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Bemmelen JV, Smyth DS, Baaijens JA. Amplidiff: an optimized amplicon sequencing approach to estimating lineage abundances in viral metagenomes. BMC Bioinformatics 2024; 25:126. [PMID: 38521945 PMCID: PMC10960382 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-024-05735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metagenomic profiling algorithms commonly rely on genomic differences between lineages, strains, or species to infer the relative abundances of sequences present in a sample. This observation plays an important role in the analysis of diverse microbial communities, where targeted sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA, both well-known hypervariable genomic regions, have led to insights into microbial diversity and the discovery of novel organisms. However, the variable nature of discriminatory regions can also act as a double-edged sword, as the sought-after variability can make it difficult to design primers for their amplification through PCR. Moreover, the most variable regions are not necessarily the most informative regions for the purpose of differentiation; one should focus on regions that maximize the number of lineages that can be distinguished. RESULTS Here we present AmpliDiff, a computational tool that simultaneously finds highly discriminatory genomic regions in viral genomes of a single species, as well as primers allowing for the amplification of these regions. We show that regions and primers found by AmpliDiff can be used to accurately estimate relative abundances of SARS-CoV-2 lineages, for example in wastewater sequencing data. We obtain errors that are comparable with using whole genome information to estimate relative abundances. Furthermore, our results show that AmpliDiff is robust against incomplete input data and that primers designed by AmpliDiff also bind to genomes sampled months after the primers were selected. CONCLUSIONS With AmpliDiff we provide an effective, cost-efficient alternative to whole genome sequencing for estimating lineage abundances in viral metagenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van Bemmelen
- Intelligent Systems Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Davida S Smyth
- Department of Natural Sciences, Texas A &M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jasmijn A Baaijens
- Intelligent Systems Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ren W, Feng Y. Persistence of human- and cattle-associated Bacteroidales and mitochondrial DNA markers in freshwater mesocosms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165742. [PMID: 37487899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of the origins of non-point source pollution is essential for the effective control of fecal pollution. Host-associated Bacteroidales and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers have been developed to identify the sources of human and cattle fecal pollution. However, the differences in persistence between these two types of markers under different environmental conditions are still poorly understood. Here, we conducted mesocosm experiments to investigate the influence of indigenous microbiota and nutrients on the decay of Bacteroidales and mtDNA markers associated with humans and cattle. Raw sewage or cattle feces were inoculated into mesocosms containing natural eutrophic water, sterile eutrophic water or artificial freshwater. The Bacteroidales markers HF183 (human) and CowM3 (cattle) and mtDNA markers HcytB (human) and QMIBo (cattle) were quantified using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. All markers but HF183 decreased the fastest in the presence of indigenous microbiota. Nutrients caused a decrease in the persistence of HF183; however, no significant nutrient effects were observed for HcytB, CowM3, and QMIBo. The time to reach one log reduction (T90) for HF183 and HcytB was similar; CowM3 reached T90 earlier than QMIBo in all the treatments but eutrophic water. E. coli persisted longer than both Bacteroidales and mtDNA markers in the mesocosms regardless of inoculum type. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to determine the changes in bacterial communities accompanying the marker decay. Analysis using the SourceTracker software showed that bacterial communities in the mesocosms became more dissimilar to those in the corresponding inoculants over time. Our results indicate that environmental factors are important determinants of genetic markers' persistence, but their impact can vary depending on the genetic markers. The cattle Bacteroidales markers may be more suitable for determining recent fecal contamination than cattle mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ren
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yucheng Feng
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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3
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Poopedi E, Singh T, Gomba A. Potential Exposure to Respiratory and Enteric Bacterial Pathogens among Wastewater Treatment Plant Workers, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4338. [PMID: 36901349 PMCID: PMC10002314 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater handling has been associated with an increased risk of developing adverse health effects, including respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses. However, there is a paucity of information in the literature, and occupational health risks are not well quantified. Grab influent samples were analysed using Illumina Miseq 16S amplicon sequencing to assess potential worker exposure to bacterial pathogens occurring in five municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The most predominant phyla were Bacteroidota, Campilobacterota, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Desulfobacterota, accounting for 85.4% of the total bacterial community. Taxonomic analysis showed a relatively low diversity of bacterial composition of the predominant genera across all WWTPs, indicating a high degree of bacterial community stability in the influent source. Pathogenic bacterial genera of human health concern included Mycobacterium, Coxiella, Escherichia/Shigella, Arcobacter, Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, Treponema, and Aeromonas. Furthermore, WHO-listed inherently resistant opportunistic bacterial genera were identified. These results suggest that WWTP workers may be occupationally exposed to several bacterial genera classified as hazardous biological agents for humans. Therefore, there is a need for comprehensive risk assessments to ascertain the actual risks and health outcomes among WWTP workers and inform effective intervention strategies to reduce worker exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evida Poopedi
- National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Tanusha Singh
- National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Annancietar Gomba
- National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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4
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Ríos-Castro R, Cabo A, Teira E, Cameselle C, Gouveia S, Payo P, Novoa B, Figueras A. High-throughput sequencing as a tool for monitoring prokaryote communities in a wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160531. [PMID: 36470389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the DNA metabarcoding technique was used to explore the prokaryote diversity and community structure in wastewater collected in spring and winter 2020-2021 as well as the efficiency of the treatment in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). The samplings included raw wastewater from the inlet stream (M1), the discharge water after the disinfection treatment (M3) and mussels used as bioindicators of possible contamination of the marine environment. Significant differences were discovered in the microbiome of each type of sample (M1, M3 and mussels), with 92 %, 45 % and 44 % of exclusive OTUs found in mussel, M3 and M1 samples respectively. Seasonal differences were also detected in wastewater samples, with which abiotic parameters (temperature, pH) could be strongly involved. Bacteria present in raw wastewater (M1) were associated with the human gut microbiome, and therefore, potential pathogens that could be circulating in the population in specific periods were detected (e.g., Arcobacter sp. and Clostridium sp.). A considerable decrease in putative pathogenic organisms from the M1 to M3 wastewater fractions and the scarce presence in mussels (<0.5 % total reads) confirmed the effectiveness of pathogen removal in the wastewater treatment plant. Our results showed the potential of the DNA metabarcoding technique for monitoring studies and confirmed its application in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and environmental contamination studies. Although this technique cannot determine if the infective pathogens are present, it can characterize the microbial communities and the putative pathogens that are circulating through the population (microbiome of M1) and also confirm the efficacy of depuration treatment, which can directly affect the aquaculture sector and even human and veterinary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ríos-Castro
- Marine Research Institute IIM-CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Adrián Cabo
- University of Vigo, BiotecnIA Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Eva Teira
- University of Vigo, Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Centro de Investigación Marina (CIM), Universidad de Vigo, Facultad de Ciencias do Mar, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Claudio Cameselle
- University of Vigo, BiotecnIA Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Gouveia
- University of Vigo, BiotecnIA Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pedro Payo
- GESECO Aguas S.A., Teixugueiras 13, 36212 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Marine Research Institute IIM-CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Marine Research Institute IIM-CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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Liu Y, Feng L, Liu Y, Zhang L. A novel constructed wetland based on iron carbon substrates: performance optimization and mechanisms of simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:23035-23046. [PMID: 36319923 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the combination of iron carbon micro-electrolysis (ICME) with constructed wetlands (CWs) for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus has attracted more and more attention. However, the removal mechanisms by CWs with iron carbon (Fe-C) substrates are still unclear. In this study, the Fe-C based CW (CW-A) was established to improve the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus by optimizing the operating conditions. And the removal mechanisms of nitrogen and phosphorus were explored. The results shown that the removal rates of COD, NH4+-N, NO3--N, TN, and TP in CW-A could reach up to 84.4%, 94.0%, 81.1%, 86.6%, and 84.3%, respectively. Wetland plants and intermittent aeration have dominant effects on the removal of NH4+-N, while the removal efficiencies of NO3--N, TN, and TP were mainly affected by Fe-C substrates, wetland plants, and HRT. XPS analysis revealed that Fe(0)/Fe2+ and their valence transformation played important roles on the pollutants removal. High-throughput sequencing results showed that Fe-C substrates and wetland plants had considerable impacts on the microbial community structures, such as richness and diversity of microorganism. The relative abundance of autotrophic denitrification bacteria (e.g., Denitatsoma, Thauera, and Sulfuritalea) increased in CW-A than CW-C. The electrons and H2/[H] produced from Fe-C substrates were utilized by autotrophic denitrification bacteria for NO3--N reduction. Microbial degradation was the main removal mechanism of nitrogen in CW-A. Removal efficiency of phosphorus was enhanced resulted from the reaction of phosphate with iron ion. The application of CWs with Fe-C substrates and plants presented great potential for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Moreno-Mesonero L, Amorós I, Moreno Y, Alonso JL. Simultaneous detection of less frequent waterborne parasitic protozoa in reused wastewater using amplicon sequencing and qPCR techniques. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115029. [PMID: 35430514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne parasitic protozoa (WPP) infections have a worldwide distribution and are a source for epidemic and endemic human diseases. Although a variety of protozoa are commonly detected in wastewater and cited as causative agents of outbreaks, effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) used for irrigation can contain other pathogenic protozoa that are not currently being controlled. The lack of control on a routine basis using rapid and sensitive methods to detect these parasites in water may keep them under-recognized. This study focused on using molecular tools, 18 S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing and qPCR, to characterize WPP distribution in wastewater samples from urban WWTPs used for irrigation. A total of eight wastewater samples (from secondary and tertiary disinfection treatment effluents) were collected. Potentially pathogenic protozoa identified by 18 S rRNA sequencing and/or qPCR in the analyzed samples included Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Giardia intestinalis assemblage A and Toxoplasma gondii Positive results by qPCR were in non-quantifiable levels. Blastocystis sp. was the most represented protozoa among the sequences retrieved from the amplicon sequencing. Blastocystis ST1 and ST2 were the most abundant subtypes among the obtained OTUs. Moreover, Blastocystis sp. ST3, ST4, ST6 and ST8 were also detected, although in lower abundances. Results of this study showed that WWTP effluents used for irrigation can provide a source of WPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno-Mesonero
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - I Amorós
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Y Moreno
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J L Alonso
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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7
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Gupta V, Shekhawat SS, Kulshreshtha NM, Gupta AB. A systematic review on chlorine tolerance among bacteria and standardization of their assessment protocol in wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:261-291. [PMID: 35906907 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though chlorine is a cost-effective disinfectant for water and wastewaters, the bacteria surviving after chlorination pose serious public health and environmental problems. This review critically assesses the mechanism of chlorine disinfection as described by various researchers; factors affecting chlorination efficacy; and the re-growth potential of microbial contaminations in treated wastewater post chlorination to arrive at meaningful doses for ensuring health safety. Literature analysis shows procedural inconsistencies in the assessment of chlorine tolerant bacteria, making it extremely difficult to compare the tolerance characteristics of different reported tolerant bacteria. A comparison of logarithmic reduction after chlorination and the concentration-time values for prominent pathogens led to the generation of a standard protocol for the assessment of chlorine tolerance. The factors that need to be critically monitored include applied chlorine doses, contact time, determination of chlorine demands of the medium, and the consideration of bacterial counts immediately after chlorination and in post chlorinated samples (regrowth). The protocol devised here appropriately assesses the chlorine-tolerant bacteria and urges the scientific community to report the regrowth characteristics as well. This would increase the confidence in data interpretation that can provide a better understanding of chlorine tolerance in bacteria and aid in formulating strategies for effective chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Gupta
- Alumnus, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandeep Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail: ; School of Life and Basic Sciences, SIILAS Campus, Jaipur National University Jaipur, India
| | - Niha Mohan Kulshreshtha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail:
| | - Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail:
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8
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Zeng T, Wang L, Zhang X, Song X, Li J, Yang J, Chen S, Zhang J. Characterization of Microbial Communities in Wastewater Treatment Plants Containing Heavy Metals Located in Chemical Industrial Zones. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116529. [PMID: 35682115 PMCID: PMC9180875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Water pollution caused by heavy metals (HMs) poses a serious risk to human health and the environment and can increase the risk of diabetes, cancer, and hypertension in particular. In this study, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in industrial zones in southern China were selected to analyze the microbial community structure, diversity, similarity, and differentiation in the anoxic/oxic (AO) and anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (AO-MBR) units under the stress of HMs. High-throughput sequencing showed that microbial diversity and abundance were higher in the AO process than in the AO-MBR process. In the two WWTPs, the common dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, while the common dominant genera were Gemmatimonadaceae, Anaerolineaceae, Saprospiraceae, and Terrimonas. Manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) positively correlated with Saccharimonadales, Nakamurella, Micrococcales, and Microtrichales, whereas copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) positively correlated with Longilinea and Ferruginibacter. Additionally, the relative abundances of Chloroflexi, Patescibacteria, and Firmicutes differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the two processes. These results may provide comprehensive outlooks on the characterization of microbial communities in WWTPs, which could also help to reduce the potential environmental risks of the effluent from WWTPs located in industrial zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (T.Z.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Liangqin Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (T.Z.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (T.Z.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Xin Song
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (T.Z.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Jie Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (T.Z.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Jinhui Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (T.Z.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Shengbing Chen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (T.Z.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Leiviskä T, Risteelä S. Analysis of pharmaceuticals, hormones and bacterial communities in a municipal wastewater treatment plant - Comparison of parallel full-scale membrane bioreactor and activated sludge systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118433. [PMID: 34743964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones and bacterial community structures was studied at a wastewater treatment plant in Finland having two different parallel treatment lines: conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment with a sedimentation stage, and a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Influent and effluents were sampled seven times over a period of one year. The bacterial communities of the influent samples showed a high degree of similarity, except for the February sample which had substantially lower diversity. There was significant fluctuation in the species richness and diversity of the effluent samples, although both effluents showed a similar trend. A marked decrease in diversity was observed in effluents collected between August and November. The initiation of nitrogen removal as a result of an increase in temperature could explain the changes in microbial community structures. In overall terms, suspended solids, bacteria and total organic matter (COD and BOD) were removed to a greater extent using the MBR, while higher Tot-N, Tot-P and nitrate removal rates were achieved using the CAS treatment. Estrone (E1) concentrations were also consistently at a lower level in the MBR effluents (<0.1-0.68 ng/l) compared to the CAS effluents (1.1-12 ng/l). Due to the high variation in the concentrations of pharmaceuticals, no clear superiority of either process could be demonstrated with certainty. The study highlights the importance of long-term sampling campaigns to detect variations effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Leiviskä
- University of Oulu, Chemical Process Engineering, P.O. BOX 4300, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - S Risteelä
- Oulu Waterworks, P.O. BOX 35, FI-90015, City of Oulu, Finland.
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10
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Zimmer-Faust AG, Steele JA, Xiong X, Staley C, Griffith M, Sadowsky MJ, Diaz M, Griffith JF. A Combined Digital PCR and Next Generation DNA-Sequencing Based Approach for Tracking Nearshore Pollutant Dynamics Along the Southwest United States/Mexico Border. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674214. [PMID: 34421839 PMCID: PMC8377738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean currents, multiple fecal bacteria input sources, and jurisdictional boundaries can complicate pollution source tracking and associated mitigation and management efforts within the nearshore coastal environment. In this study, multiple microbial source tracking tools were employed to characterize the impact and reach of an ocean wastewater treatment facility discharge in Mexico northward along the coast and across the Southwest United States- Mexico Border. Water samples were evaluated for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Enterococcus by culture-based methods, and human-associated genetic marker (HF183) and Enterococcus by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was performed and the SourceTracker algorithm was used to characterize the bacterial community of the wastewater treatment plume and its contribution to beach waters. Sampling dates were chosen based on ocean conditions associated with northern currents. Evidence of a gradient in human fecal pollution that extended north from the wastewater discharge across the United States/Mexico border from the point source was observed using human-associated genetic markers and microbial community analysis. The spatial extent of fecal contamination observed was largely dependent on swell and ocean conditions. These findings demonstrate the utility of a combination of molecular tools for understanding and tracking specific pollutant sources in dynamic coastal water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity G Zimmer-Faust
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, United States
| | - Joshua A Steele
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, United States
| | - Xianyi Xiong
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Christopher Staley
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Madison Griffith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, United States
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Margarita Diaz
- Proyecto Fronterizo de Educación Ambiental, A.C., Tijuana, Mexico
| | - John F Griffith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, United States
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11
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Liang H, Yu Z, Wang B, Ndayisenga F, Liu R, Zhang H, Wu G. Synergistic Application of Molecular Markers and Community-Based Microbial Source Tracking Methods for Identification of Fecal Pollution in River Water During Dry and Wet Seasons. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660368. [PMID: 34194406 PMCID: PMC8236858 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to track fecal sources from humans and animals that negatively influence the water quality of rural rivers and human health. In this study, microbial source tracking (MST) methods using molecular markers and the community-based FEAST (fast expectation–maximization microbial source tracking) program were synergistically applied to distinguish the fecal contributions of multiple sources in a rural river located in Beijing, China. The performance of eight markers were evaluated using 133 fecal samples based on real-time quantitative (qPCR) technique. Among them, six markers, including universal (BacUni), human-associated (HF183-1 and BacH), swine-associated (Pig-2-Bac), ruminant-associated (Rum-2-Bac), and avian-associated (AV4143) markers, performed well in the study. A total of 96 water samples from the river and outfalls showed a coordinated composition of fecal pollution, which revealed that outfall water might be a potential input of the Fsq River. In the FEAST program, bacterial 16S rRNA genes of 58 fecal and 12 water samples were sequenced to build the “source” library and “sink,” respectively. The relative contribution (<4.01% of sequence reads) of each source (i.e., human, swine, bovine, or sheep) was calculated based on simultaneous screening of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of sources and sinks, which indicated that community-based MST methods could be promising tools for identifying fecal sources from a more comprehensive perspective. Results of the qPCR assays indicated that fecal contamination from human was dominant during dry weather and that fecal sources from swine and ruminant were more prevalent in samples during the wet season than in those during the dry season, which were consistent with the findings predicted by the FEAST program using a very small sample size. Information from the study could be valuable for the development of improved regulation policies to reduce the levels of fecal contamination in rural rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,RCEES-IMCAS-UCAS Joint-Lab of Microbial Technology for Environmental Science, Beijing, China
| | - Bobo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fabrice Ndayisenga
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Tiwari A, Hokajärvi AM, Domingo JS, Elk M, Jayaprakash B, Ryu H, Siponen S, Vepsäläinen A, Kauppinen A, Puurunen O, Artimo A, Perkola N, Huttula T, Miettinen IT, Pitkänen T. Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system - from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 34022963 PMCID: PMC8140503 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-021-00379-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rivers and lakes are used for multiple purposes such as for drinking water (DW) production, recreation, and as recipients of wastewater from various sources. The deterioration of surface water quality with wastewater is well-known, but less is known about the bacterial community dynamics in the affected surface waters. Understanding the bacterial community characteristics -from the source of contamination, through the watershed to the DW production process-may help safeguard human health and the environment. RESULTS The spatial and seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities, their predicted functions, and potential health-related bacterial (PHRB) reads within the Kokemäenjoki River watershed in southwest Finland were analyzed with the 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing method. Water samples were collected from various sampling points of the watershed, from its major pollution sources (sewage influent and effluent, industrial effluent, mine runoff) and different stages of the DW treatment process (pre-treatment, groundwater observation well, DW production well) by using the river water as raw water with an artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). The beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were highly varied among sample groups (R = 0.92, p < 0.001, ANOSIM). The species richness and evenness indices were highest in surface water (Chao1; 920 ± 10) among sample groups and gradually decreased during the DW treatment process (DW production well; Chao1: 320 ± 20). Although the phylum Proteobacteria was omnipresent, its relative abundance was higher in sewage and industrial effluents (66-80%) than in surface water (55%). Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were only detected in sewage samples. Actinobacteria was more abundant in the surface water (≥13%) than in other groups (≤3%). Acidobacteria was more abundant in the DW treatment process (≥13%) than in others (≤2%). In total, the share of PHRB reads was higher in sewage and surface water than in the DW treatment samples. The seasonal effect in bacterial communities was observed only on surface water samples, with the lowest diversity during summer. CONCLUSIONS The low bacterial diversity and absence of PHRB read in the DW samples indicate AGR can produce biologically stable and microbiologically safe drinking water. Furthermore, the significantly different bacterial communities at the pollution sources compared to surface water and DW samples highlight the importance of effective wastewater treatment for protecting the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Jorge Santo Domingo
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Elk
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Hodon Ryu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sallamaari Siponen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asko Vepsäläinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701, Kuopio, Finland
- Present address: Finnish Food Authority, Laboratory and Research Division, Virology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Noora Perkola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Huttula
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Survontie 9 A, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Mathai PP, Staley C, Sadowsky MJ. Sequence-enabled community-based microbial source tracking in surface waters using machine learning classification: A review. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 177:106050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Wu H, Gai Z, Guo Y, Li Y, Hao Y, Lu ZN. Does environmental pollution inhibit urbanization in China? A new perspective through residents' medical and health costs. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109128. [PMID: 32069743 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Health problems caused by environmental pollution may affect the process of urbanization in China. Therefore, this study, against the backdrop of promoting new-type urbanization, evaluates the level of China's urbanization comprehensively using the fully arranged polygon graphical index method. It uses a dynamic threshold panel model to study the potential non-linear relationship between environmental pollution (wastewater, sulfur dioxide, and solid wastes) and urbanization under different health costs of residents. Our findings show that environmental pollution has inhibited the improvement of comprehensive urbanization, population urbanization, economic urbanization, and living conditions urbanization, but promoted living environment urbanization, in China. It is worth noting that with the rise in residents' health costs, the inhibiting effect of environmental pollution on comprehensive urbanization, population urbanization, economic urbanization, and living conditions urbanization in China has gradually increased, but on living environment urbanization, it has decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Economics and Management, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Gai
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yunxia Guo
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yunwei Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yu Hao
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhi-Nan Lu
- Thrombosis and Vascular Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
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15
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Determining uncertainties in PICRUSt analysis – An easy approach for autotrophic nitrogen removal. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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O'Dea C, Zhang Q, Staley C, Masters N, Kuballa A, Fisher P, Veal C, Stratton H, Sadowsky MJ, Ahmed W, Katouli M. Compositional and temporal stability of fecal taxon libraries for use with SourceTracker in sub-tropical catchments. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:114967. [PMID: 31430652 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of microbial communities using high-throughput amplicon sequencing is an emerging approach for microbial source tracking of fecal pollution. This study used SourceTracker software to examine temporal and geographical variability of fecal bacterial community profiles to identify pollutant sources in three freshwater catchments in sub-tropical Australia. Fecal bacterial communities from 10 animal species, humans, and composite wastewater samples from six sewage treatment plants were characterized and compared to freshwater samples using Illumina amplicon sequencing of the V5-V6 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Source contributions were calculated in SourceTracker using new fecal taxon libraries as well as previously generated libraries to determine the effects of geographic and temporal variability on source assignments. SourceTracker determined 16S rRNA bacterial communites within freshwater samples, shared taxonomic similarities to that of wastewater at low levels (typically <3%). SourceTraker also predicted occasional fecal detection of deer and flying fox sources in the water samples. No significant differences in source contributions were observed within sequences from current and previously characterized fecal samples (P ≥ 0.107). However, significant differences were observed between previously characterized and newly characterized source communities (ANOSIM P ≤ 0.001), which shared <15% community composition. Results suggest temporal instability of fecal taxon libraries among tested sources and highlight continual evaluation of community-based MST using confirmatory qPCR analyses of marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O'Dea
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia.
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Christopher Staley
- The Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, MN, 55108, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Nicole Masters
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia.
| | - Anna Kuballa
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia.
| | - Paul Fisher
- Seqwater, 117 Brisbane Street, Ipswich, QLD, Australia.
| | - Cameron Veal
- Seqwater, 117 Brisbane Street, Ipswich, QLD, Australia.
| | - Helen Stratton
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- The Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, MN, 55108, USA; Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, MN, 55108, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Katouli
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia.
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17
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Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, La Rosa G. Innovative analytical methods for monitoring microbiological and virological water quality. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Profiling Bacterial Diversity and Potential Pathogens in Wastewater Treatment Plants Using High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110506. [PMID: 31671809 PMCID: PMC6921039 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing provides new insights into the diversity and structure of bacterial communities, as well as the fate of pathogens in wastewater treatment systems. In this study, the bacterial community structure and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in three wastewater treatment plants across Gauteng province in South Africa were studied. The physicochemical results indicated that the quality of wastewater varies considerably from one plant to the others. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi were the dominant phyla across the three wastewater treatment plants, while Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacilli, and Clostridia were the dominant classes. The dominant bacterial functions were highly associated with carbohydrate, energy, and amino acid metabolism. In addition, potential pathogenic bacterial members identified from the influent/effluent samples included Roseomonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Methylobacterium, and Aeromonas. The results of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis also confirmed that these bacterial pathogens were significantly abundant in the wastewater treatment systems. Further, the results of this study highlighted that the presence of bacterial pathogens in treated effluent pose a potential contamination risk, transmitted through soil, agriculture, water, or sediments. There is thus a need for continuous monitoring of potential pathogens in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in order to minimize public health risk.
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19
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Hou L, Mulla SI, Niño-Garcia JP, Ning D, Rashid A, Hu A, Yu CP. Deterministic and stochastic processes driving the shift in the prokaryotic community composition in wastewater treatment plants of a coastal Chinese city. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9155-9168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Assress HA, Selvarajan R, Nyoni H, Ntushelo K, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM. Diversity, Co-occurrence and Implications of Fungal Communities in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14056. [PMID: 31575971 PMCID: PMC6773715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Gauteng province in South Africa were investigated to determine the diversity, co-occurrence and implications of their fungal communities using illumina sequencing platform and network analysis. Phylogenetic taxonomy revealed that members of the fungal communities were assigned to 6 phyla and 361 genera. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the most abundant phyla, dominated by the genera Naumovozyma, Pseudotomentella, Derxomyces, Ophiocordyceps, Pulchromyces and Paecilomyces. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of fungal OTUs related to class lineages such as Agaricomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes indicating new fungal diversity in WWTPs. Dominant and rare fungal genera that can potentially be used in bioremediation such as Trichoderma, Acremonium, Talaromyces, Paecilomyces, cladophialophora and Saccharomyces were detected. Conversely, genera whose members are known to be pathogenic to human and plant such as Olpidium, Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Penicillium, Candida, Synchytrium, Phyllosticta and Mucor were also detected in all WWTPs. Phylotype analysis confirmed that some fungal phylotypes were highly similar to the reported fungal pathogens of concern. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the fungal genera such as Minimedusa, Glomus, Circinella, Coltricia, Caloplaca, Phylosticta, Peziza, Candida, and Hydnobolites were the major networking hub in the WWTPs. The overall results in this study highlighted that WWTPs represent a potential source of beneficial fungi for bioremediation of pollutants in the ecosystem and the need to consider human and plant fungal pathogens during safety evaluation of treated wastewater for reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailemariam Abrha Assress
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ramganesh Selvarajan
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental sciences, UNISA Science Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hlengilizwe Nyoni
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khayalethu Ntushelo
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental sciences, UNISA Science Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa.,State Key Laboratory of Seperation and Membranes, Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Membrane Science and Technologya, Tianjing, 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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21
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Kauser I, Ciesielski M, Poretsky RS. Ultraviolet disinfection impacts the microbial community composition and function of treated wastewater effluent and the receiving urban river. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7455. [PMID: 31403004 PMCID: PMC6688595 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the United States, an estimated 14,748 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal service to more than 230 million people. The quality of treated wastewater is often assessed by the presence or absence of fecal indicator bacteria. UV disinfection of wastewater is a common final treatment step used by many wastewater treatment plants in order to reduce fecal coliform bacteria and other pathogens; however, its potential impacts on the total effluent bacterial community are seemingly varied. This is especially important given that urban WWTPs typically return treated effluent to coastal and riverine environments and thus are a major source of microorganisms, genes, and chemical compounds to these systems. Following rainfall, stormflow conditions can result in substantial increases to effluent flow into combined systems. Methods Here, we conducted a lab-scale UV disinfection on WWTP effluent using UV dosage of 100 mJ/cm2 and monitored the active microbiome in UV-treated effluent and untreated effluent over the course of 48 h post-exposure using 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, we simulated stormflow conditions with effluent UV-treated and untreated effluent additions to river water and compared the microbial communities to those in baseflow river water. We also tracked the functional profiles of genes involved in tetracycline resistance (tetW) and nitrification (amoA) in these microcosms using RT-qPCR. Results We showed that while some organisms, such as members of the Bacteroidetes, are inhibited by UV disinfection and overall diversity of the microbial community decreases following treatment, many organisms not only survive, but remain active. These include common WWTP-derived organisms such as Comamonadaceae and Pseudomonas. When combined with river water to mimic stormflow conditions, these organisms can persist in the environment and potentially enhance microbial functions such as nitrification and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imrose Kauser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark Ciesielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Rachel S Poretsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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22
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Greay TL, Gofton AW, Zahedi A, Paparini A, Linge KL, Joll CA, Ryan UM. Evaluation of 16S next-generation sequencing of hypervariable region 4 in wastewater samples: An unsuitable approach for bacterial enteric pathogen identification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1111-1124. [PMID: 31018427 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recycled wastewater can carry human-infectious microbial pathogens and therefore wastewater treatment strategies must effectively eliminate pathogens before recycled wastewater is used to supplement drinking and agricultural water supplies. This study characterised the bacterial composition of four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (three waste stabilisation ponds and one oxidation ditch WWTP using activated sludge treatment) in Western Australia. The hypervariable region 4 (V4) of the bacterial 16S rRNA (16S) gene was sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequences were pre-processed in USEARCH v10.0 and denoised into zero-radius taxonomic units (ZOTUs) with UNOISE3. Taxonomy was assigned to the ZOTUs using QIIME 2 and the Greengenes database and cross-checked with the NCBI nr/nt database. Bacterial composition of all WWTPs and treatment stages (influent, intermediate and effluent) were dominated by Proteobacteria (29.0-87.4%), particularly Betaproteobacteria (9.0-53.5%) and Gammaproteobacteria (8.6-34.6%). Nitrifying bacteria (Nitrospira spp.) were found only in the intermediate and effluent of the oxidation ditch WWTP, and denitrifying and floc-forming bacteria were detected in all WWTPs, particularly from the families Comamonadaceae and Rhodocyclales. Twelve pathogens were assigned taxonomy by the Greengenes database, but comparison of sequences from genera and families known to contain pathogens to the NCBI nr/nt database showed that only three pathogens (Arcobacter venerupis, Laribacter hongkongensis and Neisseria canis) could be identified in the dataset at the V4 region. Importantly, Enterobacteriaceae genera could not be differentiated. Family level taxa assigned by Greengenes database agreed with NCBI nr/nt in most cases, however, BLAST analyses revealed erroneous taxa in Greengenes database. This study highlights the importance of validating taxonomy of NGS sequences with databases such as NCBI nr/nt, and recommends including the V3 region of 16S in future short amplicon NGS studies that aim to identify bacterial enteric pathogens, as this will improve taxonomic resolution of most, but not all, Enterobacteriaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telleasha L Greay
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander W Gofton
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Andrea Paparini
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, P.O. Box 1250, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia.
| | - Una M Ryan
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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23
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Zhang S, He Z, Meng F. Floc-size effects of the pathogenic bacteria in a membrane bioreactor plant. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:645-652. [PMID: 30991220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The size nature of sludge flocs could affect the occurrence and distribution of bacterial pathogens in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, the floc-size dependence of bacterial pathogens in the activated sludge of a WWTP was investigated using high-throughput metagenomic sequencing approaches. The results showed that a total of 423 pathogenic species belonging to 123 genera were identified in the three size-fractionated flocs. Also, we found that all the pathogens on the WHO's global priority pathogens list were detected in the size-fractionated flocs, with relative abundance of 0.4%, 0.3% and 0.3% for large-size, medium-size and small-size flocs, respectively, indicating the severe human and environmental health risks of activated sludge. Importantly, our results revealed that the pathogenic species showed a clear floc-size dependent distribution manner, leading to significant differences (P < 0.05) of pathogenic communities among the size-fractionated flocs. Additionally, by partitioning pathogens based on the occurrence and significant difference in abundances, we suggested the following distribution features: 1) large flocs-associated pathogens, such as Borrelia recurrentis, Actinobacillus ureae and Campylobacter gracilis; 2) medium flocs-associated pathogens, such as Mycobacterium szulgai and Ureaplasma urealyticum; and 3) small flocs-associated pathogens, such as Rickettsia akari, Staphylococcus anginosus and Helicobacter cinaedi. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of pathogens in activated sludge, which is expected to aid in assessment and management of pathogen risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zhili He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Fangang Meng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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DairyWater: striving for sustainability within the dairy processing industry in the Republic of Ireland. J DAIRY RES 2018; 85:366-374. [PMID: 30088465 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029918000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This Review describes the objectives and methodology of the DairyWater project as it aims to aid the Irish dairy processing industry in achieving sustainability as it expands. With the abolition of European milk quotas in March 2015, the Republic of Ireland saw a surge in milk production. The DairyWater project was established in anticipation of this expansion of the Irish dairy sector in order to develop innovative solutions for the efficient management of water consumption, wastewater treatment and the resulting energy use within the country's dairy processing industry. Therefore, the project can be divided into three main thematic areas: dairy wastewater treatment technologies and microbial analysis, water re-use and rainwater harvesting and environmental assessment. In order to ensure the project remains as relevant as possible to the industry, a project advisory board containing key industry stakeholders has been established. To date, a number of large scale studies, using data obtained directly from the Irish dairy industry, have been performed. Additionally, pilot-scale wastewater treatment (intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor) and tertiary treatment (flow-through pulsed ultraviolet system) technologies have been demonstrated within the project. Further details on selected aspects of the project are discussed in greater detail in the subsequent cluster of research communications.
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Decay of sewage-associated bacterial communities in fresh and marine environmental waters and sediment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7159-7170. [PMID: 29869677 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the microbial quality of recreational waters is critical to effectively managing human health risks. In recent years, the development of new molecular methods has provided scientists with alternatives to the use of culture-based fecal indicator methods for investigating sewage contamination in recreational waters. Before these methods can be formalized into guidelines, however, we must investigate their utility, including strengths and weaknesses in different environmental media. In this study, we investigated the decay of sewage-associated bacterial communities in water and sediment from three recreational areas in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Outdoor mesocosms with water and sediment samples from two marine and one freshwater sites were inoculated with untreated sewage and sampled on days 0, 1, 4, 8, 14, 28, and 50. Amplicon sequencing was performed on the DNA extracted from water and sediment samples, and SourceTracker was used to determine the decay of sewage-associated bacterial communities and how they change following a contamination event. No sewage-associated operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected in water and sediment samples after day 4; however, the bacterial communities remained changed from their background measures, prior to sewage amendment. Following untreated sewage inoculation, the mesocosm that had the most diverse starting bacterial community recovered to about 60% of its initial community composition, whereas the least diverse bacterial community only recovered to about 30% of its initial community composition. This suggests that a more diverse bacterial community may play an important role in water quality outcomes after sewage contamination events. Further investigation into potential links between bacterial communities and measures of fecal indicators, pathogens, and microbial source tracking (MST) markers is warranted and may provide insight for recreational water decision-makers.
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Gil-Pulido B, Tarpey E, Almeida EL, Finnegan W, Zhan X, Dobson ADW, O'Leary N. Evaluation of dairy processing wastewater biotreatment in an IASBR system: Aeration rate impacts on performance and microbial ecology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 19:e00263. [PMID: 29992097 PMCID: PMC6036646 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dairy processing generates large volumes of wastewater that require extensive nutrient remediation prior to discharge. Significant commercial opportunities exist therefore for cost-effective biotechnologies capable of achieving this requirement. In this study the authors evaluated the use of intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactors, (IASBRs), as a single-tank biotreatment system for co-removal of COD, nitrogen and phosphorus from synthetic dairy processing wastewater. Variation of the IASBR aeration rates, (0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 L/min), had significant impacts on the respective nutrient removal efficiencies and underlying microbial diversity profiles. Aeration at 0.6 L/min was most effective and resulted in >90% co-removal of orthophosphate and ammonium. 16S rRNA based pyrosequencing of biomass DNA samples revealed the family Comamonadaceae was notably enriched (>80% relative abundance) under these conditions. In silico predictive metabolic modelling also identified Comamonadaceae as the major contributor of several known genes for nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation (nirK, nosZ, norB, ppK, ppX and phbC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gil-Pulido
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Emma Tarpey
- College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Eduardo L Almeida
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - William Finnegan
- College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Xinmin Zhan
- College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Niall O'Leary
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
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Selvarajan R, Sibanda T, Venkatachalam S, Kamika I, Nel WAJ. Industrial wastewaters harbor a unique diversity of bacterial communities revealed by high-throughput amplicon analysis. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Staley C, Kaiser T, Lobos A, Ahmed W, Harwood VJ, Brown CM, Sadowsky MJ. Application of SourceTracker for Accurate Identification of Fecal Pollution in Recreational Freshwater: A Double-Blinded Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4207-4217. [PMID: 29505249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of SourceTracker software to attribute contamination from a variety of fecal sources spiked into ambient freshwater samples was investigated. Double-blinded samples spiked with ≤5 different sources (0.025-10% vol/vol) were evaluated against fecal taxon libraries characterized by next-generation amplicon sequencing. Three libraries, including an initial library (17 nonlocal sources), a blinded source library (5 local sources), and a composite library (local and nonlocal sources), were used with SourceTracker. SourceTracker's predictions of fecal compositions in samples were made, in part, based on distributions of taxa within abundant genera identified as discriminatory by discriminant analyses but also using a large percentage of low abundance taxa. The initial library showed poor ability to characterize blinded samples, but, using local sources, SourceTracker showed 91% accuracy (31/34) at identifying the presence of source contamination, with two false positives for sewage and one for horse. Furthermore, sink predictions of source contamination were positively correlated (Spearman's ρ ≥ 0.88, P < 0.001) with spiked source volumes. Using the composite library did not significantly affect sink predictions ( P > 0.79) compared to those made using the local sources alone. Results of this study indicate that geographically associated fecal samples are required for SourceTracker to assign host sources accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Staley
- BioTechnology Institute , University of Minnesota , 1479 Gortner Avenue , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Thomas Kaiser
- BioTechnology Institute , University of Minnesota , 1479 Gortner Avenue , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Aldo Lobos
- Department of Integrative Biology, SCA 110 , University of South Florida , 4202 East Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water , Ecosciences Precinct , 41 Boggo Road , Dutton Park , Queensland 4102 , Australia
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, SCA 110 , University of South Florida , 4202 East Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Clairessa M Brown
- BioTechnology Institute , University of Minnesota , 1479 Gortner Avenue , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute , University of Minnesota , 1479 Gortner Avenue , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate , University of Minnesota , 1991 Upper Buford Circle , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
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Lee J, Jeon JH, Shin J, Jang HM, Kim S, Song MS, Kim YM. Quantitative and qualitative changes in antibiotic resistance genes after passing through treatment processes in municipal wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:906-914. [PMID: 28686994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, quantitative and qualitative changes in antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated in two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) treating pretreated livestock or industrial wastewater as well as municipal sewage. Total eight ARGs (tetX, tetM, tetA, sul1, sul2, ermB, qnrD, and blaTEM) were quantified, and their relative abundance was assessed by ARGs copies/16S rRNA gene copies. The fate of ARGs was observed to be different between two WWTPs: sul, qnrD, and blaTEM were proliferated during the treatment processes only in the WWTP1 which received pretreated livestock wastewater. Furthermore, dynamic shifts in patterns of ARGs occurrence were observed during biological, secondary sedimentation and coagulation processes. During biological treatment in both WWTPs, relative abundance of tet and ermB changed: tet increased significantly by 211.6-357.6%, while ermB decreased by 70.4-92.0%. Little variation was observed in sul, qnrD and blaTEM. Subsequently, the relative abundance of tet decreased during the secondary sedimentation and coagulation in both WWTPs: tet decreased by 56.0-86.3% during sedimentation and by 48.2-75.7% during coagulation, respectively. During the final treatment, different responses of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and ARGs to ultraviolet (UV) disinfection were found: removal efficiencies of ARB were observed in the range of 34-75%, while obvious reduction in ARGs was not observed at the UV dose of 27mJ/cm2. Although ARGs underwent various treatment processes, considerable levels of ARGs remained at discharge amounting to 4.2×1018 copies/day from WWTP1 and 5.4×1016 copies/day from WWTP2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Jeon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyeong Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Seok Song
- Environmental Corporation of Gwangju, Seo-gu, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mo Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Fan XY, Gao JF, Pan KL, Li DC, Dai HH. Temporal dynamics of bacterial communities and predicted nitrogen metabolism genes in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamics of bacterial communities and nitrogen metabolism genes in a full-scale WWTP as revealed by Illumina sequencing and PICRUSt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Jing-Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Kai-Ling Pan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Ding-Chang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Hui-Hui Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
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