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Yu M, Song T, Yu J, Cao H, Pan X, Qi Z, Du Y, Liu W, Liu Y. UvVelC is important for conidiation and pathogenicity in the rice false smut pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. Virulence 2024; 15:2301243. [PMID: 38240294 PMCID: PMC10802205 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2301243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut disease is one of the most significant rice diseases worldwide. Ustilaginoidea virens is the causative agent of this disease. Although several developmental and pathogenic genes have been identified and functionally analyzed, the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of U. virens remain elusive. The velvet family regulatory proteins are involved in fungal development, conidiation, and pathogenicity. In this study, we demonstrated the function of the VelC homolog UvVELC in U. virens. We identified the velvet family protein UvVELC and characterized its functions using a target gene deletion-strategy. Deletion of UvVELC resulted in conidiation failure and pathogenicity. The UvVELC expression levels during infection suggested that this gene might be involved in the early infection process. UvVELC is also important in resistance to abiotic stresses, the utilization efficiency of glucose, stachyose, raffinose, and other sugars, and the expression of transport-related genes. Moreover, UvVELC could physically interact with UvVEA in yeast, and UvVELC/UvVEA double-knockout mutants also failed in conidiation and pathogenicity. These results indicate that UvVELC play a critical role in the conidiation and pathogenicity in U. virens. Functional analysis indicated that UvVELC-mediated conidiation and nutrient acquisition from rice regulates the pathogenicity of U. virens. Understanding the function of the UvVELC homolog could provide a potential molecular target for controlling rice false smut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Insistant of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Wang Y, Chen L, Fang W, Zeng Z, Wu Z, Liu F, Liu X, Gong Y, Zhu L, Wang K. Genomic and Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Key Genes Associated with the Biosynthesis Regulation of Okaramine B in Penicillium daleae NBP-49626. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1965. [PMID: 38396642 PMCID: PMC10888127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Restricted production of fungal secondary metabolites hinders the ability to conduct comprehensive research and development of novel biopesticides. Okaramine B from Penicillium demonstrates remarkable insecticidal efficacy; however, its biosynthetic yield is low, and its regulatory mechanism remains unknown. The present study found that the yield difference was influenced by fermentation modes in okaramine-producing strains and performed genomic and comparative transcriptome analysis of P. daleae strain NBP-49626, which exhibits significant features. The NBP-49626 genome is 37.4 Mb, and it encodes 10,131 protein-encoding genes. Up to 5097 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during the submerged and semi-solid fermentation processes. The oka gene cluster, lacking regulatory and transport genes, displayed distinct transcriptional patterns in response to the fermentation modes and yield of Okaramine B. Although transcription trends of most known global regulatory genes are inconsistent with those of oka, this study identified five potential regulatory genes, including two novel Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factors, Reg2 and Reg19. A significant correlation was also observed between tryptophan metabolism and Okaramine B yields. In addition, several transporter genes were identified as DEGs. These results were confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR. This study provides comprehensive information regarding the regulatory mechanism of Okaramine B biosynthesis in Penicillium and is critical to the further yield improvement for the development of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Zhu
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Microbial Pesticides, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.W.); (L.C.); (W.F.); (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Kaimei Wang
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Microbial Pesticides, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.W.); (L.C.); (W.F.); (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (Y.G.)
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3
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Sun Q, Xu G, Li X, Li S, Jia Z, Yan M, Chen W, Shi Z, Li Z, Chen M. Functional Study of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A in Penicillium oxalicum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1203. [PMID: 38132803 PMCID: PMC10745023 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways play a crucial role in regulating cellulase production. The pathway mediated by signaling proteins plays a crucial role in understanding how cellulase expression is regulated. In this study, using affinity purification of ClrB, we have identified sixteen proteins that potentially interact with ClrB. One of the proteins, the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PoPKA-C), is an important component of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Knocking out PoPKA-C resulted in significant decreases in the growth, glucose utilization, and cellulose hydrolysis ability of the mutant strain. Furthermore, the cellulase activity and gene transcription levels were significantly reduced in the ΔPoPKA-C mutant, while the expression activity of CreA, a transcriptional regulator of carbon metabolism repression, was notably increased. Additionally, deletion of PoPKA-C also led to earlier timing of conidia production. The expression levels of key transcription factor genes stuA and brlA, which are involved in the production of the conidia, showed significant enhancement in the ΔPoPKA-C mutant. These findings highlight the involvement of PoPKA-C in mycelial development, conidiation, and the regulation of cellulase expression. The functional analysis of PoPKA-C provides insights into the mechanism of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in cellulase expression in filamentous fungi and has significant implications for the development of high-yielding cellulase strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.S.); (G.X.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Z.J.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.S.); (G.X.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Z.J.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (Z.S.)
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Hu X, Qian Y, Gao Z, Li G, Fu F, Guo J, Shan Y. Safety evaluation and whole genome sequencing for revealing the ability of Penicillium oxalicum WX-209 to safely and effectively degrade citrus segments. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Kong Y, Yuan Y, Menghan Y, Yiming L, Liang X, Gleason ML, Rong Z, Sun G. CfCpmd1 Regulates Pathogenicity and Sexual Development of Plus and Minus Strains in Colletotrichum fructicola Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot on Apple in China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1985-1993. [PMID: 37129259 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-23-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola is a devastating fungal pathogen of diverse plants. Sexually compatible plus and minus strains occur in the same ascus. However, the differentiation mechanism of plus and minus strains remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized a novel Cys2-His2-containing transcription factor CfCpmd1. The plus CfCpmd1 deletion mutant (Δ+CfCpmd1) resulted in slow hyphal growth and a fluffy cotton-like colony, and the minus deletion mutant (Δ-CfCpmd1) exhibited characters similar to the wild type (WT). Δ+CfCpmd1 led to defective perithecial formation, whereas Δ-CfCpmd1 produced more and smaller perithecia. The normal mating line was developed by pairing cultures of Δ-CfCpmd1 and plus WT, whereas a weak line was observed between Δ+CfCpmd1 and minus WT. Conidial production was completely abolished in both plus and minus mutants. When inoculated on non-wounded apple leaves with mycelial plugs, Δ-CfCpmd1 was nonpathogenic because of failure to develop conidia and appressoria, while Δ+CfCpmd1 could infect apple leaves by appressoria differentiated directly from hyphal tips, even though no conidia formed. Collectively, our results demonstrate that CfCpmd1 of C. fructicola is an important gene related to plus and minus strain differentiation, which also affects hyphal growth, sporulation, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yilong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Menghan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lu Yiming
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mark L Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Zhang Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
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Bai N, Xie M, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Yang X, Zhang KQ, Yang J. AoMedA has a complex regulatory relationship with AoBrlA, AoAbaA, and AoWetA in conidiation, trap formation, and secondary metabolism in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0098323. [PMID: 37655869 PMCID: PMC10537773 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00983-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The asexual sporulation of filamentous fungi is an important mechanism for their reproduction, survival, and pathogenicity. In Aspergillus and several filamentous fungi, BrlA, AbaA, and WetA are the key elements of a central regulatory pathway controlling conidiation, and MedA is a developmental modifier that regulates temporal expression of central regulatory genes; however, their roles are largely unknown in nematode-trapping (NT) fungi. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a representative NT fungus, which can capture nematodes by producing adhesive networks (traps). Here, we characterized the function of AoMedA and three central developmental regulators (AoBrlA, AoAbaA, and AoWetA) in A. oligospora by gene disruption, phenotypic comparison, and multi-omics analyses, as these regulators are required for conidiation and play divergent roles in mycelial development, trap formation, lipid droplet accumulation, vacuole assembly, and secondary metabolism. A combined analysis of phenotypic traits and transcriptome showed that AoMedA and AoWetA are involved in the regulation of peroxisome, endocytosis, and autophagy. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid analysis showed that AoBrlA can regulate AoMedA, AoAbaA, and AoWetA, whereas AoMedA and AoAbaA can regulate AoWetA. Our results highlight the important roles of AoMedA, AoBrlA, AoAbaA, and AoWetA in conidiation, mycelia development, trap formation, and pathogenicity of A. oligospora and provide a basis for elucidating the relationship between conidiation and trap formation of NT fungi. IMPORTANCE Conidiation is the most common reproductive mode for many filamentous fungi and plays an essential role in the pathogenicity of fungal pathogens. Nematode-trapping (NT) fungi are a special group of filamentous fungi owing to their innate abilities to capture and digest nematodes by producing traps (trapping devices). Sporulation plays an important role in the growth and reproduction of NT fungi, and conidia are the basic components of biocontrol reagents for controlling diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a well-known NT fungus and is a routinely used model fungus for probing the interaction between fungi and nematodes. In this study, the functions of four key regulators (AoMedA, AoBrlA, AoAbaA, and AoWetA) involved in conidiation were characterized in A. oligospora. A complex interaction between AoMedA and three central regulators was noted; these regulators are required for conidiation and trap formation and play a pleiotropic role in multiple intracellular activities. Our study first revealed the role of AoMedA and three central regulators in conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity of A. oligospora, which contributed to elucidating the regulatory mechanism of conidiation in NT fungi and helped in developing effective reagents for biocontrol of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Meihua Xie
- School of Resource, Environment and Chemistry, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yingmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Zhao S, Wang JX, Hou R, Ning YN, Chen ZX, Liu Q, Luo XM, Feng JX. Novel Transcription Factor CXRD Regulates Cellulase and Xylanase Biosynthesis in Penicillium oxalicum under Solid-State Fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0036023. [PMID: 37191516 PMCID: PMC10305053 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00360-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium oxalicum produces an integrated, extracellular cellulase and xylanase system, strictly regulated by several transcription factors. However, the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of cellulase and xylanase biosynthesis in P. oxalicum is limited, particularly under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions. In our study, deletion of a novel gene, cxrD (cellulolytic and xylanolytic regulator D), resulted in 49.3 to 2,230% enhanced production of cellulase and xylanase, except for 75.0% less xylanase at 2 days, compared with the P. oxalicum parental strain, when cultured on solid medium containing wheat bran plus rice straw for 2 to 4 days after transfer from glucose. In addition, the deletion of cxrD delayed conidiospore formation, leading to 45.1 to 81.8% reduced asexual spore production and altered mycelial accumulation to various extents. Comparative transcriptomics and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR found that CXRD dynamically regulated the expression of major cellulase and xylanase genes and conidiation-regulatory gene brlA under SSF. In vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that CXRD bound to the promoter regions of these genes. The core DNA sequence 5'-CYGTSW-3' was identified to be specifically bound by CXRD. These findings will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of negative regulation of fungal cellulase and xylanase biosynthesis under SSF. IMPORTANCE Application of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) as catalysts in biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass into bioproducts and biofuels reduces both chemical waste production and carbon footprint. The filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum can secrete integrated CWDEs, with potential for industrial application. Solid-state fermentation (SSF), simulating the natural habitat of soil fungi, such as P. oxalicum, is used for CWDE production, but a limited understanding of CWDE biosynthesis hampers the improvement of CWDE yields through synthetic biology. Here, we identified a novel transcription factor CXRD, which negatively regulates the biosynthesis of cellulase and xylanase in P. oxalicum under SSF, providing a potential target for genetic engineering to improve CWDE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiu-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Run Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ni Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Xing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
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Jia Z, Yan M, Li X, Sun Q, Xu G, Li S, Chen W, Shi Z, Li Z, Chen M, Bao X. Phosducin-like protein PoPlp1 impacts cellulase and amylase expression and development in Penicillium oxalicum via the G protein-cAMP signaling pathway. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1165701. [PMID: 37362916 PMCID: PMC10289023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a phosducin-like protein, PoPlp1, was identified and functionally studied in the cellulase-producing strain Penicillium oxalicum 114-2. PoPlp1 was proven to participate in several biological processes, including mycelium development, conidiation, and expression of cellulases and amylases. With deletion of Poplp1, morphology and development varied significantly in ΔPoplp1. Colony growth, glucose utilization, and the hydrolysis capability of starch and cellulose were limited, whereas conidiation was enhanced. Based on detection of the levels of expression of transcription factors involved in asexual development, we conjectured that PoPlp1 is involved in conidiation via the major factor BrlA. We explored the effect of PoPlp1 on cellulase and amylase expression and observed that cellulase and amylase activity and major gene transcription levels were all dramatically reduced in ΔPoplp1. Deletion of PoPlp1 caused a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels, and the cellulase gene expression level of ΔPoplp1 was restored to a certain extent through external addition of cAMP. These findings demonstrate that PoPlp1 may affect cellulase and amylase expression by regulating cAMP concentration. To comprehensively explore the mechanism of PoPlp1 in regulating multiple biological processes, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between strains P. oxalicum 114-2 and ΔPoplp1. The major cellulase and amylase genes were all downregulated, congrent with the results of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The genes involved in the G protein-cAMP signaling pathway, including several G-protein-coupled receptors, one regulator of G protein signaling, and two cAMP phosphodiesterases, were disrupted by deletion of PoPlp1. These results confirm the positive function of PoPlp1 in the G protein-cAMP signaling pathway. This functional analysis of PoPlp1 will be very beneficial for further study of the regulatory mechanisms of cellulase expression and other biological processes in P. oxalicum 114-2 via the G protein-cAMP signaling pathway.
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Ma B, Luo XM, Zhao S, Feng JX. Protein Kinase PoxMKK1 Regulates Plant-Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzyme Biosynthesis, Mycelial Growth and Conidiation in Penicillium oxalicum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040397. [PMID: 37108852 PMCID: PMC10143691 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions is crucial for living organisms, as it enables them to successfully compete in natural niches, a process which generally depends upon protein phosphorylation-mediated signaling transduction. In the present study, protein kinase PoxMKK1, an ortholog of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase Ste7 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was identified and characterized in the filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum. Deletion of PoxMKK1 in P. oxalicum ΔPoxKu70 led the fungus to lose 64.4-88.6% and 38.0-86.1% of its plant-polysaccharide-degrading enzyme (PPDE) production on day 4 after a shift under submerged- and solid-state fermentation, respectively, compared with the control strain ΔPoxKu70. In addition, PoxMKK1 affected hypha growth and sporulation, though this was dependent on culture formats and carbon sources. Comparative transcriptomics and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay revealed that PoxMKK1 activated the expression of genes encoding major PPDEs, known regulatory genes (i.e., PoxClrB and PoxCxrB) and cellodextrin transporter genes (i.e., PoxCdtD and PoxCdtC), while it inhibited the essential conidiation-regulating genes, including PoxBrlA, PoxAbaA and PoxFlbD. Notably, regulons modulated by PoxMKK1 and its downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase PoxMK1 co-shared 611 differential expression genes, including 29 PPDE genes, 23 regulatory genes, and 16 sugar-transporter genes. Collectively, these data broaden our insights into the diverse functions of Ste7-like protein kinase, especially regulation of PPDE biosynthesis, in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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10
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Recent Advances in Chitin Biosynthesis Associated with the Morphology and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis of Filamentous Fungi in Submerged Fermentation. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020205. [PMID: 36836319 PMCID: PMC9967639 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites produced by filamentous fungi are used extensively in the food and drug industries. With the development of the morphological engineering of filamentous fungi, numerous biotechnologies have been applied to alter the morphology of fungal mycelia and enhance the yields and productivity of target metabolites during submerged fermentation. Disruption of chitin biosynthesis can modify the cell growth and mycelial morphology of filamentous fungi and regulate the biosynthesis of metabolites during submerged fermentation. In this review, we present a comprehensive coverage of the categories and structures of the enzyme chitin synthase, chitin biosynthetic pathways, and the association between chitin biosynthesis and cell growth and metabolism in filamentous fungi. Through this review, we hope to increase awareness of the metabolic engineering of filamentous fungal morphology, provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of morphological control via chitin biosynthesis, and describe strategies for the application of morphological engineering to enhance the production of target metabolites in filamentous fungi during submerged fermentation.
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Gao J, Song C, Zhang J, Hu Y, Shao Y. Mrada3 is required for sexual reproduction and secondary metabolite production in industrial fungi Monascus strain. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:591-606. [PMID: 35451171 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Monascus spp. are valuable industrial fungi for producing beneficial compounds. Since sporulation is often coupled with the production of secondary metabolites, the current study was performed to investigate how Mrada3 regulated asexual and sexual development and the production of edible pigments and mycotoxin. METHODS AND RESULTS The functional characteristics of Mrada3 were identified by gene deletion and overexpression in Monascus ruber M7 (the wild-type, WT). The results revealed that the ΔMrada3 strain aborted sexual development, but it produced many more conidia than WT. RNA-Seq data showed the deletion of Mrada3 altered the expression levels of partial genes involved in sexual and asexual development. In addition, the deletion of Mrada3 also resulted in slower growth, lower pigment production, and increased citrinin yield at the late period. For the Mrada3-overexpressed strain, the number of ascospores and pigment content were significantly higher than those of WT, but citrinin was slightly lower than that of WT. CONCLUSIONS The Mrada3 gene plays a vital role in the sporulation development and secondary metabolism of Monascus species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Mrada3 is first identified as an essential regulator for sexual development in Monascus species, enriching the regulatory knowledge of sexual development in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cuina Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditionally Fermented Foods, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditionally Fermented Foods, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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12
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Xu G, Guo H, Yan M, Jia Z, Li Z, Chen M, Bao X. An actin‐like protein
Po
ARP9
involves in the regulation of development and cellulase and amylase expression in
Penicillium oxalicum. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:2894-2905. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan P. R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan P. R. China
| | - Mengdi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan P. R. China
| | - Zhilei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan P. R. China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan P. R. China
| | - Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan P. R. China
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13
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Hu Y, Li M, Liu Z, Song X, Qu Y, Qin Y. Carbon catabolite repression involves physical interaction of the transcription factor CRE1/CreA and the Tup1-Cyc8 complex in Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:244. [PMID: 34952627 PMCID: PMC8710005 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulolytic enzyme production in filamentous fungi requires a release from carbon catabolite repression (CCR). The protein CRE1/CreA (CRE = catabolite responsive element) is a key transcription factor (TF) that is involved in CCR and represses cellulolytic gene expression. CRE1/CreA represents the functional equivalent of Mig1p, an important Saccharomyces cerevisiae TF in CCR that exerts its repressive effect by recruiting a corepressor complex Tup1p-Cyc8p. Although it is known from S. cerevisiae that CRE1/CreA might repress gene expression via interacting with the corepressor complex Tup1-Cyc8, this mechanism is unconfirmed in other filamentous fungi, since the physical interaction has not yet been verified in these organisms. The precise mechanism on how CRE1/CreA achieves transcriptional repression after DNA binding remains unknown. RESULTS The results from tandem affinity purification and bimolecular fluorescence complementation revealed a direct physical interaction between the TF CRE1/CreA and the complex Tup1-Cyc8 in the nucleus of cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium oxalicum. Both fungi have the ability to secrete a complex arsenal of enzymes to synergistically degrade lignocellulosic materials. In P. oxalicum, the protein PoCyc8, a subunit of complex Tup1-Cyc8, interacts directly with TF PoCreA and histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methyltransferase PoSet2 in the nucleus. The di-methylation level of H3K36 in the promoter of prominent cellulolytic genes (cellobiohydrolase-encoding gene Pocbh1/cel7A and endoglucanase-encoding gene Poegl1/cel7B) is positively correlated with the expression levels of TF PoCreA. Since the methylation of H3K36 was also demonstrated to be a repression marker of cellulolytic gene expression, it appears feasible that the cellulolytic genes are repressed via PoCreA-Tup1-Cyc8-Set2-mediated transcriptional repression. CONCLUSION This study verifies the long-standing conjecture that the TF CRE1/CreA represses gene expression by interacting with the corepressor complex Tup1-Cyc8 in filamentous fungi. A reasonable explanation is proposed that PoCreA represses gene expression by recruiting complex PoTup1-Cyc8. Histone methyltransferase Set2, which methylates H3K36, is also involved in the regulatory network by interacting with PoCyc8. The findings contribute to the understanding of CCR mechanism in filamentous fungi and could aid in biotechnologically relevant enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Hu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Mengxue Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Zhongjiao Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Xin Song
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237 China
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14
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Zhao K, Liu Z, Li M, Hu Y, Yang L, Song X, Qin Y. Drafting Penicillium oxalicum calcineurin-CrzA pathway by combining the analysis of phenotype, transcriptome, and endogenous protein-protein interactions. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 158:103652. [PMID: 34920105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fungi sense environmental signals and coordinate growth, development, and metabolism accordingly. Calcium-calmodulin-calcineurin signaling is a conserved cascade pathway in fungi. One of the most important downstream targets of this pathway is the transcription factor Crz1/CrzA, which plays an essential role in various cellular processes. The putative collaborators of Penicillium oxalicum CrzA (PoCrzA) were found, through tandem affinity purification followed by mass spectrometric analysis (TAP-MS). A total of 50 protein-protein interaction collaborators of PoCrzA were observed. Among them, some collaborators, such as the catalytic subunit of calcineurin (Cna1, calcineurin A), the regulatory catalytic subunit of calcineurin (Cnb1, calcineurin B), and a 14-3-3 protein Bmh1, which were previously reported in yeast, were identified. Some putative collaborators, including two karyopherins (exportin Los1 and importin Srp1), two kinases (Fus3 and Slt2p), and a general transcriptional corepressor (Cyc8), were also found. The CrzA deletion mutant ΔPocrzA exhibited slow hyphal growth, impaired conidiogenesis, and reduced extracellular cellulase synthesis. Phenotype and transcriptome analysis showed that PoCrzA regulated fungal development in a Flbs-BrlA-dependent manner and participated in cellulase synthesis by modulating cellulolytic gene expression. On the basis of the results of TAP-MS, transcriptome, and phenotypic analysis in P. oxalicum, our study was the first to draft the calcineurin-CrzA pathway in cellulolytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Zhongjiao Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Mengxue Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yueyan Hu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Vocational Education College, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China.
| | - Xin Song
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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15
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Zhang T, Mai RM, Fang QQ, Ou JF, Mo LX, Tian D, Li CX, Gu LS, Luo XM, Feng JX, Zhao S. Regulatory function of the novel transcription factor CxrC in Penicillium oxalicum. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1512-1532. [PMID: 34797006 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous transcription factors (TFs) in ascomycete fungi play crucial roles in cellular processes; however, how most of them function is poorly understood. Here, we identified and characterized a novel TF, CxrC (POX01387), acting downstream of the key TF CxrA, which is essential for plant-biomass-degrading-enzyme (PBDE) production in Penicillium oxalicum. Deletion of cxrC in P. oxalicum significantly affected the production of PBDEs, as well as mycelial growth and conidiospore production. CxrA directly repressed the expression of cxrC after about 12 hr following switch to Avicel culture. CxrC bound the promoters of major PBDE genes and genes involved in conidiospore development. CxrC was found to bind the TSSGTYR core sequence (S: C and G; Y: T and C; R: G and A) of the important cellulase genes cbh1 and eg1. Both N- and C-terminal peptides of CxrC and the CxrC phosphorylation were found to mediate its homodimerization. The conserved motif LPSVRSLLTP (65-74) in CxrC was found to be required for regulating cellulase production. This study reveals novel mechanisms of TF-mediated regulation of the expression of PBDE genes and genes involved in cellular processes in an ascomycete fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Ming Mai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xiang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Sha Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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16
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Arginine Methyltransferase PeRmtC Regulates Development and Pathogenicity of Penicilliumexpansum via Mediating Key Genes in Conidiation and Secondary Metabolism. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100807. [PMID: 34682229 PMCID: PMC8537047 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is one of the most common and destructive post-harvest fungal pathogens that can cause blue mold rot and produce mycotoxins in fruit, leading to significant post-harvest loss and food safety concerns. Arginine methylation by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) modulates various cellular processes in many eukaryotes. However, the functions of PRMTs are largely unknown in post-harvest fungal pathogens. To explore their roles in P. expansum, we identified four PRMTs (PeRmtA, PeRmtB, PeRmtC, and PeRmt2). The single deletion of PeRmtA, PeRmtB, or PeRmt2 had minor or no impact on the P. expansum phenotype while deletion of PeRmtC resulted in decreased conidiation, delayed conidial germination, impaired pathogenicity and pigment biosynthesis, and altered tolerance to environmental stresses. Further research showed that PeRmtC could regulate two core regulatory genes, PeBrlA and PeAbaA, in conidiation, a series of backbone genes in secondary metabolism, and affect the symmetric ω-NG, N’G-dimethylarginine (sDMA) modification of proteins with molecular weights of primarily 16–17 kDa. Collectively, this work functionally characterized four PRMTs in P. expansum and showed the important roles of PeRmtC in the development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism of P. expansum.
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17
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Guo H, Xu G, Wu R, Li Z, Yan M, Jia Z, Li Z, Chen M, Bao X, Qu Y. A Homeodomain-Containing Transcriptional Factor PoHtf1 Regulated the Development and Cellulase Expression in Penicillium oxalicum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:671089. [PMID: 34177850 PMCID: PMC8222722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.671089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain-containing transcription factors (Htfs) play important roles in animals, fungi, and plants during some developmental processes. Here, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor PoHtf1 was functionally characterized in the cellulase-producing fungi Penicillium oxalicum 114-2. PoHtf1 was shown to participate in colony growth and conidiation through regulating the expression of its downstream transcription factor BrlA, the key regulator of conidiation in P. oxalicum 114-2. Additionally, PoHtf1 inhibited the expression of the major cellulase genes by coordinated regulation of cellulolytic regulators CreA, AmyR, ClrB, and XlnR. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that PoHtf1 participated in the secondary metabolism including the pathway synthesizing conidial yellow pigment. These data show that PoHtf1 mediates the complex transcriptional-regulatory network cascade between developmental processes and cellulolytic gene expression in P. oxalicum 114-2. Our results should assist the development of strategies for the metabolic engineering of mutants for applications in the enzymatic hydrolysis for biochemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Gen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Mengdi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Zhilei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,School of Bioengineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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18
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Pang XM, Tian D, Zhang T, Liao LS, Li CX, Luo XM, Feng JX, Zhao S. G protein γ subunit modulates expression of plant-biomass-degrading enzyme genes and mycelial-development-related genes in Penicillium oxalicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4675-4691. [PMID: 34076714 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric-G-protein-mediated signaling pathways modulate the expression of the essential genes in many fundamental cellular processes in fungi at the transcription level. However, these processes remain unclear in Penicillium oxalicum. In this study, we generated knockout and knockout-complemented strains of gng-1 (POX07071) encoding the Gγ protein and found that GNG-1 modulated the expression of genes encoding plant-biomass-degrading enzymes (PBDEs) and sporulation-related activators. Interestingly, GNG-1 affected expression of the cxrB that encodes a known transcription factor required for the expression of major cellulase and xylanase genes. Constitutive overexpression of cxrB in ∆gng-1 circumvented the dependence of PBDE production on GNG-1. Further evidence indicated that CxrB indirectly regulated the transcription levels of key amylase genes by controlling the expression of the regulatory gene amyR. These data extended the diversity of Gγ protein functions and provided new insight into the signal transduction and regulation of PBDE gene expression in filamentous fungi. KEY POINTS: • GNG-1 modulates the expression of PBDE genes and sporulation-related genes. • GNG-1 controls expression of the key regulatory gene cxrB. • Overexpression of cxrB circumvents dependence of PBDE production on GNG-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Sheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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19
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El Hajj Assaf C, Zetina-Serrano C, Tahtah N, Khoury AE, Atoui A, Oswald IP, Puel O, Lorber S. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in the Penicillium Genus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9462. [PMID: 33322713 PMCID: PMC7763326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium, one of the most common fungi occurring in a diverse range of habitats, has a worldwide distribution and a large economic impact on human health. Hundreds of the species belonging to this genus cause disastrous decay in food crops and are able to produce a varied range of secondary metabolites, from which we can distinguish harmful mycotoxins. Some Penicillium species are considered to be important producers of patulin and ochratoxin A, two well-known mycotoxins. The production of these mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites is controlled and regulated by different mechanisms. The aim of this review is to highlight the different levels of regulation of secondary metabolites in the Penicillium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle El Hajj Assaf
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), member of Food2Know, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Chrystian Zetina-Serrano
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Nadia Tahtah
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lorber
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
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Pirayre A, Duval L, Blugeon C, Firmo C, Perrin S, Jourdier E, Margeot A, Bidard F. Glucose-lactose mixture feeds in industry-like conditions: a gene regulatory network analysis on the hyperproducing Trichoderma reesei strain Rut-C30. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:885. [PMID: 33302864 PMCID: PMC7731781 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose molecules into simpler sugars such as glucose is part of the second generation biofuel production process. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates is usually performed by enzymes produced and secreted by the fungus Trichoderma reesei. Studies identifying transcription factors involved in the regulation of cellulase production have been conducted but no overview of the whole regulation network is available. A transcriptomic approach with mixtures of glucose and lactose, used as a substrate for cellulase induction, was used to help us decipher missing parts in the network of T. reesei Rut-C30. RESULTS Experimental results on the Rut-C30 hyperproducing strain confirmed the impact of sugar mixtures on the enzymatic cocktail composition. The transcriptomic study shows a temporal regulation of the main transcription factors and a lactose concentration impact on the transcriptional profile. A gene regulatory network built using BRANE Cut software reveals three sub-networks related to i) a positive correlation between lactose concentration and cellulase production, ii) a particular dependence of the lactose onto the β-glucosidase regulation and iii) a negative regulation of the development process and growth. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first investigating a transcriptomic study regarding the effects of pure and mixed carbon sources in a fed-batch mode. Our study expose a co-orchestration of xyr1, clr2 and ace3 for cellulase and hemicellulase induction and production, a fine regulation of the β-glucosidase and a decrease of growth in favor of cellulase production. These conclusions provide us with potential targets for further genetic engineering leading to better cellulase-producing strains in industry-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Pirayre
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, Rueil-Malmaison, 92852, France.
| | - Laurent Duval
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, Rueil-Malmaison, 92852, France
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge (LIGM), ESIEE Paris, Université-Gustave Eiffel, Marne-la-Vallée, F-77454, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomic facility, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Cyril Firmo
- Genomic facility, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Sandrine Perrin
- Genomic facility, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Etienne Jourdier
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, Rueil-Malmaison, 92852, France
| | - Antoine Margeot
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, Rueil-Malmaison, 92852, France
| | - Frédérique Bidard
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, Rueil-Malmaison, 92852, France
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21
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Lenz AR, Galán-Vásquez E, Balbinot E, de Abreu FP, Souza de Oliveira N, da Rosa LO, de Avila e Silva S, Camassola M, Dillon AJP, Perez-Rueda E. Gene Regulatory Networks of Penicillium echinulatum 2HH and Penicillium oxalicum 114-2 Inferred by a Computational Biology Approach. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588263. [PMID: 33193246 PMCID: PMC7652724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium echinulatum 2HH and Penicillium oxalicum 114-2 are well-known cellulase fungal producers. However, few studies addressing global mechanisms for gene regulation of these two important organisms are available so far. A recent finding that the 2HH wild-type is closely related to P. oxalicum leads to a combined study of these two species. Firstly, we provide a global gene regulatory network for P. echinulatum 2HH and P. oxalicum 114-2, based on TF-TG orthology relationships, considering three related species with well-known regulatory interactions combined with TFBSs prediction. The network was then analyzed in terms of topology, identifying TFs as hubs, and modules. Based on this approach, we explore numerous identified modules, such as the expression of cellulolytic and xylanolytic systems, where XlnR plays a key role in positive regulation of the xylanolytic system. It also regulates positively the cellulolytic system by acting indirectly through the cellodextrin induction system. This remarkable finding suggests that the XlnR-dependent cellulolytic and xylanolytic regulatory systems are probably conserved in both P. echinulatum and P. oxalicum. Finally, we explore the functional congruency on the genes clustered in terms of communities, where the genes related to cellular nitrogen, compound metabolic process and macromolecule metabolic process were the most abundant. Therefore, our approach allows us to confer a degree of accuracy regarding the existence of each inferred interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Rafael Lenz
- Unidad Académica Yucatán, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mérida, Mexico
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgardo Galán-Vásquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas Computacionales y Automatización, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemàticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Balbinot
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pessi de Abreu
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nikael Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Enzimas e Biomassas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Letícia Osório da Rosa
- Laboratório de Enzimas e Biomassas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Scheila de Avila e Silva
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marli Camassola
- Laboratório de Enzimas e Biomassas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aldo José Pinheiro Dillon
- Laboratório de Enzimas e Biomassas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Perez-Rueda
- Unidad Académica Yucatán, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mérida, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Hu Y, Zhao K, Qu Y, Song X, Zhao J, Qin Y. Penicillium oxalicum S-adenosylmethionine synthetase is essential for the viability of fungal cells and the expression of genes encoding cellulolytic enzymes. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:1-11. [PMID: 33317771 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As the universal methyl donor for methylation reactions, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) plays an indispensable role in most cellular metabolic processes. AdoMet is synthesized by AdoMet synthetase. We identified the only one AdoMet synthetase (PoSasA) in filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum. PoSasA was widely distributed in mycelium at different growth stages. The absence of PoSasA was lethal for P. oxalicum. The misregulation of the PoSasA encoding gene affected the synthesis of extracellular cellulolytic enzymes. The expression levels of cellobiohydrolase encoding gene cbh1/cel7A, β-1-4 endoglucanase eg1/cel7B, and xylanase encoding gene xyn10A were remarkably downregulated as a result of decreased PosasA gene expression. The production of extracellular cellulases and hemicellulases was also reduced. By contrast, the overexpression of PosasA improved the production of extracellular cellulases and hemicellulases. A total of 133 putative interacting proteins with PoSasA were identified using tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry. The results of functional enrichment on these proteins showed that they were mainly related to ATP binding, magnesium ion binding, and ATP synthetase activity. Several methyltransferases were also observed among these proteins. These results were consistent with the intrinsic feature of AdoMet synthetase. This work reveals the indispensable role of PoSasA in various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Hu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Kaili Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yinbo Qu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Xin Song
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Zetina-Serrano C, Rocher O, Naylies C, Lippi Y, Oswald IP, Lorber S, Puel O. The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6660. [PMID: 32932988 PMCID: PMC7555563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination and survival of ascomycetes is through asexual spores. The brlA gene encodes a C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor, which is essential for asexual development. Penicillium expansum causes blue mold disease and is the main source of patulin, a mycotoxin that contaminates apple-based food. A P. expansum PeΔbrlA deficient strain was generated by homologous recombination. In vivo, suppression of brlA completely blocked the development of conidiophores that takes place after the formation of coremia/synnemata, a required step for the perforation of the apple epicarp. Metabolome analysis displayed that patulin production was enhanced by brlA suppression, explaining a higher in vivo aggressiveness compared to the wild type (WT) strain. No patulin was detected in the synnemata, suggesting that patulin biosynthesis stopped when the fungus exited the apple. In vitro transcriptome analysis of PeΔbrlA unveiled an up-regulated biosynthetic gene cluster (PEXP_073960-PEXP_074060) that shares high similarity with the chaetoglobosin gene cluster of Chaetomium globosum. Metabolome analysis of PeΔbrlA confirmed these observations by unveiling a greater diversity of chaetoglobosin derivatives. We observed that chaetoglobosins A and C were found only in the synnemata, located outside of the apple, whereas other chaetoglobosins were detected in apple flesh, suggesting a spatial-temporal organization of the chaetoglobosin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.Z.-S.); (O.R.); (C.N.); (Y.L.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
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24
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Zhang X, Li M, Zhu Y, Yang L, Li Y, Qu J, Wang L, Zhao J, Qu Y, Qin Y. Penicillium oxalicum putative methyltransferase Mtr23B has similarities and differences with LaeA in regulating conidium development and glycoside hydrolase gene expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 143:103445. [PMID: 32822857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Putative methyltranferase LaeA and LaeA-like proteins, which are conserved in many filamentous fungi, regulate the sporogenesis and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In this study, we reported the biological function of a LaeA-like methyltransferase, Penicillium oxalicum Mtr23B, which contains a methyltransf_23 domain and an S-adenosylmethionine binding domain, in controlling spore pigment formation and in the expression of secondary metabolic gene cluster and glycoside hydrolase genes. Additionally, we compared Mtr23B and LaeA, and determined their similarities and differences in terms of their roles in regulating the above biological processes. mtr23B had the highest transcriptional level among the 12 members of the methyltransf_23 family in P. oxalicum. The colony color of Δmtr23B (deletion of mtr23B) was lighter than that of ΔlaeA, although Δmtr23B produced ~ 19.2-fold more conidia than ΔlaeA. The transcriptional levels of abrA, abrB/yA, albA/wA, arpA, arpB, and aygA, which are involved in the dihydroxynaphtalene-melanin pathway, decreased in Δmtr23B. However, Mtr23B had a little effect on brush-like structures and conidium formation, and had a different function from LaeA. Mtr23B extensively regulated glycoside hydrolase gene expression. The absence of Mtr23B remarkably repressed prominent cellulase- and amylase-encoding genes in the whole culture period, while the effect of LaeA mainly occurred in the later phases of prolonged batch cultures. Similar to LaeA, Mtr23B was involved in the expression of 10 physically linked regions containing secondary metabolic gene clusters; the highest regulatory activities of Mtr23B and LaeA were observed in BrlA-dependent cascades. Although LaeA interacted with VeA, Mtr23B did not interact with VeA directly. We assumed that Mtr23B regulates cellulase and amylase gene transcription by interacting with the CCAAT-binding transcription factor HAP5 and chromatin remodeling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Mengxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Vocational Education College, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jingyao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yuqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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25
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Li CX, Zhao S, Luo XM, Feng JX. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis Identifies Critical Genes for the Production of Cellulase and Xylanase in Penicillium oxalicum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:520. [PMID: 32292397 PMCID: PMC7118919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in cellular processes undergo environment-dependent co-regulation, but the co-expression patterns of fungal cellulase and xylanase-encoding genes remain unclear. Here, we identified two novel carbon sources, methylcellulose and 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose, which efficiently induced the secretion of cellulases and xylanases in Penicillium oxalicum. Comparative transcriptomic analyses identified carbon source-specific transcriptional patterns, mainly including major cellulase and xylanase-encoding genes, genes involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and genes encoding transcription factors, transporters and G protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, the weighted correlation network analysis of time-course transcriptomes, generated 17 highly connected modules. Module MEivory, comprising 120 members, included major cellulase and xylanase-encoding genes, genes encoding the key regulators PoxClrB and PoxXlnR, and a cellodextrin transporter POX06051/CdtC, which were tightly correlated with the filter-paper cellulase, carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activities in P. oxalicum. An expression kinetic analysis indicated that members in MEivory were activated integrally by carbon sources, but their expressional levels were carbon source- and/or induction duration-dependent. Three uncharacterized regulatory genes in MEivory were identified, which regulate the production of cellulases and xylanases in P. oxalicum. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms associated with the synthesis and secretion of fungal cellulases and xylanases, and a guide for P. oxalicum application in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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26
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Zhang T, Liao LS, Li CX, Liao GY, Lin X, Luo XM, Zhao S, Feng JX. Identification of a Novel Transcription Factor TP05746 Involved in Regulating the Production of Plant-Biomass-Degrading Enzymes in Talaromyces pinophilus. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2875. [PMID: 31921053 PMCID: PMC6923684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited information on transcription factor (TF)-mediated regulation exists for most filamentous fungi, specifically for regulation of the production of plant-biomass-degrading enzymes (PBDEs). The filamentous fungus, Talaromyces pinophilus, can secrete integrative cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes, suggesting a promising application in biotechnology. In the present study, the regulatory roles of a Zn2Cys6 protein, TP05746, were investigated in T. pinophilus through the use of biochemical, microbiological and omics techniques. Deletion of the gene TP05746 in T. pinophilus led to a 149.6% increase in soluble-starch-degrading enzyme (SSDE) production at day one of soluble starch induction but an approximately 30% decrease at days 2 to 4 compared with the parental strain ΔTpKu70. In contrast, the T. pinophilus mutant ΔTP05746 exhibited a 136.8-240.0% increase in raw-starch-degrading enzyme (RSDE) production, as well as a 90.3 to 519.1% increase in cellulase and xylanase production following induction by culturing on wheat bran plus Avicel, relative to that exhibited by ΔTpKu70. Additionally, the mutant ΔTP05746 exhibited accelerated mycelial growth at the early stage of cultivation and decreased conidiation. Transcriptomic profiling and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses revealed that TP05746 dynamically regulated the expression of genes encoding major PBDEs and their regulatory genes, as well as fungal development-regulated genes. Furthermore, in vitro binding experiments confirmed that TP05746 bound to the promoter regions of the genes described above. These results will contribute to our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of PBDE genes and provide a promising target for genetic engineering for improved PBDE production in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lu-Sheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Gui-Yan Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Transcription Factor Atf1 Regulates Expression of Cellulase and Xylanase Genes during Solid-State Fermentation of Ascomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01226-19. [PMID: 31604764 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01226-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of cellulolytic and xylolytic genes in ascomycete fungi is controlled by specific carbon sources in different external environments. Here, comparative transcriptomic analyses of Penicillium oxalicum grown on wheat bran (WB), WB plus rice straw (WR), or WB plus Avicel (WA) as the sole carbon source under solid-state fermentation (SSF) revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in metabolism, specifically, carbohydrate metabolism. Of the DEGs, the basic core carbohydrate-active enzyme-encoding genes which responded to the plant biomass resources were identified in P. oxalicum, and their transcriptional levels changed to various extents depending on the different carbon sources. Moreover, this study found that three deletion mutants of genes encoding putative transcription factors showed significant alterations in filter paper cellulase production compared with that of a parental P. oxalicum strain with a deletion of Ku70 (ΔPoxKu70 strain) when grown on WR under SSF. Importantly, the ΔPoxAtf1 mutant (with a deletion of P. oxalicum Atf1, also called POX03016) displayed 46.1 to 183.2% more cellulase and xylanase production than a ΔPoxKu70 mutant after 2 days of growth on WR. RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that PoxAtf1 dynamically regulated the expression of major cellulase and xylanase genes under SSF. PoxAtf1 bound to the promoter regions of the key cellulase and xylanase genes in vitro This study provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanism of fungal cellulase and xylanase gene expression under SSF.IMPORTANCE The transition to a more environmentally friendly economy encourages studies involving the high-value-added utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Solid-state fermentation (SSF), that simulates the natural habitat of soil microorganisms, is used for a variety of applications such as biomass biorefinery. Prior to the current study, our understanding of genome-wide gene expression and of the regulation of gene expression of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in ascomycete fungi during SSF was limited. Here, we employed RNA sequencing and genetic analyses to investigate transcriptomes of Penicillium oxalicum strain EU2101 cultured on medium containing different carbon sources and to identify and characterize transcription factors for regulating the expression of cellulase and xylanase genes during SSF. The results generated will provide novel insights into genetic engineering of filamentous fungi to further increase enzyme production.
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Li Y, Hu Y, Zhao K, Pan Y, Qu Y, Zhao J, Qin Y. The Indispensable Role of Histone Methyltransferase PoDot1 in Extracellular Glycoside Hydrolase Biosynthesis of Penicillium oxalicum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2566. [PMID: 31787956 PMCID: PMC6853848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is associated with transcription regulation, but its role for glycoside hydrolase (GH) biosynthesis is still poorly understood. We identified the histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79)-specific methyltransferase PoDot1 in Penicillium oxalicum. PoDot1 affects conidiation by regulating the transcription of key regulators (BrlA, FlbC, and StuA) of asexual development and is required in normal hyphae septum and branch formation by regulating the transcription of five septin-encoding genes, namely, aspA, aspB, aspC, aspD, and aspE. Tandem affinity purification/mass spectrometry showed that PoDot1 has no direct interaction with transcription machinery, but it affects the expressions of extracellular GH genes extensively. The expression of genes (amy15A, amy13A, cel7A/cbh1, cel61A, chi18A, cel3A/bgl1, xyn10A, cel7B/eg1, cel5B/eg2, and cel6A/cbh2) that encode the top 10 GHs was remarkably downregulated by Podot1 deletion (ΔPodot1). Consistent with the decrease in gene transcription level, the activities of amylases and cellulases were significantly decreased in ΔPodot1 mutants in agar (solid) and fermentation (liquid) media. The repression of GH gene expressions caused by PoDot1 deletion was not mediated by key transcription factors, such as AmyR, ClrB, CreA, and XlnR, but was accompanied by defects in global demethylated H3K79 (H3K79me2) and trimethylated H3K79 (H3K79me3). The impairment of H3K79me2 on specific GH gene loci was observed due to PoDot1 deletion. The results implies that defects of H3K79 methylation is the key reason of the downregulated transcription level of GH-encoding genes and reveals the indispensable role of PoDot1 in extracellular GH biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yueyan Hu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaili Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunjun Pan
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Li Y, Hu Y, Zhu Z, Zhao K, Liu G, Wang L, Qu Y, Zhao J, Qin Y. Normal transcription of cellulolytic enzyme genes relies on the balance between the methylation of H3K36 and H3K4 in Penicillium oxalicum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:198. [PMID: 31452679 PMCID: PMC6700826 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose by fungi is a key step in global carbon cycle and biomass utilization. Cellulolytic enzyme production is tightly controlled at a transcriptional level. Here, we investigated the roles of different histone lysine methylation modifications in regulating cellulolytic enzyme gene expression, as histone lysine methylation is an important process of chromatin regulation associated with gene transcription. RESULTS PoSet1 and PoSet2 in Penicillium oxalicum, orthologs of Set1 and Set2 in budding yeast, were associated with the methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and lysine 36 (H3K36). Cellulolytic enzyme production was extensively upregulated by the disruption of PoSet2, but was significantly downregulated by the disruption of PoSet1. We revealed that the activation of cellulolytic enzyme genes was accompanied by the increase of H3K4me3 signal, as well as the decrease of H3K36me1 and H3K36me3 signal on specific gene loci. The repression of cellulolytic enzyme genes was accompanied by the absence of global H3K4me1 and H3K4me2. An increase in the H3K4me3 signal by Poset2 disruption was eliminated by the further disruption of Poset1 and accompanied by the repressed cellulolytic enzyme genes. The active or repressed genes were not always associated with transcription factors. CONCLUSION H3K4 methylation is an active marker of cellulolytic enzyme production, whereas H3K36 methylation is a marker of repression. A crosstalk occurs between H3K36 and H3K4 methylation, and PoSet2 negatively regulates cellulolytic enzyme production by antagonizing the PoSet1-H3K4me3 pathway. The balance of H3K4 and H3K36 methylation is required for the normal transcription of cellulolytic enzyme genes. These results extend our previous understanding that cellulolytic enzyme gene transcription is primarily controlled by transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yueyan Hu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Kaili Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Guodong Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Lushan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
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Liao LS, Li CX, Zhang FF, Yan YS, Luo XM, Zhao S, Feng JX. How an essential Zn2Cys6 transcription factor PoxCxrA regulates cellulase gene expression in ascomycete fungi? BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:105. [PMID: 31073329 PMCID: PMC6498484 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil ascomycete fungi produce plant-biomass-degrading enzymes to facilitate nutrient and energy uptake in response to exogenous stress. This is controlled by a complex signal network, but the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. An essential Zn2Cys6 transcription factor (TF) PoxCxrA was identified to be required for cellulase and xylanase production in Penicillium oxalicum. The genome-wide regulon and DNA binding sequences of PoxCxrA were further identified through RNA-Sequencing, DNase I footprinting experiments and in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Moreover, a minimal DNA-binding domain in PoxCxrA was recognised. RESULTS A PoxCxrA regulon of 1970 members was identified in P. oxalicum, and it was displayed that PoxCxrA regulated the expression of genes encoding major plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, as well as important cellodextrin and/or glucose transporters. Interestingly, PoxCxrA positively regulated the expression of a known important TF PoxClrB. DNase I footprinting experiments and in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays further revealed that PoxCxrA directly bound the promoter regions of PoxClrB and a cellobiohydrolase gene cbh1 (POX05587/Cel7A-2) at different nucleic acid sequences. Remarkably, PoxCxrA autoregulated its own PoxCxrA gene expression. Additionally, a minimal 42-amino-acid PoxCxrA DNA-binding domain was identified. CONCLUSION PoxCxrA could directly regulate the expression of cellulase genes and the regulatory gene PoxClrB via binding their promoters at different nucleic acid sequences. This work expands the diversity of DNA-binding motifs known to be recognised by Zn2Cys6 TFs, and demonstrates novel regulatory mechanisms of fungal cellulase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Sheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Si Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
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Transcription Factor NsdD Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Plant Biomass-Degrading Enzymes, Conidiation, and Pigment Biosynthesis in Penicillium oxalicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01039-18. [PMID: 29980558 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01039-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi produce a wide range of chemical compounds and enzymes with potential for applications in medicine and biotechnology. Cellular processes in soil fungi are highly dependent on the regulation under environmentally induced stress, but most of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous work identified a key GATA-type transcription factor, Penicillium oxalicum NsdD (PoxNsdD; also called POX08415), that regulates the expression of cellulase and xylanase genes in P. oxalicum PoxNsdD shares 57 to 64% identity with the key activator NsdD, involved in asexual development in Aspergillus In the present study, the regulatory roles of PoxNsdD in P. oxalicum were further explored. Comparative transcriptomic profiling revealed that PoxNsdD regulates major genes involved in starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose degradation, as well as conidiation and pigment biosynthesis. Subsequent experiments confirmed that a ΔPoxNsdD strain lost 43.9 to 78.8% of starch-digesting enzyme activity when grown on soluble corn starch, and it produced 54.9 to 146.0% more conidia than the ΔPoxKu70 parental strain. During cultivation, ΔPoxNsdD cultures changed color, from pale orange to brick red, while the ΔPoxKu70 cultures remained bluish white. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that PoxNsdD dynamically regulated the expression of a glucoamylase gene (POX01356/Amy15A), an α-amylase gene (POX09352/Amy13A), and a regulatory gene (POX03890/amyR), as well as a polyketide synthase gene (POX01430/alb1/wA) for yellow pigment biosynthesis and a conidiation-regulated gene (POX06534/brlA). Moreover, in vitro binding experiments showed that PoxNsdD bound the promoter regions of the above-described genes. This work provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fungal cellular processes and may assist in genetic engineering of Poxalicum for potential industrial and medical applications.IMPORTANCE Most filamentous fungi produce a vast number of extracellular enzymes that are used commercially for biorefineries of plant biomass to produce biofuels and value-added chemicals, which might promote the transition to a more environmentally friendly economy. The expression of these extracellular enzyme genes is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level, which limits their yields. Hitherto our understanding of the regulation of expression of plant biomass-degrading enzyme genes in filamentous fungi has been rather limited. In the present study, regulatory roles of a key regulator, PoxNsdD, were further explored in the soil fungus Penicillium oxalicum, contributing to the understanding of gene regulation in filamentous fungi and revealing the biotechnological potential of Poxalicum via genetic engineering.
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The developmental regulator Pcz1 affects the production of secondary metabolites in the filamentous fungus Penicillium roqueforti. Microbiol Res 2018; 212-213:67-74. [PMID: 29853169 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium roqueforti is used in the production of several kinds of ripened blue-veined cheeses. In addition, this fungus produces interesting secondary metabolites such as roquefortine C, andrastin A and mycophenolic acid. To date, there is scarce information concerning the regulation of the production of these secondary metabolites. Recently, the gene named pcz1 (Penicillium C6 zinc domain protein 1) was described in P. roqueforti, which encodes for a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein that controls growth and developmental processes in this fungus. However, its effect on secondary metabolism is currently unknown. In this work, we have analyzed how the overexpression and down-regulation of pcz1 affect the production of roquefortine C, andrastin A and mycophenolic acid in P. roqueforti. The three metabolites were drastically reduced in the pcz1 down-regulated strains. However, when pcz1 was overexpressed, only mycophenolic acid was overproduced while, on the contrary, levels of roquefortine C and andrastin A were diminished. Importantly, these results match the expression pattern of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites. Taken together, our results suggest that Pcz1 plays a key role in regulating secondary metabolism in the fungus Penicillium roqueforti.
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Lind AL, Lim FY, Soukup AA, Keller NP, Rokas A. An LaeA- and BrlA-Dependent Cellular Network Governs Tissue-Specific Secondary Metabolism in the Human Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. mSphere 2018; 3:e00050-18. [PMID: 29564395 PMCID: PMC5853485 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00050-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of many ecologically important secondary metabolites (SMs) in filamentous fungi is controlled by several global transcriptional regulators, like the chromatin modifier LaeA, and tied to both development and vegetative growth. In Aspergillus molds, asexual development is regulated by the BrlA > AbaA > WetA transcriptional cascade. To elucidate BrlA pathway involvement in SM regulation, we examined the transcriptional and metabolic profiles of ΔbrlA, ΔabaA, and ΔwetA mutant and wild-type strains of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. We find that BrlA, in addition to regulating production of developmental SMs, regulates vegetative SMs and the SrbA-regulated hypoxia stress response in a concordant fashion to LaeA. We further show that the transcriptional and metabolic equivalence of the ΔbrlA and ΔlaeA mutations is mediated by an LaeA requirement preventing heterochromatic marks in the brlA promoter. These results provide a framework for the cellular network regulating not only fungal SMs but diverse cellular processes linked to virulence of this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Filamentous fungi produce a spectacular variety of small molecules, commonly known as secondary or specialized metabolites (SMs), which are critical to their ecologies and lifestyles (e.g., penicillin, cyclosporine, and aflatoxin). Elucidation of the regulatory network that governs SM production is a major question of both fundamental and applied research relevance. To shed light on the relationship between regulation of development and regulation of secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi, we performed global transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on mutant and wild-type strains of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus under conditions previously shown to induce the production of both vegetative growth-specific and asexual development-specific SMs. We find that the gene brlA, previously known as a master regulator of asexual development, is also a master regulator of secondary metabolism and other cellular processes. We further show that brlA regulation of SM is mediated by laeA, one of the master regulators of SM, providing a framework for the cellular network regulating not only fungal SMs but diverse cellular processes linked to virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Lind
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexandra A. Soukup
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Torrent C, Gil-Durán C, Rojas-Aedo JF, Medina E, Vaca I, Castro P, García-Rico RO, Cotoras M, Mendoza L, Levicán G, Chávez R. Role of sfk1 Gene in the Filamentous Fungus Penicillium roqueforti. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2424. [PMID: 29270163 PMCID: PMC5723657 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The sfk1 (suppressor of four kinase) gene has been mainly studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where it was shown to be involved in growth and thermal stress resistance. This gene is widely conserved within the phylum Ascomycota. Despite this, to date sfk1 has not been studied in any filamentous fungus. Previously, we found that the orthologous of sfk1 was differentially expressed in a strain of Penicillium roqueforti with an altered phenotype. In this work, we have performed a functional characterization of this gene by using RNAi-silencing technology. The silencing of sfk1 in P. roqueforti resulted in decreased apical growth and the promotion of conidial germination, but interesting, it had no effect on conidiation. In addition, the attenuation of the sfk1 expression sensitized the fungus to osmotic stress, but not to thermal stress. RNA-mediated gene-silencing of sfk1 also affected cell wall integrity in the fungus. Finally, the silencing of sfk1 depleted the production of the main secondary metabolites of P. roqueforti, namely roquefortine C, andrastin A, and mycophenolic acid. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of the sfk1 gene in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Torrent
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Gil-Durán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F Rojas-Aedo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Exequiel Medina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulo Castro
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón O García-Rico
- GIMBIO Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Milena Cotoras
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonora Mendoza
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria Levicán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Li CX, Zhao S, Zhang T, Xian L, Liao LS, Liu JL, Feng JX. Genome sequencing and analysis of Talaromyces pinophilus provide insights into biotechnological applications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:490. [PMID: 28352091 PMCID: PMC5428652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Species from the genus Talaromyces produce useful biomass-degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites. However, these enzymes and secondary metabolites are still poorly understood and have not been explored in depth because of a lack of comprehensive genetic information. Here, we report a 36.51-megabase genome assembly of Talaromyces pinophilus strain 1-95, with coverage of nine scaffolds of eight chromosomes with telomeric repeats at their ends and circular mitochondrial DNA. In total, 13,472 protein-coding genes were predicted. Of these, 803 were annotated to encode enzymes that act on carbohydrates, including 39 cellulose-degrading and 24 starch-degrading enzymes. In addition, 68 secondary metabolism gene clusters were identified, mainly including T1 polyketide synthase genes and nonribosomal peptide synthase genes. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that T. pinophilus 1-95 harbors more biomass-degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites than other related filamentous fungi. The prediction of the T. pinophilus 1-95 secretome indicated that approximately 50% of the biomass-degrading enzymes are secreted into the extracellular environment. These results expanded our genetic knowledge of the biomass-degrading enzyme system of T. pinophilus and its biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, facilitating the cultivation of T. pinophilus for high production of useful products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Sheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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Hu J, Xue Y, Guo H, Gao MT, Li J, Zhang S, Tsang YF. Design and composition of synthetic fungal-bacterial microbial consortia that improve lignocellulolytic enzyme activity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 227:247-255. [PMID: 28039824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial interactions are important for metabolism as they can improve or reduce metabolic efficiency. To improve lignocellulolytic enzyme activity, a series of synergistic microbial consortia of increasing diversity and complexity were devised using fungal strains, including Trichoderma reesei, Penicillium decumbens, Aspergillus tubingensis, and Aspergillus niger. However, when a screened microbial community with cellulolytic capacity was added to the consortia to increase the number of strains, it engendered more microbial interactions with the above strains and universally improved the β-glucosidase activity of the consortia. Analysis of the microbial community structure revealed that the bacteria in the consortia are more important for lignocellulolytic enzyme activity than the fungi. One fungal and 16 bacterial genera in the consortia may interact with T. reesei and are potential members of a devised synergistic microbial consortium. Such devised microbial consortia may potentially be applied to effectively and economically degrade lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yiyun Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongcheng Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Min-Tian Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jixiang Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 20110, China
| | - Shiping Zhang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 20110, China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Yan YS, Zhao S, Liao LS, He QP, Xiong YR, Wang L, Li CX, Feng JX. Transcriptomic profiling and genetic analyses reveal novel key regulators of cellulase and xylanase gene expression in Penicillium oxalicum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:279. [PMID: 29201143 PMCID: PMC5700522 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition to a more environmentally friendly economy has prompted studies of modern biorefineries, including the utilization of low-value lignocellulose. The major challenge facing the widespread application of biorefineries is the high cost of enzymes that can efficiently hydrolyze recalcitrant cellulose to sugars. Penicillium oxalicum produces large amounts of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes, but their production is tightly controlled by complex regulatory networks, resulting in low yields of the native enzymes. Regulatory genes have been the targets of genetic engineering to improve enzyme production in microorganisms. In this study, we used transcriptomic profiling and genetic analyses to screen for and identify novel key regulators of cellulase and xylanase gene expression in P. oxalicum. RESULTS A comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of P. oxalicum HP7-1 on different carbon sources, including glucose, wheat bran, and wheat bran plus Avicel, identified 40 candidate genes regulating the expression of cellulolytic enzyme genes. Deletion mutants of 31 candidate genes were constructed in P. oxalicum ∆PoxKu70 and 11 resultant mutants showed significant changes in their filter-paper cellulase production compared with the parental strain ∆PoxKu70. Among these 11 mutants, ΔPoxCxrA, ΔPoxCxrB, and ΔPoxNsdD showed the most significant reduction in the enzyme production (96.8, 75.9, and 58.5%, respectively). Ten of these 11 genes are here reported to be involved in cellulase production for the first time. Further tests revealed that ΔPoxCxrA, ΔPoxCxrB, and ΔPoxNsdD displayed significantly reduced xylanase production, whereas ΔPoxCxrA produced negligible xylanase. Interestingly, ΔPoxCxrB and ΔPoxNsdD showed significantly increased β-glucosidase production. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that PoxCxrA, PoxCxrB, and PoxNsdD regulate the expression of one another, but the mode of regulation changes dynamically during the growth of fungal cells in the presence of cellulose. EMSA showed that PoxCxrA, PoxCxrB, and PoxNsdD directly bind the putative promoters of major cellulase and xylanase genes. CONCLUSIONS We have detected and identified three key new regulatory genes, PoxCxrA, PoxCxrB, and PoxNsdD, that directly and indirectly regulate the expression of cellulase and xylanase genes in P. oxalicum. This study provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fungal cellulase and xylanase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Si Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu-Sheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-Peng He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ru Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
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Li Y, Zheng X, Zhang X, Bao L, Zhu Y, Qu Y, Zhao J, Qin Y. The Different Roles of Penicillium oxalicum LaeA in the Production of Extracellular Cellulase and β-xylosidase. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2091. [PMID: 28066400 PMCID: PMC5177634 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulolytic enzyme hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass to release fermentable sugars is one of the key steps in biofuel refining. Gene expression of fungal cellulolytic enzymes is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level. Key transcription factors such as activator ClrB/CLR2 and XlnR/XYR1, as well as repressor CreA/CRE1 play crucial roles in this process. The putative protein methyltransferase LaeA/LAE1 has also been reported to regulate the gene expression of the cellulolytic enzyme. The formation and gene expression of the cellulolytic enzyme was compared among Penicillium oxalicum wild type (WT) and seven mutants, including ΔlaeA (deletion of laeA), OEclrB (clrB overexpression), OEclrBΔlaeA (clrB overexpression with deletion of laeA), OExlnR (xlnR overexpression), OExlnRΔlaeA (xlnR overexpression with deletion of laeA), ΔcreA (deletion of creA), and ΔcreAΔlaeA (double deletion of creA and laeA). Results revealed that LaeA extensively affected the expression of glycoside hydrolase genes. The expression of genes that encoded the top 10 glycoside hydrolases assayed in secretome was remarkably downregulated especially in later phases of prolonged batch cultures by the deletion of laeA. Cellulase synthesis of four mutants ΔlaeA, OEclrBΔlaeA, OExlnRΔlaeA, and ΔcreAΔlaeA was repressed remarkably compared with their parent strains WT, OEclrB, OExlnR, and ΔcreA, respectively. The overexpression of clrB or xlnR could not rescue the impairment of cellulolytic enzyme gene expression and cellulase synthesis when LaeA was absent, suggesting that LaeA was necessary for the expression of cellulolytic enzyme gene activated by ClrB or XlnR. In contrast to LaeA positive roles in regulating prominent cellulase and hemicellulase, the extracellular β-xylosidase formation was negatively regulated by LaeA. The extracellular β-xylosidase activities improved over 5-fold in the OExlnRΔlaeA mutant compared with that of WT, and the expression of prominent β-xylosidase gene xyl3A was activated remarkably. The cumulative effect of LaeA and transcription factor XlnR has potential applications in the production of more β-xylosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Xiaoju Zheng
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Longfei Bao
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
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Brown NA, Ries LNA, Reis TF, Rajendran R, Corrêa dos Santos RA, Ramage G, Riaño-Pachón DM, Goldman GH. RNAseq reveals hydrophobins that are involved in the adaptation of Aspergillus nidulans to lignocellulose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:145. [PMID: 27437031 PMCID: PMC4950808 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane is one of the world's most profitable crops. Waste steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SEB) is a cheap, abundant, and renewable lignocellulosic feedstock for the next-generation biofuels. In nature, fungi seldom exist as planktonic cells, similar to those found in the nutrient-rich environment created within an industrial fermenter. Instead, fungi predominantly form biofilms that allow them to thrive in hostile environments. RESULTS In turn, we adopted an RNA-sequencing approach to interrogate how the model fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, adapts to SEB, revealing the induction of carbon starvation responses and the lignocellulolytic machinery, in addition to morphological adaptations. Genetic analyses showed the importance of hydrophobins for growth on SEB. The major hydrophobin, RodA, was retained within the fungal biofilm on SEB fibres. The StuA transcription factor that regulates fungal morphology was up-regulated during growth on SEB and controlled hydrophobin gene induction. The absence of the RodA or DewC hydrophobins reduced biofilm formation. The loss of a RodA or a functional StuA reduced the retention of the hydrolytic enzymes within the vicinity of the fungus. Hence, hydrophobins promote biofilm formation on SEB, and may enhance lignocellulose utilisation via promoting a compact substrate-enzyme-fungus structure. CONCLUSION This novel study highlights the importance of hydrophobins to the formation of biofilms and the efficient deconstruction of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew Brown
- />Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire UK
| | - Laure N. A. Ries
- />Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaila F. Reis
- />Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- />Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Renato Augusto Corrêa dos Santos
- />Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Gordon Ramage
- />Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- />Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- />Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Bao L, Gao L, Yao G, Li Y, Yang Z, Li Z, Zhong Y, Li F, Yin H, Qu Y, Qin Y. Putative methyltransferase LaeA and transcription factor CreA are necessary for proper asexual development and controlling secondary metabolic gene cluster expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 94:32-46. [PMID: 27387217 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The morphological development of fungi is a complex process and is often coupled with secondary metabolite production. In this study, we assessed the function of putative methyltransferase LaeA and transcription factor CreA in controlling asexual development and secondary metabolic gene cluster expression in Penicillium oxalicum. The deletion of laeA (ΔlaeA) impaired the conidiation in P. oxalicum, with a downregulated expression of brlA. Overexpression of P. oxalicum brlA in ΔlaeA could upregulate brlA and abaA remarkably, but could not rescue the conidiation defect; therefore, brlA and abaA expression were necessary but not sufficient for conidiation. Deletion of creA in ΔlaeA background (ΔlaeAΔcreA) blocked conidiation with a white fluffy phenotype. Nutrient-rich medium could not rescue developmental defects in ΔlaeAΔcreA mutant but could rescue defects in ΔlaeA. Expression of 10 genes, namely, albA/wA, abrB/yA, arpA, aygA, arpA-like, arpB, arpB-like, rodA, rodA-like, and rodB, for pigmentation and spore wall protein genes was silenced in ΔlaeAΔcreA, whereas only six of them were downregulated in ΔlaeA. Among the 28 secondary metabolism gene clusters in P. oxalicum, four secondary metabolism gene clusters were silenced in ΔlaeA and two were also silenced in ΔbrlA mutant. A total of 10 physically linked and coregulated genes were distributed over five chromosomes in ΔlaeA. Six of these genes were located in subtelomeric regions, thus demonstrating a positional bias for LaeA-regulated clusters toward subtelomeric regions. All of silenced clusters located in subtelomeric regions were derepressed in ΔlaeAΔcreA, hence showing that lack of CreA could remediate the repression of gene clusters in ΔlaeA background. Results show that both putative methyltransferase LaeA and transcription factor CreA are necessary for proper asexual development and controlling secondary metabolic gene cluster expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yingying Zhu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Longfei Bao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Liwei Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Guangshan Yao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yanan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zhonghai Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Fuli Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yinbo Qu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Zhang X, Qu Y, Qin Y. Expression and chromatin structures of cellulolytic enzyme gene regulated by heterochromatin protein 1. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:206. [PMID: 27729944 PMCID: PMC5048463 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1, homologue HepA in Penicillium oxalicum) binding is associated with a highly compact chromatin state accompanied by gene silencing or repression. HP1 loss leads to the derepression of gene expression. We investigated HepA roles in regulating cellulolytic enzyme gene expression, as an increasingly number of studies have suggested that cellulolytic enzyme gene expression is not only regulated by transcription factors, but is also affected by the chromatin status. RESULTS Among the genes that exhibited significant differences between the hepA deletion strain (ΔhepA) and the wild type (WT), most (95.0 %) were upregulated in ΔhepA compared with WT. The expression of the key transcription factor for cellulolytic enzyme gene (e.g., repressor CreA and activator ClrB) increased significantly. However, the deletion of hepA led to downregulation of prominent extracellular cellulolytic enzyme genes. Among the top 10 extracellular glycoside hydrolases (Amy15A, Amy13A, Cel7A/CBHI, Cel61A, Chi18A, Cel3A/BGLI, Xyn10A, Cel7B/EGI, Cel5B/EGII, and Cel6A/CBHII), in which secretion amount is from the highest to the tenth in P. oxalicum secretome, eight genes, including two amylase genes (amy15A and amy13A), all five cellulase genes (cel7A/cbh1, cel6A/cbh2, cel7B/eg1, cel5B/eg2, and cel3A/bgl1), and the cellulose-active LPMO gene (cel61A) expression were downregulated. Results of chromatin accessibility real-time PCR (CHART-PCR) showed that the chromatin of all three tested upstream regions opened specifically because of the deletion of hepA in the case of two prominent cellulase genes cel7A/cbh1 and cel7B/eg1. However, the open chromatin status did not occur along with the activation of cellulolytic enzyme gene expression. The overexpression of hepA upregulated the cellulolytic enzyme gene expression without chromatin modification. The overexpression of hepA remarkably activated the cellulolytic enzyme synthesis, not only in WT (~150 % filter paper activity (FPA) increase), but also in the industry strain RE-10 (~20-30 % FPA increase). CONCLUSIONS HepA is required for chromatin condensation of prominent cellulase genes. However, the opening of chromatin mediated by the deletion of hepA was not positively correlated with cellulolytic enzyme gene activation. HepA is actually a positive regulator for cellulolytic enzyme gene expression and could be a promising target for genetic modification to improve cellulolytic enzyme synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 China
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Yao G, Li Z, Wu R, Qin Y, Liu G, Qu Y. Penicillium oxalicum PoFlbC regulates fungal asexual development and is important for cellulase gene expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 86:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Keller NP. Translating biosynthetic gene clusters into fungal armor and weaponry. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:671-7. [PMID: 26284674 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are renowned for the production of a diverse array of secondary metabolites (SMs) where the genetic material required for synthesis of a SM is typically arrayed in a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). These natural products are valued for their bioactive properties stemming from their functions in fungal biology, key among those protection from abiotic and biotic stress and establishment of a secure niche. The producing fungus must not only avoid self-harm from endogenous SMs but also deliver specific SMs at the right time to the right tissue requiring biochemical aid. This review highlights functions of BGCs beyond the enzymatic assembly of SMs, considering the timing and location of SM production and other proteins in the clusters that control SM activity. Specifically, self-protection is provided by both BGC-encoded mechanisms and non-BGC subcellular containment of toxic SM precursors; delivery and timing is orchestrated through cellular trafficking patterns and stress- and developmental-responsive transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Wang B, Cai P, Sun W, Li J, Tian C, Ma Y. A transcriptomic analysis of Neurospora crassa using five major crop residues and the novel role of the sporulation regulator rca-1 in lignocellulase production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:21. [PMID: 25691917 PMCID: PMC4330645 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crop residue is an abundant, low-cost plant biomass material available worldwide for use in the microbial production of enzymes, biofuels, and valuable chemicals. However, the diverse chemical composition and complex structure of crop residues are more challenging for efficient degradation by microbes than are homogeneous polysaccharides. In this study, the transcriptional responses of Neurospora crassa to various plant straws were analyzed using RNA-Seq, and novel beneficial factors for biomass-induced enzyme production were evaluated. RESULTS Comparative transcriptional profiling of N. crassa grown on five major crop straws of China (barley, corn, rice, soybean, and wheat straws) revealed a highly overlapping group of 430 genes, the biomass commonly induced core set (BICS). A large proportion of induced carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) genes (82 out of 113) were also conserved across the five plant straws. Excluding 178 genes within the BICS that were also upregulated under no-carbon conditions, the remaining 252 genes were defined as the biomass regulon (BR). Interestingly, 88 genes were only induced by plant biomass and not by three individual polysaccharides (Avicel, xylan, and pectin); these were denoted as the biomass unique set (BUS). Deletion of one BUS gene, the transcriptional regulator rca-1, significantly improved lignocellulase production using plant biomass as the sole carbon source, possibly functioning via de-repression of the regulator clr-2. Thus, this result suggests that rca-1 is a potential engineering target for biorefineries, especially for plant biomass direct microbial conversion processes. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional profiling revealed a large core response to different sources of plant biomass in N. crassa. The sporulation regulator rca-1 was identified as beneficial for biomass-based enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Pengli Cai
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wenliang Sun
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Jingen Li
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
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Wang M, Sun X, Zhu C, Xu Q, Ruan R, Yu D, Li H. PdbrlA, PdabaA and PdwetA control distinct stages of conidiogenesis in Penicillium digitatum. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lim FY, Keller NP. Spatial and temporal control of fungal natural product synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1277-86. [PMID: 25142354 PMCID: PMC4162804 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite their oftentimes-elusive ecological role, fungal natural products have, for better or worse, impacted our daily lives tremendously owing to their diverse and potent bioactive properties. This Janus-faced nature of fungal natural products inevitably ushered in a field of research dedicated towards understanding the ecology, organisms, genes, enzymes, and biosynthetic pathways that give rise to this arsenal of diverse and complex chemistry. Ongoing research in fungal secondary metabolism has not only increased our appreciation for fungal natural products as an asset but also sheds light on the pivotal role that these once-regarded "metabolic wastes" play in fungal biology, defense, and stress response in addition to their potential contributions towards human mycoses. Full orchestration of secondary metabolism requires not only the seamless coordination between temporal and spatial control of SM-associated machineries (e.g. enzymes, cofactors, intermediates, and end-products) but also integration of these machineries into primary metabolic processes and established cellular mechanisms. An intriguing, but little known aspect of microbial natural product synthesis lies in the spatial organization of both pathway intermediates and enzymes responsible for the production of these compounds. In this highlight, we summarize some major breakthroughs in understanding the genes and regulation of fungal natural product synthesis and introduce the current state of knowledge on the spatial and temporal control of fungal natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, U.S.A.,Corresponding author Professor Nancy P. Keller, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison WI, U.S.A., Tel: (608)-262-9795; Fax: (608)-262-8418;
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47
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Lei Y, Liu G, Li Z, Gao L, Qin Y, Qu Y. Functional characterization of protein kinase CK2 regulatory subunits regulating Penicillium oxalicum asexual development and hydrolytic enzyme production. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 66:44-53. [PMID: 24613994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Casein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and conserved phosphate transferase that is critical for the growth and development of eukaryotic cells. In Penicillium oxalicum, one catalytic subunit (CK2A) and two regulatory subunits (CK2B1 and CK2B2) of CK2 were annotated. In this study, CK2 regulatory subunit-defective mutants Δck2B1 and Δck2B2 were constructed to investigate the biological function of CK2 in P. oxalicum. The Δck2B1 strain exhibited minimal changes in morphogenesis and conidiation, whereas the Δck2B2 strain showed delayed conidial germination and drastically reduced conidiation compared with the parent strain. The defect in conidiation in Δck2B2 could be attributed to the reduced expression of transcription factor BrlA. Both Δck2B1 and Δck2B2 showed delayed autolysis in carbon-starvation medium compared with the parent strain. Cellulase and amylase production were decreased considerably in both mutants. The transcript abundances of the main extracellular glycoside hydrolase genes cel7A-2, bgl1, and amy15A, as well as those of three related transcriptional activators (i.e., ClrB, XlnR, and AmyR), were reduced or delayed in the mutants. Epistasis analysis suggested that CK2B1 and CK2B2 might function upstream of transcription factor CreA by inhibiting its repressing activity. In summary, CK2 plays important roles in development and extracellular enzyme production in P. oxalicum, with both unique and overlapping functions performed by the two regulatory subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
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