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Tiwari D, Kumar N, Bongirwar R, Shukla P. Nutraceutical prospects of genetically engineered cyanobacteria- technological updates and significance. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:263. [PMID: 38980547 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Genetically engineered cyanobacterial strains that have improved growth rate, biomass productivity, and metabolite productivity could be a better option for sustainable bio-metabolite production. The global demand for biobased metabolites with nutraceuticals and health benefits has increased due to their safety and plausible therapeutic and nutritional utility. Cyanobacteria are solar-powered green cellular factories that can be genetically tuned to produce metabolites with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical benefits. The present review discusses biotechnological endeavors for producing bioprospective compounds from genetically engineered cyanobacteria and discusses the challenges and troubleshooting faced during metabolite production. This review explores the cyanobacterial versatility, the use of engineered strains, and the techno-economic challenges associated with scaling up metabolite production from cyanobacteria. Challenges to produce cyanobacterial bioactive compounds with remarkable nutraceutical values have been discussed. Additionally, this review also summarises the challenges and future prospects of metabolite production from genetically engineered cyanobacteria as a sustainable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Tiwari
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niwas Kumar
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Riya Bongirwar
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Nawaz T, Gu L, Gibbons J, Hu Z, Zhou R. Bridging Nature and Engineering: Protein-Derived Materials for Bio-Inspired Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:373. [PMID: 38921253 PMCID: PMC11201842 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The sophisticated, elegant protein-polymers designed by nature can serve as inspiration to redesign and biomanufacture protein-based materials using synthetic biology. Historically, petro-based polymeric materials have dominated industrial activities, consequently transforming our way of living. While this benefits humans, the fabrication and disposal of these materials causes environmental sustainability challenges. Fortunately, protein-based biopolymers can compete with and potentially surpass the performance of petro-based polymers because they can be biologically produced and degraded in an environmentally friendly fashion. This paper reviews four groups of protein-based polymers, including fibrous proteins (collagen, silk fibroin, fibrillin, and keratin), elastomeric proteins (elastin, resilin, and wheat glutenin), adhesive/matrix proteins (spongin and conchiolin), and cyanophycin. We discuss the connection between protein sequence, structure, function, and biomimetic applications. Protein engineering techniques, such as directed evolution and rational design, can be used to improve the functionality of natural protein-based materials. For example, the inclusion of specific protein domains, particularly those observed in structural proteins, such as silk and collagen, enables the creation of novel biomimetic materials with exceptional mechanical properties and adaptability. This review also discusses recent advancements in the production and application of new protein-based materials through the approach of synthetic biology combined biomimetics, providing insight for future research and development of cutting-edge bio-inspired products. Protein-based polymers that utilize nature's designs as a base, then modified by advancements at the intersection of biology and engineering, may provide mankind with more sustainable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufiq Nawaz
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Liping Gu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | | | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Ruanbao Zhou
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
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Zhou J, Xu S, Li H, Xi H, Cheng W, Yang C. A Ribulose-5-phosphate Shunt from the Calvin-Benson Cycle to Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway for Enhancing Photosynthetic Terpenoid Production. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:876-887. [PMID: 38362836 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are attractive hosts for photosynthetic terpenoid production, using CO2 as the sole carbon source. Although the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is superior to the mevalonate pathway for cyanobacterial terpenoid synthesis, the first reaction of the MEP pathway, which is catalyzed by 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) synthase, involves complex regulation and carbon loss. Here, we constructed a direct route linking ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) in the Calvin-Benson (CB) cycle with DXP in the MEP pathway in a cyanobacterium to increase the terpenoid yield from CO2 and bypass the DXS-targeted regulations. By employing the adaptive laboratory evolution, we identified new RibB variants including RibB 90-92del with a high activity of synthesizing DXP from Ru5P. These RibB variants were introduced into Synechococcus elongatus, resulting in the significantly increased photosynthetic production of isopentenol. The 13C tracer experiments demonstrated a direct carbon flow from Ru5P in the CB cycle to the MEP pathway; thus, this direct route was denoted as the Ru5P shunt. The strain harboring the Ru5P shunt produced 105.2 mg L-1 of isopentenol with an average rate of 17.5 mg L-1 d-1 under continuous light conditions, which is higher than those ever reported for five-carbon alcohol production by photoautotrophic microorganisms. Utilization of the Ru5P shunt in cyanobacterial cells also improved the pinene production, which demonstrates that this shunt can be used to enhance the photosynthetic production of diverse terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suxian Xu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huachao Xi
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbo Cheng
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Li T, Liu X, Xiang H, Zhu H, Lu X, Feng B. Two-Phase Fermentation Systems for Microbial Production of Plant-Derived Terpenes. Molecules 2024; 29:1127. [PMID: 38474639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell factories, renowned for their economic and environmental benefits, have emerged as a key trend in academic and industrial areas, particularly in the fermentation of natural compounds. Among these, plant-derived terpenes stand out as a significant class of bioactive natural products. The large-scale production of such terpenes, exemplified by artemisinic acid-a crucial precursor to artemisinin-is now feasible through microbial cell factories. In the fermentation of terpenes, two-phase fermentation technology has been widely applied due to its unique advantages. It facilitates in situ product extraction or adsorption, effectively mitigating the detrimental impact of product accumulation on microbial cells, thereby significantly bolstering the efficiency of microbial production of plant-derived terpenes. This paper reviews the latest developments in two-phase fermentation system applications, focusing on microbial fermentation of plant-derived terpenes. It also discusses the mechanisms influencing microbial biosynthesis of terpenes. Moreover, we introduce some new two-phase fermentation techniques, currently unexplored in terpene fermentation, with the aim of providing more thoughts and explorations on the future applications of two-phase fermentation technology. Lastly, we discuss several challenges in the industrial application of two-phase fermentation systems, especially in downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Ximeng Liu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Haoyu Xiang
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Hehua Zhu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Baomin Feng
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
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Rautela A, Yadav I, Gangwar A, Chatterjee R, Kumar S. Photosynthetic production of α-farnesene by engineered Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 from carbon dioxide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 396:130432. [PMID: 38346593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the prospective biosolar cell factories to produce a range of bioproducts through CO2 sequestration. Farnesene is a sesquiterpene with an array of applications in biofuels, pest management, cosmetics, flavours and fragrances. This is the first time a codon-optimized farnesene synthase (AFS) gene is engineered into the genomic neutral site of Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 for farnesene synthesis through its endogenous methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, rendering UTEX AFS strain. Similarly, bottleneck gene(s) of the MEP pathway, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (dxs) and/or fusion of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (idispA) were engineered engendering UTEX AFS::dxs, UTEX AFS::idispA and UTEX AFS::dxs::idispA strains. UTEX AFS::dxs::idispA achieves farnesene productivity of 2.57 mg/L/day, the highest among engineered cyanobacterial strains studied so far. It demonstrates farnesene production, which is 31.3-times higher than the UTEX AFS strain. Moreover, the engineered strains show similar productivity over a three-month period, stipulating the genetic stability of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Rautela
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indrajeet Yadav
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Agendra Gangwar
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishika Chatterjee
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Bouyahya A, Bakrim S, Chamkhi I, Taha D, El Omari N, El Mneyiy N, El Hachlafi N, El-Shazly M, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Goh KW, Ming LC, Goh BH, Aanniz T. Bioactive substances of cyanobacteria and microalgae: Sources, metabolism, and anticancer mechanism insights. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115989. [PMID: 38103309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and microalgae contain various phytochemicals, including bioactive components in the form of secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and tannins, with remarkable anticancer effects. This review highlights the recent advances in bioactive compounds, with potential anticancer activity, produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae. Previous in vitro investigations showed that many of these bioactive compounds exhibit potent effects against different human cancer types, such as leukemia and breast cancers. Multiple mechanisms implicated in the antitumor effect of these compounds were elucidated, including their ability to target cellular, subcellular, and molecular checkpoints linked to cancer development and promotion. Recent findings have highlighted various mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae, including induction of autophagy and apoptosis, inhibition of telomerase and protein kinases, as well as modulation of epigenetic modifications. In vivo investigations have demonstrated a potent anti-angiogenesis effect on solid tumors, as well as a reduction in tumor volume. Some of these compounds were examined in clinical investigations for certain types of cancers, making them potent candidates/scaffolds for antitumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 10106, Morocco.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnologies, and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Douae Taha
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et Environnement, CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Mneyiy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34025 Taouanate, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road Fez, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, Cairo 11432, Egypt
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Ali M, Abdelkawy AM, Darwish DBE, Alatawi HA, Alshehri D, Al-Amrah H, Soudy FA. Changes in Metabolite Profiling and Expression Levels of Key Genes Involved in the Terpenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Garden Sage ( Salvia officinalis) under the Effect of Hydrazine Hydrate. Metabolites 2023; 13:807. [PMID: 37512514 PMCID: PMC10385164 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutagenesis is a highly efficient tool for establishing genetic variation and is widely used for genetic enhancement in various plants. The key benefit of mutation breeding is the prospect of enhancing one or several characteristics of a variety without altering the genetic background. In this study, we exposed the seeds of Salvia officinalis to four concentrations of hydrazine hydrate (HZ), i.e., (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) for 6 h. The contents of terpenoid compounds in the S. officinalis plantlets driven from the HZ-treated seeds were determined by GC-MS, which resulted in the identification of a total of 340 phytochemical compounds; 163 (87.48%), 145 (84.49%), 65 (97.45%), and 62 (98.32%), from the four concentrations of HZ (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%), respectively. Furthermore, we used the qRT-PCR system to disclose the "transcriptional control" for twelve TPS genes related to terpenoid and terpene biosynthesis, namely, SoGPS, SoMYRS, SoNEOD, SoCINS, SoSABS, SoLINS, SoFPPS, SoHUMS, SoTPS6, SoSQUS, SoGGPS, and SoGA2. Altogether, results are likely to ensure some positive relationship between the concentrations of the chemical mutagen HZ used for treating the seeds, the type and amount of the produced terpenes, and the expression of their corresponding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali
- Maryout Research Station, Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, 1 Mathaf El-Matarya St., El-Matareya, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Aisha M Abdelkawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
| | - Hanan Ali Alatawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University Collage of Haqel, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dikhnah Alshehri
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadba Al-Amrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathia A Soudy
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
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Satta A, Esquirol L, Ebert BE. Current Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Photosynthetic Bioproduction in Cyanobacteria. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020455. [PMID: 36838420 PMCID: PMC9964548 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms capable of using solar energy to convert CO2 and H2O into O2 and energy-rich organic compounds, thus enabling sustainable production of a wide range of bio-products. More and more strains of cyanobacteria are identified that show great promise as cell platforms for the generation of bioproducts. However, strain development is still required to optimize their biosynthesis and increase titers for industrial applications. This review describes the most well-known, newest and most promising strains available to the community and gives an overview of current cyanobacterial biotechnology and the latest innovative strategies used for engineering cyanobacteria. We summarize advanced synthetic biology tools for modulating gene expression and their use in metabolic pathway engineering to increase the production of value-added compounds, such as terpenoids, fatty acids and sugars, to provide a go-to source for scientists starting research in cyanobacterial metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Satta
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Natha, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Birgitta E. Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Liu Y, Liu WQ, Huang S, Xu H, Lu H, Wu C, Li J. Cell-free metabolic engineering enables selective biotransformation of fatty acids to value-added chemicals. Metab Eng Commun 2022; 16:e00217. [PMID: 36578475 PMCID: PMC9791597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid-derived products such as alkanes, fatty aldehydes, and fatty alcohols have many applications in the chemical industry. These products are predominately produced from fossil resources, but their production processes are often not environmentally friendly. While microbes like Escherichia coli have been engineered to convert fatty acids to corresponding products, the design and optimization of metabolic pathways in cells for high productivity is challenging due to low mass transfer, heavy metabolic burden, and intermediate/product toxicity. Here, we describe an E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform for in vitro conversion of long-chain fatty acids to value-added chemicals with product selectivity, which can also avoid the above issues when using microbial production systems. We achieve the selective biotransformation by cell-free expression of different enzymes and the use of different conditions (e.g., light and heating) to drive the biocatalysis toward different final products. Specifically, in response to blue light, cell-free expressed fatty acid photodecarboxylase (CvFAP, a photoenzyme) was able to convert fatty acids to alkanes with approximately 90% conversion. When the expressed enzyme was switched to carboxylic acid reductase (CAR), fatty acids were reduced to corresponding fatty aldehydes, which, however, could be further reduced to fatty alcohols by endogenous reductases in the cell-free system. By using a thermostable CAR and a heating treatment, the endogenous reductases were deactivated and fatty aldehydes could be selectively accumulated (>97% in the product mixture) without over-reduction to alcohols. Overall, our cell-free platform provides a new strategy to convert fatty acids to valuable chemicals with notable properties of operation flexibility, reaction controllability, and product selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wan-Qiu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shuhui Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Huiling Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Haofan Lu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Changzhu Wu
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS) and Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Jian Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China,Corresponding author.
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Blanc-Garin V, Chenebault C, Diaz-Santos E, Vincent M, Sassi JF, Cassier-Chauvat C, Chauvat F. Exploring the potential of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 for the photosynthetic production of various high-value terpenes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:110. [PMID: 36242067 PMCID: PMC9564069 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The robust model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 is increasingly explored for its potential to use solar energy, water and atmospheric CO2 for the carbon-neutral production of terpenes, the high-value chemicals that can be used for the production of drugs, flavors, fragrances and biofuels. However, as terpenes are chemically diverse, it is extremely difficult to predict whether Synechocystis is a suitable chassis for the photosynthetic production of various terpenes or only a few of them. Results We have performed the first-time engineering and comparative analysis of the best-studied cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 for the photosynthetic production of five chemically diverse high-value terpenes: two monoterpenes (C10H16) limonene (cyclic molecule) and pinene (bicyclic), and three sesquiterpenes (C15H24) bisabolene (cyclic), farnesene (linear) and santalene (cyclic). All terpene producers appeared to grow well and to be genetically stable, as shown by the absence of changes in their production levels during the 5–9-month periods of their sub-cultivation under photoautotrophic conditions). We also found that Synechocystis PCC 6803 can efficiently and stably produce farnesene and santalene, which had never been produced before by this model organism or any other cyanobacteria, respectively. Similar production levels were observed for cells growing on nitrate (the standard nitrogen source for cyanobacteria) or urea (cheaper than nitrate). Furthermore, higher levels of farnesene were produced by cloning the heterologous farnesene synthase gene in a RSF1010-derived replicating plasmid as compared to the well-used slr0168 neutral cloning site of the chromosome. Conclusions Altogether, the present results indicate that Synechocystis PCC 6803 is better suited to produce sesquiterpenes (particularly farnesene, the most highly produced terpene of this study) than monoterpenes (especially pinene). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02211-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire Blanc-Garin
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
| | - Célia Chenebault
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
| | - Encarnación Diaz-Santos
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
| | - Marine Vincent
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
| | - Jean-François Sassi
- Commissariat À L’énergie Atomique Et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre de Cadarache, 13108 St Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
| | - Franck Chauvat
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
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Agarwal P, Soni R, Kaur P, Madan A, Mishra R, Pandey J, Singh S, Singh G. Cyanobacteria as a Promising Alternative for Sustainable Environment: Synthesis of Biofuel and Biodegradable Plastics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:939347. [PMID: 35903468 PMCID: PMC9325326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.939347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim to alleviate the increasing plastic burden and carbon footprint on Earth, the role of certain microbes that are capable of capturing and sequestering excess carbon dioxide (CO2) generated by various anthropogenic means was studied. Cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic prokaryotes, are promising alternative for carbon sequestration as well as biofuel and bioplastic production because of their minimal growth requirements, higher efficiency of photosynthesis and growth rates, presence of considerable amounts of lipids in thylakoid membranes, and cosmopolitan nature. These microbes could prove beneficial to future generations in achieving sustainable environmental goals. Their role in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as a source of intracellular energy and carbon sink is being utilized for bioplastic production. PHAs have emerged as well-suited alternatives for conventional plastics and are a parallel competitor to petrochemical-based plastics. Although a lot of studies have been conducted where plants and crops are used as sources of energy and bioplastics, cyanobacteria have been reported to have a more efficient photosynthetic process strongly responsible for increased production with limited land input along with an acceptable cost. The biodiesel production from cyanobacteria is an unconventional choice for a sustainable future as it curtails toxic sulfur release and checks the addition of aromatic hydrocarbons having efficient oxygen content, with promising combustion potential, thus making them a better choice. Here, we aim at reporting the application of cyanobacteria for biofuel production and their competent biotechnological potential, along with achievements and constraints in its pathway toward commercial benefits. This review article also highlights the role of various cyanobacterial species that are a source of green and clean energy along with their high potential in the production of biodegradable plastics.
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12
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Cui Z, Qi Q, Hou J. Progress and perspectives for microbial production of farnesene. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126682. [PMID: 35007732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Farnesene is increasingly used in industry, agriculture, and other fields due to its unique and excellent properties, necessitating its efficient synthesis. Microbial synthesis is an ideal farnesene production method. Recently, researchers have used several strategies to optimize the production performance of microorganisms. This review summarized these strategies, including regulation of farnesene synthesis pathways, and proposed some emerging tools and methods in stain engineering. Meanwhile, new farnesene biosynthetic pathways and effective farnesene production from cheap or waste substrates were emphatically introduced. Finally, future farnesene biosynthesis challenges were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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13
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Esakkimuthu S, Wang S, Abomohra AEF. CO2-Mediated Energy Conversion and Recycling. WASTE-TO-ENERGY 2022:379-409. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91570-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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14
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Tang R, Wen Q, Li M, Zhang W, Wang Z, Yang J. Recent Advances in the Biosynthesis of Farnesene Using Metabolic Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15468-15483. [PMID: 34905684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Farnesene, as an important sesquiterpene isoprenoid polymer of acetyl-CoA, is a renewable feedstock for diesel fuel, polymers, and cosmetics. It has been widely applied in agriculture, medicine, energy, and other fields. In recent years, farnesene biosynthesis is considered a green and economical approach because of its mild reaction conditions, low environmental pollution, and sustainability. Metabolic engineering has been widely applied to construct cell factories for farnesene biosynthesis. In this paper, the research progress, common problems, and strategies of farnesene biosynthesis are reviewed. They are mainly described from the perspectives of the current status of farnesene biosynthesis in different host cells, optimization of the metabolic pathway for farnesene biosynthesis, and key enzymes for farnesene biosynthesis. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for future farnesene biosynthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohao Tang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Wen
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijie Li
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
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15
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Yadav I, Rautela A, Kumar S. Approaches in the photosynthetic production of sustainable fuels by cyanobacteria using tools of synthetic biology. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:201. [PMID: 34664124 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms having a simple genetic composition are the prospective photoautotrophic cell factories for the production of a wide range of biofuel molecules. The simple genetic composition of cyanobacteria allows effortless genetic manipulation which leads to increased research endeavors from the synthetic biology approach. Various unicellular model cyanobacterial strains like Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 have been successfully engineered for biofuels generation. Improved development of synthetic biology tools, genetic modification methods and advancement in transformation techniques to construct a strain that can contain multiple foreign genes in a single operon have vastly expanded the functions that can be used for engineering photosynthetic cyanobacteria for the generation of various biofuel molecules. In this review, recent advancements and approaches in synthetic biology tools used for cyanobacterial genome editing have been discussed. Apart from this, cyanobacterial productions of various fuel molecules like isoprene, limonene, α-farnesene, squalene, alkanes, butanol, and fatty acids, which can be a substitute for petroleum and fossil fuels in the future, have been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Yadav
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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16
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Intasian P, Prakinee K, Phintha A, Trisrivirat D, Weeranoppanant N, Wongnate T, Chaiyen P. Enzymes, In Vivo Biocatalysis, and Metabolic Engineering for Enabling a Circular Economy and Sustainability. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10367-10451. [PMID: 34228428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, the rapid growth and development of global industries have depended largely upon the utilization of coal-derived chemicals, and more recently, the utilization of petroleum-based chemicals. These developments have followed a linear economy model (produce, consume, and dispose). As the world is facing a serious threat from the climate change crisis, a more sustainable solution for manufacturing, i.e., circular economy in which waste from the same or different industries can be used as feedstocks or resources for production offers an attractive industrial/business model. In nature, biological systems, i.e., microorganisms routinely use their enzymes and metabolic pathways to convert organic and inorganic wastes to synthesize biochemicals and energy required for their growth. Therefore, an understanding of how selected enzymes convert biobased feedstocks into special (bio)chemicals serves as an important basis from which to build on for applications in biocatalysis, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology to enable biobased processes that are greener and cleaner for the environment. This review article highlights the current state of knowledge regarding the enzymatic reactions used in converting biobased wastes (lignocellulosic biomass, sugar, phenolic acid, triglyceride, fatty acid, and glycerol) and greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) into value-added products and discusses the current progress made in their metabolic engineering. The commercial aspects and life cycle assessment of products from enzymatic and metabolic engineering are also discussed. Continued development in the field of metabolic engineering would offer diversified solutions which are sustainable and renewable for manufacturing valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawan Intasian
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Kridsadakorn Prakinee
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Aisaraphon Phintha
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Duangthip Trisrivirat
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169, Long-hard Bangsaen, Saensook, Muang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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17
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Liu CL, Xue K, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Lee TS, Bai Z, Tan T. Metabolic engineering strategies for sesquiterpene production in microorganism. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:73-92. [PMID: 34256675 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1924112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are a large variety of terpene natural products, widely existing in plants, fungi, marine organisms, insects, and microbes. Value-added sesquiterpenes are extensively used in industries such as: food, drugs, fragrances, and fuels. With an increase in market demands and the price of sesquiterpenes, the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes by microbial fermentation methods from renewable feedstocks is acquiring increasing attention. Synthetic biology provides robust tools of sesquiterpene production in microorganisms. This review presents a summary of metabolic engineering strategies on the hosts and pathway engineering for sesquiterpene production. Advances in synthetic biology provide new strategies on the creation of desired hosts for sesquiterpene production. Especially, metabolic engineering strategies for the production of sesquiterpenes such as: amorphadiene, farnesene, bisabolene, and caryophyllene are emphasized in: Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other microorganisms. Challenges and future perspectives of the bioprocess for translating sesquiterpene production into practical industrial work are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Li Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ye Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
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18
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Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology of Cyanobacteria for Carbon Capture and Utilization. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Betterle N, Hidalgo Martinez D, Melis A. Cyanobacterial Production of Biopharmaceutical and Biotherapeutic Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:237. [PMID: 32194609 PMCID: PMC7062967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to express human therapeutic proteins in photosynthetic organisms have been described in the literature. Regarding microalgae, most of the research entailed a heterologous transformation of the chloroplast, but transformant cells failed to accumulate the desired recombinant proteins in high quantity. The present work provides methods and DNA construct formulations for over-expressing in photosynthetic cyanobacteria, at the protein level, human-origin bio-pharmaceutical and bio-therapeutic proteins. Proof-of-concept evidence is provided for the design and reduction to practice of "fusion constructs as protein overexpression vectors" for the generation of the bio-therapeutic protein interferon alpha-2 (IFN). IFN is a member of the Type I interferon cytokine family, well-known for its antiviral and anti-proliferative functions. Fusion construct formulations enabled accumulation of IFN up to 12% of total cellular protein in soluble form. In addition, the work reports on the isolation and purification of the fusion IFN protein and preliminary verification of its antiviral activity. Combining the expression and purification protocols developed here, it is possible to produce fairly large quantities of interferon in these photosynthetic microorganisms, generated from sunlight, CO2, and H2O.
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20
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He P, Cai X, Chen K, Fu X. Identification of small RNAs involved in nitrogen fixation in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 based on RNA-seq under steady state conditions. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01557-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Anabaena sp. PCC7120 is a genetically tractable model organism for nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis research. The importance of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) as mediators of a number of cellular processes in bacteria has begun to be recognized. Bacterial sRNA binds to target genes through base pairing, and play a regulatory role. Many studies have shown that bacterial sRNA can regulate cell stress response, carbon and nitrogen fixation, and so on. However, little is known about sRNAs in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 regarded to nitrogen fixation under later steady state.
Methods
To provide a comprehensive study of sRNAs in this model organism, the sRNA (< 200 nt) extracted from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under nitrogen step-down treatment of 12 days, together with the sRNA from the control, was analyzed using deep RNA sequencing. Possible target genes regulated by all identified putative sRNAs were predicted by IntaRNA and further analyzed for functional categorizations for biological pathways.
Result
Totally, 14,132 transcripts were produced from the de novo assembly. Among them, transcripts that are located either in the intergenic region or antisense strand were kept, which resulted in 1219 sRNA candidates, for further analysis. RPKM-based differential expression analysis showed that 418 sRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between the samples from control (nitrogen addition, N+) and nitrogen depletion, (N−). Among them, 303 sRNAs were significantly upregulated, whereas 115 sRNAs were significantly downregulated. RT-PCR of 18 randomly chosen sRNAs showed a similar pattern as RNA-seq result, which confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq data. In addition, the possible target genes regulated by unique sRNAs of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under nitrogen addition (N+) condition or that under nitrogen depletion (N−) condition were analyzed for functional categorization and biological pathways, which provided the evidences that sRNAs were indeed involved in many different metabolic pathways.
Conclusion
The information from the present study provides a valuable reference for understanding the sRNA-mediated regulation of the nitrogen fixation in Anabaena PCC 7120 under steady state conditions.
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Abstract
Continual increases in the human population and growing concerns related to the energy crisis, food security, disease outbreaks, global warming, and other environmental issues require a sustainable solution from nature. One of the promising resources is cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae. They require simple ingredients to grow and possess a relatively simple genome. Cyanobacteria are known to produce a wide variety of bioactive compounds. In addition, cyanobacteria’s remarkable growth rate enables its potential use in a wide range of applications in the fields of bioenergy, biotechnology, natural products, medicine, agriculture, and the environment. In this review, we have summarized the potential applications of cyanobacteria in different areas of science and development, especially related to their use in producing biofuels and other valuable co-products. We have also discussed the challenges that hinder such development at an industrial level and ways to overcome such obstacles.
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22
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Microbiological Advances in Bioactives from High Altitude. MICROBIOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR HIGHER ALTITUDE AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS & SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1902-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Pattharaprachayakul N, Lee HJ, Incharoensakdi A, Woo HM. Evolutionary Engineering of Cyanobacteria to Enhance the Production of α-Farnesene from CO 2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13658-13664. [PMID: 31755253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria can fix CO2 and utilize it as the sole carbon source for cell growth and production of biochemicals. Here, we metabolically engineered Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for an enhanced production of α-farnesene by optimizing the ribosome-binding site (RBS) of the codon-optimized farnesene synthase gene. The production of α-farnesene was found to be enhanced in strains with a low translation initiation rate, resulting in α-farnesene production (0.57 mg/(L day)). Using the RBS variants and random mutations, we performed fluorescence-based analysis of cells grown in 96-well culture plates to screen the α-farnesene-producing strains but could not improve the titers of the RBS-optimized strains. However, evolutionary engineering of the RBS-optimized strains resulted in a twofold increase in α-farnesene production (1.2 mg/(L day)) compared to the previous study. Therefore, combining metabolic and evolutionary engineering might be helpful for enhancing the cellular fitness of cyanobacteria for the production of target chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napisa Pattharaprachayakul
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , 254 Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , 254 Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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24
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Farrokh P, Sheikhpour M, Kasaeian A, Asadi H, Bavandi R. Cyanobacteria as an eco-friendly resource for biofuel production: A critical review. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2835. [PMID: 31063628 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms which can be found in various environmental habitats. These photosynthetic bacteria are considered as promising feedstock for the production of the third- and the fourth-generation biofuels. The main subject of this review is highlighting the significant aspects of the biofuel production from cyanobacteria. The most recent investigations about the extraction or separation of the bio-oil from cyanobacteria are also adduced in the present review. Moreover, the genetic engineering of cyanobacteria for improving biofuel production and the impact of bioinformatics studies on the designing better-engineered strains are mentioned. The large-scale biofuel production is challenging, so the economic considerations to provide inexpensive biofuels are also cited. It seems that the future of biofuels is strongly dependent to the following items; understanding the metabolic pathways of the cyanobacterial species, progression in the construction of the engineered cyanobacteria, and inexpensive large-scale cultivation of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Farrokh
- Department of cell and molecular biology, School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Sheikhpour
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alibakhsh Kasaeian
- Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Asadi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Bavandi
- Branch-Marine Science and Technology Faculty, Islamic Azad University North Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Selão TT, Włodarczyk A, Nixon PJ, Norling B. Growth and selection of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 using alternative nitrogen and phosphorus sources. Metab Eng 2019; 54:255-263. [PMID: 31063791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, such as Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (Syn7002), are promising chassis strains for "green" biotechnological applications as they can be grown in seawater using oxygenic photosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide into biomass. Their other major nutritional requirements for efficient growth are sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). As these organisms are more economically cultivated in outdoor open systems, there is a need to develop cost-effective approaches to prevent the growth of contaminating organisms, especially as the use of antibiotic selection markers is neither economically feasible nor ecologically desirable due to the risk of horizontal gene transfer. Here we have introduced a synthetic melamine degradation pathway into Syn7002 and evolved the resulting strain to efficiently use the nitrogen-rich xenobiotic compound melamine as the sole N source. We also show that expression of phosphite dehydrogenase in the absence of its cognate phosphite transporter permits growth of Syn7002 on phosphite and can be used as a selectable marker in Syn7002. We combined these two strategies to generate a strain that can grow on melamine and phosphite as sole N and P sources, respectively. This strain is able to resist deliberate contamination in large excess and should be a useful chassis for metabolic engineering and biotechnological applications using cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Włodarczyk
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Peter J Nixon
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Sir Ernst Chain Building- Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Birgitta Norling
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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26
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Methyl jasmonate treatment affects the regulation of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway and early steps of the triterpenoid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Ko SC, Lee HJ, Choi SY, Choi JI, Woo HM. Bio-solar cell factories for photosynthetic isoprenoids production. PLANTA 2019; 249:181-193. [PMID: 30078076 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic production of isoprenoids in cyanobacteria is considered in terms of metabolic engineering and biological importance. Metabolic engineering of photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) has been performed to construct bio-solar cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to various value-added chemicals. Isoprenoids, which are found in nature and range from essential cell components to defensive molecules, have great value in cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and biofuels. In this review, we summarize the recent engineering of cyanobacteria for photosynthetic isoprenoids production as well as carbon molar basis comparisons with heterotrophic isoprenoids production in engineered Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Cheon Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Calero P, Nikel PI. Chasing bacterial chassis for metabolic engineering: a perspective review from classical to non-traditional microorganisms. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:98-124. [PMID: 29926529 PMCID: PMC6302729 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have witnessed an unprecedented increase in the number of novel bacterial species that hold potential to be used for metabolic engineering. Historically, however, only a handful of bacteria have attained the acceptance and widespread use that are needed to fulfil the needs of industrial bioproduction - and only for the synthesis of very few, structurally simple compounds. One of the reasons for this unfortunate circumstance has been the dearth of tools for targeted genome engineering of bacterial chassis, and, nowadays, synthetic biology is significantly helping to bridge such knowledge gap. Against this background, in this review, we discuss the state of the art in the rational design and construction of robust bacterial chassis for metabolic engineering, presenting key examples of bacterial species that have secured a place in industrial bioproduction. The emergence of novel bacterial chassis is also considered at the light of the unique properties of their physiology and metabolism, and the practical applications in which they are expected to outperform other microbial platforms. Emerging opportunities, essential strategies to enable successful development of industrial phenotypes, and major challenges in the field of bacterial chassis development are also discussed, outlining the solutions that contemporary synthetic biology-guided metabolic engineering offers to tackle these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Calero
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark2800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Pablo I. Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark2800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
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Lin PC, Pakrasi HB. Engineering cyanobacteria for production of terpenoids. PLANTA 2019; 249:145-154. [PMID: 30465115 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in cyanobacterial terpenoid production. The challenges and opportunities of improving terpenoid production by cyanobacteria are discussed. Terpenoids are a diverse group of natural products with a variety of commercial applications. With recent advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, microbial terpenoid synthesis is being viewed as a feasible approach for industrial production. Among different microbial hosts, cyanobacteria have the potential of sustainable production of terpenoids using light and CO2. Terpene synthases and the precursor pathways have been expressed in cyanobacteria for enhanced production of various terpene hydrocarbons, including isoprene, limonene, β-phellandrene, and farnesene. However, the productivities need to be further improved for commercial production. Many barriers remain to be overcome in order to efficiently convert CO2 to terpenoids. In this review, we will summarize recent efforts on photosynthetic production of terpenoids and discuss the challenges and opportunities of engineering cyanobacteria for terpenoid bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Cheng Lin
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Himadri B Pakrasi
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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Noreña-Caro D, Benton MG. Cyanobacteria as photoautotrophic biofactories of high-value chemicals. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Vavitsas K, Fabris M, Vickers CE. Terpenoid Metabolic Engineering in Photosynthetic Microorganisms. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E520. [PMID: 30360565 PMCID: PMC6266707 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are a group of natural products that have a variety of roles, both essential and non-essential, in metabolism and in biotic and abiotic interactions, as well as commercial applications such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, and chemical feedstocks. Economic viability for commercial applications is commonly not achievable by using natural source organisms or chemical synthesis. Engineered bio-production in suitable heterologous hosts is often required to achieve commercial viability. However, our poor understanding of regulatory mechanisms and other biochemical processes makes obtaining efficient conversion yields from feedstocks challenging. Moreover, production from carbon dioxide via photosynthesis would significantly increase the environmental and potentially the economic credentials of these processes by disintermediating biomass feedstocks. In this paper, we briefly review terpenoid metabolism, outline some recent advances in terpenoid metabolic engineering, and discuss why photosynthetic unicellular organisms-such as algae and cyanobacteria-might be preferred production platforms for the expression of some of the more challenging terpenoid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Vavitsas
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Michele Fabris
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Liu H, Ni J, Xu P, Tao F. Enhancing Light-Driven 1,3-Propanediol Production by Using Natural Compartmentalization of Differentiated Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2436-2446. [PMID: 30234972 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology emerges as a powerful approach for unlocking the potential of cyanobacteria to produce various chemicals. However, the highly oxidative intracellular environment of cyanobacteria is incompatible to numerous introduced enzymes from anaerobes. In this study, we explore a strategy based on natural compartmentalization of cyanobacterial heterocysts to overcome the incompatibility. Hence, the oxygen-sensitive 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) biosynthetic pathway was selected as a model and insulated in heterocysts to evaluate the proposed strategy. Thus, the genes from different sources for 1,3-PDO production were tandemly arrayed with promoter, resulting the assembled 1,3-PDO synthetic cassettes. Then the synthetic cassettes were integrated into the chromosome of Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 by homologous recombination, respectively. The engineered strain P11 containing the genes from facultative anaerobe Klebsiella pneumoniae (cassette KP) accumulated 46.0 mg L-1 of 1,3-PDO when heterocysts were present, which is approximately 1.7-fold higher than that of no heterocysts. As for the strains (P12, P13, and P14) containing the genes from strictly anaerobic bacterium Clostridium butyricum (cassette CB), the product 1,3-PDO could only be detected when heterocysts were present. These results indicate that insulation of the oxygen-sensitive 1,3-PDO pathway with heterocysts is an effective way to protect these enzymes in cyanobacteria. The strategy may have the potential of serving as a universal strategy to overcome the incompatibility of oxygen-sensitivity in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
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Gibbons J, Gu L, Zhu H, Gibbons W, Zhou R. Identification of two genes required for heptadecane production in a N 2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. AMB Express 2018; 8:167. [PMID: 30317393 PMCID: PMC6186262 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria photosynthetically produce long-chain hydrocarbons, which are considered as infrastructure-compatible biofuels. However, native cyanobacteria do not produce these hydrocarbons at sufficient rates or yields to warrant commercial deployment. This research sought to identify specific genes required for photosynthetic production of alkanes to enable future metabolic engineering for commercially viable production of alkanes. The two putative genes (alr5283 and alr5284) required for long-chain hydrocarbon production in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 were knocked out through a double crossover approach. The knockout mutant abolished the production of heptadecane (C17H36). The mutant is able to be complemented by a plasmid bearing the two genes along with their native promoters only. The complemented mutant restored photosynthetic production of heptadecane. This combined genetic and metabolite (alkanes) profiling approach may be broadly applicable to characterization of knockout mutants, using N2-fixing cyanobacteria as a cellular factory driven by solar energy to produce a wide range of commodity chemicals and drop-in-fuels from atmospheric gases (CO2 and N2 gas) and mineralized water.
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Harun I, Del Rio-Chanona EA, Wagner JL, Lauersen KJ, Zhang D, Hellgardt K. Photocatalytic Production of Bisabolene from Green Microalgae Mutant: Process Analysis and Kinetic Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Harun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Ehecatl Antonio Del Rio-Chanona
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jonathan L. Wagner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Loughborough, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - Kyle J. Lauersen
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dongda Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M1 3BU, U.K
- Centre for Process Integration, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M1 3BU, U.K
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Johnson TJ, Katuwal S, Anderson GA, Gu L, Zhou R, Gibbons WR. Photobioreactor cultivation strategies for microalgae and cyanobacteria. Biotechnol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tylor J. Johnson
- Dept. of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
- Dept. of MicrobiologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxville TN37996
| | - Sarmila Katuwal
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept.South Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
| | - Gary A. Anderson
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept.South Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
| | - Liping Gu
- Dept. of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
| | - Ruanbao Zhou
- Dept. of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
| | - William R. Gibbons
- Dept. of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
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36
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Betterle N, Melis A. Heterologous Leader Sequences in Fusion Constructs Enhance Expression of Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase and Yield of β-Phellandrene Production in Cyanobacteria ( Synechocystis). ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:912-921. [PMID: 29397685 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fusion constructs as protein overexpression vectors proved to be critical in the heterologous expression of terpene synthases in cyanobacteria. The concept was recently applied to the heterologous overexpression of the β-phellandrene synthase (β- PHLS) from plants, fused to the highly expressed endogenous cpcB gene encoding the β-subunit of phycocyanin. Overexpressed CpcB*PHLS fusion proteins enhanced the heterologous yield of C10H16 β-phellandrene hydrocarbons production in Synechocystis. This work extended the concept of fusion constructs as protein overexpression vectors by showing that highly expressed heterologous genes could also serve as leader sequences for protein overexpression in cyanobacteria. Examined are the kanamycin nptI and chloramphenicol cmR resistance cassettes, both of which are overexpressed in Synechocystis. Evidence showed a dual purpose of the nptI gene, as a leader sequence fused to a heterologous geranyl-diphosphate synthase ( GPPS), promoting its expression, while at the same time serving as a selectable marker for the screening of transformants. The work further showed that enhanced GPPS expression increased the yield of β-phellandrene in Synechocystis transformants harboring the β- PHLS gene. Moreover, the research evaluated the expression efficacy of a DNA fragment comprising 87 nucleotides from the 5' end of the cmR gene in fusion with the GPPS gene. This short fusion construct substantially increased the intracellular geranyl-diphosphate synthase level, suggesting that "short-stretch" cmR leader sequences can be used to drive a higher expression level of heterologous biosynthetic genes, while avoiding undesirable internal recombinations, as these sequences are shorter than the threshold of 200 bp, commonly assumed to be the threshold of high efficiency recombinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Betterle
- Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, United States
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, United States
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37
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Methods for enhancing cyanobacterial stress tolerance to enable improved production of biofuels and industrially relevant chemicals. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1617-1628. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Tailored carbon partitioning for phototrophic production of (E)-α-bisabolene from the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Metab Eng 2018; 45:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Ni J, Tao F, Xu P, Yang C. Engineering Cyanobacteria for Photosynthetic Production of C3 Platform Chemicals and Terpenoids from CO 2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1080:239-259. [PMID: 30091098 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0854-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a rising demand for bioproduced chemicals owing to restricted availability of petrochemical resources and increasing environmental concerns. Extensive efforts have been invested in the metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biosynthesis of chemicals and fuels. Among these, direct conversion of CO2 to chemicals by photoautotrophic microorganism cyanobacteria represents a green route with incredibly potent. Cyanobacteria have been engineered for the production of numerous biofuels and chemicals, such as 2,3-butanediol, fatty acids, isobutyraldehyde, and n-butanol. Under the current condition, it might be initially wiser to produce chemicals with higher value or higher yield. Photosynthetic production of C3 platform chemicals could withdraw carbon close to fixation to maximize the pool of available carbon, thus achieving the strong production rates. Photosynthetic production of terpenoids is another good choice due to the higher value of these compounds. Here, we review recent advances in generating C3 chemicals and valuable terpenoids from cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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40
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Asplund-Samuelsson J, Janasch M, Hudson EP. Thermodynamic analysis of computed pathways integrated into the metabolic networks of E. coli and Synechocystis reveals contrasting expansion potential. Metab Eng 2017; 45:223-236. [PMID: 29278749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introducing biosynthetic pathways into an organism is both reliant on and challenged by endogenous biochemistry. Here we compared the expansion potential of the metabolic network in the photoautotroph Synechocystis with that of the heterotroph E. coli using the novel workflow POPPY (Prospecting Optimal Pathways with PYthon). First, E. coli and Synechocystis metabolomic and fluxomic data were combined with metabolic models to identify thermodynamic constraints on metabolite concentrations (NET analysis). Then, thousands of automatically constructed pathways were placed within each network and subjected to a network-embedded variant of the max-min driving force analysis (NEM). We found that the networks had different capabilities for imparting thermodynamic driving forces toward certain compounds. Key metabolites were constrained differently in Synechocystis due to opposing flux directions in glycolysis and carbon fixation, the forked tri-carboxylic acid cycle, and photorespiration. Furthermore, the lysine biosynthesis pathway in Synechocystis was identified as thermodynamically constrained, impacting both endogenous and heterologous reactions through low 2-oxoglutarate levels. Our study also identified important yet poorly covered areas in existing metabolomics data and provides a reference for future thermodynamics-based engineering in Synechocystis and beyond. The POPPY methodology represents a step in making optimal pathway-host matches, which is likely to become important as the practical range of host organisms is diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Asplund-Samuelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, P-Box 1031, 171 21 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Markus Janasch
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, P-Box 1031, 171 21 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Elton P Hudson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, P-Box 1031, 171 21 Solna, Sweden.
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41
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Lee HJ, Lee J, Lee SM, Um Y, Kim Y, Sim SJ, Choi JI, Woo HM. Direct Conversion of CO 2 to α-Farnesene Using Metabolically Engineered Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10424-10428. [PMID: 29068210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Direct conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added chemicals by engineering of cyanobacteria has received attention as a sustainable strategy in food and chemical industries. Herein, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, a model cyanobacterium, was engineered to produce α-farnesene from CO2. As a result of the lack of farnesene synthase (FS) activity in the wild-type cyanobacterium, we metabolically engineered S. elongatus PCC 7942 to express heterologous FS from either Norway spruce or apple fruit, resulting in detectable peaks of α-farnesene. To enhance α-farnesene production, an optimized methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway was introduced in the farnesene-producing strain to supply farnesyl diphosphate. Subsequent cyanobacterial culture with a dodecane overlay resulted in photosynthetic production of α-farnesene (4.6 ± 0.4 mg/L in 7 days) from CO2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the photosynthetic production of α-farnesene from CO2 in the unicellular cyanobacterium S. elongatus PCC 7942.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoon Um
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunje Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University , 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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42
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Wiwczar JM, LaFountain AM, Wang J, Frank HA, Brudvig GW. Chlorophyll a with a farnesyl tail in thermophilic cyanobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:175-182. [PMID: 28741056 DOI: 10.1007/slll20-017-0425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms normally contains exclusively chlorophyll a (Chl a) as its major light-harvesting pigment. Chl a canonically consists of the chlorin headgroup with a 20-carbon, 4-isoprene unit, phytyl tail. We have examined the 1.9 Å crystal structure of PSII from thermophilic cyanobacteria reported by Shen and coworkers in 2012 (PDB accession of 3ARC/3WU2). A newly refined electron density map from this structure, presented here, reveals that some assignments of the cofactors may be different from those modeled in the 3ARC/3WU2 structure, including a specific Chl a that appears to have a truncated tail by one isoprene unit. We provide experimental evidence using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for a small population of Chl a esterified to a 15-carbon farnesyl tail in PSII of thermophilic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Wiwczar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, USA
| | - Amy M LaFountain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, USA
| | - Harry A Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, USA.
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43
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Wiwczar JM, LaFountain AM, Wang J, Frank HA, Brudvig GW. Chlorophyll a with a farnesyl tail in thermophilic cyanobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:175-182. [PMID: 28741056 PMCID: PMC5832022 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms normally contains exclusively chlorophyll a (Chl a) as its major light-harvesting pigment. Chl a canonically consists of the chlorin headgroup with a 20-carbon, 4-isoprene unit, phytyl tail. We have examined the 1.9 Å crystal structure of PSII from thermophilic cyanobacteria reported by Shen and coworkers in 2012 (PDB accession of 3ARC/3WU2). A newly refined electron density map from this structure, presented here, reveals that some assignments of the cofactors may be different from those modeled in the 3ARC/3WU2 structure, including a specific Chl a that appears to have a truncated tail by one isoprene unit. We provide experimental evidence using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for a small population of Chl a esterified to a 15-carbon farnesyl tail in PSII of thermophilic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Wiwczar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, USA
| | - Amy M LaFountain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, USA
| | - Harry A Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, USA.
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Knoot CJ, Ungerer J, Wangikar PP, Pakrasi HB. Cyanobacteria: Promising biocatalysts for sustainable chemical production. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:5044-5052. [PMID: 28972147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.815886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes showing great promise as biocatalysts for the direct conversion of CO2 into fuels, chemicals, and other value-added products. Introduction of just a few heterologous genes can endow cyanobacteria with the ability to transform specific central metabolites into many end products. Recent engineering efforts have centered around harnessing the potential of these microbial biofactories for sustainable production of chemicals conventionally produced from fossil fuels. Here, we present an overview of the unique chemistry that cyanobacteria have been co-opted to perform. We highlight key lessons learned from these engineering efforts and discuss advantages and disadvantages of various approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Knoot
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
| | - Justin Ungerer
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
| | - Pramod P Wangikar
- the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Himadri B Pakrasi
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
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45
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Hydrogen containing fuel gas generation from organic wastes using photon activated magnesium metal catalyst. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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46
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Jahandideh A, Johnson TJ, Esmaeili N, Johnson MD, Richardson JW, Muthukumarappan K, Anderson GA, Halfmann C, Zhou R, Gibbons WR. Life cycle analysis of a large-scale limonene production facility utilizing filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Xie M, Wang W, Zhang W, Chen L, Lu X. Versatility of hydrocarbon production in cyanobacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:905-919. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Cyanobacterial metabolic engineering for biofuel and chemical production. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 35:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Johnson TJ, Jahandideh A, Johnson MD, Fields KH, Richardson JW, Muthukumarappan K, Cao Y, Gu Z, Halfmann C, Zhou R, Gibbons WR. Producing next-generation biofuels from filamentous cyanobacteria: An economic feasibility analysis. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Enhanced limonene production in cyanobacteria reveals photosynthesis limitations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14225-14230. [PMID: 27911807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613340113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are the major secondary metabolites produced by plants, and have diverse industrial applications as pharmaceuticals, fragrance, solvents, and biofuels. Cyanobacteria are equipped with efficient carbon fixation mechanism, and are ideal cell factories to produce various fuel and chemical products. Past efforts to produce terpenes in photosynthetic organisms have gained only limited success. Here we engineered the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 to efficiently produce limonene through modeling guided study. Computational modeling of limonene flux in response to photosynthetic output has revealed the downstream terpene synthase as a key metabolic flux-controlling node in the MEP (2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate) pathway-derived terpene biosynthesis. By enhancing the downstream limonene carbon sink, we achieved over 100-fold increase in limonene productivity, in contrast to the marginal increase achieved through stepwise metabolic engineering. The establishment of a strong limonene flux revealed potential synergy between photosynthate output and terpene biosynthesis, leading to enhanced carbon flux into the MEP pathway. Moreover, we show that enhanced limonene flux would lead to NADPH accumulation, and slow down photosynthesis electron flow. Fine-tuning ATP/NADPH toward terpene biosynthesis could be a key parameter to adapt photosynthesis to support biofuel/bioproduct production in cyanobacteria.
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