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Chiu KY, Ai Y, Tanim-Ai Hassan M, Li X, Gunawardena HP, Chen H. Standards-Free Absolute Quantitation of Oxidizable Glycopeptides by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1441-1450. [PMID: 38815255 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Currently, glycopeptide quantitation is mainly based on relative quantitation due to absolute quantitation requiring isotope-labeled or standard glycopeptides which may not be commercially available or are very costly and time consuming to synthesize. To address this grand challenge, coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS), based on the combination of electrochemistry (EC) and mass spectrometry (MS), was utilized to quantify electrochemically active glycopeptides without the need of using standard materials. In this study, we studied tyrosine-containing glycopeptides, NYIVGQPSS(β-GlcNAc)TGNL-OH and NYSVPSS(β-GlcNAc)TGNL-OH, and successfully quantified them directly with CMS with a discrepancy of less than 5% between the CMS measured amount and the theoretical amount. Taking one step further, we applied this approach to quantify glycopeptides generated from the digestion of NIST mAb, a monoclonal antibody reference material. Through HILIC column separation, five N297 glycopeptides resulting from NIST mAb tryptic digestion were successfully separated and quantified by CMS for an absolute amount without the use of any standard materials. This study indicates the potential utility of CMS for quantitative proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yuan Chiu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Md Tanim-Ai Hassan
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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2
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Rodrigues Andrade KC, Cordeiro de Abreu JA, Guimarães MB, Abrunhosa LS, Leôncio Rodrigues AL, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Silveira D, Souza PM, Magalhães PO. Heterologous expression of fungal L-asparaginase: a systematic review. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:157-171. [PMID: 37882841 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To review the available literature about heterologous expression of fungal L-asparaginase (L-ASNase). Materials & methods: A search was conducted across PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases; 4172 citations were identified and seven articles were selected. Results: The results showed that heterologous expression of fungal L-ASNase was performed mostly in bacterial expression systems, except for a study that expressed L-ASNase in a yeast system. Only three publications reported the purification and characterization of the enzyme. Conclusion: The information reported in this systematic review can contribute significantly to the recognition of the importance of biotechnological techniques for L-ASNase production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marina Borges Guimarães
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos Abrunhosa
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Damaris Silveira
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Monteiro Souza
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Pérola Oliveira Magalhães
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
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3
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Piirainen MA, Frey AD. The Impact of Glycoengineering on the Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control System in Yeasts. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:910709. [PMID: 35720120 PMCID: PMC9201249 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.910709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are widely used and established production hosts for biopharmaceuticals. Despite of tremendous advances on creating human-type N-glycosylation, N-glycosylated biopharmaceuticals manufactured with yeasts are missing on the market. The N-linked glycans fulfill several purposes. They are essential for the properties of the final protein product for example modulating half-lives or interactions with cellular components. Still, while the protein is being formed in the endoplasmic reticulum, specific glycan intermediates play crucial roles in the folding of or disposal of proteins which failed to fold. Despite of this intricate interplay between glycan intermediates and the cellular machinery, many of the glycoengineering approaches are based on modifications of the N-glycan processing steps in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These N-glycans deviate from the canonical structures required for interactions with the lectins of the ER quality control system. In this review we provide a concise overview on the N-glycan biosynthesis, glycan-dependent protein folding and quality control systems and the wide array glycoengineering approaches. Furthermore, we discuss how the current glycoengineering approaches partially or fully by-pass glycan-dependent protein folding mechanisms or create structures that mimic the glycan epitope required for ER associated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari A. Piirainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Alexander D. Frey
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Kemistintie 1, Aalto University, Otakaari, Finland
- *Correspondence: Alexander D. Frey,
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4
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Shenoy A, Barb AW. Recent Advances Toward Engineering Glycoproteins Using Modified Yeast Display Platforms. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2370:185-205. [PMID: 34611870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1685-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Yeast are capable recombinant protein expression hosts that provide eukaryotic posttranslational modifications such as disulfide bond formation and N-glycosylation. This property has been used to create surface display libraries for protein engineering; however, yeast surface display (YSD) with common laboratory strains has limitations in terms of diversifying glycoproteins due to the incorporation of high levels of mannose residues which often obscure important epitopes and are immunogenic in humans. Developing new strains for efficient and appropriate display will require combining existing technologies to permit efficient glycoprotein engineering. Foundational efforts generating knockout strains lacking characteristic hypermannosylation reactions exhibited morphological defects and poor growth. Later strains with "humanized" N-glycosylation machinery surmounted these limitations by targeting a small suite of glycosylhydrolase and glycosyltransferase enzymes from other taxa to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Advanced yeast strains also provide key modifications at the glycan termini that are essential for the full function of many glycoproteins. Here we review progress toward glycoprotein engineering when glycosylation is required for full function using advanced yeast expression platforms and the suitability of each for YSD of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shenoy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Adam W Barb
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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5
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CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Tool for the Production of Industrial Biopharmaceuticals. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:401-411. [PMID: 32749657 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of cell lines with characteristic features are used as bio-factories to produce recombinant proteins for basic research and therapeutic purposes. Genetic engineering strategies have been used to manipulate the genome of mammalian cells, insects, and yeasts for heterologous expression. One reason is that the glycosylation pattern of the expression hosts differs somehow from mammalian cells, which may cause immunogenic reactions upon administration in humans. CRISPR-Cas9 is a simple, efficient, and versatile genome engineering tool that can be programmed to precisely make double-stranded breaks at the desired loci. Compared to the classical genome editing methods, a CRISPR-Cas9 system is an ideal tool, providing the opportunity to integrate or delete genes from the target organisms. Besides broadened applications, limited studies have used CRISPR-Cas9 for editing the endogenous pathways in expression systems for biopharmaceutical applications. In the present review, we discuss the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in expression systems to improve host cell lines, increase product yield, and humanize glycosylation pathways by targeting intrinsic genes.
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6
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Kightlinger W, Warfel KF, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. Synthetic Glycobiology: Parts, Systems, and Applications. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1534-1562. [PMID: 32526139 PMCID: PMC7372563 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the attachment of sugars to amino acid side chains, can endow proteins with a wide variety of properties of great interest to the engineering biology community. However, natural glycosylation systems are limited in the diversity of glycoproteins they can synthesize, the scale at which they can be harnessed for biotechnology, and the homogeneity of glycoprotein structures they can produce. Here we provide an overview of the emerging field of synthetic glycobiology, the application of synthetic biology tools and design principles to better understand and engineer glycosylation. Specifically, we focus on how the biosynthetic and analytical tools of synthetic biology have been used to redesign glycosylation systems to obtain defined glycosylation structures on proteins for diverse applications in medicine, materials, and diagnostics. We review the key biological parts available to synthetic biologists interested in engineering glycoproteins to solve compelling problems in glycoscience, describe recent efforts to construct synthetic glycoprotein synthesis systems, and outline exemplary applications as well as new opportunities in this emerging space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston Kightlinger
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine F. Warfel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Department
of Microbiology, Cornell University, 123 Wing Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert
Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Thak EJ, Yoo SJ, Moon HY, Kang HA. Yeast synthetic biology for designed cell factories producing secretory recombinant proteins. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5721243. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Yeasts are prominent hosts for the production of recombinant proteins from industrial enzymes to therapeutic proteins. Particularly, the similarity of protein secretion pathways between these unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and higher eukaryotic organisms has made them a preferential host to produce secretory recombinant proteins. However, there are several bottlenecks, in terms of quality and quantity, restricting their use as secretory recombinant protein production hosts. In this mini-review, we discuss recent developments in synthetic biology approaches to constructing yeast cell factories endowed with enhanced capacities of protein folding and secretion as well as designed targeted post-translational modification process functions. We focus on the new genetic tools for optimizing secretory protein expression, such as codon-optimized synthetic genes, combinatory synthetic signal peptides and copy number-controllable integration systems, and the advanced cellular engineering strategies, including endoplasmic reticulum and protein trafficking pathway engineering, synthetic glycosylation, and cell wall engineering, for improving the quality and yield of secretory recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Thak
- Laboratory of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Yoo
- Laboratory of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Moon
- Laboratory of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
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8
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Amann T, Schmieder V, Faustrup Kildegaard H, Borth N, Andersen MR. Genetic engineering approaches to improve posttranslational modification of biopharmaceuticals in different production platforms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2778-2796. [PMID: 31237682 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of approved biopharmaceuticals, where product quality attributes remain of major importance, is increasing steadily. Within the available variety of expression hosts, the production of biopharmaceuticals faces diverse limitations with respect to posttranslational modifications (PTM), while different biopharmaceuticals demand different forms and specifications of PTMs for proper functionality. With the growing toolbox of genetic engineering technologies, it is now possible to address general as well as host- or biopharmaceutical-specific product quality obstacles. In this review, we present diverse expression systems derived from mammalians, bacteria, yeast, plants, and insects as well as available genetic engineering tools. We focus on genes for knockout/knockdown and overexpression for meaningful approaches to improve biopharmaceutical PTMs and discuss their applicability as well as future trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Amann
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valerie Schmieder
- acib GmbH-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Khan AH, Noordin R. Strategies for humanizing glycosylation pathways and producing recombinant glycoproteins in microbial expression systems. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2752. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Hayat Khan
- Inst. for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Inst. for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia
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10
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Castilho A, Beihammer G, Pfeiffer C, Göritzer K, Montero‐Morales L, Vavra U, Maresch D, Grünwald‐Gruber C, Altmann F, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. An oligosaccharyltransferase from Leishmania major increases the N-glycan occupancy on recombinant glycoproteins produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1700-1709. [PMID: 29479800 PMCID: PMC6131413 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is critical for recombinant glycoprotein production as it influences the heterogeneity of products and affects their biological function. In most eukaryotes, the oligosaccharyltransferase is the central-protein complex facilitating the N-glycosylation of proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Not all potential N-glycosylation sites are recognized in vivo and the site occupancy can vary in different expression systems, resulting in underglycosylation of recombinant glycoproteins. To overcome this limitation in plants, we expressed LmSTT3D, a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania major transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana, a well-established production platform for recombinant proteins. A fluorescent protein-tagged LmSTT3D variant was predominately found in the ER and co-located with plant oligosaccharyltransferase subunits. Co-expression of LmSTT3D with immunoglobulins and other recombinant human glycoproteins resulted in a substantially increased N-glycosylation site occupancy on all N-glycosylation sites except those that were already more than 90% occupied. Our results show that the heterologous expression of LmSTT3D is a versatile tool to increase N-glycosylation efficiency in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Gernot Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Christina Pfeiffer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Laura Montero‐Morales
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ulrike Vavra
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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11
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Engineering of Yeast Glycoprotein Expression. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:93-135. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Jinnelov A, Ali L, Tinti M, Güther MLS, Ferguson MAJ. Single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases of Trypanosoma brucei display different and predictable peptide acceptor specificities. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20328-20341. [PMID: 28928222 PMCID: PMC5724017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.810945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis and contains three full-length oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) genes; two of which, TbSTT3A and TbSTT3B, are expressed in the bloodstream form of the parasite. These OSTs have different peptide acceptor and lipid-linked oligosaccharide donor specificities, and trypanosomes do not follow many of the canonical rules developed for other eukaryotic N-glycosylation pathways, raising questions as to the basic architecture and detailed function of trypanosome OSTs. Here, we show by blue-native gel electrophoresis and stable isotope labeling in cell culture proteomics that the TbSTT3A and TbSTT3B proteins associate with each other in large complexes that contain no other detectable protein subunits. We probed the peptide acceptor specificities of the OSTs in vivo using a transgenic glycoprotein reporter system and performed glycoproteomics on endogenous parasite glycoproteins using sequential endoglycosidase H and peptide:N-glycosidase-F digestions. This allowed us to assess the relative occupancies of numerous N-glycosylation sites by endoglycosidase H-resistant N-glycans originating from Man5GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol transferred by TbSTT3A, and endoglycosidase H-sensitive N-glycans originating from Man9GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol transferred by TbSTT3B. Using machine learning, we assessed the features that best define TbSTT3A and TbSTT3B substrates in vivo and built an algorithm to predict the types of N-glycan most likely to predominate at all the putative N-glycosylation sites in the parasite proteome. Finally, molecular modeling was used to suggest why TbSTT3A has a distinct preference for sequons containing and/or flanked by acidic amino acid residues. Together, these studies provide insights into how a highly divergent eukaryote has re-wired protein N-glycosylation to provide protein sequence-specific N-glycan modifications. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD007236, PXD007267, and PXD007268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jinnelov
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Tinti
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Lucia S Güther
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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13
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Shah IS, Lovell S, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Tolbert TJ. Structural characterization of the Man5 glycoform of human IgG3 Fc. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:28-37. [PMID: 29031045 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) consists of four subclasses in humans: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, which are highly conserved but have unique differences that result in subclass-specific effector functions. Though IgG1 is the most extensively studied IgG subclass, study of other subclasses is important to understand overall immune function and for development of new therapeutics. When compared to IgG1, IgG3 exhibits a similar binding profile to Fcγ receptors and stronger activation of complement. All IgG subclasses are glycosylated at N297, which is required for Fcγ receptor and C1q complement binding as well as maintaining optimal Fc conformation. We have determined the crystal structure of homogenously glycosylated human IgG3 Fc with a GlcNAc2Man5 (Man5) high mannose glycoform at 1.8Å resolution and compared its structural features with published structures from the other IgG subclasses. Although the overall structure of IgG3 Fc is similar to that of other subclasses, some structural perturbations based on sequence differences were revealed. For instance, the presence of R435 in IgG3 (and H435 in the other IgG subclasses) has been implicated to result in IgG3-specific properties related to binding to protein A, protein G and the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). The IgG3 Fc structure helps to explain some of these differences. Additionally, protein-glycan contacts observed in the crystal structure appear to correlate with IgG3 affinity for Fcγ receptors as shown by binding studies with IgG3 Fc glycoforms. Finally, this IgG3 Fc structure provides a template for further studies aimed at engineering the Fc for specific gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan S Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Tolbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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14
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Khan AH, Bayat H, Rajabibazl M, Sabri S, Rahimpour A. Humanizing glycosylation pathways in eukaryotic expression systems. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 33:4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Xu S, Zhang GY, Zhang H, Kitajima T, Nakanishi H, Gao XD. Effects of Rho1, a small GTPase on the production of recombinant glycoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:179. [PMID: 27769287 PMCID: PMC5073930 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To humanize yeast N-glycosylation pathways, genes involved in yeast specific hyper-mannosylation must be disrupted followed by the introduction of genes catalyzing the synthesis, transport, and addition of human sugars. However, deletion of these genes, for instance, OCH1, which initiates hyper-mannosylation, could cause severe defects in cell growth, morphogenesis and response to environmental challenges. Results In this study, overexpression of RHO1, which encodes the Rho1p small GTPase, is confirmed to partially recover the growth defect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δalg3Δoch1 double mutant strain. In addition, transmission electron micrographs indicated that the cell wall structure of RHO1-expressed cells have an enhanced glucan layer and also a recovered mannoprotein layer, revealing the effect of Rho1p GTPase on cell wall biosynthesis. Similar complementation phenotypes have been confirmed by overexpression of the gene that encodes Fks2 protein, a catalytic subunit of a 1,3-β-glucan synthase. Besides the recovery of cell wall structure, the RHO1-overexpressed Δalg3Δoch1 strain also showed improved abilities in temperature tolerance, osmotic potential and drug sensitivity, which were not observed in the Δalg3Δoch1-FKS2 cells. Moreover, RHO1 overexpression could also increase N-glycan site occupancy and the amount of secreted glycoproteins. Conclusions Overexpression of RHO1 in ‘humanized’ glycoprotein producing yeasts could significantly facilitate its future industrial applications for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0575-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ge-Yuan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Toshihiko Kitajima
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Comparative Study on Different Expression Hosts for Alkaline Phytase Engineered in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:997-1010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Production, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Well-Defined IgG1 Fc Glycoforms as a Model System for Biosimilarity Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:559-574. [PMID: 26869419 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Four different well-defined IgG1 Fc glycoforms are proposed as a model system to examine important biological and physicochemical features for protein drug biosimilar analyses. The IgG1 Fc glycoforms were produced by yeast expression combined with in vitro enzymatic synthesis as a series of sequentially truncated high-mannose IgG1 Fc glycoforms with an anticipated range of biological activity and structural stability. Initial characterization with mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE, size exclusion HPLC, and capillary isoelectric focusing confirmed that the glycoproteins are overall highly similar with the only major difference being glycosylation state. Binding to the activating Fc receptor, FcγRIIIa was used to evaluate the potential biological activity of the IgG1 Fc glycoproteins. Two complementary methods using biolayer interferometry, 1 with protein G-immobilized IgG1 Fc and the other with streptavidin-immobilized FcγRIIIa, were developed to assess FcγRIIIa affinity in kinetic binding studies. The high-mannose IgG1 Fc and Man5-IgG1 Fc glycoforms were highly similar to one another with high affinity for FcγRIIIa, whereas GlcNAc-Fc had weak affinity, and the nonglycosylated N297Q-Fc had no measurable affinity for FcγRIIIa. These 4 IgG1 Fc glycoforms were also evaluated in terms of physical and chemical stability profiles and then used as a model system to mathematically assess overall biosimilarity, as described in a series of companion articles.
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Chen R. The sweet branch of metabolic engineering: cherry-picking the low-hanging sugary fruits. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:197. [PMID: 26655367 PMCID: PMC4674990 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the first science review on the then nascent Metabolic Engineering field in 1991, Dr. James E. Bailey described how improving erythropoietin (EPO) glycosylation can be achieved via metabolic engineering of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In the intervening decades, metabolic engineering has brought sweet successes in glycoprotein engineering, including antibodies, vaccines, and other human therapeutics. Today, not only eukaryotes (CHO, plant, insect, yeast) are being used for manufacturing protein therapeutics with human-like glycosylation, newly elucidated bacterial glycosylation systems are enthusiastically embraced as potential breakthrough to revolutionize the biopharmaceutical industry. Notwithstanding these excitement in glycoprotein, the sweet metabolic engineering reaches far beyond glycoproteins. Many different types of oligo- and poly-saccharides are synthesized with metabolically engineered cells. For example, several recombinant hyaluronan bioprocesses are now in commercial production, and the titer of 2′-fucosyllactose, the most abundant fucosylated trisaccharide in human milk, reaches over 20 g/L with engineered E. coli cells. These successes represent only the first low hanging fruits, which have been appreciated scientifically, medically and fortunately, commercially as well. As one of the four building blocks of life, sugar molecules permeate almost all aspects of life. They are also unique in being intimately associated with all major types of biopolymers (including DNA/RNA, proteins, lipids) meanwhile they stand alone as bioactive polysaccharides, or free soluble oligosaccharides. As such, all sugar moieties in biological components, small or big and free or bound, are important targets for metabolic engineering. Opportunities abound at the interface of glycosciences and metabolic engineering. Continued investment and successes in this branch of metabolic engineering will make vastly diverse sugar-containing molecules (a.k.a. glycoconjugates) available for biomedical applications, sustainable technology development, and as invaluable tools for basic scientific research. This short review focuses on the most recent development in the field, with emphasis on the synthesis technology for glycoprotein, polysaccharide, and oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0100, USA.
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19
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Zacchi LF, Schulz BL. N-glycoprotein macroheterogeneity: biological implications and proteomic characterization. Glycoconj J 2015; 33:359-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Anyaogu DC, Mortensen UH. Manipulating the glycosylation pathway in bacterial and lower eukaryotes for production of therapeutic proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycans are increasingly important in the development of new biopharmaceuticals with optimized efficacy, half-life, and antigenicity. Current expression platforms for recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics typically do not produce homogeneous glycans and frequently display non-human glycans which may cause unwanted side effects. To circumvent these issues, glyco-engineering has been applied to different expression systems including mammalian cells, insect cells, yeast, and plants. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent developments in glyco-engineering focusing mainly on in vivo expression systems for recombinant proteins. The highlighted strategies aim at producing glycoproteins with homogeneous N- and O-linked glycans of defined composition. EXPERT OPINION Glyco-engineering of expression platforms is increasingly recognized as an important strategy to improve biopharmaceuticals. A better understanding and control of the factors leading to glycan heterogeneity will allow simplified production of recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics with less variation in terms of glycosylation. Further technological advances will have a major impact on manufacturing processes and may provide a completely new class of glycoprotein therapeutics with customized functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dicker
- a 1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology , Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- b 2 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology , Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria +43 1 47654 6705 ; +43 1 47654 6392 ;
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22
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Gomathinayagam S, Laface D, Houston-Cummings NR, Mangadu R, Moore R, Shandil I, Sharkey N, Li H, Stadheim TA, Zha D. In vivo anti-tumor efficacy of afucosylated anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2015; 208:13-21. [PMID: 26015261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has been successfully used for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and is currently extended for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). New developments in MM therapeutics have achieved significant survival gains in patients but the disease still remains incurable. Elotuzumab (HuLuc63), an anti-CS1 monoclonal IgG1 antibody, is believed to induce anti-tumor activity and MM cytotoxicity through antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and inhibition of MM cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Modulations of the Fc glycan composition at the N297 site by selective mutations or afucosylation have been explored as strategies to develop bio-better therapeutics with enhanced ADCC activity. Afucosylated therapeutic antibodies with enhanced ADCC activity have been reported to possess greater efficacy in tumor growth inhibition at lower doses when compared to fucosylated therapeutic antibodies. The N-linked glycosylation pathway in Pichia pastoris has been engineered to produce human-like N-linked glycosylation with uniform afucosylated complex type glycans. The purpose of this study was to compare afucosylated anti-CS1 mAb expressed in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris with fucosylated anti-CS1 mAb expressed in mammalian HEK293 cells through in vitro ADCC and in vivo tumor inhibition models. Our results indicate that Fc glycosylation is critical for in vivo efficacy and afucosylated anti-CS1 mAb expressed in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris shows a better in vivo efficacy in tumor regression when compared to fucosylated anti-CS1 mAb expressed in HEK293 cells. Glycoengineered Pichia pastoris could provide an alternative platform for generating homogeneous afucosylated recombinant antibodies where Fc mediated immune effector function is important for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Gomathinayagam
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Drake Laface
- Biologics Discovery, Palo Alto, Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Nga Rewa Houston-Cummings
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Ruban Mangadu
- Biologics Discovery, Palo Alto, Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Renee Moore
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Ishaan Shandil
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Nathan Sharkey
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Huijuan Li
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Terrance A Stadheim
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Dongxing Zha
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States.
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23
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Quo vadis? The challenges of recombinant protein folding and secretion in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2925-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Kim S, d′Anjou M, Lanz KJ, Evans CE, Gibson ER, Olesberg JT, Mallem M, Shandil I, Nylen A, Koerperick EJ, Cooley DW, Brower GA, Small GW, Arnold MA. Real-time monitoring of glycerol and methanol to enhance antibody production in industrial Pichia pastoris bioprocesses. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Hamorsky KT, Kouokam JC, Jurkiewicz JM, Nelson B, Moore LJ, Husk AS, Kajiura H, Fujiyama K, Matoba N. N-glycosylation of cholera toxin B subunit in Nicotiana benthamiana: impacts on host stress response, production yield and vaccine potential. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8003. [PMID: 25614217 PMCID: PMC4303877 DOI: 10.1038/srep08003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based transient overexpression systems enable rapid and scalable production of subunit vaccines. Previously, we have shown that cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), an oral cholera vaccine antigen, is N-glycosylated upon expression in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we found that overexpression of aglycosylated CTB by agroinfiltration of a tobamoviral vector causes massive tissue necrosis and poor accumulation unless retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the re-introduction of N-glycosylation to its original or an alternative site significantly relieved the necrosis and provided a high CTB yield without ER retention. Quantitative gene expression analysis of PDI, BiP, bZIP60, SKP1, 26Sα proteasome and PR1a, and the detection of ubiquitinated CTB polypeptides revealed that N-glycosylation significantly relieved ER stress and hypersensitive response, and facilitated the folding/assembly of CTB. The glycosylated CTB (gCTB) was characterized for potential vaccine use. Glycan profiling revealed that gCTB contained approximately 38% plant-specific glycans. gCTB retained nanomolar affinity to GM1-ganglioside with only marginal reduction of physicochemical stability and induced an anti-cholera holotoxin antibody response comparable to native CTB in a mouse oral immunization study. These findings demonstrated gCTB's potential as an oral immunogen and point to a potential role of N-glycosylation in increasing recombinant protein yields in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Teasley Hamorsky
- 1] Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J Calvin Kouokam
- 1] Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jessica M Jurkiewicz
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA
| | - Bailey Nelson
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA
| | - Lauren J Moore
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA
| | - Adam S Husk
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- 1] Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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26
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Laukens B, Visscher CD, Callewaert N. Engineering yeast for producing human glycoproteins: where are we now? Future Microbiol 2015; 10:21-34. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yeast has advanced as an alternative for mammalian cell culture for the production of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins. Engineered yeast strains not only allow to mimic the human N-glycosylation pathway but also specific types of human O-glycosylation. This is of great value for therapeutic protein production and indispensable to determine the structure-function relationships of glycans on recombinant proteins. However, as the technology matures, some limitations have come up that may hamper biomedical applications and must be considered to exploit the full potential of the unprecedented glycan homogeneity obtained on relevant biopharmaceuticals. In this special report, we focus on the recent developments in N- and O-glycosylation engineering in yeasts of industrial importance, to produce recombinant therapeutics with customized glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Laukens
- Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry & Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L.-Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Visscher
- Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry & Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L.-Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry & Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L.-Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB-UGent, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
While yeast are lower eukaryotic organisms, they share many common features and biological processes with higher eukaryotes. As such, yeasts have been used as model organisms to facilitate our understanding of such features and processes. To this end, a large number of powerful genetic tools have been developed to investigate and manipulate these organisms. Going hand-in-hand with these genetic tools is the ability to efficiently scale up the fermentation of these organisms, thus making them attractive hosts for the production of recombinant proteins. A key feature of producing recombinant proteins in yeast is that these proteins can be readily secreted into the culture supernatant, simplifying any downstream processing. A consequence of this secretion is that the proteins typically pass through the secretory pathway, during which they may be exposed to various posttranslational modifications. The addition of glycans is one such modification. Unfortunately, while certain aspects of glycosylation are shared between lower and higher eukaryotes, significant differences exist. Over the last two decades much research has focused on engineering the glycosylation pathways of yeast to more closely resemble those of higher eukaryotes, particularly those of humans for the production of therapeutic proteins. In the current review we shall highlight some of the key achievements in yeast glyco-engineering which have led to humanization of both the N- and O-linked glycosylation pathways.
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28
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Frey AD, Aebi M. An enzyme-based screening system for the rapid assessment of protein N-glycosylation efficiency in yeast. Glycobiology 2014; 25:252-7. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Glycoengineering of yeasts from the perspective of glycosylation efficiency. N Biotechnol 2014; 31:532-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Hopkins D, Gomathinayagam S, Hamilton SR. A practical approach for O-linked mannose removal: the use of recombinant lysosomal mannosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:3913-27. [PMID: 25381909 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an attractive expression system due to its ability to secrete large amounts of recombinant protein, with the potential for glycosylation. Advances in glycoengineering of P. pastoris have successfully demonstrated the humanization of both the N- and O-linked glycosylation pathways in this organism. However, in certain cases, the presence of O-linked glycans on a therapeutic protein may not be desirable. Recently, we have reported the in vitro utility of jack bean α-1,2/3/6-mannosidase to remove O-linked mannose from intact undenatured glycoproteins produced in glycoengineered P. pastoris. However, one caveat of this strategy is that jack bean mannosidase has yet to be cloned and as such is only available as crude cellular extracts. This raises several concerns for using this reagent to treat large preparations of therapeutic proteins generated in P. pastoris. Therefore, we postulated that lysosomal mannosidases which have been cloned and demonstrated to have similar activities to jack bean mannosidase on N-linked glycans would also process O-linked glycans in a similar fashion. To this end, we screened a panel of recombinant lysosomal mannosidases from different organisms and identified several which cannot only reduce extended O-linked mannose chains but which can also hydrolyze the Man-α-O-Ser/Thr glycosidic bond on intact glycoproteins. As such, not only do we show for the first time the utility of lysosomal mannosidase for O-linked mannose processing, but since this is a recombinant enzyme, it has several benefits over the use of crude jack bean mannosidase extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hopkins
- GlycoFi, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.), Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
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31
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Mallem M, Warburton S, Li F, Shandil I, Nylen A, Kim S, Jiang Y, Meehl M, d'Anjou M, Stadheim TA, Choi BK. Maximizing recombinant human serum albumin production in a MutsPichia pastorisstrain. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1488-96. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fang Li
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Ishaan Shandil
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Adam Nylen
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Sehoon Kim
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Youwei Jiang
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Michael Meehl
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Marc d'Anjou
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
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32
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Kukk K, Kasvandik S, Samel N. N-glycosylation site occupancy in human prostaglandin H synthases expressed in Pichia pastoris. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:436. [PMID: 25170432 PMCID: PMC4147080 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin H synthases (PGHSs) are N-glycosylated membrane proteins that catalyse the committed step in prostaglandin synthesis. Unlike PGHS-2, the production of recombinant PGHS-1 in non-mammalian expression systems is complicated. The majority of the heterologous enzyme is inactive due to misfolding. Correct N-glycosylation is proposed to be obligatory for proper folding of mammalian PGHSs. In this study, human PGHS-1 and -2 (hPGHS-1 and -2) were expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Recombinant hPGHS-2 was catalytically active, whereas hPGHS-1 was inactive. Accumulation of non-glycosylated hPGHSs was not observed in the crude lysate of the yeast cells. The N-glycosylation patterns of the purified recombinant proteins were characterised using nano-LC/MS/MS. The isoforms exhibited similar N-glycosylation site occupancy. The results indicate that there are more complex grounds for the inactivity of the recombinant hPGHS-1 produced in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Kukk
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sergo Kasvandik
- Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nigulas Samel
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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33
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Meehl MA, Stadheim TA. Biopharmaceutical discovery and production in yeast. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:120-7. [PMID: 25014890 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The selection of an expression platform for recombinant biopharmaceuticals is often centered upon suitable product titers and critical quality attributes, including post-translational modifications. Although notable differences between microbial, yeast, plant, and mammalian host systems exist, recent advances have greatly mitigated any inherent liabilities of yeasts. Yeast expression platforms are important to both the supply of marketed biopharmaceuticals and the pipelines of novel therapeutics. In this review, recent advances in yeast-based expression of biopharmaceuticals will be discussed. The advantages of using glycoengineered yeast as a production host and in the discovery space will be illustrated. These advancements, in turn, are transforming yeast platforms from simple production systems to key technological assets in the discovery and selection of biopharmaceutical lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Meehl
- GlycoFi, Biologics Research, Merck & Co., Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Terrance A Stadheim
- GlycoFi, Biologics Research, Merck & Co., Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
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34
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Hopkins D, Gomathinayagam S, Lynaugh H, Stadheim TA, Hamilton SR. Elimination of diaminopeptidase activity in Pichia pastoris for therapeutic protein production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2573-83. [PMID: 24526360 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Yeast are important production platforms for the generation of recombinant proteins. Nonetheless, their use has been restricted in the production of therapeutic proteins due to differences in their glycosylation profile with that of higher eukaryotes. The yeast strain Pichia pastoris is an industrially important organism. Recent advances in the glycoengineering of this strain offer the potential to produce therapeutic glycoproteins with sialylated human-like N- and O-linked glycans. However, like higher eukaryotes, yeast also express numerous proteases, many of which are either localized to the secretory pathway or pass through it en route to their final destination. As a consequence, nondesirable proteolysis of some recombinant proteins may occur, with the specific cleavage being dependent on the class of protease involved. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidases (DPP) are a class of proteolytic enzymes which remove a two-amino acid peptide from the N-terminus of a protein. In P. pastoris, two such enzymes have been identified, Ste13p and Dap2p. In the current report, we demonstrate that while the knockout of STE13 alone may protect certain proteins from N-terminal clipping, other proteins may require the double knockout of both STE13 and DAP2. As such, this understanding of DPP activity enhances the utility of the P. pastoris expression system, thus facilitating the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins with their intact native sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hopkins
- GlycoFi, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.), Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
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In vitro enzymatic treatment to remove O-linked mannose from intact glycoproteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2545-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vogl T, Hartner FS, Glieder A. New opportunities by synthetic biology for biopharmaceutical production in Pichia pastoris. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:1094-101. [PMID: 23522654 PMCID: PMC3841573 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are an integral part of modern medicine and pharmacy. Both, the development and the biotechnological production of biopharmaceuticals are highly cost-intensive and require suitable expression systems. In this review we discuss established and emerging tools for reengineering the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris for biopharmaceutical production. Recent advancements of this industrial expression system through synthetic biology include synthetic promoters to avoid methanol induction and to fine-tune protein production. New platform strains and molecular cloning tools as well as in vivo glycoengineering to produce humanized glycoforms have made P. pastoris an important host for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | | | - Anton Glieder
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Petersgasse 14, Graz A-8010, Austria
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Microbials for the production of monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 32:54-60. [PMID: 24183828 PMCID: PMC3906537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated full length antibodies are currently produced in mammalian cells. Antibody fragments can be produced in microbial organisms. Strain engineering allows production of full length antibodies in microbials. Microbials provide several advantages over mammalian cells.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody fragments represent the most important biopharmaceutical products today. Because full length antibodies are glycosylated, mammalian cells, which allow human-like N-glycosylation, are currently used for their production. However, mammalian cells have several drawbacks when it comes to bioprocessing and scale-up, resulting in long processing times and elevated costs. By contrast, antibody fragments, that are not glycosylated but still exhibit antigen binding properties, can be produced in microbial organisms, which are easy to manipulate and cultivate. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the expression systems, strain engineering, and production processes for the three main microbials used in antibody and antibody fragment production, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and Escherichia coli.
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Damiani R, Almeida BE, Oliveira JE, Bartolini P, Ribela MTCP. Enhancement of human thyrotropin synthesis by sodium butyrate addition to serum-free CHO cell culture. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1658-72. [PMID: 23996121 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of sodium butyrate (NaBu) on the synthesis of recombinant human thyrotropin (r-hTSH) by CHO cells was investigated for the first time. A volumetric productivity of ~10 μg hTSH/mL was repeatedly obtained, with a 3.3-fold increase over a control culture carried out in the absence of NaBu. Since NaBu can induce CHO cell apoptosis and cell growth arrest, the increase in specific productivity was even higher, i.e., ca. 5-fold. Analysis of the N-glycan composition of r-hTSH obtained with the addition of NaBu to the culture medium showed an approximately 12 % increase in the amount of sialic acid, as well as in total carbohydrate, partly due to the increase in the site occupancy from 2.77 to 2.93 glycans per mole of hTSH. The two hormone preparations were characterized by N-glycan structural analysis, which showed that NaBu increased the bi-antennary structures by ca. 13 % while decreasing the tri-antennary structures by approximately the same amount. The in vivo biological activity and pharmacokinetic behavior (clearance) were found to be similar for the two hormone preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Damiani
- Biotechnology Department, IPEN-CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Argyros R, Nelson S, Kull A, Chen MT, Stadheim TA, Jiang B. A phenylalanine to serine substitution within an O-protein mannosyltransferase led to strong resistance to PMT-inhibitors in Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62229. [PMID: 23667461 PMCID: PMC3648545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs) catalyze the initial reaction of protein O-mannosylation by transferring the first mannose unit onto serine and threonine residues of a nascent polypeptide being synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The PMTs are well conserved in eukaryotic organisms, and in vivo defects of these enzymes result in cell death in yeast and congenital diseases in humans. A group of rhodanine-3-acetic acid derivatives (PMTi) specifically inhibits PMT activity both in vitro and in vivo. As such, these chemical compounds have been effectively used to minimize the extent of O-mannosylation on heterologously produced proteins from different yeast expression hosts. However, very little is known about how these PMT-inhibitors interact with the PMT enzyme, or what structural features of the PMTs are required for inhibitor-protein interactions. To better understand the inhibitor-enzyme interactions, and to gain potential insights for developing more effective PMT-inhibitors, we isolated PMTi-resistant mutants in Pichia pastoris. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a point mutation within the PpPMT2 gene. We demonstrate that this F664S point mutation resulted in a near complete loss of PMTi sensitivity, both in terms of growth-inhibition and reduction in O-mannosylglycan site occupancy. Our results provide genetic evidence demonstrating that the F664 residue plays a critical role in mediating the inhibitory effects of these PMTi compounds. Our data also indicate that the main target of these PMT-inhibitors in P. pastoris is Pmt2p, and that the F664 residue most likely interacts directly with the PMTi-compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Argyros
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Nelson
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Angela Kull
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Ming-Tang Chen
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Terrance A. Stadheim
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Bo Jiang
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A combined system for engineering glycosylation efficiency and glycan structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23204425 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02817-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel synthetic N-glycosylation pathway to produce recombinant proteins carrying human-like N-glycans in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, at the same time addressing glycoform and glycosylation efficiency. The Δalg3 Δalg11 double mutant strain, in which the N-glycans are not matured to their native high-mannose structure, was used. In this mutant strain, lipid-linked Man(3)GlcNAc(2) is built up on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum, flipped by an artificial flippase into the ER lumen, and then transferred with high efficiency to the nascent polypeptide by a protozoan oligosaccharyltransferase. Protein-bound Man(3)GlcNAc(2) serves directly as a substrate for Golgi apparatus-targeted human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases I and II. Our results confirmed the presence of the complex human-like N-glycan structure GlcNAc(2)Man(3)GlcNAc(2) on the secreted monoclonal antibody HyHEL-10. However, due to the interference of Golgi apparatus-localized mannosyltransferases, heterogeneity of N-linked glycans was observed.
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