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Chen Y, Yao Z, Zhao L, Yu M, Chen B, Zou C. Redundant and Distinct Roles of Two 14-3-3 Proteins in Fusarium sacchari, Pathogen of Sugarcane Pokkah Boeng Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:257. [PMID: 38667928 PMCID: PMC11051555 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium sacchari, a key pathogen of sugarcane, is responsible for the Pokkah boeng disease (PBD) in China. The 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in critical developmental processes, including dimorphic transition, signal transduction, and carbon metabolism in various phytopathogenic fungi. However, their roles are poorly understood in F. sacchari. This study focused on the characterization of two 14-3-3 protein-encoding genes, FsBmh1 and FsBmh2, within F. sacchari. Both genes were found to be expressed during the vegetative growth stage, yet FsBmh1 was repressed at the sporulation stage in vitro. To elucidate the functions of these genes, the deletion mutants ΔFsBmh1 and ΔFsBmh2 were generated. The ΔFsBmh2 exhibited more pronounced phenotypic defects, such as impaired hyphal branching, septation, conidiation, spore germination, and colony growth, compared to the ΔFsBmh1. Notably, both knockout mutants showed a reduction in virulence, with transcriptome analysis revealing changes associated with the observed phenotypes. To further investigate the functional interplay between FsBmh1 and FsBmh2, we constructed and analyzed mutants with combined deletion and silencing (ΔFsBmh/siFsBmh) as well as overexpression (O-FsBmh). The combinations of ΔFsBmh1/siFsBmh2 or ΔFsBmh2/siFsBmh1 displayed more severe phenotypes than those with single allele deletions, suggesting a functional redundancy between the two 14-3-3 proteins. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays identified 20 proteins with pivotal roles in primary metabolism or diverse biological functions, 12 of which interacted with both FsBmh1 and FsBmh2. Three proteins were specifically associated with FsBmh1, while five interacted exclusively with FsBmh2. In summary, this research provides novel insights into the roles of FsBmh1 and FsBmh2 in F. sacchari and highlights potential targets for PBD management through the modulation of FsBmh functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ministry & Province Co-Sponsored Center of Collaborative Innovation for Sugarcane Industry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ziting Yao
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agriculture Science, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Lixian Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ministry & Province Co-Sponsored Center of Collaborative Innovation for Sugarcane Industry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ministry & Province Co-Sponsored Center of Collaborative Innovation for Sugarcane Industry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.C.); (M.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Chengwu Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ministry & Province Co-Sponsored Center of Collaborative Innovation for Sugarcane Industry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.C.); (M.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
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Effects of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase on reactive oxygen species in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1845-1861. [PMID: 36754884 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen metabolism can regulate mycelial growth and secondary metabolism in Ganoderma lucidum. As an important enzyme in intracellular amino acid metabolism, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) has many physiological functions in animals and plants, but its function in fungi has been less studied. In the present study, two GOT isoenzymes were found in G. lucidum; one is located in the mitochondria (GOT1), and the other is located in the cytoplasm (GOT2). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was increased in got1 silenced strains and was approximately 1.5-fold higher than that in the wild-type (WT) strain, while silencing got2 did not affect the ROS level. To explore how GOT affects ROS in G. lucidum, experiments related to the generation and elimination of intracellular ROS were conducted. First, compared with that in the WT strain, the glutamate content, one of the substrates of GOT, decreased when got1 or got2 was knocked down, and the glutathione (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine) (GSH) content decreased by approximately 38.6%, 19.3%, and 40.1% in got1 silenced strains, got2 silenced strains, and got1/2 co-silenced strains respectively. Second, GOT also affects glucose metabolism. The pyruvate (PA), acetyl-CoA and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) contents decreased in got1 and got2 silenced strains, and the transcription levels of most genes involved in the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle increased. The NADH content was increased in got1 silenced strains and got2 silenced strains, and the NAD+/NADH ratio was decreased, which might result in mitochondrial ROS production. Compared with the WT strain, the mitochondrial ROS level was approximately 1.5-fold higher in the got1 silenced strains. In addition, silencing of got1 or got2 resulted in a decrease in antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase. Finally, ganoderic acid (GA) was increased by approximately 40% in got1 silenced strains compared with the WT strain, while silencing of got2 resulted in a 10% increase in GA biosynthesis. These findings provide new insights into the effect of GOT on ROS and secondary metabolism in fungi. KEY POINTS: • GOT plays important roles in ROS level in Ganoderma lucidum. • Silencing of got1 resulted in decrease in GSH content and antioxidant enzymes activities, but an increase in mitochondrial ROS level in G. lucidum. • Silencing of got1 and got2 resulted in an increase in ganoderic acid biosynthesis in G. lucidum.
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Hong M, Han D, Qiao J, Zhou X, Yu H, Shi L. Citric Acid Induces the Increase in Lenthionine Content in Shiitake Mushroom, Lentinula edodes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244110. [PMID: 36553851 PMCID: PMC9777562 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes, is the second largest edible fungus in the world, with a characteristic aroma. 1,2,3,5,6-pentathioheterocycloheptane, commonly known as lenthionine, is the main source of this aroma. Lenthionine has high commercial value, and if we explore the possible induction mechanism of citric acid in lenthionine synthesis, we can provide a reference for the effective application of citric acid as an inducer. In this paper, the single-factor treatment of Lentinula edodes with variable citric acid concentration and treatment duration showed that the best citric acid concentration for L. edodes was 300 μM, and the best treatment duration was 15 days. Additionally, the optimal design conditions were obtained using the response surface method (RSM); the treatment concentration was 406 μM/L, the treatment duration was 15.6 days, and the lenthionine content was 130 μg/g. γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (LEGGT) and cystine sulfoxide lyase (LECSL) are the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lanthionine. The expression levels of LEGGT and LECSL genes increased significantly under citric acid treatment. Additionally, the lenthionine content of the silenced strains of LEGGT and LECSL was significantly decreased.
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GlPP2C1 Silencing Increases the Content of Ganodermalingzhi Polysaccharide (GL-PS) and Enhances Slt2 Phosphorylation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090949. [PMID: 36135674 PMCID: PMC9506439 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides have attracted much attention in the food industry due to their diverse biological activities. To date, research on the mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis has mainly focused on the role of crucial enzymes in the polysaccharide synthesis pathway, but other genes that regulate polysaccharide synthesis have not been well explored. In this study, the GlPP2C1 gene, encoding a phosphoprotein type 2C phosphatase, was cloned, and PP2C-silenced strains (PP2C1i-1 and PP2C1i-3) were screened. Measurements of the polysaccharide content and cell wall tolerance revealed that GlPP2C1 silencing increased the polysaccharide content and enhanced cell wall resistance in Ganoderma lingzhi. The contents of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS), extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and β-1,3-D-glucan in PP2C-silenced strains were increased by 25%, 33% and 36%, respectively, compared with those in the WT strains and strains transformed with an empty vector. Further mechanistic studies showed that GlPP2C1 silencing increased the content of Ganoderma lingzhi polysaccharides (GL-PS) through Slt2. In summary, this study revealed the mechanism through which protein phosphatase regulates GL-PS biosynthesis for the first time.
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Homokaryotic High-Quality Genome Assembly of Medicinal Fungi Wolfiporia hoelen Reveals Auto-Regulation and High-Temperature Adaption of Probable Two-Speed Genome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810484. [PMID: 36142397 PMCID: PMC9503964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotia of Wolfiporia hoelen are one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines and are commonly used in China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian countries. In the present study, we presented the first high-quality homokaryotic genome of W. hoelen with 14 chromosomes which was evaluated with assembly index, telomere position detection, and whole-genome collinearity. A 64.44 Mb genome was assembled with a Contig N50 length of 3.76 Mb. The imbalanced distribution of transposons and chromosome characters revealed the probable two-speed genome of W. hoelen. High consistency between methylation and transposon conserved the genome stability. The expansion of the gene family about signal transduction and nutritional transport has intimate relationships with sclerotial formation. Up-regulation of expression for distinctive decomposition enzymes, ROS clearance genes, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and change of the cell wall components maintained high-speed growth of mycelia that may be the high-temperature adaption strategy of W. hoelen. Further, the analysis of mating-control genes demonstrated that HD3 probably had no function on mating recognition, with the HD protein in a distant genetic with known species. Overall, the high-quality genome of W. hoelen provided crucial information for genome structure and stability, high-temperature adaption, and sexual and asexual process.
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Zhang Q, Zhao L, Shen M, Liu J, Li Y, Xu S, Chen L, Shi G, Ding Z. Establishment of an Efficient Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Mediated Transformation System in Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae Using Comprehensive Optimization and Multiple Endogenous Promoters. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020186. [PMID: 35205941 PMCID: PMC8876744 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae, a fungus of the genus Pleurotus, efficiently degrades lignin, especially during co-cultivation with other fungi. However, low transformation efficiency and heterologous gene expression restrict systematic studies of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic control of natural products in this mushroom. In this study, the homologous resistance marker carboxin (cbx) was used to establish a polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation (PMT) system in P. eryngii var. ferulae. Optimization of the transformation process greatly improved the number of positive transformants. In particular, we optimized: (i) protoplast preparation and regeneration; (ii) screening methods; and (iii) transformation-promoting factors. The optimized transformation efficiency reached 72.7 CFU/μg, which is higher than the average level of Pleurotus sp. (10–40 CFU/μg). Moreover, three endogenous promoters (Ppfgpd1, Ppfgpd2, and Ppfsar1) were screened and evaluated for different transcription initiation characteristics. A controllable overexpression system was established using these three promoters that satisfied various heterologous gene expression requirements, such as strong or weak, varied, or stable expression levels. This study lays the foundation for recombinant protein expression in P. eryngii var. ferulae and provides a method to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and secondary metabolic pathway modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengye Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-511-85918221
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, He J, Wu Q, Li Y, Li W, Zhou G, Kamol R, Yang X. Transcription factor GlbHLH regulates hyphal growth, stress resistance, and polysaccharide biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:82-91. [PMID: 34927265 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) participate in many physiological and cellular processes in eukaryotes. However, their functions remain unclear in the macro basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum). In this study, a gene encoding bHLH TF, GlbHLH, was identified in G. lucidum. The knockdown of GlbHLH by RNA interference reduced hyphal growth, hyphal branching, and resistant to osmotic, oxidative, and cell wall stress. The content of cell wall components β-1,3 glucan and chitin and the expression of their synthesis genes were decreased in the GlbHLH knockdown strains. The knockdown of GlbHLH led to an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species by decreasing the enzyme activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the production of intracellular polysaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides was greatly decreased in the GlbHLH mutants. These results suggested that GlbHLH is involved in hyphal growth, stress response, and polysaccharide biosynthesis in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanzeng Li
- Henan Shijixiang Edible Mushroom Co., Ltd., Xuchang, China
| | - Weipeng Li
- Henan Shijixiang Edible Mushroom Co., Ltd., Xuchang, China
| | - Gaoli Zhou
- Henan Shijixiang Edible Mushroom Co., Ltd., Xuchang, China
| | - Rajabov Kamol
- Russia Green Manor Co., Ltd., Leningrad Oblas, Russia
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Yang Z, Chen X, Han D, Han J, Wang L, Ren A, Yu H, Zhao M. Lenthionine, a Key Flavor Substance in Lentinula edodes, Is Regulated by Cysteine under Drought Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12645-12653. [PMID: 34689561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique flavor profile, Lentinula edodes has become one of the most popular edible mushrooms in the world, but the regulatory mechanism of its flavor substances has not been revealed. To study the mechanism that regulates the anabolic metabolism of the important flavor substance lenthionine (LT), the effect of cysteine (Cys) synthesized by the cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE-1) gene participating in the regulation of LT metabolism under drought stress was analyzed. Our results showed that drought stress promoted the accumulation of LT, and the key genes GTT and LECSL were activated. Furthermore, drought stress promoted the accumulation of intracellular Cys and activated the key gene for Cys synthesis, CSE-1. Both inhibition of the CSE enzyme activity by inhibitors and silencing of the CSE-1 gene under drought stress significantly reduced the intracellular contents of Cys and LT, but the inhibition of LT synthesis disappeared after the exogenous addition of Cys. These results indicate that LT synthesis in L. edodes under drought stress is dependent on Cys. In summary, the mechanism of the regulation of flavor substances in edible mushrooms by the environment was revealed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wang
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dan Han
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lingshuai Wang
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ang Ren
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
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Zhang G, Zhang C, Leng D, Yan P, Wang Z, Zhang M, Wu Z. The non-canonical functions of telomerase reverse transcriptase gene GlTert on regulating fungal growth, oxidative stress, and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7353-7365. [PMID: 34515845 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the core catalytic subunit of telomerase. Its canonical function is synthesizing telomeric repeats to maintain telomere length and chromosomal stability. Accumulating evidence suggests that TERT has other important fundamental functions in addition to its catalytic telomere repeat synthesis activity. However, the non-canonical roles of TERT independent of its enzymatic activity are not clear in filamentous fungi. In the present study, we characterized the GlTert gene in Ganoderma lucidum. The non-canonical roles of GlTert were explored using GlTert-silenced strains (Terti8 and Terti25) obtained by RNA interference. Silencing GlTert delayed the fungal growth, decreased the length between hyphal branches, and induced fungal resistance to oxidative stress in G. ludicum. Further examination revealed that the intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels were increased while the enzyme activities of the antioxidant systems (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) were decreased in GlTert-silenced strains. In addition, silencing GlTert decreased the ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis of G. lucidum. Taken together, our results indicate that GlTert plays a fundamental function on fungal growth, oxidative stress, and GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum, providing new insights for the canonical functions of TERT in filamentous fungi. KEY POINTS: • GlTert affected fungal growth and hyphal branching of G. lucidum. • Silencing GlTert increased the intracellular ROS levels of G. lucidum. • GlTert regulated GA biosynthesis of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaohui Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Doudou Leng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
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Zhang K, Huang Y, Shi Q. Genome-wide identification and characterization of 14-3-3 genes in fishes. Gene 2021; 791:145721. [PMID: 34010706 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family genes are highly conserved regulatory factors in eukaryotes with involvement in multiple important cellular processes. However, detailed investigations of this family in fishes are very limited. Here, a comparative genomic and transcriptomic survey were performed to investigate the 14-3-3 family in fishes. We confirmed that the numbers of 14-3-3 genes ranged from 5 to 7 in non-teleost fishes, as well as additional 14-3-3 genes (9 to 11) in teleost fishes. In addition, some special teleost fishes possess 17 to 25 14-3-3s, which undergone the fourth whole-genome duplication (WGD). We also found that six pairs of fish 14-3-3 genes were clustered with mammalian ε, γ, ς, η, τand β isotypes, respectively, while σ was absent with a potential specificity within mammals, on the basis of their phylogenetic and synteny analyses. According to our results, we inferred that the diversity of 14-3-3 genes in fishes seems to be generated from a combination of WGD and gene loss. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that there are differences in tissue distribution, and we speculated that 14-3-3 genes may contribute to terrestrial adaptations in mudskippers. In addition, protein sequence alignments of 14-3-3s supported their differential roles in fishes. In summary, our present comparative genomic and transcriptomic survey will benefit for further functional investigations of these fish genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Liu Z, Zhang J, Ma A, Wang X, Sun Z, Cui W, Yuan C, Zhu C. Molecular characterization, expression analysis of 14-3-3 beta/alpha and the effect of RNA interference on ion transporter protein Na+-K+-ATPase, Na+–H+-exchanger and CFTR in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 246-247:110458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Sridhar PS, Trofimova D, Subramaniam R, González-Peña Fundora D, Foroud NA, Allingham JS, Loewen MC. Ste2 receptor-mediated chemotropism of Fusarium graminearum contributes to its pathogenicity against wheat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10770. [PMID: 32612109 PMCID: PMC7329813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight of wheat, caused by the filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum, leads to devastating global food shortages and economic losses. While many studies have addressed the responses of both wheat and F. graminearum during their interaction, the possibility of fungal chemotropic sensing enabling pathogenicity remains unexplored. Based on recent findings linking the pheromone-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor Ste2 to host-directed chemotropism in Fusarium oxysporum, we investigated the role of the Ste2 receptor and its downstream signaling pathways in mediating chemotropism of F. graminearum. Interestingly, a chemotropic response of growing hyphae towards catalytically active Triticum aestivum ‘Roblin’ cultivar secreted peroxidases was detected, with deletion of STE2 in F. graminearum leading to loss of the observed response. At the same time, deletion of STE2 significantly decreased infection on germinating wheat coleoptiles, highlighting an association between Ste2, chemotropism and infection by F. graminearum. Further characterization revealed that the peroxidase-directed chemotropism is associated with stimulation of the fungal cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Altogether, this study demonstrates conservation of Ste2-mediated chemotropism by Fusarium species, and its important role in mediating pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S Sridhar
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Daria Trofimova
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | | | - Nora A Foroud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403, 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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13
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Qiu C, Zhang A, Tao S, Li K, Chen K, Ouyang P. Combination of ARTP mutagenesis and color-mediated high-throughput screening to enhance 1-naphthol yield from microbial oxidation of naphthalene in aqueous system. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Lin Y, Chen Y, Li Q, Tian X, Chu J. Rational high-throughput screening system for high sophorolipids production in Candida bombicola by co-utilizing glycerol and glucose capacity. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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15
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Ren A, Shi L, Zhu J, Yu H, Jiang A, Zheng H, Zhao M. Shedding light on the mechanisms underlying the environmental regulation of secondary metabolite ganoderic acid in Ganoderma lucidum using physiological and genetic methods. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 128:43-48. [PMID: 30951869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites of fungi are often produced at very low concentrations, and until recently the regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolite biosynthesis have been unclear. Ganoderma lucidum is a macrofungus that is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine or medicinal mushroom: ganoderic acid (GA) is one of the main active ingredients. Here, we review research from the last decade on which and how environmental factors regulate GA biosynthesis. These environmental factors are mainly three components: a single chemical/biological or biochemical signal, physical triggers, and nutritional conditions. Because G. lucidum is a non-model Basidiomycete, a combination of physiological and genetic research is needed to determine how those environmental factors regulate GA biosynthesis. The regulation of GA biosynthesis includes ROS, Ca2+, cAMP and phospholipid signaling, and cross-talk between different signaling pathways. The regulatory mechanisms for the synthesis of this secondary metabolite, from the perspective of physiology and genetics, in G. lucidum will provide ideas for studying the regulation of fungal secondary metabolism in other non-model species, especially those fungi with limitations in genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Ren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ailiang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huihua Zheng
- Jiangsu Alphay Bio-technology Co., Ltd./Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Nantong 226009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
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16
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14-3-3 Proteins: a window for a deeper understanding of fungal metabolism and development. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:24. [PMID: 30666471 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoforms of 14-3-3 proteins, similar to their highly conserved homologs in mammals and plants, are both transcriptionally and functionally affected by their extracellular and intracellular environments. These proteins bind to phosphorylated client proteins to modulate their functions in fungi. Since phosphorylation regulates a plethora of different physiological responses in organisms, 14-3-3 proteins play roles in multiple physiological functions, including those controlling metabolisms, cell division, and responses to environmental stimulation. These proteins could also modulate signaling pathways that transduce inputs from the environment and downstream proteins that elicit physiological responses. Increasing evidence supports a prominent role for 14-3-3 proteins in regulating development and metabolism at various levels. In this review, we first provide a brief summary of the molecular structure of 14-3-3 proteins. Second, we discuss the potential roles of 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of development and metabolism. Third, we review the roles of 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of their binding partners, including receptors, protein kinases, and some protein kinase substrates. Finally, this review examines recent advances that further elucidate the role of 14-3-3 proteins in signaling transduction in response to environmental stress.
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