 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the potential of the pyrolysis-based biofuels production, bio-ethanol in particular, and lipid in general as an alternative and sustainable solution for the rising environmental concerns and rapidly depleting natural fuel resources. Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydrous-β-D-glucopyranose) is the major anhydrosugar compound resulting from the degradation of cellulose during the fast pyrolysis process of biomass and thus the most attractive fermentation substrate in the bio-oil. The challenges for pyrolysis-based biorefineries are the inefficient detoxification strategies, and the lack of naturally available efficient and suitable fermentation organisms that could ferment the levoglucosan directly into bio-ethanol. In case of indirect fermentation, acid hydrolysis is used to convert levoglucosan into glucose and subsequently to ethanol and lipids via fermentation biocatalysts, however the presence of fermentation inhibitors poses a big hurdle to successful fermentation relative to pure glucose. Among the detoxification strategies studied so far, over-liming, extraction with solvents like (n-butanol, ethyl acetate), and activated carbon seem very promising, but still further research is required for the optimization of existing detoxification strategies as well as developing new ones. In order to make the pyrolysis-based biofuel production a more efficient as well as cost-effective process, direct fermentation of pyrolysis oil-associated fermentable sugars, especially levoglucosan is highlly desirable. This can be achieved either by expanding the search to identify naturally available direct levoglusoan utilizers or modify the existing fermentation biocatalysts (yeasts and bacteria) with direct levoglucosan pathway coupled with tolerance engineering could significantly improve the overall performance of these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ul Islam
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhisheng
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - El Barbary Hassan
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Chang Dongdong
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Hongxun
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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26
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Bacik JP, Klesmith JR, Whitehead TA, Jarboe LR, Unkefer CJ, Mark BL, Michalczyk R. Producing glucose 6-phosphate from cellulosic biomass: structural insights into levoglucosan bioconversion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26638-48. [PMID: 26354439 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant carbohydrate product of cellulosic biomass pyrolysis is the anhydrosugar levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose), which can be converted to glucose 6-phosphate by levoglucosan kinase (LGK). In addition to the canonical kinase phosphotransfer reaction, the conversion requires cleavage of the 1,6-anhydro ring to allow ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the sugar O6 atom. Using x-ray crystallography, we show that LGK binds two magnesium ions in the active site that are additionally coordinated with the nucleotide and water molecules to result in ideal octahedral coordination. To further verify the metal binding sites, we co-crystallized LGK in the presence of manganese instead of magnesium and solved the structure de novo using the anomalous signal from four manganese atoms in the dimeric structure. The first metal is required for catalysis, whereas our work suggests that the second is either required or significantly promotes the catalytic rate. Although the enzyme binds its sugar substrate in a similar orientation to the structurally related 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (AnmK), it forms markedly fewer bonding interactions with the substrate. In this orientation, the sugar is in an optimal position to couple phosphorylation with ring cleavage. We also observed a second alternate binding orientation for levoglucosan, and in these structures, ADP was found to bind with lower affinity. These combined observations provide an explanation for the high Km of LGK for levoglucosan. Greater knowledge of the factors that contribute to the catalytic efficiency of LGK can be used to improve applications of this enzyme for levoglucosan-derived biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Bacik
- From the Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,
| | | | - Timothy A Whitehead
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and
| | - Clifford J Unkefer
- From the Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Brian L Mark
- the Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ryszard Michalczyk
- From the Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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Torri C, Fabbri D. Biochar enables anaerobic digestion of aqueous phase from intermediate pyrolysis of biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 172:335-341. [PMID: 25277261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate pyrolysis produces a two-phase liquid whose aqueous phase is characterized by low heating value and high water content (aqueous pyrolysis liquid, APL). Anaerobic digestion can be the straightest way to produce a fuel (methane) from this material. Batch tests showed poor performance in anaerobic digestion of APL, which underlined the inhibition of biological process. Nutrient supplementation was ineffective, whereas biochar addition increased yield of methane (60±15% of theoretical) with respect to pure APL (34±6% of theoretical) and improved the reaction rate. On the basis of batch results, a semi-continuous biomethanation test was set up, by adding an increasingly amount of APL in a 30ml reactor preloaded with biochar (0.8gml(-1)). With a daily input of 5gd(-1)l(-1) of APL (corresponding to overall amount of 0.1kgl(-1) added before the end of the study) the yield of methane was 65±5% of the theoretical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Torri
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale: Energia Ambiente, Università di Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Daniele Fabbri
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale: Energia Ambiente, Università di Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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28
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Hughes SR, López-Núñez JC, Jones MA, Moser BR, Cox EJ, Lindquist M, Galindo-Leva LA, Riaño-Herrera NM, Rodriguez-Valencia N, Gast F, Cedeño DL, Tasaki K, Brown RC, Darzins A, Brunner L. Sustainable conversion of coffee and other crop wastes to biofuels and bioproducts using coupled biochemical and thermochemical processes in a multi-stage biorefinery concept. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8413-31. [PMID: 25204861 PMCID: PMC4192581 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of agricultural waste from the processing of food and feed crops is an increasing concern worldwide. Concerted efforts are underway to develop sustainable practices for the disposal of residues from the processing of such crops as coffee, sugarcane, or corn. Coffee is crucial to the economies of many countries because its cultivation, processing, trading, and marketing provide employment for millions of people. In coffee-producing countries, improved technology for treatment of the significant amounts of coffee waste is critical to prevent ecological damage. This mini-review discusses a multi-stage biorefinery concept with the potential to convert waste produced at crop processing operations, such as coffee pulping stations, to valuable biofuels and bioproducts using biochemical and thermochemical conversion technologies. The initial bioconversion stage uses a mutant Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast strain to produce bioethanol from sugars. The resulting sugar-depleted solids (mostly protein) can be used in a second stage by the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce bio-based ammonia for fertilizer and are further degraded by Y. lipolytica proteases to peptides and free amino acids for animal feed. The lignocellulosic fraction can be ground and treated to release sugars for fermentation in a third stage by a recombinant cellulosic Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which can also be engineered to express valuable peptide products. The residual protein and lignin solids can be jet cooked and passed to a fourth-stage fermenter where Rhodotorula glutinis converts methane into isoprenoid intermediates. The residues can be combined and transferred into pyrocracking and hydroformylation reactions to convert ammonia, protein, isoprenes, lignins, and oils into renewable gas. Any remaining waste can be thermoconverted to biochar as a humus soil enhancer. The integration of multiple technologies for treatment of coffee waste has the potential to contribute to economic and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hughes
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Renewable Product Technology (RPT) Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA,
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29
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Rover MR, Johnston PA, Jin T, Smith RG, Brown RC, Jarboe L. Production of clean pyrolytic sugars for fermentation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1662-8. [PMID: 24706373 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the separate recovery of sugars and phenolic oligomers produced during fast pyrolysis with the effective removal of contaminants from the separated pyrolytic sugars to produce a substrate suitable for fermentation without hydrolysis. The first two stages from a unique recovery system capture "heavy ends", mostly water-soluble sugars and water-insoluble phenolic oligomers. The differences in water solubility can be exploited to recover a sugar-rich aqueous phase and a phenolic-rich raffinate. Over 93 wt % of the sugars is removed in two water washes. These sugars contain contaminants such as low-molecular-weight acids, furans, and phenols that could inhibit successful fermentation. Detoxification methods were used to remove these contaminants from pyrolytic sugars. The optimal candidate is NaOH overliming, which results in maximum growth measurements with the use of ethanol-producing Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie R Rover
- Center for Sustainable Environmental Technologies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 (USA), Fax: (+1) 515-294-0997.
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30
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Jin H, Nikolau BJ. Evaluating PHA productivity of bioengineered Rhodosprillum rubrum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96621. [PMID: 24840941 PMCID: PMC4026134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the potential of using Rhodosprillum rubrum as the biological vehicle to convert chemically simple carbon precursors to a value-added bio-based product, the biopolymer PHA. R. rubrum strains were bioengineered to overexpress individually or in various combinations, six PHA biosynthetic genes (phaC1, phaA, phaB, phaC2, phaC3, and phaJ), and the resulting nine over-expressing strains were evaluated to assess the effect on PHA content, and the effect on growth. These experiments were designed to genetically evaluate: 1) the role of each apparently redundant PHA polymerase in determining PHA productivity; 2) identify the key gene(s) within the pha biosynthetic operon that determines PHA productivity; and 3) the role of phaJ to support PHA productivity. The result of overexpressing each PHA polymerase-encoding gene indicates that phaC1 and phaC2 are significant contributors to PHA productivity, whereas phaC3 has little effect. Similarly, over-expressing individually or in combination the three PHA biosynthesis genes located in the pha operon indicates that phaB is the key determinant of PHA productivity. Finally, analogous experiments indicate that phaJ does not contribute significantly to PHA productivity. These bioengineering strains achieved PHA productivity of up to 30% of dry biomass, which is approximately 2.5-fold higher than the non-engineered control strain, indicating the feasibility of using this approach to produce value added bio-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Chi Z, Rover M, Jun E, Deaton M, Johnston P, Brown RC, Wen Z, Jarboe LR. Overliming detoxification of pyrolytic sugar syrup for direct fermentation of levoglucosan to ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 150:220-227. [PMID: 24177154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of pyrolytic sugars for biofuel production through fermentation is challenged by inhibitory contaminant compounds. Inhibition is so severe that only 0.25% sugar syrup can be used. In this study, overliming was tested as a simple detoxification method, using the Escherichia coli KO11+ lgk to directly convert levoglucosan into ethanol. After treatment with at least 14.8 g/L of Ca(OH)2, fermentation with 2% (w/v) pyrolytic sugar syrup was observed with no inhibition of ethanol production. Further investigation of treatment time and temperature showed that 8-16 h of treatment at 20°C, and 1-4 h of treatment at 60°C are necessary to obtain consistent ethanol production. The samples treated with 18.5 g/L Ca(OH)2 at 60°C for 4 h showed no inhibition at 2.5%. Multiple contaminants removed by the overliming treatment were identified. This study demonstrates that overliming is a promising method for detoxification of pyrolytic sugars for fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyou Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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32
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Liang Y, Zhao X, Chi Z, Rover M, Johnston P, Brown R, Jarboe L, Wen Z. Utilization of acetic acid-rich pyrolytic bio-oil by microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: reducing bio-oil toxicity and enhancing algal toxicity tolerance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:500-506. [PMID: 23455221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work was to utilize acetic acid contained in bio-oil for growth and lipid production of the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The acetic acid-rich bio-oil fraction derived from fast pyrolysis of softwood contained 26% (w/w) acetic acid, formic acid, methanol, furfural, acetol, and phenolics as identified compounds, and 13% (w/w) unidentified compounds. Among those identified compounds, phenolics were most inhibitory to algal growth, followed by furfural and acetol. To enhance the fermentability of the bio-oil fraction, activated carbon was used to reduce the toxicity of the bio-oil, while metabolic evolution was used to enhance the toxicity tolerance of the microalgae. Combining activated carbon treatment and using evolved algal strain resulted in significant algal growth improvement. The results collectively showed that fast pyrolysis-fermentation process was a viable approach for converting biomass into fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Lian J, Garcia-Perez M, Chen S. Fermentation of levoglucosan with oleaginous yeasts for lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:183-189. [PMID: 23425586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the production of lipids from non-hydrolyzed levoglucosan (LG) by oleaginous yeasts Rhodosporidium toruloides and Rhodotorula glutinis. Enzyme activity tests of LG kinases from both yeasts indicated that the phosphorylation pathway of LG to glucose-6-phosphate existed. The highest enzyme activity obtained for R. glutinis was 0.22 U/mg of protein. The highest cell mass and lipid production by R. glutinis were 6.8 and 2.7 g/L, respectively from pure LG, and 3.3 and 0.78 g/L from a pyrolytic LG aqueous phase detoxified by ethyl acetate extraction, rotary evaporation and activated carbon. This corresponded to a lipid yield of 13.5 wt.% for pure LG and only 3.9 wt.% for LG in pyrolysis oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA
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Lian J, Garcia-Perez M, Coates R, Wu H, Chen S. Yeast fermentation of carboxylic acids obtained from pyrolytic aqueous phases for lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 118:177-86. [PMID: 22705522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of very reactive C1-C4 molecules adversely affects the quality bio-oils produced from the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. In this paper a scheme to produce lipids with Cryptococcus curvatus from the carboxylic acids in the pyrolytic aqueous phase collected in fractional condensers is proposed. The capacities of three oleaginous yeasts C. curvatus, Rhodotorula glutinis, Lipomyces starkeyi to ferment acetate, formate, hydroxylacat-aldehyde, phenol and acetol were investigated. While acetate could be a good carbon source for lipid production, formate provides additional energy and contributes to yeast growth and lipid production as auxiliary energy resource. Acetol could slightly support yeast growth, but it inhibits lipid accumulation. Hydroxyacetaldehyde and phenols showed high yeast growth and lipid accumulation inhibition. A pyrolytic aqueous phase with 20 g/L acetate was fermented with C. curvatus, after neutralization and detoxification to produce 6.9 g/L dry biomass and 2.2 g/L lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, WA 99164-6120, USA
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Jarboe LR, Liu P, Royce LA. Engineering inhibitor tolerance for the production of biorenewable fuels and chemicals. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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