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Hu Y, Li Y, Cao Y, Shen Y, Zou X, Liu J, Zhao J. Advancements in enzymatic biotransformation and bioactivities of rare ginsenosides: A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:78-89. [PMID: 38945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside, the principal active constituent of ginseng, exhibits enhanced bioavailability and medicinal efficacy in rare ginsenosides compared to major ginsenosides. Current research is focused on efficiently and selectively removing sugar groups attached to the major ginsenoside sugar chains to convert them into rare ginsenosides that meet the demands of medical industry and functional foods. The methods for preparing rare ginsenosides encompass chemical, microbial, and enzymatic approaches. Among these, the enzyme conversion method is highly favored by researchers due to its exceptional specificity and robust efficiency. This review summarizes the biological activities of different rare ginsenosides, explores the various glycosidases used in the biotransformation of different major ginsenosides as substrates, and elucidates their respective corresponding biotransformation pathways. These findings will provide valuable references for the development, utilization, and industrial production of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuzhu Shen
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianjun Zou
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Lv W, Liu X, Sun Z, Zeng M, Kang J, Zhang Q, Liu F, Ma S, Su J, Cao K, Liu J. Ginsenoside Rh4 prevents endothelial dysfunction as a novel AMPK activator. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3346-3363. [PMID: 38757416 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway is a desirable target for various cardiovascular diseases (CVD), while the involvement of AMPK-mediated specific downstream pathways and effective interventions in hyperlipidaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction remain largely unknown. Herein, we aim to identify an effective AMPK activator and to explore its efficacy and mechanism against endothelial dysfunction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Molecular docking technique was adopted to screen for the potent AMPK activator among 11 most common rare ginsenosides. In vivo, poloxamer 407 (P407) was used to induce acute hyperlipidaemia in C57BL/6J mice. In vitro, palmitic acid (PA) was used to induce lipid toxicity in HAEC cells. KEY RESULTS We discovered the strongest binding of ginsenoside Rh4 to AMPKα1 and confirmed the action of Rh4 on AMPK activation. Rh4 effectively attenuated hyperlipidaemia-related endothelial injury and oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro and restored cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in HAEC cells. Mechanistically, Rh4 bound to AMPKα1 and simultaneously up-regulated AKT/eNOS-mediated NO release, promoted PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibited P38 MAPK/NFκB-mediated inflammatory responses in both P407-treated mice and PA-treated HAEC cells. The AMPK inhibitor Compound C treatment completely abrogated the regulation of Rh4 on the above pathways and weakened the lowering effect of Rh4 on endothelial impairment markers, suggesting that the beneficial effects of Rh4 are AMPK dependent. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Rh4 may serve as a novel AMPK activator to protect against hyperlipidaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of endothelial injury-associated CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiqiang Lv
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuyun Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiahao Kang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuying Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaozhou Ma
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Jiang T, Zhang Y, Zuo G, Luo T, Wang H, Zhang R, Luo Z. Transcription factor PgNAC72 activates DAMMARENEDIOL SYNTHASE expression to promote ginseng saponin biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2952-2969. [PMID: 38606940 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive constituents in ginseng (Panax ginseng), possess substantial pharmacological potential and are in high demand in the market. The plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) effectively elicits ginsenoside biosynthesis in P. ginseng, though the regulatory mechanism remains largely unexplored. NAC transcription factors are critical in intricate plant regulatory networks and participate in numerous plant physiological activities. In this study, we identified a MeJA-responsive NAC transcription factor gene, PgNAC72, from a transcriptome library produced from MeJA-treated P. ginseng callus. Predominantly expressed in P. ginseng flowers, PgNAC72 localizes to the nucleus. Overexpressing PgNAC72 (OE-PgNAC72) in P. ginseng callus notably elevated total saponin levels, particularly dammarane-type ginsenosides, by upregulating dammarenediol synthase (PgDDS), encoding a key enzyme in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that PgNAC72 binds to the NAC-binding elements in the PgDDS promoter, thereby activating its transcription. Further RNA-seq and terpenoid metabolomic data in the OE-PgNAC72 line confirmed that PgNAC72 enhances ginsenoside biosynthesis. These findings uncover a regulatory role of PgNAC72 in MeJA-mediated ginsenoside biosynthesis, providing insights into the ginsenoside regulatory network and presenting a valuable target gene for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Gege Zuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Tiao Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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4
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Chen G, Guo Z, Shu Y, Zhao Y, Qiu L, Duan S, Lin Y, He S, Li X, Feng X, Xiang G, Nian B, Wang Y, Li Z, Chongkang Yang, Shi Y, Lu Y, Liu G, Yang S, Zhang G, Hao B. Biosynthetic pathway of prescription cucurbitacin IIa and high-level production of key triterpenoid intermediates in engineered yeast and tobacco. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100835. [PMID: 38425040 PMCID: PMC11211238 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Cucurbitacin IIa is a triterpenoid isolated exclusively from Hemsleya plants and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that functions as the main ingredient of prescription Hemslecin capsules and tablets in China. Synthetic biology provides new strategies for production of such valuable cucurbitacins at a large scale; however, the biosynthetic pathway of cucurbitacin IIa has been unknown, and the heterologous production of cucurbitacins in galactose medium has been expensive and low yielding. In this study, we characterized the functions of genes encoding two squalene epoxidases (HcSE1-2), six oxidosqualene cyclases (HcOSC1-6), two CYP450s (HcCYP87D20 and HcCYP81Q59), and an acyltransferase (HcAT1) in cucurbitacin IIa biosynthesis by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana. We achieved high-level production of the key cucurbitacin precursor 11-carbonyl-20β-hydroxy-Cuol from glucose in yeast via modular engineering of the mevalonate pathway and optimization of P450 expression levels. The resulting yields of 46.41 mg/l 11-carbonyl-20β-hydroxy-Cuol and 126.47 mg/l total cucurbitacin triterpenoids in shake flasks are the highest yields yet reported from engineered microbes. Subsequently, production of 11-carbonyl-20β-hydroxy-Cuol by transient gene expression in tobacco resulted in yields of 1.28 mg/g dry weight in leaves. This work reveals the key genes involved in biosynthesis of prescription cucurbitacin IIa and demonstrates that engineered yeast cultivated with glucose can produce high yields of key triterpenoid intermediates. We describe a low-cost and highly efficient platform for rapid screening of candidate genes and high-yield production of pharmacological triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Zhaokuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Yanyu Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Simei He
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Xiaolin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Bo Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Chongkang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yingchun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Guanze Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China.
| | - Bing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China.
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5
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Wan K, Ban J, Yang F, Zhang X, Huang X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lai Z, Chen Y, Lin Y. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway Involved in Rhizome Development in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1524. [PMID: 38891332 PMCID: PMC11174788 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (P. cyrtonema) rhizomes are rich in flavonoids and other secondary metabolites, exhibiting remarkable antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Polygonatum flavonoid-biosynthesis-related genes have been characterized already. However, a comprehensive overview of Polygonatum flavonoid biosynthesis pathways is still absent. To articulate the accumulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, we examined transcriptome changes using Illumina HiSeq from five different tissues and the RNA-seq of 15 samples had over 105 Gb of a clean base, generating a total of 277,955 unigenes. The cDNA libraries of the fruits (F), leaves (L), roots (R), stems (S), and rhizomes (T) of three-year-old P. cyrtonema plants generated 57,591, 53,578, 60,321, 51,530, and 54,935 unigenes. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that 379 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were in the group of F _vs_ T, L _vs_ T, R _vs_ T, and S _vs_ T, and the transcripts of flavonoid-biosynthesis-related DEGs were principally enriched in rhizomes. In addition, combined with WGCNA and the FPKM of five tissues' transcription, nine differentially expressed transcription factor families (MYB, WRKY, AP2/ERF, etc.) were characterized in the red module, the red module positively correlated with rhizome flavonoid accumulation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) further indicated that BZIP1, C3H31, ERF114, and DREB21 are differentially expressed in rhizomes, accompanied in rhizome development in P. cyrtonema. Therefore, this study provides a foundation for further research into uncovering the accumulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in the rhizomes of P. cyrtonema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (K.W.); (J.B.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (K.W.); (J.B.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.)
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6
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Gao Y, Feng Y, Chang Y, Zhu Z, Zhao H, Xu W, Zhao M, Xiao Y, Tian L, Xiu Y. Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Ginsenoside Rd and 7 Rare Ginsenosides Using Irpex lacteus with HPLC-HRMS/MS Identification. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22744-22753. [PMID: 38826525 PMCID: PMC11137714 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The biotransformation of ginsenosides using microorganisms represents a promising and ecofriendly approach for the production of rare ginsenosides. The present study reports on the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 using the fungus Irpex lacteus, resulting in the production of ginsenoside Rd and seven rare ginsenosides with novel structures. Employing high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, the identities of the transformation products were rapidly determined. Two sets of isomers with molecular weights of 980.56 and 962.55 were discovered among the seven rare ginsenosides, which were generated through the isomerization of the olefin chain in the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside skeleton. Each isomer exhibited characteristic fragment ions and neutral loss patterns in their tandem mass spectra, providing evidence of their unique structures. Time-course experiments demonstrated that the transformation reaction reached equilibrium after 14 days, with Rb1 initially generating Rd and compound 5, followed by the formation of other rare ginsenosides. The biotransformation process catalyzed by I. lacteus was found to involve not only the typical deglycosylation reaction at the C-20 position but also hydroxylation at the C-22 and C-23 positions, as well as hydrogenation, transfer, and cyclization of the double bond at the C-24(25) position. These enzymatic capabilities extend to the structural modification of other PPD-type ginsenosides such as Rc and Rd, revealing the potential of I. lacteus for the production of a wider range of rare ginsenosides. The transformation activities observed in I. lacteus are unprecedented among fungal biotransformations of ginsenosides. This study highlights the application of a medicinal fungi-based biotransformation strategy for the generation of rare ginsenosides with enhanced structural diversity, thereby expanding the variety of bioactive compounds derived from ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Feng
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Chang
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Huanxi Zhao
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Mengya Zhao
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Xiao
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Lu Tian
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiu
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
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7
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Li W, Chen Y, Yang R, Hu Z, Wei S, Hu S, Xiong X, Wang M, Lubeiny A, Li X, Feng M, Dong S, Xie X, Nie C, Zhang J, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Liu R, Pan J, Kong DX, Hu X. A terpenoids database with the chemical content as a novel agronomic trait. Database (Oxford) 2024; 2024:baae027. [PMID: 38776380 PMCID: PMC11110934 DOI: 10.1093/database/baae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Natural products play a pivotal role in drug discovery, and the richness of natural products, albeit significantly influenced by various environmental factors, is predominantly determined by intrinsic genetics of a series of enzymatic reactions and produced as secondary metabolites of organisms. Heretofore, few natural product-related databases take the chemical content into consideration as a prominent property. To gain unique insights into the quantitative diversity of natural products, we have developed the first TerPenoids database embedded with Content information (TPCN) with features such as compound browsing, structural search, scaffold analysis, similarity analysis and data download. This database can be accessed through a web-based computational toolkit available at http://www.tpcn.pro/. By conducting meticulous manual searches and analyzing over 10 000 reference papers, the TPCN database has successfully integrated 6383 terpenoids obtained from 1254 distinct plant species. The database encompasses exhaustive details including isolation parts, comprehensive molecule structures, chemical abstracts service registry number (CAS number) and 7508 content descriptions. The TPCN database accentuates both the qualitative and quantitative dimensions as invaluable phenotypic characteristics of natural products that have undergone genetic evolution. By acting as an indispensable criterion, the TPCN database facilitates the discovery of drug alternatives with high content and the selection of high-yield medicinal plant species or phylogenetic alternatives, thereby fostering sustainable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly drug discovery in pharmaceutical farming. Database URL: http://www.tpcn.pro/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Li
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yinliang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruofei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zilong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- Colorectal cancer clinical research center of HuBei Province,Colorectal cancer clinical research center of Wuhan, Hubei Cancer Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,, Wuhan, Hubei 430069, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Colorectal cancer clinical research center of HuBei Province,Colorectal cancer clinical research center of Wuhan, Hubei Cancer Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,, Wuhan, Hubei 430069, China
| | - Xinjun Xiong
- Research Center for Rural Revitalization, Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Meijuan Wang
- Shennongjia Academy of Forestry, Shennongjia, Hubei 442400 China
| | | | - Xiaohua Li
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Minglei Feng
- Research Center for Rural Revitalization, Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Shuang Dong
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinlu Xie
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Nie
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yichen Zhou
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruodi Liu
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinhai Pan
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - De-Xin Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuebo Hu
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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8
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Yuan X, Li R, He W, Xu W, Xu W, Yan G, Xu S, Chen L, Feng Y, Li H. Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1246-1267. [PMID: 38449105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active constituents of the Panax genus, have demonstrated a variety of medicinal properties, including anticardiovascular disease, cytotoxic, antiaging, and antidiabetes effects. However, the low concentration of ginsenosides in plants and the challenges associated with their extraction impede the advancement and application of ginsenosides. Heterologous biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for the targeted production of these natural active compounds. As representative triterpenoids, the biosynthetic pathway of the aglycone skeletons of ginsenosides has been successfully decoded. While the sugar moiety is vital for the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of ginsenosides, the mining of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis has attracted a lot of attention and made great progress in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the identification and functional study of UGTs responsible for ginsenoside synthesis in both plants, such as Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The UGT-related microbial cell factories for large-scale ginsenoside production are also mentioned. Additionally, we delve into strategies for UGT mining, particularly potential rapid screening or identification methods, providing insights and prospects. This review provides insights into the study of other unknown glycosyltransferases as candidate genetic elements for the heterologous biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yuan
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weishen He
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Guohong Yan
- Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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9
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Wang R, Zhou T, Wang Y, Dong J, Bai Y, Huang X, Chen C. Exploring the allelopathic autotoxicity mechanism of ginsenosides accumulation under ginseng decomposition based on integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1365229. [PMID: 38515624 PMCID: PMC10955472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1365229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous cropping obstacles seriously constrained the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. The allelopathic autotoxicity of ginsenosides is the key "trigger" of continuous cropping obstacles in ginseng. During harvest, the ginseng plants could be broken and remain in the soil. The decomposition of ginseng residue in soil is one of the important release ways of ginsenosides. Therefore, the allelopathic mechanism of ginsenosides through the decomposed release pathway needs an in-depth study. To investigate this allelopathic regulation mechanism, the integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics was applied. The prototype ginsenosides in ginseng were detected converse to rare ginsenosides during decomposition. The rare ginsenosides caused more serious damage to ginseng hairy root cells and inhibited the growth of ginseng hairy roots more significantly. By high-throughput RNA sequencing gene transcriptomics study, the significantly differential expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained under prototype and rare ginsenoside interventions. These DEGs were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways, phytohormone signal transduction, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways. Based on the functional enrichment of DEGs, the targeted metabolomics analysis based on UPLC-MS/MS determination was applied to screen endogenous differential metabolized phytohormones (DMPs). The influence of prototype and rare ginsenosides on the accumulation of endogenous phytohormones was studied. These were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenoid, zeatin, and secondary metabolites, phytohormone signal transduction, and metabolic pathways. After integrating the transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, ginsenosides could regulate the genes in phytohormone signaling pathways to influence the accumulation of JA, ABA, and SA. The conclusion was that the prototype ginsenosides were converted into rare ginsenosides by ginseng decomposition and released into the soil, which aggravated its allelopathic autotoxicity. The allelopathic mechanism was to intervene in the response regulation of genes related to the metabolic accumulation of endogenous phytohormones in ginseng. This result provides a reference for the in-depth study of continuous cropping obstacles of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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10
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Tian L, Gao R, Cai Y, Chen J, Dong H, Chen S, Yang Z, Wang Y, Huang L, Xu Z. A systematic review of ginsenoside biosynthesis, spatiotemporal distribution, and response to biotic and abiotic factors in American ginseng. Food Funct 2024; 15:2343-2365. [PMID: 38323507 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03434h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has gained recognition as a medicinal and functional food homologous product with several pharmaceutical, nutritional, and industrial applications. However, the key regulators involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ginsenosides, and factors influencing ginsenosides are largely unknown, which make it challenging to enhance the quality and chemical extraction processes of the cultivated American ginseng. This review presents an overview of the pharmacological effects, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal distribution of ginsenosides, with emphasis on the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides in American ginseng. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that American ginseng has neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity effects. Additionally, most genes involved in the upregulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis have been identified, while downstream regulators (OSCs, CYP450, and UGTs) require further investigation. Futhermore, limited knowledge exists regarding the molecular mechanisms of the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides. Notably, the nonmedicinal parts of American ginseng, particularly its flowers, fibrous roots, and leaves, exhibit higher ginsenoside content than its main roots and account for a considerable amount of weight in the whole plant, representing promising resources for ginsenosides. Herein, the prospects of molecular breeding and metabolic engineering based on multi-omics to improve the unstable quality of cultivated American ginseng and the shortage of ginsenosides are proposed. This review highlights the gaps in the current research on American ginseng and proposes solutions to address these limitations, providing a guide for future investigations into American ginseng ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- The Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100007, China
| | - Yuxiang Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Junxian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hongmei Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zaichang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150006, China.
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11
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Ma M, Li M, Wu Z, Liang X, Zheng Q, Li D, Wang G, An T. The microbial biosynthesis of noncanonical terpenoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:226. [PMID: 38381229 PMCID: PMC10881772 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a class of structurally complex, naturally occurring compounds found predominantly in plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolites. Classical terpenoids typically have carbon atoms in multiples of five and follow well-defined carbon skeletons, whereas noncanonical terpenoids deviate from these patterns. These noncanonical terpenoids often result from the methyltransferase-catalyzed methylation modification of substrate units, leading to irregular carbon skeletons. In this comprehensive review, various activities and applications of these noncanonical terpenes have been summarized. Importantly, the review delves into the biosynthetic pathways of noncanonical terpenes, including those with C6, C7, C11, C12, and C16 carbon skeletons, in bacteria and fungi host. It also covers noncanonical triterpenes synthesized from non-squalene substrates and nortriterpenes in Ganoderma lucidum, providing detailed examples to elucidate the intricate biosynthetic processes involved. Finally, the review outlines the potential future applications of noncanonical terpenoids. In conclusion, the insights gathered from this review provide a reference for understanding the biosynthesis of these noncanonical terpenes and pave the way for the discovery of additional unique and novel noncanonical terpenes. KEY POINTS: •The activities and applications of noncanonical terpenoids are introduced. •The noncanonical terpenoids with irregular carbon skeletons are presented. •The microbial biosynthesis of noncanonical terpenoids is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Ma
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Mingkai Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhenke Wu
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiqin Liang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Defang Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Guoli Wang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Tianyue An
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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12
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Chen Q, Wang J, Gao Y, Wang Z, Gao X, Yan P. Biotransformation of American Ginseng Stems and Leaves by an Endophytic Fungus Umbelopsis sp. and Its Effect on Alzheimer's Disease Control. Nutrients 2023; 15:4878. [PMID: 38068736 PMCID: PMC10708258 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common ginsenosides can be transformed into rare ginsenosides through microbial fermentation, and some rare ginsenosides can prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to transform common ginsenosides into rare ginsenosides through solid-state fermentation of American ginseng stems and leaves (AGSL) by an endophytic fungus and to explore whether fermented saponin extracts prevent AD. METHODS The powders of AGSL were fermented in a solid state by endophytic fungus. Total saponins were extracted from fermentation products using the methanol extraction method. The types of saponins were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The Aβ42 concentration and β-secretase activity were measured by ELISA for the prevention of AD. RESULTS After AGSL was fermented by an endophytic fungus NSJG, the total saponin concentration of the fermented extract G-SL was higher than the unfermented CK-SL. Rare ginsenoside Rh1 was newly produced and the yield of compound K (561.79%), Rh2 (77.48%), and F2 (40.89%) was increased in G-SL. G-SL had a higher inhibition rate on Aβ42 concentration (42.75%) and β-secretase activity (42.22%) than CK-SL, possibly because the rare ginsenoside Rh1, Rh2, F2, and compound K included in it have a strong inhibitory effect on AD. CONCLUSION The fermented saponin extracts of AGSL show more inhibition effects on AD and may be promising therapeutic drugs or nutrients for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Chen
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Q.C.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Q.C.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yuhang Gao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiujun Gao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Peisheng Yan
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Q.C.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
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13
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Cheng L, Luo W, Ye A, Zhang Y, Li L, Xie H. How to More Effectively Obtain Ginsenoside Rg5: Understanding Pathways of Conversion. Molecules 2023; 28:7313. [PMID: 37959741 PMCID: PMC10650205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg5, a relatively uncommon secondary ginsenoside, exhibits notable pharmacological activity and is commonly hypothesized to originate from the dehydration of Rg3. In this work, we compared different conversion pathways using Rb1, R-Rg3 and S-Rg3 as the raw material under simple acid catalysis. Interestingly, the results indicate that the conversion follows this reaction activity order Rb1 > S-Rg3 > R-Rg3, which is contrary to the common understanding of Rg5 obtained from Rg3 by dehydration. Our experimental results have been fully confirmed by theoretical calculations and a NOESY analysis. The DFT analysis reveals that the free energies of S-Rg3 and R-Rg3 in generating carbocation are 7.56 mol/L and 7.57 mol/L, respectively, which are significantly higher than the free energy of 1.81 mol/L when Rb1 generates the same carbocation. This finding aligns with experimental evidence suggesting that Rb1 is more prone to generating Rg5 than Rg3. The findings from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis suggest that the fatty chains (C22-C27) in R-Rg3 and S-Rg3 adopt a Gauche conformation and an anti conformation with C16-C17 and C13-C17, respectively, due to the relatively weak repulsive van der Waals force. Therefore, the configuration of R-Rg3 is more conducive to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between 20C-OH and 12C-OH, whereas S-Rg3 lacks this capability. Consequently, this also explains the fact that S-Rg3 is more prone to dehydration to generate Rg5 than R-Rg3. Additionally, our research reveals that the synthetic route of Rg5 derived from protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides (including Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc and Rd) exhibits notable advantages in terms of efficacy, purity and yield when compared to the pathway originating from Rg3. Moreover, this study presents a highly effective and practical approach for the extensive synthesis of Rg5, thereby facilitating the exploration of its pharmacological properties and potential application in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqin Cheng
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Anqi Ye
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Ling Li
- Tonghua Bai’aojinsen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tonghua 134000, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310003, China
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14
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Chen Q, Wang J, Gao Y, Gao X, Yan P. Optimization of Fermentation Conditions and Product Identification of a Saponin-Producing Endophytic Fungus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2331. [PMID: 37764176 PMCID: PMC10535331 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some fungal endophytes isolated from P. ginseng may present a new method of obtaining saponins. This experiment aimed to optimize the total saponin yield produced through in vitro fermentation by an endophytic fungus and analyze its saponin species in the fermented extract. METHODS Fermentation protocols were optimized with a uniform design and verified through regression analysis to maximize the total saponin yield. The saponin types under optimal fermentation conditions were then identified and analyzed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. RESULTS The Trametes versicolor strain NSJ105 (gene accession number: OR144428) isolated from wild ginseng could produce total saponins. The total saponin yield could be increased more than two-fold through the optimization of fermentation conditions. The concentration of the total saponins achieved by the verified protocol 105-DP was close to the predicted value. The fermentation conditions of the 105-DP protocol were as follows: potato concentration 97.3 mg/mL, glucose concentration 20.6 mg/mL, inoculum volume 2.1%, fermentation broth pH 2.1, fermentation temperature 29.2 °C, and fermentation time 6 d. It was detected and analyzed that the fermented extract of 105-DP contained the ginsenosides Rf and Rb3. CONCLUSION The endophytic fungus Trametes versicolor strain NSJ105 has potential application value in saponin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Chen
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Q.C.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Q.C.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yuhang Gao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiujun Gao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Peisheng Yan
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Q.C.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
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15
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Paik S, Song GY, Jo EK. Ginsenosides for therapeutically targeting inflammation through modulation of oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110461. [PMID: 37331298 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are steroid glycosides derived from ginseng plants such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng. Advances in recent studies have identified numerous physiological functions of each type of ginsenoside, i.e., immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory functions, in the context of inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which the single or combined ginsenoside(s) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, although it remains largely unclear. It is well known that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with pathological inflammation and cell death in a variety of cells, and that inhibition of ROS generation ameliorates the local and systemic inflammatory responses. The mechanisms by which ginsenosides attenuate inflammation are largely unknown; however, targeting ROS is suggested as one of the crucial mechanisms for the ginsenosides to control the pathological inflammation in the immune and non-immune cells. This review will summarize the latest progress in ginsenoside studies, particularly in the context of antioxidant mechanisms for its anti-inflammatory effects. A better understanding of the distinct types and the combined action of ginsenosides will pave the way for developing potential preventive and therapeutic modalities in treating various inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
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