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Mendoza-Mendoza A, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Soth S, Whelan H, Alizadeh H, Echaide-Aquino JF, Kandula D, Hampton JG. Uncovering the multifaceted properties of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone for control of plant pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1420068. [PMID: 38957597 PMCID: PMC11217547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1420068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms have the ability to inhibit the growth and development of plant pathogens, induce the activation of plant defenses, and promote plant growth. Among them, 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6-PP), a ketone produced by Trichoderma fungi, has emerged as a focal point of interest. 6-PP has been isolated and characterized from thirteen Trichoderma species and is the main VOC produced, often accounting for >50% of the total VOCs emitted. This review examines abiotic and biotic interactions regulating the production of 6-PP by Trichoderma, and the known effects of 6-PP on plant pathogens through direct and indirect mechanisms including induced systemic resistance. While there are many reports of 6-PP activity against plant pathogens, the vast majority have been from laboratory studies involving only 6-PP and the pathogen, rather than glasshouse or field studies including a host plant in the system. Biopesticides based on 6-PP may well provide an eco-friendly, sustainable management tool for future agricultural production. However, before this can happen, challenges including demonstrating disease control efficacy in the field, developing efficient delivery systems, and determining cost-effective application rates must be overcome before 6-PP's potential for pathogen control can be turned into reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Sereyboth Soth
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Helen Whelan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hossein Alizadeh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Diwakar Kandula
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John G. Hampton
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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2
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Staropoli A, Guastaferro VM, Vinale F, Turrà D, Di Costanzo L, Vitale S. Repression of autocrine pheromone signaling leads to fusaric acid over-production. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1967-1971. [PMID: 37395452 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2227992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA), a picolinic acid derivative, is a natural substance produced by a wide variety of fungal plant pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus. As a metabolite, fusaric acid exerts several biological activities including metal chelation, electrolyte leakage, repression of ATP synthesis, and direct toxicity on plants, animals and bacteria. Prior studies on the structure of fusaric acid revealed a co-crystal dimeric adduct between FA and 9,10-dehydrofusaric acid. During an ongoing search for signaling genes differentially regulating FA production in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), we found that mutants lacking pheromone expression have an increased production of FA compared to the wild type strain. Noteworthy, crystallographic analysis of FA extracted from Fo culture supernatants showed that crystals are formed by a dimeric form of two FA molecules (1:1 molar stoichiometry). Overall, our results suggest that pheromone signaling in Fo is required to regulate the synthesis of fusaric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - David Turrà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Costanzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefania Vitale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
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3
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Li C, Yang S, Zhang M, Yang Y, Li Z, Peng L. SntB Affects Growth to Regulate Infecting Potential in Penicillium italicum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:368. [PMID: 38921355 PMCID: PMC11204802 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Penicillium italicum, a major postharvest pathogen, causes blue mold rot in citrus fruits through the deployment of various virulence factors. Recent studies highlight the role of the epigenetic reader, SntB, in modulating the pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi. Our research revealed that the deletion of the SntB gene in P. italicum led to significant phenotypic alterations, including delayed mycelial growth, reduced spore production, and decreased utilization of sucrose. Additionally, the mutant strain exhibited increased sensitivity to pH fluctuations and elevated iron and calcium ion stress, culminating in reduced virulence on Gannan Novel oranges. Ultrastructural analyses disclosed notable disruptions in cell membrane integrity, disorganization within the cellular matrix, and signs of autophagy. Transcriptomic data further indicated a pronounced upregulation of hydrolytic enzymes, oxidoreductases, and transport proteins, suggesting a heightened energy demand. The observed phenomena were consistent with a carbon starvation response potentially triggering apoptotic pathways, including iron-dependent cell death. These findings collectively underscored the pivotal role of SntB in maintaining the pathogenic traits of P. italicum, proposing that targeting PiSntB could offer a new avenue for controlling citrus fungal infections and subsequent fruit decay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Litao Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (S.Y.)
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Shi TQ, Yang CL, Li DX, Wang YT, Nie ZK. Establishment of a selectable marker recycling system for iterative gene editing in Fusarium fujikuroi. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:159-164. [PMID: 38333054 PMCID: PMC10850856 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a vital plant growth hormone widely used in agriculture. Currently, GA3 production relies on liquid fermentation by the filamentous fungus Fusarium fujikuroi. However, the lack of an effective selection marker recycling system hampers the application of metabolic engineering technology in F. fujikuroi, as multiple-gene editing and positive-strain screening still rely on a limited number of antibiotics. In this study, we developed a strategy using pyr4-blaster and CRISPR/Cas9 tools for recycling orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (Pyr4) selection markers. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this method for iterative gene integration and large gene-cluster deletion. We also successfully improved GA3 titers by overexpressing geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase and truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which rewired the GA3 biosynthesis pathway. These results highlight the efficiency of our established system in recycling selection markers during iterative gene editing events. Moreover, the selection marker recycling system lays the foundation for further research on metabolic engineering for GA3 industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qiong Shi
- Jiangxi New Reyphon Biochemical Co., Ltd, Salt & Chemical Industry, Xingan, Jiangxi, 331399, People’s Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-Ling Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Xun Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Tong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Kui Nie
- Jiangxi New Reyphon Biochemical Co., Ltd, Salt & Chemical Industry, Xingan, Jiangxi, 331399, People’s Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
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Studt-Reinhold L, Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Berger H, Petersen C, Bachleitner S, Sulyok M, Fischle A, Humpf HU, Kalinina S, Søndergaard TE. H3K27me3 is vital for fungal development and secondary metabolite gene silencing, and substitutes for the loss of H3K9me3 in the plant pathogen Fusarium proliferatum. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011075. [PMID: 38166117 PMCID: PMC10786395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Facultative heterochromatin marked by histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) is an important regulatory layer involved in secondary metabolite (SM) gene silencing and crucial for fungal development in the genus Fusarium. While this histone mark is essential in some (e.g., the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi), it appears dispensable in other fusaria. Here, we show that deletion of FpKMT6 is detrimental but not lethal in the plant pathogen Fusarium proliferatum, a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). Loss of FpKmt6 results in aberrant growth, and expression of a large set of previously H3K27me3-silenced genes is accompanied by increased H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) and an altered H3K36me3 pattern. Next, H3K9me3 patterns are affected in Δfpkmt6, indicating crosstalk between both heterochromatic marks that became even more obvious in a strain deleted for FpKMT1 encoding the H3K9-specific histone methyltransferase. In Δfpkmt1, all H3K9me3 marks present in the wild-type strain are replaced by H3K27me3, a finding that may explain the subtle phenotype of the Δfpkmt1 strain which stands in marked contrast to other filamentous fungi. A large proportion of SM-encoding genes is allocated with H3K27me3 in the wild-type strain and loss of H3K27me3 results in elevated expression of 49% of them. Interestingly, genes involved in the biosynthesis of the phytohormones gibberellins (GA) are among the most upregulated genes in Δfpkmt6. Although several FFSC members harbor GA biosynthetic genes, its production is largely restricted to F. fujikuroi, possibly outlining the distinct lifestyles of these notorious plant pathogens. We show that H3K27me3 is involved in GA gene silencing in F. proliferatum and at least one additional FFSC member, and thus, may serve as a regulatory layer for gene silencing under non-favoring conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Studt-Reinhold
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Anna K. Atanasoff-Kardjalieff
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Harald Berger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Celine Petersen
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simone Bachleitner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Alica Fischle
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Svetlana Kalinina
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Münster, Germany
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Zhang M, Wei X, Wang P, Chi Z, Liu GL, Chi ZM. Liamocin biosynthesis is induced by an autogenous host acid activation in Aureobasidium melanogenum. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2200440. [PMID: 37740661 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that maximal liamocin production must be carried out at low environmental pH (around 3.0). In this study, it was found that the low pH was mainly caused by the secreted citric acid which is one precursor of acetyl-CoA for liamocin biosynthesis. Determination of citric acid in the culture, deletion, complementation and overexpression of the CEXA gene encoding specific citrate exporter demonstrated that the low pH was indeed caused by the secreted citric acid. Deletion, complementation and overexpression of the ACL gene encoding ATP-citric acid lyase and effects of different initial pHs and added citric acid showed that the low pH in the presence of citric acid was suitable for lysis of intracellular citric acid, liamocin production and expression of the PACC gene encoding the pH signaling transcription factor PacC. This meant that the PACC gene was an acid-expression gene. Deletion, complementation and overexpression of the PACC gene indicated that expression of the key gene cluster GAL1-EST1-PKS1 for liamocin biosynthesis was driven by the pH signaling transcription factor PacC and there was weak nitrogen catabolite repression on liamocin biosynthesis at the low pH. That was why liamocin biosynthesis was induced at a low pH in the presence of citric acid. The mechanisms of the enhanced liamocin biosynthesis by the autogenous host acid activation, together with the pH signaling pathway, were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Wei
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang-Lei Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen-Ming Chi
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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7
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Iqbal N, Czékus Z, Ördög A, Poór P. Fusaric acid-evoked oxidative stress affects plant defence system by inducing biochemical changes at subcellular level. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:2. [PMID: 38108938 PMCID: PMC10728271 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is one of the most harmful phytotoxins produced in various plant-pathogen interactions. Fusarium species produce FA as a secondary metabolite, which can infect many agronomic crops at all stages of development from seed to fruit, and FA production can further compromise plant survival because of its phytotoxic effects. FA exposure in plant species adversely affects plant growth, development and crop yield. FA exposure in plants leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause cellular damage and ultimately cell death. Therefore, FA-induced ROS accumulation in plants has been a topic of interest for many researchers to understand the plant-pathogen interactions and plant defence responses. In this study, we reviewed the FA-mediated oxidative stress and ROS-induced defence responses of antioxidants, as well as hormonal signalling in plants. The effects of FA phytotoxicity on lipid peroxidation, physiological changes and ultrastructural changes at cellular and subcellular levels were reported. Additionally, DNA damage, cell death and adverse effects on photosynthesis have been explained. Some possible approaches to overcome the harmful effects of FA in plants were also discussed. It is concluded that FA-induced ROS affect the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system regulated by phytohormones. The effects of FA are also associated with other photosynthetic, ultrastructural and genotoxic modifications in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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8
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez A, Plasencia J, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Ruíz-May E, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Virulence factors of the genus Fusarium with targets in plants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127506. [PMID: 37783182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. comprise various species of filamentous fungi that cause severe diseases in plant crops of both agricultural and forestry interest. These plant pathogens produce a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Genetic functional analyses of some of these compounds have shown their role as virulence factors (VF). However, their mode of action and contributions to the infection process for many of these molecules are still unknown. This review aims to analyze the state of the art in Fusarium VF, emphasizing their biological targets on the plant hosts. It also addresses the current experimental approaches to improve our understanding of their role in virulence and suggests relevant research questions that remain to be answered with a greater focus on species of agroeconomic importance. In this review, a total of 37 confirmed VF are described, including 22 proteinaceous and 15 non-proteinaceous molecules, mainly from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum and, to a lesser extent, in Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan L Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - José A Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Investigador por México - CONAHCyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
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Palmieri D, Segorbe D, López-Berges MS, De Curtis F, Lima G, Di Pietro A, Turrà D. Alkaline pH, Low Iron Availability, Poor Nitrogen Sources and CWI MAPK Signaling Are Associated with Increased Fusaric Acid Production in Fusarium oxysporum. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:50. [PMID: 36668870 PMCID: PMC9862527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is one of the first secondary metabolites isolated from phytopathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium. This molecule exerts a toxic effect on plants, rhizobacteria, fungi and animals, and it plays a crucial role in both plant and animal pathogenesis. In plants, metal chelation by FA is considered one of the possible mechanisms of action. Here, we evaluated the effect of different nitrogen sources, iron content, extracellular pH and cellular signalling pathways on the production of FA siderophores by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fol). Our results show that the nitrogen source affects iron chelating activity and FA production. Moreover, alkaline pH and iron limitation boost FA production, while acidic pH and iron sufficiency repress it independent of the nitrogen source. FA production is also positively regulated by the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and inhibited by the iron homeostasis transcriptional regulator HapX. Collectively, this study demonstrates that factors promoting virulence (i.e., alkaline pH, low iron availability, poor nitrogen sources and CWI MAPK signalling) are also associated with increased FA production in Fol. The obtained new insights on FA biosynthesis regulation can be used to prevent both Fol infection potential and toxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Palmieri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - David Segorbe
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel S. López-Berges
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Filippo De Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lima
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Enviromental Technology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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10
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Elhamouly NA, Hewedy OA, Zaitoon A, Miraples A, Elshorbagy OT, Hussien S, El-Tahan A, Peng D. The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044896. [PMID: 36578344 PMCID: PMC9790997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as secondary metabolites, produced by plants and microorganisms. Plants and fungi are particularly plentiful sources of these molecules, whose physiological functions, in many cases, remain a mystery. Fungal secondary metabolites (SM) are a diverse group of substances that exhibit a wide range of chemical properties and generally fall into one of four main family groups: Terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or a combination of the latter two. They are incredibly varied in their functions and are often related to the increased fitness of the respective fungus in its environment, often competing with other microbes or interacting with plant species. Several of these metabolites have essential roles in the biological control of plant diseases by various beneficial microorganisms used for crop protection and biofertilization worldwide. Besides direct toxic effects against phytopathogens, natural metabolites can promote root and shoot development and/or disease resistance by activating host systemic defenses. The ability of these microorganisms to synthesize and store biologically active metabolites that are a potent source of novel natural compounds beneficial for agriculture is becoming a top priority for SM fungi research. In this review, we will discuss fungal-plant secondary metabolites with antifungal properties and the role of signaling molecules in induced and acquired systemic resistance activities. Additionally, fungal secondary metabolites mimic plant promotion molecules such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which modulate plant growth under biotic stress. Moreover, we will present a new trend regarding phytoremediation applications using fungal secondary metabolites to achieve sustainable food production and microbial diversity in an eco-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Atta Elhamouly
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angelica Miraples
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Omnia T. Elshorbagy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Hussien
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chiang YM, Lin TS, Wang CCC. Total Heterologous Biosynthesis of Fungal Natural Products in Aspergillus nidulans. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2484-2518. [PMID: 36173392 PMCID: PMC9621686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungal natural products comprise a wide range of bioactive compounds including important drugs and agrochemicals. Intriguingly, bioinformatic analyses of fungal genomes have revealed that fungi have the potential to produce significantly more natural products than what have been discovered so far. It has thus become widely accepted that most biosynthesis pathways of fungal natural products are silent or expressed at very low levels under laboratory cultivation conditions. To tap into this vast chemical reservoir, the reconstitution of entire biosynthetic pathways in genetically tractable fungal hosts (total heterologous biosynthesis) has become increasingly employed in recent years. This review summarizes total heterologous biosynthesis of fungal natural products accomplished before 2020 using Aspergillus nidulans as heterologous hosts. We review here Aspergillus transformation, A. nidulans hosts, shuttle vectors for episomal expression, and chromosomal integration expression. These tools, collectively, not only facilitate the discovery of cryptic natural products but can also be used to generate high-yield strains with clean metabolite backgrounds. In comparison with total synthesis, total heterologous biosynthesis offers a simplified strategy to construct complex molecules and holds potential for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Shyang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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12
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Zhang X, Xu D, Hou X, Wei P, Fu J, Zhao Z, Jing M, Lai D, Yin W, Zhou L. UvSorA and UvSorB Involved in Sorbicillinoid Biosynthesis Contribute to Fungal Development, Stress Response and Phytotoxicity in Ustilaginoidea virens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911056. [PMID: 36232357 PMCID: PMC9570055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens) is an important fungal pathogen that causes a devastating rice disease. It can produce mycotoxins including sorbicillinoids. The biosynthesis and biological functions of sorbicillinoids have not been reported in U. virens. In this study, we identified a sorbicillinoid biosynthetic gene cluster in which two polyketide synthase genes UvSorA and UvSorB were responsible for sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in U. virens. In ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants, the mycelial growth, sporulation and hyphal hydrophobicity were increased dramatically, while the resistances to osmotic pressure, metal cations, and fungicides were reduced. Both phytotoxic activity of rice germinated seeds and cell wall integrity were also reduced. Furthermore, mycelia and cell walls of ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants showed alterations of microscopic and submicroscopic structures. In addition, feeding experiment showed that sorbicillinoids could restore mycelial growth, sporulation, and cell wall integrity in ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants. The results demonstrated that both UvSorA and UvSorB were responsible for sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in U. virens, and contributed to development (mycelial growth, sporulation, and cell wall integrity), stress responses, and phytotoxicity through sorbicillinoid mediation. It provides an insight into further investigation of biological functions and biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuwen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Penglin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiajin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingpeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ligang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (L.Z.)
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13
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Schüller A, Studt-Reinhold L, Strauss J. How to Completely Squeeze a Fungus-Advanced Genome Mining Tools for Novel Bioactive Substances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1837. [PMID: 36145585 PMCID: PMC9505985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have the capability of producing an overwhelming diversity of bioactive substances that can have beneficial but also detrimental effects on human health. These so-called secondary metabolites naturally serve as antimicrobial "weapon systems", signaling molecules or developmental effectors for fungi and hence are produced only under very specific environmental conditions or stages in their life cycle. However, as these complex conditions are difficult or even impossible to mimic in laboratory settings, only a small fraction of the true chemical diversity of fungi is known so far. This also implies that a large space for potentially new pharmaceuticals remains unexplored. We here present an overview on current developments in advanced methods that can be used to explore this chemical space. We focus on genetic and genomic methods, how to detect genes that harbor the blueprints for the production of these compounds (i.e., biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs), and ways to activate these silent chromosomal regions. We provide an in-depth view of the chromatin-level regulation of BGCs and of the potential to use the CRISPR/Cas technology as an activation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Strauss
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-3430 Tulln/Donau, Austria
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Biosensor approach for electrochemical quantitative assessment and qualitative characterization of the effect of fusaric acid on a culture-receptor. J Biotechnol 2022; 357:1-8. [PMID: 35963592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a secondary fungal metabolite, which is widespread on corn and corn-based feed and food; FA has non-specific toxicity. Biosensor method is an express and easy-to-use method for quantitative and qualitative assessment of FA effect. Search for cultures has been performed for the formation of laboratory models of FA biosensor with the Clark-type oxygen electrode as transducer: respiration intensity of chosen cultures changed in the presence of FA. Resting cells of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Bacillus subtilis were used as receptors of the amperometric biosensor for FA determination in aqueous solution. To enhance the sensitivity of detection, induction by substrate was performed for Bacillus subtilis. Response-concentration linear dependencies were obtained in a range of 0.5-500 FA mg/L. Biosensor models were applied to characterize influence of FA on microbial cells and investigate some features of FA transport. The dependences of the cells' response to FA on FA concentration were obtained; the kinetic parameters S0.5 and Vmax were determined for each culture. Inhibition-threshold FA (Sit) concentrations were similar for both studied cultures. At concentrations lower than Sit, the process of simple diffusion governed FA transport into cells and caused the cells' response to FA for non-induced culture.
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15
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Wang K, Wang Z, Xu W. Induced oxidative equilibrium damage and reduced toxin synthesis in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum by secondary metabolites from Bacillus velezensis WB. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6626022. [PMID: 35776952 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antifungal mechanism of secondary metabolites from the WB strain against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) was investigated. The WB strain induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Fon hyphae and caused morphological changes, including surface subsidence and shrinkage deformation. The cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from WB treatment caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and the contents of soluble protein and malondialdehyde. Additionally, CFSs from WB decreased the fusaric acid concentration in Fon. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of some antioxidant-related genes was upregulated and that the expression of mycotoxin-related genes was downregulated. Four polypeptide compounds from the WB strain, including iturin A, fengycin, surfactin and bacitracin, were identified by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and complete genome mining. RT-qPCR and a quantitative analysis confirmed that the presence of Fon induced the expression of polypeptide genes and elevated polypeptide production. The combined minimum inhibitory concentration and quantitative analysis of four polypeptides revealed that iturin A, fengycin, surfactin and bacitracin might be responsible for inhibiting the growth of Fon. In conclusion, secondary metabolites from strain WB exhibited antifungal effects on Fon by triggering oxidative stress and decreasing toxin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Weihui Xu
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar 161006, China
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16
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Recent advances in metabolic regulation and bioengineering of gibberellic acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:131. [PMID: 35689127 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plant growth hormone gibberellic acid (GA3), as one of the representative secondary metabolites, is widely used in agriculture, horticulture and brewing industry. GA3 is detected in both plants and several fungi with the ability to stimulate plant growth. Currently, the main mode of industrial production of GA3 is depended on the microbial fermentation via long-period submerged fermentation using Fusarium fujikuroi as the only producing strain, qualified for its natural productivity. However, the demand of large-sale industrialization of GA3 was still restricted by the low productivity. The biosynthetic route of GA3 in F. fujikuroi is now well-defined. Furthermore, the multi-level regulation mechanisms involved in the whole network of GA3 production have also been gradually unveiled by the past two decades based on the identification and characterization of several global regulators and their mutual functions. Combined with the quick development of genetic manipulation techniques, the rational modification of producing strain F. fujikuroi development become practical for higher productivity achievement. Herein, we review the latest advances in the molecular regulation of GA3 biosynthesis in F. fujikuroi and conclude a comprehensive network involving nitrogen depression, global regulator, histone modification and G protein signaling pathway. Correspondingly, the bioengineering strategies covering conventional random mutation, genetic manipulating platform development, metabolic edition and fermentation optimization were also systematically proposed.
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17
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Li H, Wang D, Zhang DD, Geng Q, Li JJ, Sheng RC, Xue HS, Zhu H, Kong ZQ, Dai XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen FM, Chen JY. A polyketide synthase from Verticillium dahliae modulates melanin biosynthesis and hyphal growth to promote virulence. BMC Biol 2022; 20:125. [PMID: 35637443 PMCID: PMC9153097 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the disease cycle, plant pathogenic fungi exhibit a morphological transition between hyphal growth (the phase of active infection) and the production of long-term survival structures that remain dormant during “overwintering.” Verticillium dahliae is a major plant pathogen that produces heavily melanized microsclerotia (MS) that survive in the soil for 14 or more years. These MS are multicellular structures produced during the necrotrophic phase of the disease cycle. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are responsible for catalyzing production of many secondary metabolites including melanin. While MS contribute to long-term survival, hyphal growth is key for infection and virulence, but the signaling mechanisms by which the pathogen maintains hyphal growth are unclear. Results We analyzed the VdPKSs that contain at least one conserved domain potentially involved in secondary metabolism (SM), and screened the effect of VdPKS deletions in the virulent strain AT13. Among the five VdPKSs whose deletion affected virulence on cotton, we found that VdPKS9 acted epistatically to the VdPKS1-associated melanin pathway to promote hyphal growth. The decreased hyphal growth in VdPKS9 mutants was accompanied by the up-regulation of melanin biosynthesis and MS formation. Overexpression of VdPKS9 transformed melanized hyphal-type (MH-type) into the albinistic hyaline hyphal-type (AH-type), and VdPKS9 was upregulated in the AH-type population, which also exhibited higher virulence than the MH-type. Conclusions We show that VdPKS9 is a powerful negative regulator of both melanin biosynthesis and MS formation in V. dahliae. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of how plant pathogens promote their virulence by the maintenance of vegetative hyphal growth during infection and colonization of plant hosts, and may provide novel targets for the control of melanin-producing filamentous fungi. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01330-2.
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18
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Tanaka H, Kuwahata K, Tachikawa M, Udagawa T. Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bond in Fujikurin A-D: A Computational Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14244-14251. [PMID: 35559150 PMCID: PMC9089377 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The compounds Fujikurin A, B, and D, recently isolated from Fusarium fujikuroi, possess intramolecular low-barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHBs), which are hydrogen bonds with a very low-energy barrier for proton transfer. The isolated compounds have a hydrogen-bonded proton that appears to rapidly switch between two equilibrium states via a transition state (TS). To understand the characteristics of these intramolecular LBHBs in detail, we performed path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) simulations, which can consider nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) under a finite temperature. The PIMD simulations predicted that the NQE completely washed out the energy barrier for the proton transfer reaction. Consequently, a single-well shape emerged in the results, along with the effective free-energy potential surface for the hydrogen-bonded proton distribution. Thus, we conclude that the hydrogen-bonded proton in Fujikurin does not in fact transfer between two equilibrium structures but widely delocalizes around the global minimum structure involving the TS region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Tanaka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kuwahata
- Graduate
School of NanobioScience, Yokohama City
University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate
School of NanobioScience, Yokohama City
University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Taro Udagawa
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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19
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Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Studt L. Secondary Metabolite Gene Regulation in Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species: A Focus on Chromatin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:96. [PMID: 35202124 PMCID: PMC8880415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a species-rich group of mycotoxigenic plant pathogens that ranks as one of the most economically important fungal genera in the world. During growth and infection, they are able to produce a vast spectrum of low-molecular-weight compounds, so-called secondary metabolites (SMs). SMs often comprise toxic compounds (i.e., mycotoxins) that contaminate precious food and feed sources and cause adverse health effects in humans and livestock. In this context, understanding the regulation of their biosynthesis is crucial for the development of cropping strategies that aim at minimizing mycotoxin contamination in the field. Nevertheless, currently, only a fraction of SMs have been identified, and even fewer are considered for regular monitoring by regulatory authorities. Limitations to exploit their full chemical potential arise from the fact that the genes involved in their biosynthesis are often silent under standard laboratory conditions and only induced upon specific stimuli mimicking natural conditions in which biosynthesis of the respective SM becomes advantageous for the producer. This implies a complex regulatory network. Several components of these gene networks have been studied in the past, thereby greatly advancing the understanding of SM gene regulation and mycotoxin biosynthesis in general. This review aims at summarizing the latest advances in SM research in these notorious plant pathogens with a focus on chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Studt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
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20
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Phasha MM, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Coetzee MPA, Hammerbacher A, Steenkamp ET. Deciphering the effect of FUB1 disruption on fusaric acid production and pathogenicity in Fusarium circinatum. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:1036-1047. [PMID: 34776231 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium circinatum is an important pathogen of pine trees. However, little is known regarding the molecular processes underlying its pathogenesis. We explored the potential role of the phytotoxin fusaric acid (FA) in the pathogenicity of the fungus. FA is produced by products of the FUB biosynthesis gene cluster, containing FUB1-12. Of these, FUB1 encodes the core polyketide synthase, which we disrupted. We used the resulting mutant strain to investigate whether FUB1 and FA production play a role in the virulence of F. circinatum on pine. Our results showed that FA production was abolished both in vitro and in planta. However, bikaverin production was increased in the knockout mutant. FUB1 disruption also corresponded with downregulation of a F. circinatum homologue of LaeA, a master transcriptional regulator of secondary metabolism. Lesion lengths produced by the FUB1 knockout mutant on inoculated Pinus patula seedlings were significantly smaller than those produced by the wild type strain. Collectively, these results show that FUB1 plays a role in FA production in F. circinatum, and that this gene contributes to the aggressiveness of F. circinatum on P. patula. This study will contribute to the limited knowledge we have about the molecular basis of pathogenicity in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Phasha
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - B D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - M J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - M P A Coetzee
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - A Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, FABI, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - E T Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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21
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Mendoza-Vargas LA, Villamarín-Romero WP, Cotrino-Tierradentro AS, Ramírez-Gil JG, Chávez-Arias CC, Restrepo-Díaz H, Gómez-Caro S. Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali, Fusaric Acid, and Water Deficit in a Hydrophonic System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702842. [PMID: 34421951 PMCID: PMC8374548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cape gooseberry production has been limited by vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). Fusaric acid (FA) is a mycotoxin produced by many Fusarium species such as F. oxysporum formae speciales. The effects of the interaction between this mycotoxin and plants (such as cape gooseberry) under biotic stress (water deficit, WD) have been little explored. Three experiments were carried out. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) different Foph inoculum densities (1 × 104 and 1 × 106 conidia ml-1; experiment (1); (ii) the effect of times of exposure (0, 6, 9, and 12 h) and FA concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1; experiment (2), and (iii) the interaction between Foph (1 × 104 conidia mL-1) or FA (25 mg L-1 × 9 h), and WD conditions (experiment 3) on the physiological (plant growth, leaf stomatal conductance (g s ), and photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) and biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline] responses of cape gooseberry seedling ecotype Colombia. The first experiment showed that Foph inoculum density of 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 caused the highest incidence of the disease (100%). In the second experiment, g s (~40.6 mmol m-2 s-1) and Fv/Fm ratio (~0.59) decreased, whereas MDA (~9.8 μmol g-1 FW) increased in plants with exposure times of 9 and 12 h and an FA concentration of 100 mg L-1 compared with plants without FA exposure or concentrations (169.8 mmol m-2 s-1, 0.8, and 7.2 μmol g-1 FW for g s , Fv/Fm ratio and MDA, respectively). In the last experiment, the interaction between Foph or FA and WD promoted a higher area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (Foph × WD = 44.5 and FA × WD = 37) and lower g s (Foph × WD = 6.2 mmol m-2 s-1 and FA × WD = 9.5 mmol m-2 s-1) compared with plants without any interaction. This research could be considered as a new approach for the rapid scanning of responses to the effects of FA, Foph, and WD stress not only on cape gooseberry plants but also on other species from the Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Gómez-Caro
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Agronomía, Bogotá, Colombia
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22
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Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Lünne F, Kalinina S, Strauss J, Humpf HU, Studt L. Biosynthesis of Fusapyrone Depends on the H3K9 Methyltransferase, FmKmt1, in Fusarium mangiferae. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:671796. [PMID: 37744112 PMCID: PMC10512364 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.671796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium mangiferae belongs to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). Members of this group cause a wide spectrum of devastating diseases on diverse agricultural crops. F. mangiferae is the causal agent of the mango malformation disease (MMD) and as such detrimental for agriculture in the southern hemisphere. During plant infection, the fungus produces a plethora of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which most often lead to severe adverse defects on plants health. Changes in chromatin structure achieved by posttranslational modifications (PTM) of histones play a key role in regulation of fungal SM biosynthesis. Posttranslational tri-methylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) is considered a hallmark of heterochromatin and established by the SET-domain protein Kmt1. Here, we show that FmKmt1 is involved in H3K9me3 in F. mangiferae. Loss of FmKmt1 only slightly though significantly affected fungal hyphal growth and stress response and is required for wild type-like conidiation. While FmKmt1 is largely dispensable for the biosynthesis of most known SMs, removal of FmKMT1 resulted in an almost complete loss of fusapyrone and deoxyfusapyrone, γ-pyrones previously only known from Fusarium semitectum. Here, we identified the polyketide synthase (PKS) FmPKS40 to be involved in fusapyrone biosynthesis, delineate putative cluster borders by co-expression studies and provide insights into its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Atanasoff-Kardjalieff
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Friederike Lünne
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Svetlana Kalinina
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Portal González N, Soler A, Ribadeneira C, Solano J, Portieles R, Herrera Isla L, Companioni B, Borras-Hidalgo O, Santos Bermudez R. Phytotoxic Metabolites Produce by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:629395. [PMID: 34017315 PMCID: PMC8130618 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.629395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana is a major tropical fruit crop but banana production worldwide is seriously threatened due to Fusarium wilt. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of banana (also referred as Panama disease) is an asexual, soil inhabiting facultative parasite. Foc isolates can be classified into three races that are not defined genetically, but for their pathogenicity to different banana cultivars. Despite mycotoxins being some of the best studied virulence factors of phytopathogenic fungi and these have been useful for the prediction of Foc virulence on banana plants, toxins produced by Foc race 2 strains have not been previously identified. The aim of this contribution was to identify the phytotoxic metabolites closely related to banana wilt caused by a Foc race 2 strain. We used an in vitro bioassay on detached banana leaves to evaluate the specificity of the microbial culture filtrates before a partial purification and further identification of Foc race 2 phytotoxins. A 29-day-old host-specific culture filtrate was obtained but specificity of culture filtrate was unrecovered after partial purification. The non-specific phytotoxins were characterized as fusaric acid, beauvericin, and enniatin A. Whereas some, if not all, of these phytotoxins are important virulence factors, a proteinaceous fraction from the specific 29-day-old culture filtrate protected the leaves of the resistant banana cultivar from damage caused by such phytotoxic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Portal González
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador
| | - A Soler
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Réunion), Saint-Pierre, Réunion
| | - C Ribadeneira
- Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, Guaranda, Guaranda, Ecuador
| | - J Solano
- Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, Guaranda, Guaranda, Ecuador
| | - Roxana Portieles
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - L Herrera Isla
- Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - B Companioni
- Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Orlando Borras-Hidalgo
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Ramon Santos Bermudez
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador
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Li B, Chen Y, Tian S. Function of pH-dependent transcription factor PacC in regulating development, pathogenicity, and mycotoxin biosynthesis of phytopathogenic fungi. FEBS J 2021; 289:1723-1730. [PMID: 33751796 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
pH, as one of the most important environmental factors, affects various biological processes in pathogenic fungi. Sensing and responding to fluctuations in ambient pH are essential for these fungi to complete their life cycle. Fungi have evolved a complicated and conserved system, the so-called Pal-pH pathway, to regulate genes and adapt to alterations in ambient pH. PacC is the dominant transcription factor in the Pal-pH pathway and regulates various biological processes. The regulatory mode of PacC has been extensively studied in Aspergillus nidulans and is generally conserved in other fungal species, including numerous phytopathogenic fungi. However, species-specific alterations have been reported. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms of PacC and its role in controlling development, pathogenicity, and mycotoxin biosynthesis in phytopathogenic fungi. Potential applications of these findings and some unresolved questions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rice-induced secondary metabolite gene expression in Aspergillus nidulans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 47:1109-1116. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of silent biosynthetic gene clusters in fungi remains a challenge for discovery of new useful natural products. In this work, we identify a group of silent secondary metabolite gene clusters in Aspergillus nidulans that are induced by rice (Oryza sativa). Using reverse phase HPLC purification on extracts of rice, we identified the plant hormone gibberellic acid as one compound present in rice extracts that induced these silent genes. Additionally, select secondary metabolite (SM) genes activated by rice were tested for responses to several plant hormones which produced distinctly different transcriptomic profiles in A. nidulans. These observations support the idea that phytohormones play an important role in regulating fungal SM biosynthesis while additionally serving as a source of natural product chemical libraries to screen for useful compounds.
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Hai Y, Chen M, Huang A, Tang Y. Biosynthesis of Mycotoxin Fusaric Acid and Application of a PLP-Dependent Enzyme for Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Substituted l-Pipecolic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19668-19677. [PMID: 33155797 PMCID: PMC8093010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a well-known mycotoxin that plays an important role in plant pathology. The biosynthetic gene cluster for FA has been identified, but the biosynthetic pathway remains unclarified. Here, we elucidated the biosynthesis of FA, which features a two-enzyme catalytic cascade, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme (Fub7), and a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent oxidase (Fub9) in synthesizing the picolinic acid scaffold. FA biosynthesis also involves an off-line collaboration between a highly reducing polyketide synthase (HRPKS, Fub1) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like carboxylic acid reductase (Fub8) in making an aliphatic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. By harnessing the stereoselective C-C bond-forming activity of Fub7, we established a chemoenzymatic route for stereoconvergent synthesis of a series of 5-alkyl-, 5,5-dialkyl-, and 5,5,6-trialkyl-l-pipecolic acids of high diastereomeric ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mengbin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Arthur Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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27
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Fumero MV, Sulyok M, Ramirez ML, Leslie JF, Chulze SN. Effects of water activity and temperature on fusaric and fusarinolic acid production by Fusarium temperatum. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Ding Z, Xu T, Zhu W, Li L, Fu Q. A MADS-box transcription factor FoRlm1 regulates aerial hyphal growth, oxidative stress, cell wall biosynthesis and virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:183-193. [PMID: 32220379 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causes Fusarium wilt that affects banana plants. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of Foc virulence determinants have not been elucidated. In this study, we identified the MADS-box transcription factor FoRlm1 that is conserved among mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our data revealed that FoRlm1 is essential for aerial hyphal growth and virulence. Transcriptional analysis revealed that FoRlm1 deletion altered the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes, chitin synthases, fusaric acid (FA), and beauvericin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, FoRlm1 deletion promoted tolerance to Congo red and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Transcriptome analysis of ΔFoRlm1 mutant and wild-type strain indicated that the expression of many genes associated with fungal physiology and virulence was up- or down-regulated. Overall, these results suggested that FoRlm1 plays a critical role in the regulation of hyphal growth, anti-oxidation mechanisms, cell wall biosynthesis, transcription of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes encoding FA and beauvericin, and virulence in Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Ding
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China.
| | - Tianwei Xu
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Weiju Zhu
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Lijie Li
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Qiyan Fu
- Tropical Agricultural College, Hainan College of Vocation and Technique, Haikou, 570216, China.
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Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lebeau J, Petit T, Dufossé L, Caro Y. Putative metabolic pathway for the bioproduction of bikaverin and intermediates thereof in the wild Fusarium oxysporum LCP531 strain. AMB Express 2019; 9:186. [PMID: 31748828 PMCID: PMC6868082 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal naphthoquinones, like red bikaverin, are of interest due to their growing applications in designing pharmaceutical products. Though considerable work has been done on the elucidation of bikaverin biosynthesis pathway in Fusarium fujikuroi, very few reports are available regarding its bioproduction in F. oxysporum. We are hereby proposing a putative metabolic pathway for bikaverin bioproduction in a wild F. oxysporum strain by cross-linking the pigment profiles we obtained under two different fermentation conditions with literature. Naphthoquinone pigments were extracted with a pressurized liquid extraction method, and characterized by HPLC–DAD and UHPLC-HRMS. The results led to the conclusions that the F. oxysporum LCP531 strain was able to produce bikaverin and its various intermediates, e.g., pre-bikaverin, oxo-pre-bikaverin, dinor-bikaverin, me-oxo-pre-bikaverin, and nor-bikaverin, in submerged cultures in various proportions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of these five bikaverin intermediates from F. oxysporum cultures, providing us with steady clues for confirming a bikaverin metabolic pathway as well as some of its regulatory patterns in the F. oxysporum LCP531 strain, based on the previously reported model in F. fujikuroi. Interestingly, norbikaverin accumulated along with bikaverin in mycelial cells when the strain grew on simple carbon and nitrogen sources and additional cofactors. Along bikaverin production, we were able to describe the excretion of the toxin beauvericin as main extrolite exclusively in liquid medium containing complex nitrogen and carbon sources, as well as the isolation of ergosterol derivate in mycelial extracts, which have potential for pharmaceutical uses. Therefore, culture conditions were also concluded to trigger some specific biosynthetic route favoring various metabolites of interest. Such observation is of great significance for selective production of pigments and/or prevention of occurrence of others (aka mycotoxins).
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Dong H, Fan H, Lei Z, Wu C, Zhou D, Li H. Histological and Gene Expression Analyses in Banana Reveals the Pathogenic Differences between Races 1 and 4 of Banana Fusarium Wilt Pathogen. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1029-1042. [PMID: 30829554 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-18-0384-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, the causative agent of Panama disease, is classified into three races: Foc1, Foc2, and Foc4. However, the histological characteristics, the accumulation of fusaric acid (FA), and resistant gene expression in banana infected with different races remain unclear. In this study, we compared the infection processes, FA contents, and gene expression levels in a Cavendish banana cultivar (Musa AAA Brazilian) inoculated with Foc1 and Foc4. Results showed that Foc4 can rapidly extend from the roots to the leaves, whereas Foc1 expands slowly from the roots to the rhizomes but cannot expand further upward. In addition, the colonization of plants by Foc4 was significantly higher compared with Foc1, as was the content of FA in those infected plant tissues. We observed that a large amount of starch granules was produced in the rhizomes and the number of starch granules was significantly higher after infection with Foc1 than after infection with Foc4. We further found that starch has an important inhibitory effect on the phytotoxicity induced by FA, thus leading to more resistance to the pathogens in the plants with high amounts of starch accumulation than in those with a low amount of starch accumulation. Moreover, the expression levels of 10 defense-related genes were analyzed and the results showed that the induction levels of those genes were higher after infection with Foc1 than after infection with Foc4. These results suggest that the observed differences in the invasion of host tissues and FA accumulation, and the number of starch granules and expression of defense-related genes, may contribute to a difference in virulence between the two races and the resulting difference in host resistance response, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Dong
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huiyun Fan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoxi Lei
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chao Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- 2 Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Dengbo Zhou
- 3 Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Huaping Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Nielsen MR, Sondergaard TE, Giese H, Sørensen JL. Advances in linking polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides to their biosynthetic gene clusters in Fusarium. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1263-1280. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wigmann ÉF, Behr J, Vogel RF, Niessen L. MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting for identification and differentiation of species within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5323-5337. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Wang M, Gu Z, Wang R, Guo J, Ling N, Firbank LG, Guo S. Plant Primary Metabolism Regulated by Nitrogen Contributes to Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:329-342. [PMID: 30388252 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen contributes to plant defense responses by the regulation of plant primary metabolism during plant-pathogen interactions. Based on biochemical, physiological, bioinformatic and transcriptome approaches, we investigated how different nitrogen forms (ammonium vs. nitrate) regulate the physiological response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) infection. The metabolic profile revealed that nitrate-grown plants accumulated more organic acids, while ammonium-grown plants accumulated more amino acids; FOC infection significantly increased levels of both amino acids and organic acids in the roots of ammonium-grown plants. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes related to carbon metabolism were mostly up-regulated in plants grown with nitrate, whereas in ammonium-grown plants the up-regulated genes were mostly those that were related to primary nitrogen metabolism. Root FOC colonization and disease incidence were positively correlated with levels of root amino acids and negatively correlated with levels of root organic acids. In conclusion, organic acid metabolism and expression of related genes increased under nitrate, whereas ammonium increased the level of amino acids and expression of related genes; these altered levels of organic acids and amino acids resulted in different tolerances to FOC infection depending on the nitrogen forms supplied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zechen Gu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Ling
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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35
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First report of Fusarium foetens as a mycotoxin producer. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:177-186. [PMID: 30706436 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium foetens, a pathogen of Begonia plants, has been recently described as a new fungal species. This Fusarium species causes a destructive vascular wilt disease which leads to the death of the plant. Moreover, Fusarium species are known to produce a huge variety of secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins and phytotoxins. Here, we studied the toxicogenic profile of one F. foetens strain, isolated from maize, employing two methods based on the use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight detection. The mycotoxins beauvericin and fusaric acid were detected in a pure culture of F. foetens. In addition, four fusaric acid analogs (10,11-dihidroxyfusaric acid, hydroxyfusaric acid, dehydrofusaric acid, and a hydroxylated unsaturated fusaric acid analog) were tentatively identified on the basis of their accurate mass and fragmentation patterns. Therefore, these preliminary data indicate that F. foetens isolated from maize is able to produce Fusarium mycotoxins including beauvericin and fusaric acid.
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Yun Y, Zhou X, Yang S, Wen Y, You H, Zheng Y, Norvienyeku J, Shim WB, Wang Z. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici C 2H 2 transcription factor FolCzf1 is required for conidiation, fusaric acid production, and early host infection. Curr Genet 2019; 65:773-783. [PMID: 30631890 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The soil-borne, asexual fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a causal agent of tomato wilt disease. The infection process of Fol comprises root recognition, adhesion, penetration, colonization of the root cortex and hyphal proliferation within the xylem vessels, which are under the regulation of virulence-involved transcription factors (TFs). In this study, we identified a gene, designated FolCZF1, which encodes a C2H2 TF in Fol. The homologs of FolCzf1 are also known to affect pathogenicity in F. graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae on wheat and rice, respectively. We learned that FolCZF1 transcript level is upregulated in conidia and early host infection stage, which led us to hypothesize that FolCzf1 is associated with early host infection in Fol. The FolCZF1 deletion mutant (ΔFolCZF1) exhibited defects in growth rate, conidiation, conidia morphology and a complete loss of virulence on tomato root. Further microscopic observation showed that ΔFolCZF1 can penetrate the root but the primary infection hypha cannot extend its colonization inside the host tissue, suggesting that FolCzf1 TF plays an important role in early infection. Fusaric acid, a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium species, is suggested as a virulence factor in many crop diseases. We found that FolCzf1 plays a critical role in fusaric acid production by regulating the expression of fusaric acid biosynthesis genes. In summary, FolCzf1 is required for conidiation, secondary metabolism, and early host infection in Fol, and we propose that homologs of FolCzf1 are required for early parasitic growth in other plant pathogenic filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ya Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haixia You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuru Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Institute for Food and Drug Quality Control, Fuzhou, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.
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37
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Liu S, Wu B, Lv S, Shen Z, Li R, Yi G, Li C, Guo X. Genetic Diversity in FUB Genes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Suggests Horizontal Gene Transfer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1069. [PMID: 31552071 PMCID: PMC6738028 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is an important secondary metabolite of many Fusarium species and involved in the wilt symptoms caused in banana by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). To investigate the evolution characteristics of the 12 Foc FA biosynthetic genes (FUB), coding sequences of the 12 FUB genes and three housekeeping genes, EF-1α/RPB1/RPB2 (translation elongation factor-1α/RNA polymerase II subunit I/RNA polymerase II subunit II), were subjected to genetic diversity analysis, phylogenetic analysis, recombination detection, and selective pressure analysis. The results of selective pressure analysis showed that the 15 genes were mainly subjected to negative selection. However, a significantly higher number of silent mutations, which could not be simply explained by selective pressure difference, were observed in the 12 FUB genes in Foc than in the three housekeeping genes. Infraspecies phylogeny and recombination detection analysis showed that significantly more horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events (normalized) had occurred in the FUB genes than in the three housekeeping genes. In addition, many of these events involved outgroup isolates and significantly increased the genetic diversity of FUB genes in Foc. The infraspecies phylogenetic analysis suggested that the polyphyletic phylogeny proposed for Foc requires further discussion, and the divergence of race 1, race 4, and the common ancestor of several F. oxysporum (Fo) isolates pathogenic to nonbanana plants should have diverged over a short period. Finally, our results suggest that the FUB genes in Fo should have benefited from HGT to gain a relatively high genetic diversity to respond to different host plants and environments despite mainly being subject to negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxia Lv
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zongzhuan Shen
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ganjun Yi
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Li, ; Xiuwu Guo,
| | - Xiuwu Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Li, ; Xiuwu Guo,
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Sánchez-Rangel D, Hernández-Domínguez EE, Pérez-Torres CA, Ortiz-Castro R, Villafán E, Rodríguez-Haas B, Alonso-Sánchez A, López-Buenfil A, Carrillo-Ortiz N, Hernández-Ramos L, Ibarra-Laclette E. Environmental pH modulates transcriptomic responses in the fungus Fusarium sp. associated with KSHB Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:721. [PMID: 30285612 PMCID: PMC6167834 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ambrosia Fusarium Clade phytopathogenic Fusarium fungi species have a symbiotic relationship with ambrosia beetles in the genus Euwallacea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Related beetle species referred to as Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus have been spread in California, USA and are recognized as the causal agents of Fusarium dieback, a disease that causes mortality of many plant species. Despite the importance of this fungi, no transcriptomic resources have been generated. The datasets described here represent the first ever transcripts available for these species. We focused our study on the isolated species of Fusarium that is associated with one of the cryptic species referred to as Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB) Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus. RESULTS Hydrogen concentration is a critical signal in fungi for growth and host colonization, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different pH conditions on growth and gene expression of the fungus Fusarium sp. associated with KSHB. An RNA-seq approach was used to compare the gene expression of the fungus grown for 2 weeks in liquid medium at three different pH levels (5.0, 6.0, and 7.0). An unbuffered treatment was included to evaluate the capability of the fungus to change the pH of its environment and the impact in gene expression. The results showed that the fungus can grow and modulate its genetic expression at different pH conditions; however, growth was stunted in acidic pH in comparison with neutral pH. The results showed a differential expression pattern in each pH condition even when acidic conditions prevailed at the end of the experiment. After comparing transcriptomics data from the three treatments, we found a total of 4,943 unique transcripts that were differentially expressed. CONCLUSIONS We identified transcripts related to pH signaling such as the conserved PAL/RIM pathway, some transcripts related to secondary metabolism and other transcripts that were differentially expressed. Our analysis suggests possible mechanisms involved in pathogenicity in this novel Fusarium species. This is the first report that shows transcriptomic data of this pathogen as well as the first report of genes and proteins involved in their metabolism identifying potential virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Eric-Edmundo Hernández-Domínguez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Randy Ortiz-Castro
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Emanuel Villafán
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | | | - Abel López-Buenfil
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnóstico, Servicios y Constatación, 55740 Tecámac, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Nayeli Carrillo-Ortiz
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnóstico, Servicios y Constatación, 55740 Tecámac, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Lervin Hernández-Ramos
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnóstico, Servicios y Constatación, 55740 Tecámac, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
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Janevska S, Güldener U, Sulyok M, Tudzynski B, Studt L. Set1 and Kdm5 are antagonists for H3K4 methylation and regulators of the major conidiation-specific transcription factor gene ABA1 in Fusarium fujikuroi. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3343-3362. [PMID: 30047187 PMCID: PMC6175112 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the identification and characterization of the H3K4‐specific histone methyltransferase Set1 and its counterpart, the Jumonji C demethylase Kdm5, in the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. While Set1 is responsible for all detectable H3K4me2/me3 in this fungus, Kdm5 antagonizes the H3K4me3 mark. Notably, deletion of both SET1 and KDM5 mainly resulted in the upregulation of genome‐wide transcription, also affecting a large set of secondary metabolite (SM) key genes. Although H3K4 methylation is a hallmark of actively transcribed euchromatin, several SM gene clusters located in subtelomeric regions were affected by Set1 and Kdm5. While the regulation of many of them is likely indirect, H3K4me2 levels at gibberellic acid (GA) genes correlated with GA biosynthesis in the wild type, Δkdm5 and OE::KDM5 under inducing conditions. Whereas Δset1 showed an abolished GA3 production in axenic culture, phytohormone biosynthesis was induced in planta, so that residual amounts of GA3 were detected during rice infection. Accordingly, Δset1 exhibited a strongly attenuated, though not abolished, virulence on rice. Apart from regulating secondary metabolism, Set1 and Kdm5 function as activator and repressor of conidiation respectively. They antagonistically regulate H3K4me3 levels and expression of the major conidiation‐specific transcription factor gene ABA1 in F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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López-Díaz C, Rahjoo V, Sulyok M, Ghionna V, Martín-Vicente A, Capilla J, Di Pietro A, López-Berges MS. Fusaric acid contributes to virulence of Fusarium oxysporum on plant and mammalian hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:440-453. [PMID: 28093838 PMCID: PMC6638071 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is amongst the oldest identified secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium species, known for a long time to display strong phytotoxicity and moderate toxicity to animal cells; however, the cellular targets of FA and its function in fungal pathogenicity remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of FA in Fusarium oxysporum, a soil-borne cross-kingdom pathogen that causes vascular wilt on more than 100 plant species and opportunistic infections in humans. Targeted deletion of fub1, encoding a predicted orthologue of the polyketide synthase involved in FA biosynthesis in F. verticillioides and F. fujikuroi, abolished the production of FA and its derivatives in F. oxysporum. We further showed that the expression of fub1 was positively controlled by the master regulator of secondary metabolism LaeA and the alkaline pH regulator PacC through the modulation of chromatin accessibility at the fub1 locus. FA exhibited strong phytotoxicity on tomato plants, which was rescued by the exogenous supply of copper, iron or zinc, suggesting a possible function of FA as a chelating agent of these metal ions. Importantly, the severity of vascular wilt symptoms on tomato plants and the mortality of immunosuppressed mice were significantly reduced in fub1Δ mutants and fully restored in the complemented strains. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the regulation and mode of action of FA, as well as on the function of this phytotoxin during the infection process of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Vahid Rahjoo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Veronica Ghionna
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Adela Martín-Vicente
- Mycology Unit, Medical School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, 43204, Spain
| | - Javier Capilla
- Mycology Unit, Medical School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, 43204, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Manuel S López-Berges
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
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Valiante V. The Cell Wall Integrity Signaling Pathway and Its Involvement in Secondary Metabolite Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040068. [PMID: 29371582 PMCID: PMC5753170 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is the external and first layer that fungi use to interact with the environment. Every stress signal, before being translated into an appropriate stress response, needs to overtake this layer. Many signaling pathways are involved in translating stress signals, but the cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway is the one responsible for the maintenance and biosynthesis of the fungal cell wall. In fungi, the CWI signal is composed of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) module. After the start of the phosphorylation cascade, the CWI signal induces the expression of cell-wall-related genes. However, the function of the CWI signal is not merely the activation of cell wall biosynthesis, but also the regulation of expression and production of specific molecules that are used by fungi to better compete in the environment. These molecules are normally defined as secondary metabolites or natural products. This review is focused on secondary metabolites affected by the CWI signal pathway with a special focus on relevant natural products such as melanins, mycotoxins, and antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Valiante
- Leibniz Research Group Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenberg Strasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Department of General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Janevska S, Tudzynski B. Secondary metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi: strategies to unravel the function of biosynthetic pathways. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:615-630. [PMID: 29204899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi causes bakanae disease of rice due to its ability to produce the plant hormones, the gibberellins. The fungus is also known for producing harmful mycotoxins (e.g., fusaric acid and fusarins) and pigments (e.g., bikaverin and fusarubins). However, for a long time, most of these well-known products could not be linked to biosynthetic gene clusters. Recent genome sequencing has revealed altogether 47 putative gene clusters. Most of them were orphan clusters for which the encoded natural product(s) were unknown. In this review, we describe the current status of our research on identification and functional characterizations of novel secondary metabolite gene clusters. We present several examples where linking known metabolites to the respective biosynthetic genes has been achieved and describe recent strategies and methods to access new natural products, e.g., by genetic manipulation of pathway-specific or global transcritption factors. In addition, we demonstrate that deletion and over-expression of histone-modifying genes is a powerful tool to activate silent gene clusters and to discover their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Munster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Munster, Germany.
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43
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Han LR, Zhang X, Feng JT. Antifungal Activity and Action Mode of Cuminic Acid from the Seeds of Cuminum cyminum L. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum (FON) Causing Fusarium Wilt on Watermelon. Molecules 2017; 22:E2053. [PMID: 29189726 PMCID: PMC6150018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a novel biofungicide, the antifungal activity and action mode of cuminic acid from the seed of Cuminum cyminum L. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) on watermelon was determined systematically. In this study, the median effective concentration (EC50) value for cuminic acid in inhibiting mycelial growth of FON was 22.53 μg/mL. After treatment with cuminic acid, the mycelial morphology was seriously influenced; cell membrane permeability and glycerol content were increased markedly, but pigment and mycotoxin (mainly fusaric acid) were significantly decreased. Synthesis genes of bikaverin (Bike1, Bike2 and Bike3) and fusaric acid (FUB1, FUB2, FUB3 and FUB4) both were downregulated compared with the control, as confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. In greenhouse experiments, cuminic acid at all concentrations displayed significant bioactivities against FON. Importantly, significant enhancement of activities of SOD, POD, CAT and decrease of MDA content were observed after in vivo cuminic acid treatment on watermelon leaves. These indicated that cuminic acid not only showed high antifungal activity, but also could enhance the self-defense system of the host plant. Above all, cuminic acid showed the potential as a biofungicide to control FON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Li Rong Han
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jun Tao Feng
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China.
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Elucidation of the Two H3K36me3 Histone Methyltransferases Set2 and Ash1 in Fusarium fujikuroi Unravels Their Different Chromosomal Targets and a Major Impact of Ash1 on Genome Stability. Genetics 2017; 208:153-171. [PMID: 29146582 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of the H3K36 histone methyltransferases Set2 and Ash1 in the filamentous ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one single methyltransferase, Set2, confers all H3K36 methylation, while there are two members of the Set2 family in filamentous fungi, and even more H3K36 methyltransferases in higher eukaryotes. Whereas the yeast Set2 homolog has been analyzed in fungi previously, the second member of the Set2 family, designated Ash1, has not been described for any filamentous fungus. Western blot and ChIP-Seq analyses confirmed that F. fujikuroi Set2 and Ash1 are H3K36-specific histone methyltransferases that deposit H3K36me3 at specific loci: Set2 is most likely responsible for H3K36 methylation of euchromatic regions of the genome, while Ash1 methylates H3K36 at the subtelomeric regions (facultative heterochromatin) of all chromosomes, including the accessory chromosome XII. Our data indicate that H3K36me3 cannot be considered a hallmark of euchromatin in F. fujikuroi, and likely also other filamentous fungi, making them different to what is known about nuclear characteristics in yeast and higher eukaryotes. We suggest that the H3K36 methylation mark exerts specific functions when deposited at euchromatic or subtelomeric regions by Set2 or Ash1, respectively. We found an enhanced level of H3K27me3, an increased instability of subtelomeric regions and losses of the accessory chromosome XII over time in Δash1 mutants, indicating an involvement of Ash1 in DNA repair processes. Further phenotypic analyses revealed a role of H3K36 methylation in vegetative growth, sporulation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and virulence in F. fujikuroi.
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Niehaus EM, Kim HK, Münsterkötter M, Janevska S, Arndt B, Kalinina SA, Houterman PM, Ahn IP, Alberti I, Tonti S, Kim DW, Sieber CMK, Humpf HU, Yun SH, Güldener U, Tudzynski B. Comparative genomics of geographically distant Fusarium fujikuroi isolates revealed two distinct pathotypes correlating with secondary metabolite profiles. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006670. [PMID: 29073267 PMCID: PMC5675463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi causes bakanae ("foolish seedling") disease of rice which is characterized by hyper-elongation of seedlings resulting from production of gibberellic acids (GAs) by the fungus. This plant pathogen is also known for production of harmful mycotoxins, such as fusarins, fusaric acid, apicidin F and beauvericin. Recently, we generated the first de novo genome sequence of F. fujikuroi strain IMI 58289 combined with extensive transcriptional, epigenetic, proteomic and chemical product analyses. GA production was shown to provide a selective advantage during infection of the preferred host plant rice. Here, we provide genome sequences of eight additional F. fujikuroi isolates from distant geographic regions. The isolates differ in the size of chromosomes, most likely due to variability of subtelomeric regions, the type of asexual spores (microconidia and/or macroconidia), and the number and expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters. Whilst most of the isolates caused the typical bakanae symptoms, one isolate, B14, caused stunting and early withering of infected seedlings. In contrast to the other isolates, B14 produced no GAs but high amounts of fumonisins during infection on rice. Furthermore, it differed from the other isolates by the presence of three additional polyketide synthase (PKS) genes (PKS40, PKS43, PKS51) and the absence of the F. fujikuroi-specific apicidin F (NRPS31) gene cluster. Analysis of additional field isolates confirmed the strong correlation between the pathotype (bakanae or stunting/withering), and the ability to produce either GAs or fumonisins. Deletion of the fumonisin and fusaric acid-specific PKS genes in B14 reduced the stunting/withering symptoms, whereas deletion of the PKS51 gene resulted in elevated symptom development. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two subclades of F. fujikuroi strains according to their pathotype and secondary metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Svetlana A. Kalinina
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra M. Houterman
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Il-Pyung Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilaria Alberti
- CREA-CIN Sede di Rovigo, Viale Giovanni Amendola, 82, 45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Stefano Tonti
- CREA-SCS Sede di Bologna, Via di Corticella, 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian M. K. Sieber
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, University of California, Walnut Creek, Berkeley, California
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (BT); (UG); (SY)
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail: (BT); (UG); (SY)
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail: (BT); (UG); (SY)
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Pfannmüller A, Leufken J, Studt L, Michielse CB, Sieber CMK, Güldener U, Hawat S, Hippler M, Fufezan C, Tudzynski B. Comparative transcriptome and proteome analysis reveals a global impact of the nitrogen regulators AreA and AreB on secondary metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176194. [PMID: 28441411 PMCID: PMC5404775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of multiple secondary metabolites in the phytopathogenic ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi is strongly affected by nitrogen availability. Here, we present the first genome-wide transcriptome and proteome analysis that compared the wild type and deletion mutants of the two major nitrogen regulators AreA and AreB. We show that AreB acts not simply as an antagonist of AreA counteracting the expression of AreA target genes as suggested based on the yeast model. Both GATA transcription factors affect a large and diverse set of common as well as specific target genes and proteins, acting as activators and repressors. We demonstrate that AreA and AreB are not only involved in fungal nitrogen metabolism, but also in the control of several complex cellular processes like carbon metabolism, transport and secondary metabolism. We show that both GATA transcription factors can be considered as master regulators of secondary metabolism as they affect the expression of more than half of the 47 putative secondary metabolite clusters identified in the genome of F. fujikuroi. While AreA acts as a positive regulator of many clusters under nitrogen-limiting conditions, AreB is able to activate and repress gene clusters (e.g. bikaverin) under nitrogen limitation and sufficiency. In addition, ChIP analyses revealed that loss of AreA or AreB causes histone modifications at some of the regulated gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pfannmüller
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Leufken
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Computational Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interaction, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Campus-Tulln, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline B. Michielse
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian M. K. Sieber
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Susan Hawat
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Computational Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Janevska S, Arndt B, Baumann L, Apken LH, Mauriz Marques LM, Humpf HU, Tudzynski B. Establishment of the Inducible Tet-On System for the Activation of the Silent Trichosetin Gene Cluster in Fusarium fujikuroi. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040126. [PMID: 28379186 PMCID: PMC5408200 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The PKS-NRPS-derived tetramic acid equisetin and its N-desmethyl derivative trichosetin exhibit remarkable biological activities against a variety of organisms, including plants and bacteria, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus. The equisetin biosynthetic gene cluster was first described in Fusarium heterosporum, a species distantly related to the notorious rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. Here we present the activation and characterization of a homologous, but silent, gene cluster in F. fujikuroi. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that this cluster does not contain the equisetin N-methyltransferase gene eqxD and consequently, trichosetin was isolated as final product. The adaption of the inducible, tetracycline-dependent Tet-on promoter system from Aspergillus niger achieved a controlled overproduction of this toxic metabolite and a functional characterization of each cluster gene in F. fujikuroi. Overexpression of one of the two cluster-specific transcription factor (TF) genes, TF22, led to an activation of the three biosynthetic cluster genes, including the PKS-NRPS key gene. In contrast, overexpression of TF23, encoding a second Zn(II)2Cys6 TF, did not activate adjacent cluster genes. Instead, TF23 was induced by the final product trichosetin and was required for expression of the transporter-encoding gene MFS-T. TF23 and MFS-T likely act in consort and contribute to detoxification of trichosetin and therefore, self-protection of the producing fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Leonie Baumann
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Lisa Helene Apken
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Lucas Maciel Mauriz Marques
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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48
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Studt L, Janevska S, Arndt B, Boedi S, Sulyok M, Humpf HU, Tudzynski B, Strauss J. Lack of the COMPASS Component Ccl1 Reduces H3K4 Trimethylation Levels and Affects Transcription of Secondary Metabolite Genes in Two Plant-Pathogenic Fusarium Species. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2144. [PMID: 28119673 PMCID: PMC5220078 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the two fungal pathogens Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium graminearum, secondary metabolites (SMs) are fitness and virulence factors and there is compelling evidence that the coordination of SM gene expression is under epigenetic control. Here, we characterized Ccl1, a subunit of the COMPASS complex responsible for methylating lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me). We show that Ccl1 is not essential for viability but a regulator of genome-wide trimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3). Although, recent work in Fusarium and Aspergillus spp. detected only sporadic H3K4 methylation at the majority of the SM gene clusters, we show here that SM profiles in CCL1 deletion mutants are strongly deviating from the wild type. Cross-complementation experiments indicate high functional conservation of Ccl1 as phenotypes of the respective △ccl1 were rescued in both fungi. Strikingly, biosynthesis of the species-specific virulence factors gibberellic acid and deoxynivalenol produced by F. fujikuroi and F. graminearum, respectively, was reduced in axenic cultures but virulence was not attenuated in these mutants, a phenotype which goes in line with restored virulence factor production levels in planta. This suggests that yet unknown plant-derived signals are able to compensate for Ccl1 function during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Studt
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria,Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany,*Correspondence: Lena Studt, Joseph Strauss,
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Stefan Boedi
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria,*Correspondence: Lena Studt, Joseph Strauss,
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49
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Niehaus EM, Münsterkötter M, Proctor RH, Brown DW, Sharon A, Idan Y, Oren-Young L, Sieber CM, Novák O, Pěnčík A, Tarkowská D, Hromadová K, Freeman S, Maymon M, Elazar M, Youssef SA, El-Shabrawy ESM, Shalaby ABA, Houterman P, Brock NL, Burkhardt I, Tsavkelova EA, Dickschat JS, Galuszka P, Güldener U, Tudzynski B. Comparative "Omics" of the Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Highlights Differences in Genetic Potential and Metabolite Synthesis. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3574-3599. [PMID: 28040774 PMCID: PMC5203792 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFC) cause a wide spectrum of often devastating diseases on diverse agricultural crops, including coffee, fig, mango, maize, rice, and sugarcane. Although species within the FFC are difficult to distinguish by morphology, and their genes often share 90% sequence similarity, they can differ in host plant specificity and life style. FFC species can also produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites (SMs), including the mycotoxins fumonisins, fusarins, fusaric acid, and beauvericin, and the phytohormones gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins. The spectrum of SMs produced can differ among closely related species, suggesting that SMs might be determinants of host specificity. To date, genomes of only a limited number of FFC species have been sequenced. Here, we provide draft genome sequences of three more members of the FFC: a single isolate of F. mangiferae, the cause of mango malformation, and two isolates of F. proliferatum, one a pathogen of maize and the other an orchid endophyte. We compared these genomes to publicly available genome sequences of three other FFC species. The comparisons revealed species-specific and isolate-specific differences in the composition and expression (in vitro and in planta) of genes involved in SM production including those for phytohormome biosynthesis. Such differences have the potential to impact host specificity and, as in the case of F. proliferatum, the pathogenic versus endophytic life style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Daren W Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yifat Idan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Oren-Young
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Christian M Sieber
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, University of California, Walnut Creek, Berkeley, California
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Hromadová
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stanley Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Marcel Maymon
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Meirav Elazar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Sahar A Youssef
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Petra Houterman
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nelson L Brock
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Germany
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Germany
| | - Elena A Tsavkelova
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Germany
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 3, Freising, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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50
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Janevska S, Arndt B, Niehaus EM, Burkhardt I, Rösler SM, Brock NL, Humpf HU, Dickschat JS, Tudzynski B. Gibepyrone Biosynthesis in the Rice Pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi Is Facilitated by a Small Polyketide Synthase Gene Cluster. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27403-27420. [PMID: 27856636 PMCID: PMC5207165 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2H-pyran-2-one gibepyrone A and its oxidized derivatives gibepyrones B-F have been isolated from the rice pathogenic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi already more than 20 years ago. However, these products have not been linked to the respective biosynthetic genes, and therefore, their biosynthesis has not yet been analyzed on a molecular level. Feeding experiments with isotopically labeled precursors clearly supported a polyketide origin for the formal monoterpenoid gibepyrone A, whereas the terpenoid pathway could be excluded. Targeted gene deletion verified that the F. fujikuroi polyketide synthase PKS13, designated Gpy1, is responsible for gibepyrone A biosynthesis. Next to Gpy1, the ATP-binding cassette transporter Gpy2 is encoded by the gibepyrone gene cluster. Gpy2 was shown to have only a minor impact on the actual efflux of gibepyrone A out of the cell. Instead, we obtained evidence that Gpy2 is involved in gene regulation as it represses GPY1 gene expression. Thus, GPY1 was up-regulated and gibepyrone A production was enhanced both extra- and intracellularly in Δgpy2 mutants. Furthermore, expression of GPY genes is strictly repressed by members of the fungus-specific velvet complex, Vel1, Vel2, and Lae1, whereas Sge1, a major regulator of secondary metabolism in F. fujikuroi, affects gibepyrone biosynthesis in a positive manner. The gibepyrone A derivatives gibepyrones B and D were shown to be produced by cluster-independent P450 monooxygenases, probably to protect the fungus from the toxic product. In contrast, the formation of gibepyrones E and F from gibepyrone A is a spontaneous process and independent of enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- From the Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster
| | - Birgit Arndt
- the Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, D-48149 Münster, and
| | - Eva-Maria Niehaus
- From the Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- the Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah M Rösler
- From the Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster
- the Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, D-48149 Münster, and
| | - Nelson L Brock
- the Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- the Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, D-48149 Münster, and
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- the Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- From the Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster,
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