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Senarathne S, Jayawardana JMCK, Chandrajith R. Influence of climate on groundwater fluoride in different climatic domains in a hard rock terrain of Sri Lanka: implications to community health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3677-3686. [PMID: 34689287 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Health risks associated with excessive intake of fluoride through drinking water are one of the geoenvironmental health problems observed in many parts of the world, mainly in countries of the humid tropical belt, including Sri Lanka. Fluoride-related health problems are widespread in the dry climatic region compared to the wet climatic zone of Sri Lanka. The potential health risks of fluoride for communities in a river basin which drains through two climatic zones, viz. wet and dry zones, were investigated in this study. Sixty-three groundwater samples were collected from wells in the Walawe river basin during pre- and post-monsoon periods. From collected samples, ten selected samples were analyzed for their tritium (3H) levels to find out the approximate resident time of groundwater. In the river basin, the dry zone segment is characterized by elevated levels of fluoride (> 1.0 mg/L) in groundwater. Groundwater fluoride in the region was primarily of geogenic origin. The tritium values showed older groundwater contained higher fluoride levels, showing a increased dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals. The hazard quotient (HQfluoride) showed that about 45% of pre- and 55% of post-monsoon groundwater samples in the dry zone area were unsuitable for drinking purposes for school children who are vulnerable to non-carcinogenic risks and dental fluorosis. This study emphasizes the need for continuous water quality monitoring and mitigation measures to ensure the health of residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachintha Senarathne
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihul Oya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihul Oya, Sri Lanka
| | - J M C K Jayawardana
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihul Oya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihul Oya, Sri Lanka
| | - Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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Zarei-Choghan M, Jorfi S, Saki A, Jaafarzadeh N. Spatial distribution, ecological and health risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticides identified in the water of Naseri artificial wetland, Iran. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113643. [PMID: 35526375 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development is inevitable to meet the growing need for food. But along with this development, there are unintended and undesirable consequences for human life and the environment that need, found a solution and corrected. One of the most important adverse consequences of agricultural development is the pollution of surface and groundwater resources, which results from various factors such as soil erosion and improper use of different pesticides. This study aimed to conduct an environmental monitoring program in Naseri wetland to determine the concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in water samples and also to evaluate the potential risks (ecological and health risk assessment) of these pesticides. The salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction method was used to extract pesticides. The residual concentrations of OPPs evaluated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In this study, the ecological risk of OPPs calculated for wetland ecosystem, based on the acute risk quotient (RQi) formula with maximum (RQmax), mean (RQmean), and mixture (RQmix) concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in the wetland water. Also, to assess the health risk of consuming contaminated fish with organophosphate pesticides, the potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were determined by the hazard quotient (Index) (HQ, HI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) indices, respectively. The mean ± SD concentration of OPPs (Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Ethion, Dichlorvos, Trifluralin and Diazinon) in samples of wetland water ranged from 0.14 ± 0.08 to 0.35 ± 0.12 and 0.054 ± 0.06 to 0.2 ± 0.1 (μg/L) in summer and autumn, respectively. The mean ± SD of OPPs in fish varied from 0.68 ± 0.86 to 3.94 ± 2.7 (μg/kg). Overall, the concentrations of pesticides in all water and fish samples were below the maximum residue limit (30 μg/kg) during the study period, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The results of acute risk quotient were in summer (RQmax = 3.49E-4 to 0.067, RQmean = 5.8E-5 to 0.029, RQmix = 0.139-0.026, 0.018-3.42E-3) and autumn (RQmax = 8E-4 to 0.051, RQmean = 7.74E-6 to 0.018 RQmix = 0.1-0.013, 6E-3- 1.5E-3). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk indexes due to fish consumption for adults and children were (HQ = 0.026-4.68E-4, HI = 0.041, ILCR = 1.7E-7) and (HQ = 1.85E-3-1.3E-5, HI = 0.041, ILCR = 5.55E-8), respectively. The risk of OPPs was generally low. But cumulative risk (pesticide mixtures), should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei-Choghan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sahand Jorfi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amal Saki
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Chandrajith R, Bhagya S, Diyabalanage S, Wimalasiri S, Ranatunga MAB, Barth JAC. Exposure Assessment of Fluoride Intake Through Commercially Available Black Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) from Areas with High Incidences of Chronic Kidney Disease with Undetermined Origin (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:526-534. [PMID: 33821417 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is a beneficial trace element for human health as its deficiency and excess levels can cause detrimental health effects. In Sri Lanka, dry zone regions can have excessive levels of fluoride in drinking water and can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. In addition to drinking water, traditional habits of tea consumption can cause an additional intake of fluoride in the population. A total number of 39 locally blended black tea samples were collected from a village where chronic kidney disease with undetermined origin (CKDu) is prevalent. In addition, unblended tea samples were obtained from tea-producing factories. The fluoride contents in infusions of 2% weight per volume (w/v) were measured using calibrated ion-selective fluoride electrodes. The mean fluoride content was 2.68±1.03 mg/L in loose tea, 1.87±0.57mg/L in packed tea samples, and 1.14±0.55 mg/L in unblended tea. Repeated brewing of the same tea leaves showed that over 50% of fluoride leached into the solution in the first infusion. An estimate of the daily total average fluoride intake via tea consumption per person is 2.68 mg per day. With groundwater in many dry zone regions in Sri Lanka showing high fluoride levels that exceed 0.5 mg/L, the additional daily intake can rapidly exceed recommended thresholds of 2 mg/day. This can add to adverse health impacts that might also relate to CKDu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sachini Bhagya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Saranga Diyabalanage
- Instrument Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Swarna Wimalasiri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Mahasen A B Ranatunga
- Plant Breeding Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle, Sri Lanka
| | - Johannes A C Barth
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Zhang X, Gao X, Li C, Luo X, Wang Y. Fluoride contributes to the shaping of microbial community in high fluoride groundwater in Qiji County, Yuncheng City, China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14488. [PMID: 31597951 PMCID: PMC6785547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a toxic element, excessive amounts of fluoride in environment can be harmful because of its antimicrobial activity, however little is known about the relationship between fluoride and the bacterial community in groundwater systems. Here, we use samples from a typical fluorosis area to test the hypothesis that fluoride concentration is a fundamental structuring factor for bacterial communities in groundwater. Thirteen groundwater samples were collected; high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and statistical analysis were conducted to compare the bacterial community composition in individual wells. The results showed that Proteobacteria, with most relative abundance in groundwater, decreased along the groundwater fluoride concentration. Additionally, relative abundances of 12 families were also statistically correlated with fluoride concentration. The bacterial community was significantly explained by TOC (P = 0.045) and fluoride concentration (P = 0.007) of groundwater. This suggests that fluoride and TOC likely plays an important role in shaping the microbial community structure in these groundwater systems. Our research suggest that fluoride concentration should be taken into consideration in future when evaluating microbial response to environmental conditions in groundwater system, especially for fluoride rich groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xubo Gao
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China.
| | - Chengcheng Li
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
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Salgado-Méndez S, Gilabert-Alarcón C, Daesslé LW, Mendoza-Espinosa L, Avilés-Marín S, Stumpp C. Short-Term Effects on Agricultural Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Water in Baja California, México. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:829-835. [PMID: 30972441 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2014 reclaimed water (RW) started to be used for agricultural irrigation of 200 ha in Maneadero Valley, Baja California, Mexico. The RW had relatively high electrical conductivity (4-5 dS m-1), and K+, Mg2+, PO43- and Cl- concentrations relative to irrigation guidelines. However, no accumulation of these elements, nor total nitrogen, was observed in the studied soils. The main effect of RW irrigation was the downcore leaching of Cl- and Na+ below 120 cm, causing an increase in electrical conductivity in the lower soil horizons. Al, Fe and Zn showed a twofold to eightfold accumulation in the top soil layer after 2 years. Moderate to severe chemical clogging of dripping systems and potential biological clogging are likely to occur. Mexican national guidelines for the reuse of RW do not take into account specific variables that could change the quality of agricultural soil or lead to clogging of drip irrigation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salgado-Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Doctorado en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - C Gilabert-Alarcón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Doctorado en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - L W Daesslé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Doctorado en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - L Mendoza-Espinosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Doctorado en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - S Avilés-Marín
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Delta s/n, C.P. 21705, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, Mexico
| | - C Stumpp
- Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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González-Acevedo ZI, García-Zarate MA, Flores-Lugo IP. Emerging contaminants and nutrients in a saline aquifer of a complex environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:885-897. [PMID: 30469283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The quality and availability of water has become a pressing issue worldwide, being particularly important in semi-arid regions, where climate change has aggravated the problem. The use of anthropogenic chemicals, classified as emerging pollutants, adds to the problem representing a treat, since they are not regulated and have a potential impact on human and environmental health. This pressing problem has not been studied widely in complex environments like the one we present here. Distribution and seasonal variability of fecal sterols, alkylphenols, pesticides (emerging pollutants) and nutrients were determined in 35 wells used for agriculture and human consumption in the Valley of Maneadero, located in the semi-arid region of Baja California, Mexico. The presence of the tested pollutants in the saline aquifer was heterogeneous, showing important differences in concentration and distribution. Wells destined for household use showed the highest variability. In these wells, anthropogenic fecal sterols were detected and, alkylphenols, such as octyphenol and nonylphenol had maximum concentrations (2.7 ng/mL). In agriculture and urban wells, we identified DDT and organochlorine pesticides, as well as myclobutanil, which is considered a modern pesticide. Nitrates were identified in concentrations above international standards, mainly during the dry season, in both the agricultural and urban areas. As emerging pollutants represent a negative effect on environmental and human health, this is the first paper showing the importance of measuring this type of pollutant in agricultural/semi-urban areas, especially in aquifers that have been overexploited and communities that have relied on the use of septic tanks for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayre I González-Acevedo
- Geology Department, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, C. P, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Marco A García-Zarate
- Applied Physics Department, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, C. P, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - I Pamela Flores-Lugo
- Postgraduate Program on Environmental Geosciences, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, C. P, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Navarro O, González J, Júnez-Ferreira H, Bautista CF, Cardona A. Correlation of Arsenic and Fluoride in the Groundwater for Human Consumption in a Semiarid Region of Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pastén-Zapata E, Ledesma-Ruiz R, Harter T, Ramírez AI, Mahlknecht J. Assessment of sources and fate of nitrate in shallow groundwater of an agricultural area by using a multi-tracer approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:855-64. [PMID: 24200723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate isotopic values are often used as a tool to understand sources of contamination in order to effectively manage groundwater quality. However, recent literature describes that biogeochemical reactions may modify these values. Therefore, data interpretation is difficult and often vague. We provide a discussion on this topic and complement the study using halides as comparative tracers assessing an aquifer underneath a sub-humid to humid region in NE Mexico. Hydrogeological information and stable water isotopes indicate that active groundwater recharge occurs in the 8000km(2) study area under present-day climatic and hydrologic conditions. Nitrate isotopes and halide ratios indicate a diverse mix of nitrate sources and transformations. Nitrate sources include organic waste and wastewater, synthetic fertilizers and soil processes. Animal manure and sewage from septic tanks were the causes of groundwater nitrate pollution within orchards and vegetable agriculture. Dairy activities within a radius of 1,000 m from a sampling point significantly contributed to nitrate pollution. Leachates from septic tanks caused nitrate pollution in residential areas. Soil nitrogen and animal waste were the sources of nitrate in groundwater under shrubland and grassland. Partial denitrification processes helped to attenuate nitrate concentration underneath agricultural lands and grassland, especially during summer months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Pastén-Zapata
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada Sur No. 2501, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Ledesma-Ruiz
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada Sur No. 2501, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Thomas Harter
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, C.P. 95616 Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aldo I Ramírez
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada Sur No. 2501, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada Sur No. 2501, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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