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Murthy HN, Joseph KS, Paek KY, Park SY. Bioreactor configurations for adventitious root culture: recent advances toward the commercial production of specialized metabolites. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:837-859. [PMID: 37500186 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2233690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In vitro plant cell and organ cultures are appealing alternatives to traditional methods of producing valuable specialized metabolites for use as: pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics, perfumes, and agricultural chemicals. Cell cultures have been adopted for the production of specialized metabolites in certain plants. However, in certain other systems, adventitious roots are superior to cell suspension cultures as they are organized structures that accumulate high levels of specialized metabolites. The cultivation of adventitious roots has been investigated in various bioreactor systems, including: mechanically agitated, pneumatically agitated, and modified bioreactors. The main relevance and importance of this work are to develop a long-lasting industrial biotechnological technology as well as to improve the synthesis of these metabolites from the plant in vitro systems. These challenges are exacerbated by: the peculiarities of plant cell metabolism, the complexity of specialized metabolite pathways, the proper selection of bioreactor systems, and bioprocess optimization. This review's major objective is to analyze several bioreactor types for the development of adventitious roots, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each type of bioreactor, and to describe the strategies used to increase the synthesis of specialized metabolites. This review also emphasizes current advancements in the field, and successful instances of scaled-up cultures and the generation of specialized metabolites for commercial purposes are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy
- Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kee Yoeup Paek
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Li S, Hao L, Hu X. Natural products target glycolysis in liver disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1242955. [PMID: 37663261 PMCID: PMC10469892 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1242955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the occurrence and development of different liver diseases. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dysfunction and production of reactive oxygen species are closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, forcing glycolysis to become the main source of energy metabolism of liver cells. Moreover, glycolysis is also enhanced to varying degrees in different liver diseases, especially in liver cancer. Therefore, targeting the glycolytic signaling pathway provides a new strategy for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis associated with liver cancer. Natural products regulate many steps of glycolysis, and targeting glycolysis with natural products is a promising cancer treatment. In this review, we have mainly illustrated the relationship between glycolysis and liver disease, natural products can work by targeting key enzymes in glycolysis and their associated proteins, so understanding how natural products regulate glycolysis can help clarify the therapeutic mechanisms these drugs use to inhibit liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyuan Hao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Liu Z, Ma Y, Lv X, Li N, Li X, Xing J, Li C, Hu B. Abiotic factors and endophytes co-regulate flavone and terpenoid glycoside metabolism in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2671-2688. [PMID: 36864204 PMCID: PMC10033487 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, endorhizospheric microbiota is realized to be able to promote the secondary metabolism in medicinal plants, but the detailed metabolic regulation metabolisms and whether the promotion is influenced by environmental factors are unclear yet. Here, the major flavonoids and endophytic bacterial communities in various Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. roots collected from seven distinct places in northwest China, as well as the edaphic conditions, were characterized and analyzed. It was found that the soil moisture and temperature might modulate the secondary metabolism in G. uralensis roots partially through some endophytes. One rationally isolated endophyte Rhizobium rhizolycopersici GUH21 was proved to promote the accumulation of isoliquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid significantly in roots of the potted G. uralensis under the relatively high-level watering and low temperature. Furthermore, we did the comparative transcriptome analysis of G. uralensis seedling roots in different treatments to investigate the detailed mechanisms of the environment-endophyte-plant interactions and found that the low temperature went hand in hand with the high-level watering to activate the aglycone biosynthesis in G. uralensis, while GUH21 and the high-level watering cooperatively promoted the in planta glucosyl unit production. Our study is of significance for the development of methods to rationally promote the medicinal plant quality. KEY POINTS: • Soil temperature and moisture related to isoliquiritin contents in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. • Soil temperature and moisture related to the hosts' endophytic bacterial community structures. • The causal relation among abiotic factors-endophytes-host was proved through the pot experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidi Liu
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyang Ma
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Lv
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Li
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, Beijing, 102401, People's Republic of China.
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Murthy HN. Biotechnological production of bacosides from cell and organ cultures of Bacopa monnieri. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1799-1811. [PMID: 35201388 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (BM), also known as 'Brahmi' or 'Water Hyssop', has been utilized as a brain tonic, memory enhancer, sensory organ revitalizer, cardiotonic, anti-anxiety, antidepressant and anticonvulsant agent in the Indian system of medicine Ayurveda for centuries. BM is beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epileptic seizures and schizophrenia in recent pharmacological research. Dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins containing jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin as aglycones, also known as bacosides, are the principal chemical ingredients identified and described from BM. Bacosides have been shown to have anti-ageing, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties in a variety of pre-clinical and clinical studies. The pharmaceutical industry's raw material comes from wild sources; nevertheless, the concentration of bacosides varies in different regions of the plants, as well as seasonal and genotypic variation. Cell and tissue cultures are appealing alternatives for the long-term manufacture of bioactive chemicals, and attempts to produce bacosides using in vitro cultures have been made. This review discusses the biotechnological approaches used to produce bacosides, as well as the limitations and future potential. KEY POINTS: • Bacosides extracted from Bacopa monnieri are important pharmaceutical compounds. • The current review provides insight into biotechnological interventions for the production of bacosides using in vitro cultures. • Highlights the prospects improvement of bacoside production through metabolic engineering.
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Chen C, Yu LT, Cheng BR, Xu JL, Cai Y, Jin JL, Feng RL, Xie L, Qu XY, Li D, Liu J, Li Y, Cui XY, Lu JJ, Zhou K, Lin Q, Wan J. Promising Therapeutic Candidate for Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: What Are the Possible Mechanisms and Roles of Phytochemicals? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:792592. [PMID: 35252368 PMCID: PMC8893235 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.792592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the most effective reperfusion strategies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) despite myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, causing one of the causes of most cardiomyocyte injuries and deaths. The pathological processes of myocardial I/R injury include apoptosis, autophagy, and irreversible cell death caused by calcium overload, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Eventually, myocardial I/R injury causes a spike of further cardiomyocyte injury that contributes to final infarct size (IS) and bound with hospitalization of heart failure as well as all-cause mortality within the following 12 months. Therefore, the addition of adjuvant intervention to improve myocardial salvage and cardiac function calls for further investigation. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive bioactive secondary compounds abundantly found in Chinese herbal medicine. Great effort has been put into phytochemicals because they are often in line with the expectations to improve myocardial I/R injury without compromising the clinical efficacy or to even produce synergy. We summarized the previous efforts, briefly outlined the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury, and focused on exploring the cardioprotective effects and potential mechanisms of all phytochemical types that have been investigated under myocardial I/R injury. Phytochemicals deserve to be utilized as promising therapeutic candidates for further development and research on combating myocardial I/R injury. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury treatment using phytochemicals and possible side effects associated with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ru Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Li Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Lin
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Jie Wan
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Seong HR, Wang C, Irfan M, Kim YE, Jung G, Park SK, Kim TM, Choi EK, Rhee MH, Kim YB. DK-MGAR101, an extract of adventitious roots of mountain ginseng, improves blood circulation by inhibiting endothelial cell injury, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:683-689. [PMID: 36090679 PMCID: PMC9459064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since ginsenosides exert an anti-thrombotic activity, blood flow-improving effects of DK-MGAR101, an extract of mountain ginseng adventitious roots (MGAR) containing various ginsenosides, were investigated in comparison with an extract of Korean Red Ginseng (ERG). Methods In Sprague-Dawley rats orally administered with DK-MGAR101 or ERG, oxidative carotid arterial thrombosis was induced with FeCl3 (35%), and their blood flow and occlusion time were measured. To elucidate underlying mechanisms, the cytoprotective activities on rat aortic endothelial cells (RAOECs) exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were confirmed. In addition, the inhibitory activities of DK-MGAR101 and ERG on agonist-induced platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 production, and ATP granule release from stimulated platelets as well as blood coagulation were analyzed. Results DK-MGAR101 containing high concentrations of Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 ginsenosides (55.07 mg/g) was more effective than ERG (ginsenosides 8.45 mg/g) in protecting RAOECs against H2O2 cytotoxicity. DK-MGAR101 was superior to ERG not only in suppressing platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 production, and granule release, but also in delaying blood coagulation, FeCl3-induced arterial occlusion, and thrombus formation. Conclusions The results indicate that DK-MGAR101 prevents blood vessel occlusion by suppressing platelet aggregation, thrombosis, and blood coagulation, in addition to endothelial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Seong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Cuicui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Dongkook Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jincheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gooyoung Jung
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Dongkook Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jincheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyeong Park
- Department of Beauty Care, Daejeon Health Institute of Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Myoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ehn-Kyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero Gaesin-dong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Ginsenosides Conversion and Anti-Oxidant Activities in Puffed Cultured Roots of Mountain Ginseng. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRMG (Cultured Roots of Mountain Ginseng) have the advantages in scale-up production, safety, and pharmacological efficacies. Though several methods are available for the conversion of major to minor ginsenosides, which has more pharmacological activities, a single step process with high temperature and pressure as a puffing method took place in this study to gain and produce more pharmacologically active compounds. Puffed CRMG exhibited an acceleration of major ginsenosides to minor ginsenosides conversions, and released more phenolic and flavonoid compounds. HPLC analysis was used to detect a steep decrease in the contents of major ginsenosides (Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc and Rd) with increasing pressure; on the contrary, the minor ginsenosides (20 (S, R)-Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rh1, Rh2, Rg6, F4 and Rk3) contents increased. Minor ginsenosides, such as Rg6, F4 and Rk3, were firstly reported to be produced from puffed CRMG. After the puffing process, phenolics, flavonoids, and minor ginsenoside contents were increased, and also, the antioxidant properties, such as DPPH inhibition and reducing the power of puffed CRMG, were significantly enhanced. Puffed CRMG at 490.3 kPa and 588.4 kPa had a low toxicity on HaCaT (immortalized human epidermal keratinocyte) cells at 200 μg/mL, and could significantly reduce ROS by an average of 60%, compared to the group treated with H2O2. Therefore, single step puffing of CRMG has the potential to be utilized for functional food and cosmeceuticals.
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Dai X, Zhu R, Chen B, Xia B, Ye Z, Zhao D, Gao S, Orekhov AN, Zhang D, Wang L, Guo S. A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and antidiabetic effect of Ginseng. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 92:153717. [PMID: 34583224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Ginseng, one of the well-known medicinal herbs, has been used in the management of diabetes and its complications for more than 1000 years. PURPOSE The aim of this review is devoted to summarize the phytochemistry and pharmacokinetics of Ginseng, and provide evidence for the antidiabetic effects of Ginseng and its ingredients as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS For the purpose of this review, the following databases were consulted: the PubMed Database (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (http://www.cnki.net), National Science and Technology Library (http://www.nstl.gov.cn/), Wanfang Data (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/) and the Web of Science Database (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). RESULTS Ginseng exhibits glucose-lowering effects in different diabetic animal models. In addition, Ginseng may prevent the development of diabetic complications, including liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis and others. The main ingredients of Ginseng include ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The underlying mechanisms whereby this herb exerts antidiabetic activities may be attributed to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including IRS1/PI3K/AKT, LKB1/AMPK/FoxO1, AGEs/RAGE, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, PPARδ/STAT3, cAMP/PKA/CERB and HIF-1α/VEGF, etc. The pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides provide valuable information on therapeutic efficacy of Ginseng in diabetes. Although Ginseng is well-tolerated, dietary consumption of this herb should follow the doctors' advice. CONCLUSION Ginseng may offer an alternative strategy in protection against diabetes and its complications through the regulations of the multi-targets via various signaling pathways. Efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms with strictly-controlled animal models, combined with well-designed clinical trials and pharmacokinetic evaluation, will be important subjects of the further investigations and weigh in translational value of this herb in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yage Liu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuan Dai
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bingke Xia
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zimengwei Ye
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Department of Scientific Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Ahmed S, Shohael AM, Paek KY. Evaluation of growth and some unexplored bioactivities of bioreactor grown adventitious root culture of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:2046-2060. [PMID: 34622986 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the growth potential and some rarely reported bioactivities (antioxidant, thrombolytic, anticoagulant, and anthelmintic) of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer adventitious roots. To demonstrate the growth, shake flask and laboratory-scale bioreactor cultures have been employed. The obtained biomass was dried and extracted with water, ethanol, and methanol. The growth ratio (12.62 ± 1.03) observed in the bioreactor was significantly higher than in the shake flask culture. The presence of 10 different phytochemical classes, including carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids were detected in qualitative estimation. Significant quantities of phenolics, flavonoids, proteins, and tannins were determined. Dose-dependent antioxidant activities were observed, and the IC50 values of methanolic and ethanolic extracts were very similar to the standard. The highest (29.26 ± 5.31%) thrombolytic potential was shown by the methanolic extract. The ethanolic extract significantly extended the coagulation times up to 2.5 fold. The highest anthelmintic properties in terms of paralyzing (2.21 ± 0.31 min) and killing (3.69 ± 0.41 min) of the parasitic worms were displayed by the aqueous extract. The in vitro root growth implies the commercial feasibility of ginseng production in Bangladesh and the demonstration of potential bioactivities strengthens medicinal implications and also offering new research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sium Ahmed
- Cell Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Mohammad Shohael
- Cell Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Kee Yoeup Paek
- Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Xu XD, Liang WX, Yao L, Paek KY, Wang J, Gao WY. Production of ginsenoside by Chaetomium sp. and its effect on enhancing the contents of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng adventitious roots. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Production of bioactive plant secondary metabolites through in vitro technologies-status and outlook. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6649-6668. [PMID: 34468803 PMCID: PMC8408309 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11539-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used by mankind since ancient times, and many bioactive plant secondary metabolites are applied nowadays both directly as drugs, and as raw materials for semi-synthetic modifications. However, the structural complexity often thwarts cost-efficient chemical synthesis, and the usually low content in the native plant necessitates the processing of large amounts of field-cultivated raw material. The biotechnological manufacturing of such compounds offers a number of advantages like predictable, stable, and year-round sustainable production, scalability, and easier extraction and purification. Plant cell and tissue culture represents one possible alternative to the extraction of phytochemicals from plant material. Although a broad commercialization of such processes has not yet occurred, ongoing research indicates that plant in vitro systems such as cell suspension cultures, organ cultures, and transgenic hairy roots hold a promising potential as sources for bioactive compounds. Progress in the areas of biosynthetic pathway elucidation and genetic manipulation has expanded the possibilities to utilize plant metabolic engineering and heterologous production in microorganisms. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the in vitro production of high-value plant secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Key points • Bioactive plant secondary metabolites are important for current and future use in medicine • In vitro production is a sustainable alternative to extraction from plants or costly chemical synthesis • Current research addresses plant cell and tissue culture, metabolic engineering, and heterologous production
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Xu X, Sun G, Liu J, Zhou J, Li J, Sun Z, Li X, Chen H, Zhao D, Jiang R, Sun L. Akt activation-dependent protective effect of wild ginseng adventitious root protein against UVA-induced NIH-3T3 cell damage. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:1006-1016. [PMID: 34448508 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation can lead to development of several acute and chronic diseases, with UVA exposure considered a primary cause of dermal photodamage. We prepared a wild ginseng adventitious root extract (ARE) that could alleviate UVA irradiation-induced NIH-3T3 cell viability decline. After employing a series of purification methods to isolate main active components of ARE, adventitious root protein mixture (ARP) was identified then tested for protective effects against UVA irradiation-induced NIH-3T3 cell damage. The results showed that ARP treatment significantly reduced UVA-induced cell viability decline and confirmed that the active constituent of ARP was the protein, since proteolytic hydrolysis and heat treatment each eliminated ARP protective activity. Moreover, ARP treatment markedly inhibited UVA-induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and DNA fragmentation, while also significantly reversing UVA effects (elevated Bax levels, reduced Bcl-2 expression) by reducing Bax levels and increasing Bcl-2 expression. Mechanistically, ARP promoted Akt phosphorylation regardless of UVA exposure, thus confirming ARP resistance to inactivation by UVA light. Notably, in the presence of Akt inhibitor SC0227, ARP could no longer counteract UVA-induced cell viability decline and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, our results demonstrated that ARP treatment protected UVA-irradiated NIH-3T3 cells by preventing UVA-induced reduction of collagen-I expression. Taken together, these results suggest that ARP treatment of NIH-3T3 cells effectively mitigated UVA-induced cell viability decline by activating intracellular Akt to reduce UVA-induced DNA damage, leading to reduced rates of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest after UVA exposure and restoring collagen expression to normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohao Xu
- Research Centre of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guang Sun
- Research Centre of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhou
- Jilin Technology Innovation Centre for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Technology Innovation Centre for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Jilin Technology Innovation Centre for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangzhu Li
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Tonghua, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Tonghua, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Centre of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Jilin Technology Innovation Centre for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Centre of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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13
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Oesch F, Oesch-Bartlomowicz B, Efferth T. Toxicity as prime selection criterion among SARS-active herbal medications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153476. [PMID: 33593628 PMCID: PMC7840405 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present here a new selection criterion for prioritizing research on efficacious drugs for the fight against COVID-19: the relative toxicity versus safety of herbal medications, which were effective against SARS in the 2002/2003 epidemic. We rank these medicines according to their toxicity versus safety as basis for preferential rapid research on their potential in the treatment of COVID-19. The data demonstrate that from toxicological information nothing speaks against immediate investigation on, followed by rapid implementation of Lonicera japonica, Morus alba, Forsythia suspensa, and Codonopsis spec. for treatment of COVID-19 patients. Glycyrrhiza spec. and Panax ginseng are ranked in second priority and ephedrine-free Herba Ephedrae extract in third priority (followed by several drugs in lower preferences). Rapid research on their efficacy in the therapy - as well as safety under the specific circumstances of COVID-19 - followed by equally rapid implementation will provide substantial advantages to Public Health including immediate availability, enlargement of medicinal possibilities, in cases where other means are not successful (non-responders), not tolerated (sensitive individuals) or just not available (as is presently the case) and thus minimize sufferings and save lives. Moreover, their moderate costs and convenient oral application are especially advantageous for underprivileged populations in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Rodrigues V, Kumar A, Prabhu KN, Pragadheesh VS, Shukla AK, Sundaresan V. Adventitious root cultures of Decalepis salicifolia for the production of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, a vanillin isomer flavor metabolite. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3087-3099. [PMID: 33829315 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Decalepis salicifolia (Bedd. ex. Hook.f.) Venter is a potential natural source of the vanillin isomer, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H4MB), an aromatic compound. However, the utilization of the plant is hindered especially due to its critically endangered status and the root-specific accumulation of the compound. The use of in vitro culture techniques offers a sustainable means for the production of valuable metabolites. In this study, an efficient system was established for the production of 2H4MB in the adventitious root cultures of D. salicifolia. Leaf explants of in vitro grown plants produced on an average 4.33 ± 2.07 number of roots with root initiation frequency of 95.69 ± 3.74% in woody plant medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg/L kinetin (Kn). The adventitious root biomass accumulation of 10.61 ± 0.89 g fresh weight (FW) was obtained in woody plant liquid media containing 0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in 60 days of inoculation. Field-grown plants of the same age produced 0.30 ± 0.02 g FW, which was 35-fold lower than the adventitious root culture. The total production of 2H4MB in the same growth period was 4.9-fold higher in adventitious root culture (139.54 μg) as compared to field-grown plants (28.62 μg). Furthermore, sucrose concentration of 2% was favorable for biomass accumulation, whereas 5% was favorable for 2H4MB production. On the other hand, media pH 5.0 was suitable for biomass production and pH 7.0 was best suited for accumulation of 2H4MB. The adventitious roots also showed stable production of biomass and 2H4MB over 2 years. The established adventitious root culture system is suitable for further large-scale production of 2H4MB for flavor and fragrance industrial applications. KEY POINTS: • Biomass accumulation was higher in adventitious root cultures than in field-grown plants. • Manipulation of sucrose concentration and media pH led to increased 2H4MB production. • Adventitious roots showed stable biomass and 2H4MB production over 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vereena Rodrigues
- Plant Biology and Systematics, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Plant Biology and Systematics, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India.,Phytopharmaceuticals Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kamasamudra N Prabhu
- Plant Biology and Systematics, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - V S Pragadheesh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Analytical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Ashutosh K Shukla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Velusamy Sundaresan
- Plant Biology and Systematics, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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15
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Panossian AG, Efferth T, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Kuchta K, Mukherjee PK, Banerjee S, Heinrich M, Wu W, Guo D, Wagner H. Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress- and aging-related diseases. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:630-703. [PMID: 33103257 PMCID: PMC7756641 DOI: 10.1002/med.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adaptogens comprise a category of herbal medicinal and nutritional products promoting adaptability, resilience, and survival of living organisms in stress. The aim of this review was to summarize the growing knowledge about common adaptogenic plants used in various traditional medical systems (TMS) and conventional medicine and to provide a modern rationale for their use in the treatment of stress-induced and aging-related disorders. Adaptogens have pharmacologically pleiotropic effects on the neuroendocrine-immune system, which explain their traditional use for the treatment of a wide range of conditions. They exhibit a biphasic dose-effect response: at low doses they function as mild stress-mimetics, which activate the adaptive stress-response signaling pathways to cope with severe stress. That is in line with their traditional use for preventing premature aging and to maintain good health and vitality. However, the potential of adaptogens remains poorly explored. Treatment of stress and aging-related diseases require novel approaches. Some combinations of adaptogenic plants provide unique effects due to their synergistic interactions in organisms not obtainable by any ingredient independently. Further progress in this field needs to focus on discovering new combinations of adaptogens based on traditional medical concepts. Robust and rigorous approaches including network pharmacology and systems pharmacology could help in analyzing potential synergistic effects and, more broadly, future uses of adaptogens. In conclusion, the evolution of the adaptogenic concept has led back to basics of TMS and a new level of understanding of holistic approach. It provides a rationale for their use in stress-induced and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Alexander N. Shikov
- Department of technology of dosage formsSaint‐Petersburg State Chemical‐Pharmaceutical UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Olga N. Pozharitskaya
- Department of BiotechnologyMurmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI KSC RAS)MurmanskRussia
| | - Kenny Kuchta
- Department of Far Eastern Medicine, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal OncologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Pulok K. Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product StudiesJadavpur UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Subhadip Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product StudiesJadavpur UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, UCL School of Pharmacy, Centre for Pharmacognosy and PhytotherapyUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for TCM Modernization, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - De‐an Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for TCM Modernization, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hildebert Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Pharma ResearchLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
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16
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Phu HT, Thuan DTB, Nguyen THD, Posadino AM, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:369-393. [PMID: 31418664 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190715121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging and aging-associated diseases are issues with unsatisfactory answers in the medical field. Aging causes important physical changes which, even in the absence of the usual risk factors, render the cardiovascular system prone to some diseases. Although aging cannot be prevented, slowing down the rate of aging is entirely possible to achieve. In some traditional medicine, medicinal herbs such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are recognized by the "nourishing of life" and their role as anti-aging phytotherapeutics is increasingly gaining attention. By mainly employing PubMed here we identify and critically analysed 30 years of published studies focusing on the above herbs' active components against aging and aging-associated conditions. Although many plant-based compounds appear to exert an anti-aging effect, the most effective resulted in being flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which include astragaloside, ginkgolide, ginsenoside, and gypenoside specifically covered in this review. Their effects as antiaging factors, improvers of cognitive impairments, and reducers of cardiovascular risks are described, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned effects along with their potential safety. Telomere and telomerase, PPAR-α, GLUTs, FOXO1, caspase-3, bcl-2, along with SIRT1/AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways appear to be their preferential targets. Moreover, their ability to work as antioxidants and to improve the resistance to DNA damage is also discussed. Although our literature review indicates that these traditional herbal medicines are safe, tolerable, and free of toxic effects, additional well-designed, large-scale randomized control trials need to be performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects and efficacy of these medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Duong T B Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Anna M Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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17
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Yao L, Lu J, Wang J, Gao WY. Advances in biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:417-424. [PMID: 32503733 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants has been widely studied because of their active ingredients with diverse pharmacological activities. Various oxidosqualene cyclases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, and transcription factors related to triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis have been explored and identified. In the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins, the progress of gene mining by omics-based sequencing, gene screening, gene function verification, catalyzing mechanism of key enzymes and gene regulation are summarized and discussed. By the progress of the biosynthesis pathway of triterpenoid saponins, the large-scale production of some triterpenoid saponins and aglycones has been achieved through plant tissue culture, transgenic plants and engineered yeast cells. However, the complex biosynthetic pathway and structural diversity limit the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in different system. Special focus can further be placed on the systematic botany information of medicinal plants obtained from omics large dataset, and triterpenoid saponins produced by synthetic biology strategies, gene mutations and gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wen-Yuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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18
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Jin S, Hyun TK. Ectopic Expression of Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1 ( PAP1) Improves the Antioxidant and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of Ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Hairy Roots. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100922. [PMID: 32993165 PMCID: PMC7601150 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of genetically engineered cell cultures has been suggested as a potential approach for the production of target compounds from medicinal plants. In this study, we generated PAP1 (production of anthocyanin pigment 1)-overexpressing ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) hairy roots to improve the production of anthocyanins, as well as the bioactivity (e.g., antioxidant and whitening activities) of ginseng. Based on differentially expressed gene analysis, we found that ectopic expression of PAP1 induced the expression of genes involved in the ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’ (24 genes), and ‘flavonoid biosynthesis’ (17 genes) pathways, resulting in 191- to 341-fold increases in anthocyanin production compared to transgenic control (TC) hairy roots. Additionally, PAP1-overexpressing ginseng hairy roots exhibited an approximately seven-fold higher DPPH-free radical scavenging activity and 10-fold higher ORAC value compared to the TC. In α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells, PAP1-overexpressing ginseng hairy roots strongly inhibited the accumulation of melanin by 50 to 59% compared to mock-control. Furthermore, results obtained by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and tyrosinase inhibition assay suggested that the anti-melanogenic activity of PAP1-overexpressing ginseng hairy roots is mediated by tyrosinase activity inhibition. Taken together, our results suggested that the ectopic expression of PAP1 is an effective strategy for the enhancement of anthocyanin production, which improves the biological activities of ginseng root cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae Kyung Hyun
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-261-2520; Fax: +82-43-271-0413
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19
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Cao L, Wu H, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Yin X, Zheng D, Li C, Kim MJ, Kim P, Xue Z, Wang Y, Li Y. Highly efficient production of diverse rare ginsenosides using combinatorial biotechnology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1615-1627. [PMID: 32144753 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rare ginsenosides are recognized as the functionalized molecules after the oral administration of Panax ginseng and its products. The sources of rare ginsenosides are extremely limited because of low ginsenoside contents in wild plants, hindering their application in functional foods and drugs. We developed an effective combinatorial biotechnology approach including tissue culture, immobilization, and hydrolyzation methods. Rh2 and nine other rare ginsenosides were produced by methyl jasmonate-induced culture of adventitious roots in a 10 L bioreactor associated with enzymatic hydrolysis using six β-glycosidases and their combination with yields ranging from 5.54 to 32.66 mg L-1 . The yield of Rh2 was furthermore increased by 7% by using immobilized BglPm and Bgp1 in optimized pH and temperature conditions, with the highest yield reaching 51.17 mg L-1 (17.06% of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides mixture). Our combinatorial biotechnology method provides a highly efficient approach to acquiring diverse rare ginsenosides, replacing direct extraction from Panax plants, and can also be used to supplement yeast cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linggai Cao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongran Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanwang Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Min-Jun Kim
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Pyol Kim
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, Wonsan University of Agriculture, Wonsan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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20
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Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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21
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Li CY, Yang P, Jiang YL, Lin Z, Pu YW, Xie LQ, Sun L, Lu D. Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury through mTOR signal pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109913. [PMID: 32006902 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is known to play an effective protection on myocardial infarction, yet its therapeutic mechanism on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has remained obscure. Here we sought to investigate the protective mechanism of GRb1 preconditioning on myocardial I/R injury in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS We report here that GRb1 preconditioning could improve myocardial I/R injury induced-cardiac functions including LVDP, -dp/dt min and + dp/dt max; however, the heart rate (HR) was maintained at a level comparable to the I/R group. Additionally, in I/R injury group given GRb1 preconditioning, release of myocardial enzymes (CK-MB and Trop l) and CtsB was decreased. Moreover, GRb1 decreased the expression of apoptotic related proteins e.g. cleaved-caspase 3; however, the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax related to anti-apoptosis was decreased. The study was extended by injecting rapamycin intraperitoneally before GRb1 pretreatment. Thus, mTOR pathway was significantly upregulated after GRb1 pretreatment when compared with I/R. Remarkably, the anti-apoptosis protection of GRb1 pretreatment was attenuated by rapamycin. Furthermore, GRb1 effectively reduced the infarct size thus supporting its role in anti-myocardial I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that GRb1 preconditioning can ameliorate myocardial I/R injury as manifested by the improvement of cardiac function indices; moreover, release of myocardial enzymes, namely, CK-MB, Trop l and CtsB was reduced. More importantly, we have shown that the protective effect of GRb1 against I/R injury induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is associated with the activation of mTOR signal pathway as evident by the use of rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yan Li
- Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China; Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yu-Wei Pu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Li-Qiu Xie
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China.
| | - Di Lu
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Zhao M, Chen Q, Xu W, Wang H, Che Y, Wu M, Wang L, Lijuan C, Hao H. Total ginsenosides extract induce autophagic cell death in NSCLC cells through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112093. [PMID: 31325602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey) has been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years. It has auxiliary anticancer efficacy and its derived preparations (e.g. Shenmai injection) are prescribed for cancer patients as Traditional Chinese Medicines clinically in China. AIM OF THE STUDY The involved adjuvant anticancer mechanisms of ginseng are still unknown. The present study evaluated the anti-cancer effect of total ginsenosides extract (TGS) and determined the anticancer mechanisms of TGS-induced cell death in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-cancer effect of TGS was evaluated in NSCLC by cell proliferation assay. The autophagy flux induction of TGS were tested and validated by Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscope. The mechanisms of TGS in inducing autophagic cell death were validated by Western blot, gene knockdown and quantitative real time PCR assay. RESULTS We found TGS could induce cell death in concentration and time dependent manners, and the cell morphology of NSCLC changed from cobblestone shape to elongated spindle shape after treated with TGS. In the study of cell autophagy, we confirm that TGS could upregulate autophagy flux and induce autophagic cell death through activation endoplasmic reticulum stress. Further investigations demonstrated this process was mediated by the ATF4-CHOP-AKT1-mTOR axis in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that TGS could induce autophagic cell death in NSCLC cells through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, disclosing another characteristic of TGS-induced cell death and a novel mechanism of TGS and its derived preparations in clinical treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Qiufang Chen
- Science and Education Division, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Wanfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Mengqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Cao Lijuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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23
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Chen W, Balan P, Popovich DG. Analysis of Ginsenoside Content ( Panax ginseng) from Different Regions. Molecules 2019; 24:E3491. [PMID: 31561496 PMCID: PMC6803836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently Panax ginseng has been grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of the study is to compare the average content of ginsenosides from NZ-grown ginseng and its original native locations (China and Korea) grown ginseng. Ten batches of NZ-grown ginseng were extracted using 70% methanol and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The average content of ginsenosides from China and Korea grown ginseng were obtained by collecting data from 30 and 17 publications featuring China and Korea grown ginseng, respectively. The average content of total ginsenosides in NZ-grown ginseng was 40.06 ± 3.21 mg/g (n = 14), which showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentration than that of China grown ginseng (16.48 ± 1.24 mg/g, n = 113) and Korea grown ginseng (21.05 ± 1.57 mg/g, n = 106). For the individual ginsenosides, except for the ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, and Rd, ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, and Rg1 from NZ-grown ginseng were 2.22, 2.91, 1.65, and 1.27 times higher than that of ginseng grown in China, respectively. Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 in NZ-grown ginseng were also 2.14 and 1.63 times higher than ginseng grown in Korea. From the accumulation of ginsenosides, New Zealand volcanic pumice soil may be more suitable for ginseng growth than its place of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Alpha-Massey Natural Nutraceutical Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Prabhu Balan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Alpha-Massey Natural Nutraceutical Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - David G Popovich
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Screening and evaluation of adventitious root lines of Panax notoginseng by morphology, gene expression, and metabolite profiles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4405-4415. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Davis MP, Behm B. Ginseng: A Qualitative Review of Benefits for Palliative Clinicians. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 36:630-659. [PMID: 30686023 DOI: 10.1177/1049909118822704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used for centuries to treat various diseases and has been commercially developed and cultivated in the past 300 years. Ginseng products may be fresh, dried (white), or dried and steamed (red). Extracts may be made using water or alcohol. There are over 50 different ginsenosides identified by chromatography. We did an informal systematic qualitative review that centered on fatigue, cancer, dementia, respiratory diseases, and heart failure, and we review 113 studies in 6 tables. There are multiple potential benefits to ginseng in cancer. Ginseng, in certain circumstances, has been shown to improve dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart failure through randomized trials. Most trials had biases or unknown biases and so most evidence is of low quality. We review the gaps in the evidence and make some recommendations regarding future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P Davis
- 1 Palliative Care Department, Knapper Cancer Center, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Bertrand Behm
- 1 Palliative Care Department, Knapper Cancer Center, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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