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Jackson JJ, Heyer S, Bell G. Sortase-encoding genes, srtA and srtC, mediate Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF persistence in the Helicoverpa zea gastrointestinal tract. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1322303. [PMID: 38562482 PMCID: PMC10982312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1322303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal and opportunistic pathogen in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of mammals and insects. To investigate mechanisms of bacterial persistence in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), we developed a non-destructive sampling model using Helicoverpa zea, a destructive agricultural pest, as host to study the role of bacterial sortase enzymes in mitigating persistence in the gastrointestinal tract. E. faecalis OG1RF ΔsrtA and E. faecalis OG1RF ΔsrtC, isogenic E. faecalis OG1RF sortase mutants grew similarly under planktonic growth conditions relative to a streptomycin-resistant E. faecalis OG1RFS WT in vitro but displayed impaired biofilm formation under, both, physiological and alkaline conditions. In the H. zea GI model, both mutants displayed impaired persistence relative to the WT. This represents one of the initial reports in which a non-destructive insect model has been used to characterize mechanisms of bacterial persistence in the Lepidopteran midgut and, furthermore, sheds light on new molecular mechanisms employed by diverse microorganisms to associate with invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerreme J. Jackson
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
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2
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Liu T, Zhang M, Fan Y, Zhao L, Huang D, Zhao L, Tan M, Ye BC, Xu JY. Characterization of diverse lysine acylations in Bacillus thuringiensis: Substrate profiling and functional exploration. Proteomics 2024:e2300350. [PMID: 38491406 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Lysine acylation has been extensively investigated due to its regulatory role in a diverse range of biological functions across prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. In-depth acylomic profiles have the potential to enhance comprehension of the biological implications of organisms. However, the extent of research on global acylation profiles in microorganisms is limited. Here, four lysine acylomes were conducted in Bacillus thuringiensis by using the LC-MS/MS based proteomics combined with antibody-enrichment strategies, and a total of 3438 acetylated sites, 5797 propionylated sites, 1705 succinylated sites, and 925 malonylated sites were identified. The motif analysis of these modified proteins revealed a high conservation of glutamate in acetylation and propionylation, whereas such conservation was not observed in succinylation and malonylation modifications. Besides, conservation analysis showed that homologous acylated proteins in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were connected with ribosome and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Further biological experiments showed that lysine acylation lowered the RNA binding ability of CodY and impaired the in vivo protein activity of MetK. In conclusion, our study expanded the current understanding of the global acylation in Bacillus, and the comparative analysis demonstrated that shared acylation proteins could play important roles in regulating both metabolism and RNA transcription progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxian Liu
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yameng Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuchang Zhao
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
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Fang Q, Cao Y, Oo TH, Zhang C, Yang M, Tang Y, Wang M, Zhang W, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Li W, Meng F. Overexpression of cry1c* Enhances Resistance against to Soybean Pod Borer ( Leguminivora glycinivorella) in Soybean. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:630. [PMID: 38475476 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], an essential staple food and oil crop worldwide, boasts abundant vegetable proteins and fats beneficial for both human and animal consumption. However, the soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella) (SPB) stands as the most destructive soybean insect pest in northeast China and other northeastern Asian regions, leading to significant annual losses in soybean yield and economic burden. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the introduction of a previously tested codon-optimized cry1c gene, cry1c*, into the soybean genome and assess its effect on the SPB infestation by generating and characterizing stable transgenic soybeans overexpressing cry1c*. The transgenic soybean lines that constitutively overexpressed cry1c* exhibited a significant reduction in the percentage of damaged seeds, reaching as low as 5% in plants under field conditions. Additionally, feeding transgenic leaves to the larvae of S. exigua, S. litura, and M. separta resulted in inhibited larval growth, decreased larval body weight, and lower survival rates compared to larvae fed on wild-type leaves. These findings showed that the transgenic lines maintained their resistance to SPB and other lepidopteran pests, especially the transgenic line KC1. Southern blotting and genome-wide resequencing analysis revealed that T-DNA integration occurred as a single copy between loci 50,868,122 and 50,868,123 of chromosome 10 in the transgenic line KC1. Therefore, the transgenic line KC1, overexpressing high levels of cry1c* in leaves and seeds, holds strong potential for commercial use in the integrated management of SPB and other lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Fang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yingxue Cao
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Thinzar Hla Oo
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuecheng Tang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Meizi Wang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wu Zhang
- Heihe Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heihe 164300, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China Agricultural Science & Technology Northeast Innovation Center, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yuhong Zheng
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China Agricultural Science & Technology Northeast Innovation Center, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fanli Meng
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
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Wang T, Xu J, Chen J, Liu P, Hou X, Yang L, Zhang L. Progress in Microbial Fertilizer Regulation of Crop Growth and Soil Remediation Research. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:346. [PMID: 38337881 PMCID: PMC10856823 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
More food is needed to meet the demand of the global population, which is growing continuously. Chemical fertilizers have been used for a long time to increase crop yields, and may have negative effect on human health and the agricultural environment. In order to make ongoing agricultural development more sustainable, the use of chemical fertilizers will likely have to be reduced. Microbial fertilizer is a kind of nutrient-rich and environmentally friendly biological fertilizer made from plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR). Microbial fertilizers can regulate soil nutrient dynamics and promote soil nutrient cycling by improving soil microbial community changes. This process helps restore the soil ecosystem, which in turn promotes nutrient uptake, regulates crop growth, and enhances crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper reviews the classification of microbial fertilizers and their function in regulating crop growth, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus, potassium solubilization, and the production of phytohormones. We also summarize the role of PGPR in helping crops against biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, we discuss the function and the mechanism of applying microbial fertilizers in soil remediation. This review helps us understand the research progress of microbial fertilizer and provides new perspectives regarding the future development of microbial agent in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China; (T.W.); (J.X.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China; (T.W.); (J.X.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 221122, China;
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China; (T.W.); (J.X.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Xin Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China; (T.W.); (J.X.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Long Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China; (T.W.); (J.X.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China; (T.W.); (J.X.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
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Patani A, Patel M, Islam S, Yadav VK, Prajapati D, Yadav AN, Sahoo DK, Patel A. Recent advances in Bacillus-mediated plant growth enhancement: a paradigm shift in redefining crop resilience. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:77. [PMID: 38253986 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The Bacillus genus has emerged as an important player in modern agriculture, revolutionizing plant growth promotion through recent advances. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the critical role Bacillus species play in boosting plant growth and agricultural sustainability. Bacillus genus bacteria benefit plants in a variety of ways, according to new research. Nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and the production of growth hormones are examples of these. Bacillus species are also well-known for their ability to act as biocontrol agents, reducing phytopathogens and protecting plants from disease. Molecular biology advances have increased our understanding of the complex interplay between Bacillus species and plants, shedding light on the genetic and metabolic underpinnings of these interactions. Furthermore, novel biotechnology techniques have enabled the development of Bacillus-based biofertilizers and biopesticides, providing sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical inputs. Apart from this, the combination of biochar and Bacillus species in current biotechnology is critical for improving soil fertility and encouraging sustainable agriculture through enhanced nutrient retention and plant growth. This review also emphasizes the Bacillus genus bacteria's ability to alleviate environmental abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, hence contributing to climate-resilient agriculture. Moreover, the authors discuss the challenges and prospects associated with the practical application of Bacillus-based solutions in the field. Finally, recent advances in Bacillus-mediated plant growth promotion highlight their critical significance in sustainable agriculture. Understanding these improvements is critical for realizing the full potential of Bacillus genus microorganisms to address current global food production concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Patani
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Margi Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Shaikhul Islam
- Plant Pathology Division, Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Nashipur, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Dharmendra Prajapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. KSG Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, 173101, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India.
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Hassan AMS, Elfiky AA, Elgohary AM. Triple in silico targeting of IMPDH enzyme and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of both SARS-CoV-2 and Rhizopus oryzae. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:9-19. [PMID: 38294272 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Mucormycosis has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections during the last year. The aim of this study was to triple-hit viral and fungal RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) and human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Materials & methods: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were used to test nucleotide inhibitors (NIs) against the RdRps of SARS-CoV-2 and Rhizopus oryzae RdRp. These same inhibitors targeted IMPDH. Results: Four NIs revealed a comparable binding affinity to the two drugs, remdesivir and sofosbuvir. Binding energies were calculated using the most abundant conformations of the RdRps after 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation. Conclusion: We suggest the triple-inhibition potential of four NIs against pathogenic RdRps and IMPDH, which is worth experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Dokki, 12613, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Elgohary
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Dokki, 12613, Egypt
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Gomase V, Kemkar K, Potnis V. Intellectual Property Rights: Protection of Biotechnological Inventions in India. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:128-143. [PMID: 38282443 DOI: 10.2174/1872208317666230612145600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The current Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework supports the commercialization of seed improvement, monoculture, and the patent protection of novel plant varieties, microorganisms, and genetically modified animals. As a consequence, our rich biogenetic diversity is irreversibly dissipating. However, we need to figure out how to create a methodology for elective choices that will achieve harmony between the official Intellectual Property (IP) structure and maintainable biodiversity components. The majority of the biotechnology sector's programmes in India are managed by the Department of Biotechnology. It is under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Its goals are to provide services in the fields of study, infrastructure, human resource development, biotechnology popularisation, industry promotion, and establishment of centres of excellence. Implementation of practise biosafety regulations for genetically modified organisms, recombinant DNA products, and programmes is based on biotechnology for the good of society. This creates an information network for India's bioinformatics mission in the local, national, and worldwide scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Gomase
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411028, India
| | - Kiran Kemkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411028, India
| | - Vaishali Potnis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411028, India
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Shin JH, Lee HK, Lee SC, Han YK. Biological Control of Fusarium oxysporum, the Causal Agent of Fusarium Basal Rot in Onion by Bacillus spp. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:600-613. [PMID: 38081320 PMCID: PMC10721391 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2023.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is the main pathogen causing Fusarium basal rot in onion (Allium cepa L.), which incurs significant yield losses before and after harvest. Among management strategies, biological control is an environmentally safe and sustainable alternative to chemical control. In this study, we isolated and screened bacteria for antifungal activity against the basal rot pathogen F. oxysporum. Isolates 23-045, 23-046, 23-052, 23-055, and 23-056 significantly inhibited F. oxysporum mycelial growth and conidial germination. Isolates 23-045, 23-046, 23-052, and 23-056 suppressed the development of Fusarium basal rot in both onion seedlings and bulbs in pot and spray inoculation assays. Isolate 23-055 was effective in onion seedlings but exhibited weak inhibitory effect on onion bulbs. Based on analyses of the 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences together with morphological analysis, isolates 23-045, 23-046, 23-052, and 23-055 were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, and isolate 23-056 as Bacillus toyonensis. All five bacterial isolates exhibited cellulolytic, proteolytic, and phosphate-solubilizing activity, which may contribute to their antagonistic activity against onion basal rot disease. Taken together B. thuringiensis 23-045, 23-046, 23-052, and 23-055 and B. toyonensis 23-056 have potential for the biological control of Fusarium basal rot in onion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Shin
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ha-Kyoung Lee
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Seong-Chan Lee
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - You-Kyoung Han
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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9
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Han B, Zhang L, Geng L, Jia H, Wang J, Ke L, Li A, Gao J, Wu T, Lu Y, Liu F, Song H, Wei X, Ma S, Zhan H, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wang Q, Diao Q, Zhang J, Dai P. Greater wax moth control in apiaries can be improved by combining Bacillus thuringiensis and entrapments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7073. [PMID: 37925529 PMCID: PMC10625538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The greater wax moth (GWM), Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major bee pest that causes significant damage to beehives and results in economic losses. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) appears as a potential sustainable solution to control this pest. Here, we develop a novel Bt strain (designated BiotGm) that exhibits insecticidal activity against GWM larvae with a LC50 value lower than 2 μg/g, and low toxicity levels to honey bee with a LC50 = 20598.78 μg/mL for larvae and no observed adverse effect concentration = 100 μg/mL for adults. We design an entrapment method consisting of a lure for GWM larvae, BiotGm, and a trapping device that prevents bees from contacting the lure. We find that this method reduces the population of GWM larvae in both laboratory and field trials. Overall, these results provide a promising direction for the application of Bt-based biological control of GWM in beehives, although further optimization remain necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Airui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangxi Institute of Apicultural Research, Nanchang, 330201, China
| | - Huailei Song
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Xiaoping Wei
- Modern Agricultural Development Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China
| | - Shilong Ma
- Enshi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445002, China
| | - Hongping Zhan
- Modern Agricultural Development Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pingli Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Hemthanon T, Promdonkoy B, Boonserm P. Screening and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates for high production of Vip3A and Cry proteins and high thermostability to control Spodoptera spp. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108020. [PMID: 37956858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an entomopathogenic bacterium that produces crystalline (Cry and Cyt) and soluble (vegetative insecticidal proteins or Vips) proteins during the sporulation and vegetative growth phases, respectively. Combining Cry and Vip proteins could delay insect resistance development and exhibit synergistic activity against various insect pests. This study aims to screen Bt isolates collected from Thailand for high Vip3A and Cry protein production levels and high thermostability to control Spodoptera spp. Among the selected Bt isolates with high target protein synthesis, Bt isolate 506 was found to be safe for further biopesticide formulation due to the absence of non-specific metabolite, as determined by the detection of thermo-stable β-exotoxin I based on biological assays and PCR analysis. Bt isolate 506 showed the presence of Cry1A, Cry2A, and Vip3A-type proteins identified as Cry1Aa45, Cry2Aa22, and Vip3A87, respectively. The insecticidal activity of whole culture extracts containing Vip3A and Cry mixtures and culture supernatants containing secreted Vip3A protein was evaluated against the second-instar larvae of S. exigua and S. frugiperda. The Bt isolate 506 showed high toxicity against both insects, and the insecticidal proteins produced by this isolate retained their activity after heating at 50 °C. This Bt isolate is a promising candidate for further development as a biopesticide against lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharathip Hemthanon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonhiang Promdonkoy
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Panadda Boonserm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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Gul H, Gadratagi BG, Güncan A, Tyagi S, Ullah F, Desneux N, Liu X. Fitness costs of resistance to insecticides in insects. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1238111. [PMID: 37929209 PMCID: PMC10620942 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1238111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical application is considered one of the most crucial methods for controlling insect pests, especially in intensive farming practices. Owing to the chemical application, insect pests are exposed to toxic chemical insecticides along with other stress factors in the environment. Insects require energy and resources for survival and adaptation to cope with these conditions. Also, insects use behavioral, physiological, and genetic mechanisms to combat stressors, like new environments, which may include chemicals insecticides. Sometimes, the continuous selection pressure of insecticides is metabolically costly, which leads to resistance development through constitutive upregulation of detoxification genes and/or target-site mutations. These actions are costly and can potentially affect the biological traits, including development and reproduction parameters and other key variables that ultimately affect the overall fitness of insects. This review synthesizes published in-depth information on fitness costs induced by insecticide resistance in insect pests in the past decade. It thereby highlights the insecticides resistant to insect populations that might help design integrated pest management (IPM) programs for controlling the spread of resistant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Gul
- MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Basana Gowda Gadratagi
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Ali Güncan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ordu University, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Saniya Tyagi
- Department of Entomology, BRD PG College, Deoria, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Farman Ullah
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaoxia Liu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Ding C, He T. Bacillus thuringiensis EM-A1: A novel bacterium for high concentration of ammonium elimination with low nitrite accumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139465. [PMID: 37437615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The biological elimination of high concentration of ammonium from wastewater has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, few studies on the efficient elimination of high concentration of ammonium by a single bacterium have been reported. Here, the efficient elimination of NH4+-N (>99%) and total nitrogen (TN) (>77%) were attained by Bacillus thuringiensis EM-A1 under 150 rpm at pH 7.2 with sodium succinate and a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 15 at 30 °C with an inoculum size (as measured by absorbance at 600 nm) of 0.2. Strain EM-A1 effectively eliminated 100 mg/L of inorganic nitrogen with maximal NH4+-N, NO3--N, and NO2--N elimination rates of 4.88, 2.57, and 3.06 mg/L/h, respectively. The elimination efficiencies of NH4+-N were 99.87% and 97.13% at initial concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Only 0.91 mg/L of NO2--N was accumulated with the elimination of 1000 mg/L NH4+-N. A concentration of 5 mg/L exogenous hydroxylamine was toxic and further inhibited heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (HN-AD). The NH4+-N and NO2--N elimination capacities of strain EM-A1 were specifically inhibited by 2-Octyne (OCT) over 4 μmol/L and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) over 0.5 mmol/L, respectively. Above 25 mg/L procyanidin (PCY) inhibited the bioconversion of NO3--N and NO2--N. The results demonstrated that strain EM-A1 had HN-AD capacity under halophilic conditions, and has great potential for use in the treatment of nitrogen pollution wastewater; this study also provides new insights into this strain's nitrogen elimination mechanism, helping advance environmental biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Zhijuan East Road, Huaxi, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Tengxia He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Zhijuan East Road, Huaxi, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
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13
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Oliveira-Santos N, Pimentel Rodrigues Dos Santos LB, Fernandes JV, Cruz-Magalhães V, Loguercio LL. More than just an insect killer: The non-insecticidal activities of Bacillus thuringiensis with biotechnological potential. Toxicon 2023; 233:107261. [PMID: 37611671 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is known for the biological control of important insect pests, but scientific advances have revealed several interesting characteristics, in addition to this classical function as a bioinsecticide. To investigate the current knowledge about these non-insecticidal activities, a systematic research on primary data in the scientific literature was conducted on alternative functions of Bt with biotechnological potential. Out of a total of 140 articles selected, 15 non-insecticidal Bt activities were found. Publications related to this topic are available since 1971, and different metadata were reported, such as biomolecules and genes involved in Bt performances in non-insecticidal bioactivities. A total of 11 Bt activities with different effect measures (response variables) were identified, with an average of 48 distinct Bt strains evaluated per activity. Approximately 81.2% of all identified experiments/tests deal with the direct effects of Bt on target cells/organisms, with 36.3% of the strains within these studies tested for antibacterial action; of all microbial targets tested, 92.8% are bacteria, which led to 75.2% of the experimental conditions for all direct activities being performed in vitro. Regarding indirect Bt activities, 67.6% of these studies reported tritrophic Bt-plant-pathogen interactions. Bioremediation also appears as a relevant Bt activity being investigated in-depth. Alternative Bt activities offer innovative ways of developing biotechnology for different areas of anthropic interest; hence, we also focus on the possibility of finding multifunctional strains of Bt, as this may be advantageous from a bioeconomic point of view. Our findings are discussed in terms of research trends, aspects, details and depth of the current knowledge on alternative non-insecticidal Bt traits. We also discuss the potential application of this science for useful technological developments, aiming at solving issues related to human health, sustainable agriculture and environmental preservation/restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiane Oliveira-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rod, Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km-16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Jacquelline Viana Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rod, Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km-16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Valter Cruz-Magalhães
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rod, Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km-16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil; Department of Phytophatology (DFP), Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Lopes Loguercio
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rod, Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km-16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
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14
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Marini G, Poland B, Leininger C, Lukoyanova N, Spielbauer D, Barry JK, Altier D, Lum A, Scolaro E, Ortega CP, Yalpani N, Sandahl G, Mabry T, Klever J, Nowatzki T, Zhao JZ, Sethi A, Kassa A, Crane V, Lu AL, Nelson ME, Eswar N, Topf M, Saibil HR. Structural journey of an insecticidal protein against western corn rootworm. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4171. [PMID: 37443175 PMCID: PMC10344926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad adoption of transgenic crops has revolutionized agriculture. However, resistance to insecticidal proteins by agricultural pests poses a continuous challenge to maintaining crop productivity and new proteins are urgently needed to replace those utilized for existing transgenic traits. We identified an insecticidal membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) protein, Mpf2Ba1, with strong activity against the devastating coleopteran pest western corn rootworm (WCR) and a novel site of action. Using an integrative structural biology approach, we determined monomeric, pre-pore and pore structures, revealing changes between structural states at high resolution. We discovered an assembly inhibition mechanism, a molecular switch that activates pre-pore oligomerization upon gut fluid incubation and solved the highest resolution MACPF pore structure to-date. Our findings demonstrate not only the utility of Mpf2Ba1 in the development of biotechnology solutions for protecting maize from WCR to promote food security, but also uncover previously unknown mechanistic principles of bacterial MACPF assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Marini
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Leibniz-Institut für Virologie (LIV), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brad Poland
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Chris Leininger
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Natalya Lukoyanova
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | | | | | - Dan Altier
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Amy Lum
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Willow Biosciences, 319 N Bernardo Ave #4, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | | | - Claudia Pérez Ortega
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Hologic, Inc., 250 Campus Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Nasser Yalpani
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Dept. of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Tim Mabry
- Corteva Agriscience, Ivesdale, IL, 61851, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amit Sethi
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Adane Kassa
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | | | - Albert L Lu
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | | | | | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Leibniz-Institut für Virologie (LIV), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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15
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Tourasse NJ, Jolley KA, Kolstø AB, Økstad OA. Core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for Bacillus cereus group bacteria. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104050. [PMID: 36893969 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) employs a strategy where the set of orthologous genes common to all members of a group of organisms are used for phylogenetic analysis of the group members. The Bacillus cereus group consists of species with pathogenicity towards insect species as well as warm-blooded animals including humans. While B. cereus is an opportunistic pathogen linked to a range of human disease conditions, including emesis and diarrhoea, Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomopathogenic species with toxicity toward insect larvae, and therefore used as a biological pesticide worldwide. Bacillus anthracis is a classical obligate pathogen causing anthrax, an acute lethal condition in herbivores as well as humans, and which is endemic in many parts of the world. The group also includes a range of additional species, and B. cereus group bacteria have been subject to analysis with a wide variety of phylogenetic typing systems. Here we present, based on analyses of 173 complete genomes from B. cereus group species available in public databases, the identification of a set of 1568 core genes which were used to create a core genome multilocus typing scheme for the group which is implemented in the PubMLST system as an open online database freely available to the community. The new cgMLST system provides unprecedented resolution over existing phylogenetic analysis schemes covering the B. cereus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Tourasse
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway; University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | | | - Anne-Brit Kolstø
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ole Andreas Økstad
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Cheng LW, Byadgi OV, Tsai CE, Wang PC, Chen SC. Pathogenicity and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Genospecies, Bacillus shihchuchen, of the Bacillus cereus Group Isolated from Chinese Softshell Turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119636. [PMID: 37298593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese softshell turtle (CST; Pelodiscus sinensis) is a freshwater aquaculture species of substantial economic importance that is commercially farmed across Asia, particularly in Taiwan. Although diseases caused by the Bacillus cereus group (Bcg) pose a major threat to commercial CST farming systems, information regarding its pathogenicity and genome remains limited. Here, we investigated the pathogenicity of Bcg strains isolated in a previous study and performed whole-genome sequencing. Pathogenicity analysis indicated that QF108-045 isolated from CSTs caused the highest mortality rate, and whole-genome sequencing revealed that it was an independent group distinct from other known Bcg genospecies. The average nucleotide identity compared to other known Bcg genospecies was below 95%, suggesting that QF108-045 belongs to a new genospecies, which we named Bacillus shihchuchen. Furthermore, genes annotation revealed the presence of anthrax toxins, such as edema factor and protective antigen, in QF108-045. Therefore, the biovar anthracis was assigned, and the full name of QF108-045 was Bacillus shihchuchen biovar anthracis. In addition to possessing multiple drug-resistant genes, QF108-045 demonstrated resistance to various types of antibiotics, including penicillins (amoxicillin and ampicillin), cephalosporins (ceftifour, cephalexin, and cephazolin), and polypeptides, such as vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Omkar Vijay Byadgi
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chin-En Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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17
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Gureeva MV, Gureev AP. Molecular Mechanisms Determining the Role of Bacteria from the Genus Azospirillum in Plant Adaptation to Damaging Environmental Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119122. [PMID: 37298073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural plants are continuously exposed to environmental stressors, which can lead to a significant reduction in yield and even the death of plants. One of the ways to mitigate stress impacts is the inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including bacteria from the genus Azospirillum, into the rhizosphere of plants. Different representatives of this genus have different sensitivities or resistances to osmotic stress, pesticides, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and perchlorate and also have the ability to mitigate the consequences of such stresses for plants. Bacteria from the genus Azospirillum contribute to the bioremediation of polluted soils and induce systemic resistance and have a positive effect on plants under stress by synthesizing siderophores and polysaccharides and modulating the levels of phytohormones, osmolytes, and volatile organic compounds in plants, as well as altering the efficiency of photosynthesis and the antioxidant defense system. In this review, we focus on molecular genetic features that provide bacterial resistance to various stress factors as well as on Azospirillum-related pathways for increasing plant resistance to unfavorable anthropogenic and natural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Gureeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Artem P Gureev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
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18
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Yang T, Wu Z, Li L, Jiang M, Fang X, Huang W, Zhou Y. Identification and analysis of toxins in novel Bacillus thuringiensis strain Bt S3076-1 against Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae). Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:168. [PMID: 37017772 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the successful application of toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis as biological control agents against pests, pests are showing resistance against an increasing number of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins due to evolution; thus, new toxins with higher toxicity and broad-spectrum activity against insects are being increasingly identified. To find new toxins, whole genome sequencing of the novel B. thuringiensis strain Bt S3076-1 was performed, and ten predicted toxic genes were identified in this study, including six cry genes, two tpp genes, one cyt gene and one vip gene, among which six were novel toxins. Subsequently, SDS‒PAGE analysis showed that the major proteins at the spore maturation stage were approximately 120 kDa, 70 kDa, 67 kDa, 60 kDa and 40 kDa, while active proteins after trypsin digestion (approximately 70 kDa and 40 kDa) exhibited LC50 values of 149.64 μg/g and 441.47 μg/g against Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa armigera larvae, respectively. Furthermore, pathological observation results showed that the peritrophic membrane of Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa armigera larvae was degraded. These findings will provide an experimental reference for further research on the insecticidal activity, toxicity spectrum and synergism of these toxins in Bt S3076-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqi Wu
- Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530008, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanjun Fang
- Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshan Huang
- Guangxi Lvyounong Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning, 537100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530008, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Guerrero M. GG. Sporulation, Structure Assembly, and Germination in the Soil Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis: Survival and Success in the Environment and the Insect Host. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive soil bacterium that belongs to the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Bacillus. It is a spore-forming bacterium. During sporulation, it produces a wide range of crystalline proteins that are toxic to different orders of insects. Sporulation, structure assembly, and germination are essential stages in the cell cycle of B. thuringiensis. The majority of studies on these issues have focused on the model organism Bacillus subtilis, followed by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis. The machinery for sporulation and germination extrapolated to B. thuringiensis. However, in the light of recent findings concerning the role of the sporulation proteins (SPoVS), the germination receptors (Gr), and the cortical enzymes in Bt, the theory strengthened that conservation in sporulation, structure assembly, and germination programs drive the survival and success of B. thuringiensis in the environment and the insect host. In the present minireview, the latter pinpointed and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria G. Guerrero M.
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Immunobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Av. Preparatoria S/N, Col. Agronomicas, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico
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20
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Chen H, Chen C, Huang S, Zhao M, Wang T, Jiang T, Wang C, Tao Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Tang Q, Li P. Inactivation of RPX1 in Arabidopsis confers resistance to Plutella xylostella through the accumulation of the homoterpene DMNT. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:946-961. [PMID: 36582057 PMCID: PMC10107731 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lepidopteran crop pest Plutella xylostella causes severe constraints on Brassica cultivation. Here, we report a novel role for RPX1 (resistance to P. xylostella) in resistance to this pest in Arabidopsis thaliana. The rpx1-1 mutant repels P. xylostella larvae, and feeding on the rpx1-1 mutant severely damages the peritrophic matrix structure in the midgut of the larvae, thereby negatively affecting larval growth and pupation. This resistance results from the accumulation of defence compounds, including the homoterpene (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), due to the upregulation of PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENE SYNTHASE 1 (PEN1), which encodes a key DMNT biosynthetic enzyme. P. xylostella infestation and wounding induce RPX1 protein degradation, which may confer a rapid response to insect infestation. RPX1 inactivation and PEN1 overexpression are not associated with negative trade-offs for plant growth but have much higher seed production than the wild-type in the presence of P. xylostella infestation. This study offers a new strategy for plant molecular breeding against P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Chen
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chen Chen
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Department of Microbiology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical SciencesAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Shijie Huang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Tengyue Wang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Taoshan Jiang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Zhen Tao
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yunhe Wang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Wanyi Wang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Qingfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Peijin Li
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
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Fatima N, Bibi Z, Rehman A, Ara Abbas Bukhari D. Biotoxicity comparison of Bacillus thuringiensis to control vector borne diseases against mosquito fauna. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103610. [PMID: 37008283 PMCID: PMC10060249 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to evaluate the biotoxicity of screened echo-friendly Bacillus thuringiensis strains from different areas of Pakistan. Out of 50 samples, 36% Bt. isolates were quarantined from soil containing cattle waste after morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. The toxicity bioassays with Bt. spores and protein diet proved that 11 Bt. isolates were utmost noxious to 3rd instar larvae of mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex pipiens. The entopathogenic activity of first 4 Bt. toxins against A. aegypti was highly lethal as compared to the other dipteran larvae. The toxicity (LC50) of spore diet of Bt. strains GCU-DAB-NF4 (442.730 ± 0.38 μg/ml), NF6 (460.845 ± 0.29 μg/ml), NF3 (470.129 ± 0.28 μg/ml), and NF7 (493.637 ± 0.70 μg/ml) was quite high against A. aegypti as compared to the C. pipiens after 24 h of incubation. The highest toxicity of total cell protein was shown by GCU-DAB-NF4 (LC50 = 84.10 ± 50 μg/ml), NF6 (95.122 ± 0.40 μg/ml), NF3 (100.715 ± 06 μg/ml), and NF5 (103.40 ± 07 μg/ml) against A. aegypti after 24 h. So, these strains a have great potential to be used as biological control especially against A. aegypti as compared to the C. pipiens.
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Schäfer L, Volk F, Kleespies RG, Jehle JA, Wennmann JT. Elucidating the genomic history of commercially used Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB176. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1129177. [PMID: 37021121 PMCID: PMC10067926 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1129177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (Btt) produces a coleopteran-specific crystal protoxin protein (Cry3Aa δ-endotoxin). After its discovery in 1982, the strain NB125 (DSM 5526) was eventually registered in 1990 to control the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Gamma-irradiation of NB125 resulted in strain NB176-1 (DSM 5480) that exhibited higher cry3Aa production and became the active ingredient of the plant protection product Novodor® FC. Here, we report a comparative genome analysis of the parental strain NB125, its derivative NB176-1 and the current commercial production strain NB176. The entire genome sequences of the parental and derivative strains were deciphered by a hybrid de novo approach using short (Illumina) and long (Nanopore) read sequencing techniques. Genome assembly revealed a chromosome of 5.4 to 5.6 Mbp and six plasmids with a size range from 14.9 to 250.5 kbp for each strain. The major differences among the original NB125 and the derivative strains NB176-1 and NB176 were an additional copy of the cry3Aa gene, which translocated to another plasmid as well as a chromosomal deletion (~ 178 kbp) in NB176. The assembled genome sequences were further analyzed in silico for the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Schäfer
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | | | - Regina G. Kleespies
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Jehle
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Jörg T. Wennmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jörg T. Wennmann,
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Bernal A, Jacob S, Andresen K, Yemelin A, Hartmann H, Antelo L, Thines E. Identification of the polyketide synthase gene responsible for the synthesis of tanzawaic acids in Penicillium steckii IBWF104-06. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 164:103750. [PMID: 36379411 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms have been used as biological control agents (BCAs) in agriculture for a long time, but their importance has increased dramatically over the last few years. The Penicillium steckii IBWF104-06 strain has presented strong BCA activity in greenhouse experiments performed against phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. P. steckii strains generally produce different antifungal tanzawaic acids; interesting compounds known to be catalyzed by polyketide synthetases in other fungi. Since the decalin structure is characteristic for tanzawaic acids, two polyketide synthase genes (PsPKS1 and PsPKS2) were selected for further analysis, which have similarity in sequence and gene cluster structure with genes that are known to be responsible for the biosynthesis of decalin-containing compounds. Subsequently, gene-inactivation mutants of both PsPKS1 and PsPKS2 have been generated. It was found, that the ΔPspks1 mutant cannot produce tanzawaic acids any more, whereas reintegration of the original PsPKS1 gene into the genome of ΔPspks1 reestablished tanzawaic acid production. The mutant ΔPspks2 is not altered in tanzawaic acids production. Interestingly, both mutants ΔPsPKS1 and ΔPsPKS2 still display strong BCA activity, indicating that the mechanism of action is not related to the production of tanzawaic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Bernal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Jacob
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Andresen
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Yemelin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Luis Antelo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Hnini M, Taha K, Aurag J. Molecular identification and characterization of phytobeneficial osmotolerant endophytic bacteria inhabiting root nodules of the Saharan tree Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:45. [PMID: 36576567 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nodular endophytes of drought-tolerant legumes are understudied. For this reason, we have isolated and studied non-symbiotic endophytic bacteria from nodules of Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana, a leguminous tree adapted to the harsh arid climate of Southern Morocco. Rep-PCR analysis followed by 16S rDNA sequencing revealed two main genera, Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Isolates responded variably to salt and water stresses, and mostly produced exopolysaccharides. Differences concerned also plant growth-promoting activities: phosphate, potassium, and zinc solubilization; biological nitrogen fixation; auxin, siderophore, ammonia, and HCN production; and ACC deaminase activity. Some strains exhibited antagonistic activities against phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea) and showed at least two enzymatic activities (cellulase, protease, chitinase). Four selected strains inoculated to vachellia plants under controlled conditions have shown significant positive impacts on plant growth parameters. These strains are promising bio-inoculants for vachellia plants to be used in reforestation programs in arid areas increasingly threatened by desertification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hnini
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kaoutar Taha
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jamal Aurag
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, 10000, Rabat, Morocco.
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25
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Bel Y, Andrés-Antón M, Escriche B. Abundance, distribution, and expression of nematicidal crystal protein genes in Bacillus thuringiensis strains from diverse habitats. Int Microbiol 2022; 26:295-308. [PMID: 36484913 PMCID: PMC10148773 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive bacterium that accumulates pesticidal proteins (Cry and Cyt) in parasporal crystals. Proteins from the Cry5, App6 (formerly Cry6), Cry12, Cry13, Cry14, Cry21, and Xpp55 (formerly Cry55) families have been identified as toxic to nematodes. In this study, a total of 846 Bt strains belonging to four collections were analyzed to determine the diversity and distribution of the Bt Cry nematicidal protein genes. We analyzed their presence by PCR, and positives were confirmed by sequencing. As a result, 164 Bt isolates (20%) contained at least one gene coding for nematicidal Cry proteins. The cry5 and cry21 genes were enriched in collection 1 and were often found together in the same strain. Differently, in collection 4, obtained from similar habitats but after 10 years, cry14 was the gene most frequently found. In collection 2, cry5 and app6 were the most abundant genes, and collection 3 had a low incidence of any of these genes. The results point to high variability in the frequencies of the studied genes depending on the timing, geographical origins, and sources. The occurrence of cry1A, cry2, and cry3 genes was also analyzed and showed that the nematicidal Cry protein genes were frequently accompanied by cry1A + cry2. The expression of the genes was assessed by mass spectrometry showing that only 14% of the positive strains produced nematicidal proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive screening that examines the presence and expression of genes from the seven known Bt Cry nematicidal families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Bel
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Miguel Andrés-Antón
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Baltasar Escriche
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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Khan AR, Mustafa A, Hyder S, Valipour M, Rizvi ZF, Gondal AS, Yousuf Z, Iqbal R, Daraz U. Bacillus spp. as Bioagents: Uses and Application for Sustainable Agriculture. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121763. [PMID: 36552272 PMCID: PMC9775066 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Food security will be a substantial issue in the near future due to the expeditiously growing global population. The current trend in the agriculture industry entails the extravagant use of synthesized pesticides and fertilizers, making sustainability a difficult challenge. Land degradation, lower production, and vulnerability to both abiotic and biotic stresses are problems caused by the usage of these pesticides and fertilizers. The major goal of sustainable agriculture is to ameliorate productivity and reduce pests and disease prevalence to such a degree that prevents large-scale damage to crops. Agriculture is a composite interrelation among plants, microbes, and soil. Plant microbes play a major role in growth promotion and improve soil fertility as well. Bacillus spp. produces an extensive range of bio-chemicals that assist in plant disease control, promote plant development, and make them suitable for agricultural uses. Bacillus spp. support plant growth by N fixation, P and K solubilization, and phytohormone synthesis, in addition to being the most propitious biocontrol agent. Moreover, Bacilli excrete extracellular metabolites, including antibiotics, lytic enzymes, and siderophores, and demonstrate antagonistic activity against phytopathogens. Bacillus spp. boosts plant resistance toward pathogens by inducing systemic resistance (ISR). The most effective microbial insecticide against insects and pests in agriculture is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Additionally, the incorporation of toxin genes in genetically modified crops increases resistance to insects and pests. There is a constant increase in the identified Bacillus species as potential biocontrol agents. Moreover, they have been involved in the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The main objective of this review article is to display the uses and application of Bacillus specie as a promising biopesticide in sustainable agriculture. Bacillus spp. strains that are antagonistic and promote plant yield attributes could be valuable in developing novel formulations to lead the way toward sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Razzaq Khan
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Adeena Mustafa
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hyder
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (M.V.)
| | - Mohammad Valipour
- Department of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (M.V.)
| | - Zarrin Fatima Rizvi
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Shahzad Gondal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Zubaida Yousuf
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Umar Daraz
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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27
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Saberi Riseh R, Hassanisaadi M, Vatankhah M, Soroush F, Varma RS. Nano/microencapsulation of plant biocontrol agents by chitosan, alginate, and other important biopolymers as a novel strategy for alleviating plant biotic stresses. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1589-1604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Gao Z, Wu C, Wu J, Zhu L, Gao M, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhan X. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of an aminoglycan-rich exopolysaccharide from the submerged fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1010-1020. [PMID: 36030974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are widely used as biopesticides but little is known about its exopolysaccharides. The exopolysaccharide BPS-2 was extracted from B. thuringiensis IX-01 after high-cell-density fermentation. BPS-2 is a heteropolysaccharide (molecular weight 29.36 kDa) composed of D-galactosamine, arabinose, glucosamine, glucose, and mannose in molar ratios 5.53: 1.77:4.74:3.24:1. In vitro upper gastrointestinal simulations showed that BPS-2 has strong anti-digestive capacity, with scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl, ABTS, and superoxide anions radicals of 31.34 ± 1.67 %, 32.43 ± 3.01 %, 34.31 ± 2.12 %, and 48.53 ± 3.55 %, respectively, after BPS-2 entered the colon. It significantly inhibited production of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and had proliferative effects on RAW 264.7 cells. BPS-2 inhibited malondialdehyde secretion and elevated activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidants, significantly improving the antioxidant status of inflammation model cells. This first report of the in vitro anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties of BPS-2 from B. thuringiensis provides a basis for biopharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chuanchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; A & F Biotech. Ltd., Burnaby, BC V5A3P6, Canada
| | - Minjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zichao Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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29
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Hernández Gómez YF, González Espinosa J, Ramos López MÁ, Arvizu Gómez JL, Saldaña C, Rodríguez Morales JA, García Gutiérrez MC, Pérez Moreno V, Álvarez Hidalgo E, Nuñez Ramírez J, Jones GH, Hernández Flores JL, Campos Guillén J. Insights into the Bacterial Diversity and Detection of Opportunistic Pathogens in Mexican Chili Powder. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081677. [PMID: 36014094 PMCID: PMC9413335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chili powder is the most frequently consumed spice in Mexican diets. Thus, the dissemination of microorganisms associated with chili powder derived from Capsicum annuum L. is significant during microbial quality analysis, with special attention on detection of potential pathogens. The results presented here describe the initial characterization of bacterial community structure in commercial chili powder samples. Our results demonstrate that, within the domain Bacteria, the most abundant family was Bacillaceae, with a relative abundance of 99% in 71.4% of chili powder samples, while 28.6% of samples showed an average relative abundance of 60% for the Enterobacteriaceae family. Bacterial load for aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) ranged from 104 to 106 cfu/g, while for sporulated mesophilic bacteria (SMB), the count ranged from 102 to 105 cfu/g. Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) was observed at ca. ˂600 cfu/g, while the count for Enterobacteriaceae ranged from 103 to 106 cfu/g, Escherichia coli and Salmonella were not detected. Fungal and yeast counts ranged from 102 to 105 cfu/g. Further analysis of the opportunistic pathogens isolated, such as B. cereus s.l. and Kosakonia cowanii, using antibiotic-resistance profiles and toxinogenic characteristics, revealed the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) in these organisms. These results extend our knowledge of bacterial diversity and the presence of opportunistic pathogens associated with Mexican chili powder and highlight the potential health risks posed by its use through the spread of antibiotic-resistance and the production of various toxins. Our findings may be useful in developing procedures for microbial control during chili powder production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoali Fernanda Hernández Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76220, Mexico
| | - Jacqueline González Espinosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76220, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Ramos López
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Jackeline Lizzeta Arvizu Gómez
- Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CENITT), Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63173, Mexico
| | - Carlos Saldaña
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76220, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Rodríguez Morales
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | | | - Victor Pérez Moreno
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Erika Álvarez Hidalgo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Jorge Nuñez Ramírez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - George H. Jones
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - José Luis Hernández Flores
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.L.H.F.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Juan Campos Guillén
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.L.H.F.); (J.C.G.)
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30
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Cao B, Nie Y, Guan Z, Chen C, Wang N, Wang Z, Shu C, Zhang J, Zhang D. The crystal structure of Cry78Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis provides insights into its insecticidal activity. Commun Biol 2022; 5:801. [PMID: 35945427 PMCID: PMC9363482 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified plants with insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been successfully utilized to control various kinds of pests in crop production and reduce the abuse of pesticides. However, a limited number of genes are available for the protection of crops from rice planthopper. Recently, Cry78Aa protein from Bt strain C9F1 has been found to have high insecticidal activity against Laodelphax striatellus and Nilaparvata lugens. It is the first reported single-component protein in the world to combat rice planthoppers, making it very promising for use in transgenic crops. The ambiguous mechanism of Cry78Aa functions prevented further engineering or application. Here, we report the crystal structure of Cry78Aa, which consists of two domains: a C-terminal β-pore forming domain belonging to the aerolysin family and an N-terminal trefoil domain resembling the S-type ricin B lectin. Thus, Cry78Aa could represent a distinctive type of β-pore forming toxin. We also found that Cry78Aa binds carbohydrates such as galactose derivatives and is essential for insecticidal activity against Laodelphax striatellus. Our results suggest a mechanism underlying the function of Cry78Aa against rice planthoppers and pave the way to maximizing the usage of the toxin. The crystal structure of the Bacillus thuringiensis protein Cry78Aa shows it consists of a C-terminal β-pore forming domain and an N-terminal trefoil domain and suggests a mechanism underlying the function of Cry78Aa against rice planthoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yangfan Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zeyuan Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nancong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Delin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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31
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Wang J, Yu Q, Peng Q, Slamti L, Zhang R, Hou S, Lereclus D, Song F. Deletion of the novel gene mother cell lysis X results in Cry1Ac encapsulation in the Bacillus thuringiensis HD73. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:951830. [PMID: 36016772 PMCID: PMC9397120 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel protein MclX (mother cell lysis X) in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD73 (B. thuringiensis HD73) was characterized in this work. MclX has no known domain and its gene deletion in HD73 resulted in Cry1Ac encapsulation in the mother cell and did not influence Cry1Ac protein production or insecticidal activity. In vitro cell wall hydrolysis experiments showed that MclX cannot hydrolyze the cell wall. In mclX deletion mutants, the expression of cwlC (which encodes a key cell wall hydrolase) was significantly decreased, as shown by the β-galactosidase activity assay. MclX cannot directly bind to the cwlC promoter, based on the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The cwlC was reported to be regulated by σK and GerE. However, the transcriptional activities of sigK and gerE showed no difference between HD73 and the mclX deletion mutant. It is indicated that MclX influenced cwlC expression independently of σK or GerE, through a new pathway to regulate cwlC expression. mclX deletion could be a new approach for insecticidal protein encapsulation in Bacillus thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leyla Slamti
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Didier Lereclus
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fuping Song,
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Biggel M, Jessberger N, Kovac J, Johler S. Recent paradigm shifts in the perception of the role of Bacillus thuringiensis in foodborne disease. Food Microbiol 2022; 105:104025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Santos SRN, Silva JSD, Souza MO, Souza HA, Pinheiro VCS. Relations between soil attributes and the abundance of Bacillus thurigiensis in the Cerrado of Maranhão state, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e261840. [PMID: 35894350 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.261840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of abiotic factors on the abundance of microorganism populations in soil has been sparsely studied, especially regarding Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria. Therefore, this research was aimed at analyzing the relationship between the chemical and textural characteristics of the soil of the Cerrado (savanna) of Maranhão State on the abundance of Bacillus thuringiensis. Soil samples were collected in different municipalities in eastern Maranhão: São Mateus do Maranhão, Alto Alegre, Coroatá, Timbiras and Codó. The soil samples were obtained in the 0-0.1 m layer for soil fertility and texture analysis. Then, in the same area for the isolation of Bt, 1 g of soil was collected. The colonies obtained in the isolation that featured morphological characteristics of Bacillus spp. were visualized under phase contrast microscopy. Principal component analysis, clustering and correlations were peformed. Results: The sand content correlated positively with the Bacillus thuringiensis index (iBt). The cluster analysis allowed for verifying that the soils not showed iBt in function of high concentrations of aluminum (Al) and potential acidity (H+Al). Considering as these attributes (Al and H+Al) alter the availability of P in the soil, the abundance of Bacillus thuringiensis may have been impaired by the deficiency of this element in the environment. Conclusion: Bt has correlations with soil texture, and high concentrations of aluminum and potential acidity in the soil influencing the permanence of Bacillus thuringiensis in Maranhão eastern Cerrado.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R N Santos
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde, Caxias, MA, Brasil
| | - J Soares-da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Centro de Ciências de Codó, Codó, MA, Brasil
| | - M Oda Souza
- Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - H A Souza
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - V C S Pinheiro
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Departamento de Química e Biologia, Caxias, MA, Brasil
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Hinnekens P, Mahillon J. Conjugation-mediated transfer of pXO16, a large plasmid from Bacillus thuringiensis sv. israelensis, across the Bacillus cereus group and its impact on host phenotype. Plasmid 2022; 122:102639. [PMID: 35842001 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2022.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
pXO16, the 350 kb-conjugative plasmid from Bacillus thuringiensis sv. israelensis promotes its own transfer at high efficiency, triggers the transfer of mobilizable and non-mobilizable plasmids, as well as the transfer of host chromosomal loci. Naturally found in B. thuringiensis sv. israelensis, pXO16 transfers to various strains of Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) at a wide range of frequencies. Despite this host diversity, a paradox remains between the relatively large host spectrum and the natural occurrence of pXO16, so far restricted to B. thuringiensis sv. israelensis. Proposing first insights exploring this paradox, we investigated the behaviour of pXO16 amongst different members of the B. cereus group. We first looked at the transfer of pXO16 to two new host clusters of B. cereus s.l., Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus anthracis clusters. This examination brought to light the impairment of the characteristic rhizoidal phenotype of B. mycoides in presence of pXO16. We also explored the stability of pXO16 at different temperatures as some B. cereus group members are well-known for their psychro- or thermo-tolerance. This shed light on the thermo-sensitivity of the plasmid. The influence of pXO16 on its host cell growth and on swimming capacity also revealed no or limited impact on its natural host B. thuringiensis sv. israelensis. On the contrary, pXO16 affected more strongly both the growth and swimming capacity of other B. cereus s.l. hosts. This reinforced the running hypothesis of a co-evolution between pXO16 and B. thuringiensis sv. israelensis, enabling the plasmid maintenance without impairing the host strain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hinnekens
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Peng Y, Lv B, Lei ZY, Peng YD, Chen LJ, Wang Z. Toxic effects of the combined cadmium and Cry1Ab protein exposure on the protective and transcriptomic responses of Pirata subpiraticus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113631. [PMID: 35598445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a serious threat to agricultural production and paddy field fauna. Crystalline proteins (e.g., Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac) are secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis, which can manage pests via a complicated toxic mechanism and have been widely used for pest control due to the commercialization of transgenic crops (e.g., cotton and rice) that expresses Bt insecticidal proteins. Nonetheless, studies on the effects of combined stress of Cd and Cry1Ab protein on field indicator species are limited. In the present study, we showed that spiders, Pirata subpiraticus, fed with Cd-containing flies+Cry1Ab had dramatically higher Cd accumulation than that in the spiders fed with Cd-containing flies (p < 0.05). In addition, the enrichment of Cd led to the activation of the protective mechanism by elevating the concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and metallothionein in the spiders (p < 0.05). An in-depth transcriptome analysis revealed that the activities of ion metal binding proteins, transporters, and channels might play essential roles in the Cd accumulation process. More importantly, the higher Cd concentration in the combined Cd+Cry1Ab exposure prolonged developmental duration of P. subpiraticus, due to the down-regulated cuticle proteins (CPs) encoding genes involved in the molting process, which was regulated by a series of putative transcriptional factors such as ZBTB and zf-C2H2. Collectively, this integrated analysis illustrates that the combined Cd+Cry1Ab exposure increases the adverse effects of Cd stress on the growth, antioxidase, and CPs encoding genes of P. subpiraticus, thus providing a research basis and prospect for the rationality of transgenic Cry1Ab crops in the cultivation of heavy metal contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Lv
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Zi-Yan Lei
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuan-de Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China; Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China.
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36
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Carroll LM, Pierneef R, Mathole A, Atanda A, Matle I. Genomic Sequencing of Bacillus cereus Sensu Lato Strains Isolated from Meat and Poultry Products in South Africa Enables Inter- and Intranational Surveillance and Source Tracking. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0070022. [PMID: 35475639 PMCID: PMC9241823 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato species complex, also known as the B. cereus group, vary in their ability to cause illness but are frequently isolated from foods, including meat products; however, food safety surveillance efforts that use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) often neglect these potential pathogens. Here, we evaluate the surveillance and source tracking potential of WGS as applied to B. cereus sensu lato by (i) using WGS to characterize B. cereus sensu lato strains isolated during routine surveillance of meat products across South Africa (n = 25) and (ii) comparing the genomes sequenced here to all publicly available, high-quality B. cereus sensu lato genomes (n = 2,887 total genomes). Strains sequenced here were collected from meat products obtained from (i) retail outlets, processing plants, and butcheries across six South African provinces (n = 23) and (ii) imports held at port of entry (n = 2). The 25 strains sequenced here were partitioned into 15 lineages via in silico seven-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST). While none of the South African B. cereus sensu lato strains sequenced here were identical to publicly available genomes, six MLST lineages contained multiple strains sequenced in this study, which were identical or nearly identical at the whole-genome scale (≤3 core single nucleotide polymorphisms). Five MLST lineages contained (nearly) identical genomes collected from two or three South African provinces; one MLST lineage contained nearly identical genomes from two countries (South Africa and the Netherlands), indicating that B. cereus sensu lato can spread intra- and internationally via foodstuffs. IMPORTANCE Nationwide foodborne pathogen surveillance programs that use high-resolution genomic methods have been shown to provide vast public health and economic benefits. However, Bacillus cereus sensu lato is often overlooked during large-scale routine WGS efforts. Thus, to our knowledge, no studies to date have evaluated the potential utility of WGS for B. cereus sensu lato surveillance and source tracking in foodstuffs. In this preliminary proof-of-concept study, we applied WGS to B. cereus sensu lato strains collected via South Africa's national surveillance program of domestic and imported meat products, and we provide strong evidence that B. cereus sensu lato can be disseminated intra- and internationally via the agro-food supply chain. Our results showcase that WGS has the potential to be used for source tracking of B. cereus sensu lato in foods, although future WGS and metadata collection efforts are needed to ensure that B. cereus sensu lato surveillance initiatives are on par with those of other foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Carroll
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rian Pierneef
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Aletta Mathole
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Abimbola Atanda
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Itumeleng Matle
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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37
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Zhu Z, Chen W, Zhou H, Cheng H, Luo S, Zhou K, Zhou P, Xia L, Ding X. ARTP and NTG compound mutations improved Cry protein production and virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis X023. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4211-4221. [PMID: 35622123 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A high production mutated strain Bacillus thuringiensis X023PN (BtX023PN) was screened from the wild strain Bacillus thuringiensis X023 (BtX023) after atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) and nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutation. BtX023PN grows faster than the wild strain, and its lysis of mother cell was 6 h ahead BtX023, but the ability of sporulation was significantly reduced. Bioassay indicated that compared with the wild type strain, the virulence of BtX023PN against Plutella xylostella (P. xylostella) and Mythimna seperata (M. seperata) increased to 2.33-fold and 2.13-fold respectively. qRT-PCR and SDS-PAGE demonstrated that the production of Cry1Ac increased by 61%. Resequence indicated that the mutated sites enriched on the key carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. This study provides a new strain resource for the development of Bt insecticides and a feasible technical strategy for the breeding of Bt. KEY POINTS: • Atmospheric and room temperature plasma used in breeding of Bacillus thuringiensis. • Less stationary phase time with more ICP production. • Semi-lethal concentration against Plutella xylostella reduced by about 57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Haina Cheng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Kexuan Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Pengji Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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38
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Santos-Aberturas J, Vior NM. Beyond Soil-Dwelling Actinobacteria: Fantastic Antibiotics and Where to Find Them. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:195. [PMID: 35203798 PMCID: PMC8868522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites represent an invaluable source of bioactive molecules for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Although screening campaigns for the discovery of new compounds have traditionally been strongly biased towards the study of soil-dwelling Actinobacteria, the current antibiotic resistance and discovery crisis has brought a considerable amount of attention to the study of previously neglected bacterial sources of secondary metabolites. The development and application of new screening, sequencing, genetic manipulation, cultivation and bioinformatic techniques have revealed several other groups of bacteria as producers of striking chemical novelty. Biosynthetic machineries evolved from independent taxonomic origins and under completely different ecological requirements and selective pressures are responsible for these structural innovations. In this review, we summarize the most important discoveries related to secondary metabolites from alternative bacterial sources, trying to provide the reader with a broad perspective on how technical novelties have facilitated the access to the bacterial metabolic dark matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia M. Vior
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR7 4UH, UK
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39
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Biggel M, Etter D, Corti S, Brodmann P, Stephan R, Ehling-Schulz M, Johler S. Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Biopesticidal Origin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Foods. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:775669. [PMID: 35095794 PMCID: PMC8790155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.775669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a microbial insecticide widely used to control agricultural pests. Although generally regarded as safe, B. thuringiensis is phylogenetically intermingled with the foodborne pathogen B. cereus sensu stricto and has been linked to foodborne outbreaks. Limited data on the pathogenicity potential of B. thuringiensis and the occurrence of biopesticide residues in food compromise a robust consumer risk assessment. In this study, we analyzed whole-genome sequences of 33 B. thuringiensis isolates from biopesticides, food, and human fecal samples linked to outbreaks. All food and outbreak-associated isolates genomically matched (≤ 6 wgSNPs; ≤ 2 cgSNPs) with one of six biopesticide strains, suggesting biopesticide products as their source. Long-read sequencing revealed a more diverse virulence gene profile than previously assumed, including a transposase-mediated disruption of the promoter region of the non-hemolytic enterotoxin gene nhe and a bacteriophage-mediated disruption of the sphingomyelinase gene sph in some biopesticide strains. Furthermore, we provide high-quality genome assemblies of seven widely used B. thuringiensis biopesticide strains, which will facilitate improved microbial source tracking and risk assessment of B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Biggel
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danai Etter
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Corti
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Johler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Gao Q, Lin Y, Wang X, Jing D, Wang Z, He K, Bai S, Zhang Y, Zhang T. Knockout of ABC Transporter ABCG4 Gene Confers Resistance to Cry1 Proteins in Ostrinia furnacalis. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010052. [PMID: 35051029 PMCID: PMC8780026 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostrinia furnacalis is an important borer on maize. Long-term and large-scale planting of transgenic corn has led O. furnacalis evolving resistance and reducing the control effect. Recently, high levels of resistance to Bt Cry1 toxins have been reported to be genetically linked to the mutation or down-regulation of ABC transporter subfamily G gene ABCG4 in O. furnacalis. In order to further determine the relationship between ABCG4 gene and the resistance to Cry1 toxins in O. furnacalis, the novel CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system was utilized to successfully construct ABCG4-KO knockout homozygous strain. Bioassay results indicated that an ABCG4-KO strain had a higher resistance to Cry1 proteins compared with a susceptible strain (ACB-BtS). The result indicates that the ABCG4 gene may act as a receptor of the Bt Cry1 toxin in O. furnacalis. Furthermore, the development time was significantly changed in the early stage ABCG4-KO larvae, and the population parameters were also significantly changed. In summary, our CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing study presents evidence that ABCG4 gene is a functional receptor for Bt Cry1 toxins, laying the foundation for further clarification of the Bt resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (D.J.); (Z.W.); (K.H.); (S.B.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| | - Yaling Lin
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (D.J.); (Z.W.); (K.H.); (S.B.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (T.Z.)
| | - Dapeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (D.J.); (Z.W.); (K.H.); (S.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (D.J.); (Z.W.); (K.H.); (S.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (D.J.); (Z.W.); (K.H.); (S.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (D.J.); (Z.W.); (K.H.); (S.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (D.J.); (Z.W.); (K.H.); (S.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.G.); (Y.L.); (D.J.); (Z.W.); (K.H.); (S.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (T.Z.)
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41
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Zhou H, Zhang J, Shao Y, Wang J, Xu W, Liu Y, Yu S, Ye Q, Pang R, Wu S, Gu Q, Xue L, Zhang J, Li H, Wu Q, Ding Y. Development of a high resolution melting method based on a novel molecular target for discrimination between Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110845. [PMID: 34980383 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Delimitation within the Bacillus cereus group is confusing due to the highly similar genetic background of its constituent bacteria. This study aimed to develop a rapid and efficient method for the identification of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis, two closely related species within the B. cereus group. Using average nucleotide identity analysis (ANI) and ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST), the authenticity of the genomes of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis was determined. Emetic B. cereus and Bacillus bombysepticus were also included to provide novel genomic insights into the boundaries within the B. cereus group. Using pan-genome analysis, ispD, a novel core and single-copy molecular target, was identified for the differentiation between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. Based on the single nucleotide polymorphism within ispD, a high resolution melting (HRM) method for the determination of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis was developed. This method can not only distinguish B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, but can also separate B. cereus from other foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The detection limit of this method could reach 1 pg of pure genomic DNA and 3.7 × 102 cfu/mL of pure culture. Moreover, this new method could effectively differentiate B. cereus and B. thuringiensis in spiked, mixed, and real food samples. Collectively, the established HRM method can provide a new reference paradigm for the sensitive and specific nucleic acid detection of pathogens with identical genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yanna Shao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510432, China
| | - Wenxing Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Rui Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hongye Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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WANG L, ZHAO Y. Transcriptome analysis of Callosobruchus chinensis: insight into the biological control using entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.26122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei WANG
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Yaru ZHAO
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, China
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de Almeida JR, Bonatelli ML, Batista BD, Teixeira-Silva NS, Mondin M, Dos Santos RC, Bento JMS, de Almeida Hayashibara CA, Azevedo JL, Quecine MC. Bacillus thuringiensis RZ2MS9, a tropical plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, colonizes maize endophytically and alters the plant's production of volatile organic compounds during co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Ab-V5. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:812-821. [PMID: 34433236 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial features of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are not limited to its role as an insecticide; it is also able to promote plant growth interacting with plants and other plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR). The PGPR Bt strain RZ2MS9 is a multi-trait maize growth promoter. We obtained a stable mutant of RZ2MS9 labelled with green fluorescent protein (RZ2MS9-GFP). We demonstrated that the Bt RZ2MS9-GFP successfully colonizes maize's roots and leaves endophytically. We evaluated whether RZ2MS9 has an additive effect on plant growth promotion when co-inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense Ab-V5. The two strains combined enhanced maize's roots and shoots dry weight around 50% and 80%, respectively, when compared to the non-inoculated control. However, non-differences were observed comparing RZ2MS9 alone and when co-inoculated with Ab-V5, In addition, we used co-inoculation experiments in glass chambers to analyse the plant's volatile organic compounds (VOCs) production during the maize-RZ2MS9 and maize-RZ2MS9-Ab-V5 interaction. We found that the single and co-inoculation altered maize's VOCs emission profile, with an increase in the production of indoles in the co-inoculation. Collectively, these results increase our knowledge about the interaction between the Bt and maize, and provide a new possibility of combined application with the commercial inoculant A. brasilense Ab-V5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Raquel de Almeida
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Bonatelli
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Durante Batista
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalia Sousa Teixeira-Silva
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Mondin
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Cristina Dos Santos
- Department of Entomology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Maurício Simões Bento
- Department of Entomology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João Lúcio Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Quecine
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Zegeye ED, Pradhan B, Llarena AK, Aspholm M. Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of Bacillus cereus Group Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12367. [PMID: 34830248 PMCID: PMC8619143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endospores (spores) of many Bacillus cereus sensu lato species are decorated with multiple hair/pilus-like appendages. Although they have been observed for more than 50 years, all efforts to characterize these fibers in detail have failed until now, largely due to their extraordinary resilience to proteolytic digestion and chemical solubilization. A recent structural analysis of B. cereus endospore appendages (Enas) using cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the structure of two distinct fiber morphologies: the longer and more abundant "Staggered-type" (S-Ena) and the shorter "Ladder-like" type (L-Ena), which further enabled the identification of the genes encoding the S-Ena. Ena homologs are widely and uniquely distributed among B. cereus sensu lato species, suggesting that appendages play important functional roles in these species. The discovery of ena genes is expected to facilitate functional studies involving Ena-depleted mutant spores to explore the role of Enas in the interaction between spores and their environment. Given the importance of B. cereus spores for the food industry and in medicine, there is a need for a better understanding of their biological functions and physicochemical properties. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the Ena structure and the potential roles these remarkable fibers may play in the adhesion of spores to biotic and abiotic surfaces, aggregation, and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem Debebe Zegeye
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (E.D.Z.); (A.-K.L.)
| | - Brajabandhu Pradhan
- Structural and Molecular Microbiology, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann-Katrin Llarena
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (E.D.Z.); (A.-K.L.)
| | - Marina Aspholm
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (E.D.Z.); (A.-K.L.)
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Wang M, Geng L, Xue B, Wang Z, Xu W, Shu C, Zhang J. Structure characteristics and function of a novel extracellular polysaccharide from Bacillus thuringiensis strain 4D19. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:956-964. [PMID: 34478795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are entomopathogenic bacteria that produce different kinds of insecticidal proteins. However, studies on Bt exopolysaccharides are lacking. Here, we aimed to explore the characteristics and insecticidal synergism of EPS, an exopolysaccharide from Bt strain 4D19. The molecular weight of EPS-2 was 58.0 kDa, which consisted of mannose (44.2%), GlcN (35.5%), D-GalN (8.0%), glucose (5.5%), arabinose (5.1%), galactose (0.9%), Man-UA (0.3%) and Glc-UA (0.2%). The toxicity of insecticidal proteins against Plutella xylostella was increased by adding EPS. EPS-2 bound to Cry1Ac protoxin and promoted the binding of Cry1Ac protoxin to the gut membrane of P. xylostella, but did not bind to activated toxins. These results suggested that EPS-2 may bind to the protoxin C-terminal region to enhance insecticidal activity. Our findings indicated that Bt strains produce exopolysaccharide to enhance the toxicity of insecticidal crystal proteins, which could be applied in biopesticide research and product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Ahmad SF, Gulzar A, Tariq M, Asad MJ. Field Evolved Resistance in Earias vittella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) From Punjab, Pakistan Against Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2204-2213. [PMID: 34268576 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic commercial cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry endotoxins or vegetative Vip toxins provide protection to cotton against bollworm attack. Continuous exposure of these targeted pests to cry toxins and to Bt commercial spray formulations has resulted in the development of resistance through natural selection. Spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is considered to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra crops in South Asia including Pakistan and has developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides. In the present study, the level of resistance in field populations of the spotted bollworm E. vittella against Bt Cry toxins has been evaluated for the first time. We collected twelve populations of E. vittella from three districts of Punjab, Pakistan for testing against four commercial Bt formulations containing different strains of B. thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) with a range of Cry toxins. Low to high levels of resistance were found in the field populations compared with a laboratory-reared susceptible population of E. vittella (resistance ratios 6 to 111-fold). These results suggest that E. vittella has developed resistance against different Cry toxins after continuous exposure to Bt cotton in field. In order to prevent field control failures, regular insecticide resistance monitoring programs are required together with the use of integrated management approaches, including the use of Bt cotton varieties expressing two or more toxins to delay the development of resistance against Bt toxins in E. vittella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faisal Ahmad
- Department of Entomology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Asim Gulzar
- Department of Entomology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Entomology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javaid Asad
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Critical domains in the specific binding of radiolabelled Vip3Af insecticidal protein to brush border membrane vesicles from Spodoptera spp. and cultured insect cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0178721. [PMID: 34586902 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01787-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip3) from Bacillus thuringiensis have been used, in combination with Cry proteins, to better control insect pests and as a strategy to delay the evolution of resistance to Cry proteins in Bt crops (crops protected from insect attack by the expression of proteins from B. thuringiensis). In this study, we have set up the conditions to analyze the specific binding of 125I-Vip3Af to Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera exigua brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Heterologous competition binding experiments revealed that Vip3Aa shares the same binding sites with Vip3Af, but that Vip3Ca does not recognize all of them. As expected, Cry1Ac and Cry1F did not compete for Vip3Af binding sites. By trypsin treatment of selected alanine-mutants, we were able to generate truncated versions of Vip3Af. Their use as competitors with 125I-Vip3Af indicated that only those molecules containing domains I to III (DI-III and DI-IV) were able to compete with the trypsin-activated Vip3Af protein for binding, and that molecules only containing either domain IV or domains IV and V (DIV and DIV-V) were unable to compete with Vip3Af. These results were further confirmed with competition binding experiments using 125I-DI-III. In addition, the truncated protein 125I-DI-III also bound specifically to Sf21 cells. Cell viability assays showed that the truncated proteins DI-III and DI-IV were as toxic to Sf21 cells as the activated Vip3Af, suggesting that domains IV and V are not necessary for the toxicity to Sf21 cells, in contrast to their requirement in vivo. IMPORTANCE This study shows that Vip3Af binding sites are fully shared with Vip3Aa, only partially shared with Vip3Ca, and not shared with Cry1Ac and Cry1F in two Spodoptera spp. Truncated versions of Vip3Af revealed that only domains I to III were necessary for the specific binding, most likely because they can form the functional tetrameric oligomer and because domain III is supposed to contain the binding epitopes. In contrast to results obtained in vivo (bioassays against larvae), domains IV and V are not necessary for the ex vivo toxicity to Sf21 cells.
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Gonzalez-Vazquez MC, Vela-Sanchez RA, Rojas-Ruiz NE, Carabarin-Lima A. Importance of Cry Proteins in Biotechnology: Initially a Bioinsecticide, Now a Vaccine Adjuvant. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:999. [PMID: 34685371 PMCID: PMC8541582 DOI: 10.3390/life11100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria is the formation of one or more parasporal crystal (Cry) proteins during sporulation. The toxicity of these proteins is highly specific to insect larvae, exerting lethal effects in different insect species but not in humans or other mammals. The aim of this review is to summarize previous findings on Bacillus thuringiensis, including the characteristics of the bacterium, its subsequent contribution to biotechnology as a bioinsecticide due to the presence of Cry proteins, and its potential application as an adjuvant. In several studies, Cry proteins have been administered together with specific antigens to immunize experimental animal models. The results have shown that these proteins can enhance immunogenicity by generating an adequate immune response capable of protecting the model against an experimental infectious challenge, whereas protection is decreased when the specific antigen is administered without the Cry protein. Therefore, based on previous results and the structural homology between Cry proteins, these molecules have arisen as potential adjuvants in the development of vaccines for both animals and humans. Finally, a model of the interaction of Cry proteins with different components of the immune response is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Gonzalez-Vazquez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiologicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla 72000, PU, Mexico; (M.C.G.-V.); (N.E.R.-R.)
| | - Ruth Abril Vela-Sanchez
- Licenciatura en Biotecnología, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla 72000, PU, Mexico;
| | - Norma Elena Rojas-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiologicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla 72000, PU, Mexico; (M.C.G.-V.); (N.E.R.-R.)
- Licenciatura en Biotecnología, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla 72000, PU, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Carabarin-Lima
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiologicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla 72000, PU, Mexico; (M.C.G.-V.); (N.E.R.-R.)
- Licenciatura en Biotecnología, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla 72000, PU, Mexico;
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Identification and characterization of a new cry-like gene found in a Bacillus cereus strain. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1759-1770. [PMID: 34491485 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is the most successful microbial insecticide against different pests in agriculture and vectors of diseases. Its activity is mostly attributed to the Cry proteins expressed during its sporulation phase. However, these proteins are not exclusive to B. thuringiensis. Some cry genes have been found in other Bacillus species, or even in other genera. In this work, cry genes were searched in 223 acrystalliferous bacillaceous strains. From these strains 13 amplicons were obtained, cloned, and sequenced; however, only 6 amplicons tested positive for cry-like genes, and the 6 isolates showed to be the same strain. We report the characterization of an unusual strain of B. cereus (LBIC-004) which is unable to form protein inclusions during the sporulation phase. LBIC-004 showed a high identity to B. cereus using the sequences of 16S rRNA, gyrB and hag genes; in addition, a unique plasmid pattern of the strain was obtained. A 1953-bp cry gene was identified, coding for a 651 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 74.9 kDa. This protein showed a predicted three-domain structure, similar to all Cry proteins. However, the amino acid sequence of the protein showed only 41% identity its highest hit: the Cry8Ca1 protein, indicating the uniqueness of this cry-like gene. It was cloned and transferred into a mutant acrystalliferous B. thuringiensis strain which was used in bioassays against Caenorhabditis elegans, Aedes aegypti, Manduca sexta and Phyllophaga sp. The recombinant strain showed no crystal formation and no toxicity to the tested species.
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Vilarem C, Piou V, Vogelweith F, Vétillard A. Varroa destructor from the Laboratory to the Field: Control, Biocontrol and IPM Perspectives-A Review. INSECTS 2021; 12:800. [PMID: 34564240 PMCID: PMC8465918 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is a real challenger for beekeepers and scientists: fragile out of the hive, tenacious inside a bee colony. From all the research done on the topic, we have learned that a better understanding of this organism in its relationship with the bee but also for itself is necessary. Its biology relies mostly on semiochemicals for reproduction, nutrition, or orientation. Many treatments have been developed over the years based on hard or soft acaricides or even on biocontrol techniques. To date, no real sustainable solution exists to reduce the pressure of the mite without creating resistances or harming honeybees. Consequently, the development of alternative disruptive tools against the parasitic life cycle remains open. It requires the combination of both laboratory and field results through a holistic approach based on health biomarkers. Here, we advocate for a more integrative vision of V. destructor research, where in vitro and field studies are more systematically compared and compiled. Therefore, after a brief state-of-the-art about the mite's life cycle, we discuss what has been done and what can be done from the laboratory to the field against V. destructor through an integrative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vilarem
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
- M2i Biocontrol–Entreprise SAS, 46140 Parnac, France;
| | - Vincent Piou
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
| | | | - Angélique Vétillard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
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