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Smolik S, Miller AL, Mong DA, Trenbeath Z, Miller KR, Cost C, Demedis J. Incidence and Risk Factors for Brown Adipose Tissue Uptake in PET Imaging in Pediatric Patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:e60-e64. [PMID: 37910816 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are used in disease diagnosis and evaluation for pediatric oncology patients. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET uptake is reported in 35% to 47% of pediatric patients. Several risk factors may be associated with BAT uptake. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the incidence and risk factors for BAT in pediatric patients using a consensus-based system and a novel grading scale. METHODS A total of 285 PET scans in 154 patients were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of BAT from September 2015 through December 2016. A consensus review was done by 2 radiologists, who graded BAT on a 0 to 3 scale and assessed its impact on PET interpretation. RESULTS The presence of moderate to severe BAT occurred in 11% of PET scans, and 6% of PETs had limited interpretation. Hodgkin lymphoma (n=53) patients had a 3.62-fold increased odds of moderate or severe BAT and a 6.59-fold increased odds of limited interpretation on PET imaging. CONCLUSION The incidence of BAT was low but impacted radiologic interpretation when present. Further studies with a larger group of Hodgkin lymphoma patients are needed to explore the risk factors associated with moderate or severe BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Smolik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado
| | - Angie L Miller
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado
| | - David A Mong
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado
| | - Zachary Trenbeath
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado
| | - Kristen R Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz
| | - Carrye Cost
- Janssen Research and Development, Aurora, CO
| | - Jenna Demedis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado
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Seasonal changes and decrease of suicides and suicide attempts in France over the last 10 years. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8231. [PMID: 35581322 PMCID: PMC9114420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the evolution of suicides and suicide attempts over the last 10 years in France. We analyzed the number of deaths by suicide and suicide attempts in metropolitan France (2009–2018) from French national databases, on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Seasonal variation in suicide rates was modeled using a cosinor function. Based on this model, we determined the association of suicides and suicide attempts with geographic characteristics, age, gender, means used and psychiatric disorders. The number of suicides and suicide attempts decreased over the last ten years in France (mean decrease of 14.49% and 11.69% per year). We observed a significant and recurrent seasonal pattern of suicides and suicide attempts in France, with a peak in spring. The suicide and suicide attempt rates were higher in the northern departments of France. Suicides were more frequent for men (75%) and middle-age individuals (45–54 years old), while suicide attempts were more frequent for women (62%) and young adults and middle-age individual (15–19 and 40–49 years old). Nearly two-thirds of the patients who attempted suicide suffered from comorbid psychiatric disorders. Mood disorders was the most frequent comorbid psychiatric disorder (54%). Voluntary drug intoxication was the most common means of suicide attempt (80%), and hanging was the most common means of suicide (54%). The number of suicides and suicide attempts decreased in France over the last 10 years, with large and recurrent seasonal variations. These findings could be used to alert and adjust prevention policies, as well as developing preventive strategies such as chronotherapeutics.
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Shen YS, Lung SCC, Cui S. Exploring multiple pathways and mediation effects of urban environmental factors for suicide prevention. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118642. [PMID: 34883145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Public health is threatened by air pollution and high temperature, especially in urban areas and areas impacted by climate change. Well-designed urban forms have co-benefits on promoting human health and mediating atmospheric environment-related threats (e.g., high temperature and air pollution). Previous studies overlooked these mediating effects of urban form on suicide mortality. This study used partial least squares modeling and countywide data in Taiwan to identify the crucial influences and pathways of urban environment, socioeconomic status, and diseases on suicide mortality. The model considered the impact of the characteristics of urban form (i.e., urban development intensity, land mix, and urban sprawl), urban industrial status (i.e., industrial level), urban greening (i.e., green coverage), disease (i.e., important diseases morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], cerebrovascular disease [CVD], chronic liver disease and cirrhosis [CLDC], nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis [NNSN], malignant tumor [MT]), socioeconomic status (i.e., income level and aging population rate), and the atmospheric environment (i.e., air pollution and high temperature) on suicide mortality. Optimizing land mix and minimizing urban development intensity and urban sprawl have been found to reduce suicide mortality. The mediating effect of urban form on suicide mortality originated from air pollution and high temperature, and mediating air pollution was greater than high temperature. Furthermore, industrial level, important diseases (HIV, CVD, CLDC, NNSN, and MT) morbidity, an aging population rate, air pollution, and high temperature were associated with an increase in suicide mortality, whereas green coverage and income level were associated with a reduction in suicide rates. The findings demonstrate that appropriate urban policy and urban planning may lower suicide mortality, be useful strategies for suicide prevention, and be a foundation for building a healthy city. Moreover, this study provides clarity on the complex relationship of suicide and the urban environment while identifying crucial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shih-Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Health, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shenghui Cui
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Santhanam P, Rowe SP, Solnes LB, Quainoo B, Ahima RS. A systematic review of imaging studies of human brown adipose tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1495:5-23. [PMID: 33604891 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is involved in energy dissipation and has been linked to weight loss, insulin sensitivity, and reduced risk of atherosclerotic disease. BAT is found most often in the supraclavicular region, as well as mediastinal and paravertebral areas, and it is predominantly seen in young persons. BAT is activated by cold temperature and the sympathetic nervous system. In humans, BAT was initially detected via 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), a high-resolution molecular imaging modality used to identify and stage malignancies. Recent studies have shown that BAT can be localized using conventional imaging modalities, such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as radiotracers used for single-photon emission CT. In this systematic review, we have summarized the evidence for BAT detection in humans using various imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Santhanam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lilja B Solnes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brittany Quainoo
- Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gao J, Cheng Q, Duan J, Xu Z, Bai L, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhang Z, Su H. Ambient temperature, sunlight duration, and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1021-1029. [PMID: 30235587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between sunlight hours, temperature, and suicide has been investigated in many previous studies, but with inconsistent findings. We conducted this meta-analysis aiming at providing clear evidence about whether sunlight hours and temperature can affect the risk of suicide. METHODS Relevant literature published before 7 Jul 2018 was searched in three electronic database of PubMed, Web of science and Cochrane. Between-study heterogeneity in the effect estimates were examined by study design (i.e., exposure time resolution, temperature measure and suicide classification) and population vulnerability (i.e., sex, national income level, climate zone and study location). RESULTS Regarding temperature-suicide association, we identified 14 studies that provided 23 effect estimates for meta-analysis. Our random-effects model showed that each 1 °C increase in temperature was significantly associated with a 1% increase in the incidence of suicide (Incidence Rate Radio (IRR) = 1.01; 95%CI = 1.00-1.02; p < 0.05). As for sunlight duration and suicide, 11 effect estimates from 4 studies were pooled using a fixed-effects model. Significant association between sunlight duration (per 1 h increase) and the risk of suicide was not observed, and the pooled IRR was 1.00 (95%CI = 0.99-1.01; p > 0.05). There was significant heterogeneity between previous studies' effect estimates, and significantly lower heterogeneity was noted for the female group, for studies that did analyses at daily scale, and for studies using mean temperature as the exposure indicator. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a significant and positive association between temperature rises and incidence of suicide, and a non-significant association between sunlight duration and incidence of suicide. Populations living in tropical and temperate zones or at middle-income level may be particularly vulnerable to temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Lijun Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Yanwu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Shusi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, China.
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Martinez-Tellez B, Xu H, Sanchez-Delgado G, Acosta FM, Rensen PCN, Llamas-Elvira JM, Ruiz JR. Association of wrist and ambient temperature with cold-induced brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle [18F]FDG uptake in young adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1281-R1288. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00238.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is influenced by the outdoor temperature variation. However, people spend most of their time indoors, especially in colder regions and during cold seasons. Therefore, outdoor temperature is probably not an accurate tool to quantify the exposure of the participants before BAT quantification. We studied the association of wrist and personal environmental temperatures with cold-induced BAT and skeletal muscle [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) uptake in adults. A total of 74 participants wore two iButtons during 7 days to measure wrist temperature (WT) and personal level of environmental temperature (Personal-ET). Thereafter, we performed a 2-h personalized cooling protocol before performing an [18F]FDG-PET/CT scan. WT was negatively associated with BAT volume ( R2 = 0.122; P = 0.002) and BAT activity [standardized uptake value (SUV)peak, R2 = 0.083; P = 0.012]. Moreover, Personal-ET was negatively associated with BAT volume ( R2 = 0.164; P < 0.001), BAT activity (SUVmean and SUVpeak, all R2 ≥ 0.167; P < 0.001), and skeletal muscle activity (SUVpeak, R2 = 0.122; P = 0.002). Interestingly, the time exposed to a certain Personal-ET (16–20°C) positively correlated only with [18F]FDG uptake by BAT (volume and activity; all P ≤ 0.05), whereas the time exposed to 12–15°C positively correlated only with measures of [18F]FDG uptake by skeletal muscle activity (all P ≤ 0.05). This study shows that WT and Personal-ET are associated with [18F]FDG uptake by BAT and skeletal muscle activity in adults within certain temperature thresholds. Moreover, our results suggest that [18F]FDG uptake by human BAT or skeletal muscle can be activated or inhibited in different ranges of ambient temperatures exposures. Results should be taken with caution because the observed associations were relatively weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huiwen Xu
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Acosta
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jose M. Llamas-Elvira
- Nuclear Medicine Department, “Virgen de las Nieves” University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada, Nuclear Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Akkaya-Kalayci T, Vyssoki B, Winkler D, Willeit M, Kapusta ND, Dorffner G, Özlü-Erkilic Z. The effect of seasonal changes and climatic factors on suicide attempts of young people. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:365. [PMID: 29141599 PMCID: PMC5688742 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal changes and climatic factors like ambient temperature, sunlight duration and rainfall can influence suicidal behavior. METHODS This study analyses the relationship between seasonal changes and climatic variations and suicide attempts in 2131 young patients in Istanbul, Turkey. RESULTS In our study sample, there was an association between suicide attempts in youths and seasonal changes, as suicide attempts occurred most frequently during summer in females as well as in males. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the mean temperature over the past 10 days and temperature at the index day and suicide attempts in females. After seasonality effects were mathematically removed, the mean temperature 10 days before a suicide attempt remained significant in males only, indicating a possible short-term influence of temperature on suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS This study shows an association between suicide attempts of young people and climatic changes, in particular temperature changes as well as seasonal changes. Therefore, the influence of seasonal changes and climatic factors on young suicide attempters should get more attention in research to understand the biopsychosocial mechanisms playing a role in suicide attempts of young people. As suicide attempts most frequently occur in young people, further research is of considerable clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Türkan Akkaya-Kalayci
- 0000 0000 9259 8492grid.22937.3dOutpatient Clinic of Transcultural Psychiatry and Migration Induced Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Vyssoki
- 0000 0000 9259 8492grid.22937.3dDepartment for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Winkler
- 0000 0000 9259 8492grid.22937.3dDepartment for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthaeus Willeit
- 0000 0000 9259 8492grid.22937.3dDepartment for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nestor D. Kapusta
- 0000 0000 9259 8492grid.22937.3dDepartment of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Dorffner
- 0000 0000 9259 8492grid.22937.3dSection of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Freyung 6/2, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zeliha Özlü-Erkilic
- Outpatient Clinic of Transcultural Psychiatry and Migration Induced Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Up-to-date review of nuclear medicine applications in pediatric thoracic imaging. Eur J Radiol 2017; 95:418-427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Bredella MA, Cypess AM, Torriani M. Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue: State of the Art. Radiology 2017; 280:4-19. [PMID: 27322970 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016150390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The rates of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic disease have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In recent years there has been renewed interest in combating these diseases not only by modifying energy intake and lifestyle factors, but also by inducing endogenous energy expenditure. This approach has largely been stimulated by the recent recognition that brown adipose tissue (BAT)-long known to promote heat production and energy expenditure in infants and hibernating mammals-also exists in adult humans. This landmark finding relied on the use of clinical fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and imaging techniques continue to play a crucial and increasingly central role in understanding BAT physiology and function. Herein, the authors review the origins of BAT imaging, discuss current preclinical and clinical strategies for imaging BAT, and discuss imaging methods that will provide crucial insight into metabolic disease and how it may be treated by modulating BAT activity. (©) RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari C Sampath
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Martin Torriani
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
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Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Furukawa S, Kubo Y, Hayashi M, Shibata K, Mizuno K, Aiba T, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Long-term exposure to space's microgravity alters the time structure of heart rate variability of astronauts. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00211. [PMID: 28050606 PMCID: PMC5192238 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spaceflight alters human cardiovascular dynamics. The less negative slope of the fractal scaling of heart rate variability (HRV) of astronauts exposed long-term to microgravity reflects cardiovascular deconditioning. We here focus on specific frequency regions of HRV. Methods Ten healthy astronauts (8 men, 49.1 ± 4.2 years) provided five 24-hour electrocardiographic (ECG) records: before launch, 20.8 ± 2.9 (ISS01), 72.5 ± 3.9 (ISS02) and 152.8 ± 16.1 (ISS03) days after launch, and after return to Earth. HRV endpoints, determined from normal-to-normal (NN) intervals in 180-min intervals progressively displaced by 5 min, were compared in space versus Earth. They were fitted with a model including 4 major anticipated components with periods of 24 (circadian), 12 (circasemidian), 8 (circaoctohoran), and 1.5 (Basic Rest-Activity Cycle; BRAC) hours. Findings The 24-, 12-, and 8-hour components of HRV persisted during long-term spaceflight. The 90-min amplitude became about three times larger in space (ISS03) than on Earth, notably in a subgroup of 7 astronauts who presented with a different HRV profile before flight. The total spectral power (TF; p < 0.05) and that in the ultra-low frequency range (ULF, 0.0001–0.003 Hz; p < 0.01) increased from 154.9 ± 105.0 and 117.9 ± 57.5 msec2 (before flight) to 532.7 ± 301.3 and 442.4 ± 202.9 msec2 (ISS03), respectively. The power-law fractal scaling β was altered in space, changing from -1.087 ± 0.130 (before flight) to -0.977 ± 0.098 (ISS01), -0.910 ± 0.130 (ISS02), and -0.924 ± 0.095 (ISS03) (invariably p < 0.05). Interpretation Most HRV changes observed in space relate to a frequency window centered around one cycle in about 90 min. Since the BRAC component is amplified in space for only specific HRV endpoints, it is likely to represent a physiologic response rather than an artifact from the International Space Station (ISS) orbit. If so, it may offer a way to help adaptation to microgravity during long-duration spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Otsuka
- Executive Medical Center, Totsuka Royal Clinic, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Satoshi Furukawa
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kubo
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Shibata
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Mizuno
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Child and Family Studies, Tohoku Fukushi University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Aiba
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohshima
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Mukai
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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Partonen T. Clock genes in human alcohol abuse and comorbid conditions. Alcohol 2015; 49:359-65. [PMID: 25677407 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-use disorders are often comorbid conditions with mood and anxiety disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that there are abnormalities in circadian rhythms and clocks in patients with alcohol-use disorders. Circadian clock gene variants are therefore a fruitful target of interest. Concerning alcohol use, the current findings give support, but are preliminary to, the associations of ARNTL (BMAL1) rs6486120 with alcohol consumption, ARNTL2 rs7958822 and ARNTL2 rs4964057 with alcohol abuse, and PER1 rs3027172 and PER2 rs56013859 with alcohol dependence. Furthermore, it is of interest that CLOCK rs2412646 and CLOCK rs11240 associate with alcohol-use disorders only if comorbid with depressive disorders. The mechanistic basis of these associations and the intracellular actions for the encoded proteins in question remain to be elucidated in order to have the first insight of the potential small-molecule options for treatment of alcohol-use disorders.
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Wang Q, Zhang M, Xu M, Gu W, Xi Y, Qi L, Li B, Wang W. Brown adipose tissue activation is inversely related to central obesity and metabolic parameters in adult human. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123795. [PMID: 25894250 PMCID: PMC4403996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that adult human possess active brown adipose tissue (BAT), which might be important in affecting obesity. However, the supporting evidence on the relationship between BAT and central obesity and metabolic profile in large population based studies is sparse. Methodology/Principal Findings We studied 4011 (2688 males and 1323 females) tumor-free Chinese adults aged 18-89 for BAT activities, visceral/subcutaneous fat areas (VFA/SFA), waist circumferences (WC) and metabolic parameters. We found that the prevalence of BAT was around 2.7% in our study participants, with a significant sexual difference (5.5% in the females vs. 1.3% in the males; p<0.0001). BAT detection was increased in low temperature and declined in elderly subjects. The BAT positive subjects had lower BMI (P<0.0001), less SFA (P<0.01), VFA (P<0.0001), WC (P<0.0001), lower fasting glucose and triglyceride levels (both P<0.01) and increased HDL cholesterol concentrations (P<0.0001), compared with the BAT negative subjects. Robust logistic regression revealed that after adjustment for covariates (including age, sex, BMI, VFA, SFA and WC), age and BMI in the males (0.92 [95%CI, 0.88-0.96] and 0.84 [95% CI, 0.75-0.96], both P ≤0.008) while age and VFA in the females (0.87 [95%CI, 0.83-0.91] and 0.98 [95%CI, 0.97-0.99], respectively, P<0.05) were independently associated with detectable BAT. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that decreased amount of active BAT might be associated with accumulation of visceral fat content and unfavorable metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiong Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Xi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
It was previously assumed that brown adipose tissue (BAT) is present in humans only for a short period following birth, the time in which mechanisms of generating heat by way of shivering are not yet developed. Although BAT is maximally recruited in early infancy, findings in recent years have led to a new consensus that metabolically active BAT remains present in most children and many adult humans. Evidence to date supports a slow and steady decline in BAT activity throughout life, with the exception of an intriguing spike in the prevalence and volume of BAT around the time of puberty that remains poorly understood. Because BAT activity is more commonly observed in individuals with a lower body mass index, an association seen in both adult and pediatric populations, there is the exciting possibility that BAT is protective against childhood and adult obesity. Indeed, the function and metabolic relevance of human BAT is currently an area of vigorous research. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known about changes that occur in BAT during various stages of life, with a particular emphasis on puberty and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H Rogers
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , La Jolla, CA 92037 , USA
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Bauwens M, Wierts R, van Royen B, Bucerius J, Backes W, Mottaghy F, Brans B. Molecular imaging of brown adipose tissue in health and disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:776-91. [PMID: 24509875 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has transformed from an interfering tissue in oncological (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to an independent imaging research field. This review takes the perspective from the imaging methodology on which human BAT research has come to rely on heavily. METHODS This review analyses relevant PubMed-indexed publications that discuss molecular imaging methods of BAT. In addition, reported links between BAT and human diseases such as obesity are discussed, and the possibilities for imaging in these fields are highlighted. Radiopharmaceuticals aiming at several different biological mechanisms of BAT are discussed and evaluated. RESULTS Prospective, dedicated studies allow visualization of BAT function in a high percentage of human subjects. BAT dysfunction has been implicated in obesity, linked with diabetes and associated with cachexia and atherosclerosis. Presently, (18)F-FDG PET/CT is the most useful tool for evaluating therapies aiming at BAT activity. In addition to (18)F-FDG, other radiopharmaceuticals such as (99m)Tc-sestamibi, (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), (18)F-fluorodopa and (18)F-14(R,S)-[(18)F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (FTHA) may have a potential for visualizing other aspects of BAT activity. MRI methods are under continuous development and provide the prospect of functional imaging without ionizing radiation. CONCLUSION Molecular imaging of BAT can be used to quantitatively assess different aspects of BAT metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine, MUMC, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Abstract
Mood regulation is known to be affected by the change of seasons. Recent research findings have suggested that mood regulation may be influenced by the function of circadian clocks. In addition, the activity of brown adipocytes has been hypothesized to contribute to mood regulation. Here, the overarching link to mood disorders might be the circadian clock protein nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Partonen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
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Holopainen J, Helama S, Björkenstam C, Partonen T. Variation and seasonal patterns of suicide mortality in Finland and Sweden since the 1750s. Environ Health Prev Med 2013; 18:494-501. [PMID: 23835646 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Suicide mortality varies in both the short and long term. Our study examines suicide mortality in Finland and Sweden from the 1750s until today. The aim of our study is to detect any seasonal peaks in suicide rates and examine their temporal evolution to suggest a mechanism that may explain such peaks. METHOD We acquired the study material from the Finnish and Swedish cause of death statistics (257,341 deaths by suicide) and the relevant population gender structure data. We then separately calculated the annual male and female suicide rates per 100,000 inhabitants. We analysed the suicide peaks, calculating factors of proportionality for the available data by dividing the suicide rates in the peak months (May and October) by the annual suicide rates. RESULTS Suicide rates in Finland and Sweden peak twice a year. Both men and women in both countries most often commit suicide in May. There is another peak in October, with the exception of Finnish men. These suicide peaks coincide with a temperature increase in May and the biggest annual drop in temperature in October. We also observed a monotonic long-term change in the Swedish statistics, but not in the Finnish data. Our hypothesis is that seasonal variation in suicide rates may be caused by abrupt temperature changes twice a year that trigger the activity in brown adipose tissue and deepen depression. CONCLUSION While the overall suicide mortality rates varied considerably, the monthly proportions in May did not. This finding suggests a routine factor underlying the spring peak in suicide mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Holopainen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Helama S, Holopainen J, Partonen T. Temperature-associated suicide mortality: contrasting roles of climatic warming and the suicide prevention program in Finland. Environ Health Prev Med 2013; 18:349-55. [PMID: 23382022 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Suicide is a notable cause of death worldwide, and while suicidal behavior appears to be associated with variations in temperature, no estimations are available of climate change impacts on suicide rates. The study aims to evaluate the influence of temperature on suicide mortality, especially on multi-decadal and longer time scales, that is, at scales on which the ongoing warming distinctly operates and is correspondingly appropriate for the current policy responses to warming climate. METHODS Our results are based on an extraordinarily long record of deaths from suicide in Finland from 1751 to 2008, and a similarly long climatic record of ambient temperatures correlative of environmental change in the study region. RESULTS We show that temperature variability explains more than 60 % of the total suicide variance up until the initiation of a national suicide prevention program. Despite ongoing warming, suicide rates have declined since the initiation of the program. CONCLUSION By understanding the complexity of suicidal behavior as a response to ambient warming and the observed effects of interventions, our results underline the pressing need for a network of prevention programs to battle against temperature-mediated health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuli Helama
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, P.O. Box 122, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland,
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Partonen T. Hypothesis: Cryptochromes and Brown Fat are Essential for Adaptation and Affect Mood and Mood-Related Behaviors. Front Neurol 2012; 3:157. [PMID: 23133436 PMCID: PMC3488760 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation and ambient temperature have acted as selective physical forces among populations and thereby guided species distributions in the globe. Circadian clocks are universal and evolve when subjected to selection, and their properties contribute to variations in fitness within specific environments. Concerning humans, as compared to the remaining, the "evening owls" have a greater deviation from the 24 h cycle, are under a greater pressure to circadian desynchrony and more prone to a cluster of health hazards with the increased mortality. Because of their position in the hierarchy and repressive actions, cryptochromes are the key components of the feedback loops on which circadian clocks are built. Based on the evidence a new hypothesis is formulated in which brown adipocytes with their cryptochromes are responsive to a broad range of physical stimuli from the habitat and through their activity ensure adaptation of the individual. The over-activated brown adipose tissue with deficient cryptochromes might induce disrupted thermoregulation and circadian desynchrony, and thereby contribute to lowered mood and pronounced depressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Partonen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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Chalfant JS, Smith ML, Hu HH, Dorey FJ, Goodarzian F, Fu CH, Gilsanz V. Inverse association between brown adipose tissue activation and white adipose tissue accumulation in successfully treated pediatric malignancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:1144-9. [PMID: 22456659 PMCID: PMC3325837 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a risk factor for disease, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been suggested to have a protective role against obesity. OBJECTIVE We studied whether changes in BAT were related to changes in the amounts of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in children treated for malignancy. DESIGN We examined the effect of BAT activity on weight, SAT, and VAT in 32 pediatric patients with cancer whose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scans at diagnosis showed no BAT activity. Changes in weight, SAT, and VAT from diagnosis to remission for children with metabolically active BAT at disease-free follow-up (BAT+) were compared with those in children without visualized BAT when free of disease (BAT-). RESULTS Follow-up PET-CT studies (4.7 ± 2.4 mo later) after successful treatment of the cancer showed BAT+ in 19 patients but no active BAT (BAT-) in 13 patients. BAT+ patients, in comparison with BAT- patients, gained significantly less weight (3.3 ± 6.6% compared with 11.0 ± 11.6%; P = 0.02) and had significantly less SAT (18.2 ± 26.5% compared with 67.4 ± 71.7%; P = 0.01) and VAT (22.6 ± 33.5% compared with 131.6 ± 171.8%; P = 0.01) during treatment. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the inverse relations between BAT activation and measures of weight, SAT, and VAT persisted even after age, glucocorticoid treatment, and the season when the PET-CT scans were obtained were accounted for. CONCLUSION The activation of BAT in pediatric patients undergoing treatment of malignancy is associated with significantly less adipose accumulation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01517581.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Chalfant
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Huang YC, Hsu CC, Wang PW, Chang YH, Chen TB, Lee BF, Chiu NT. Review analysis of the association between the prevalence of activated brown adipose tissue and outdoor temperature. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:793039. [PMID: 22593707 PMCID: PMC3349155 DOI: 10.1100/2012/793039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important for regulating body weight. Environmental temperature influences BAT activation. Activated BAT is identifiable using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT). 18F-FDG PET/CT scans done between June 2005 and May 2009 in our institution in tropical southern Taiwan and BAT studies from PubMed (2002–2011) were reviewed, and the average outdoor temperatures during the study periods were obtained. A simple linear regression was used to analyze the association between the prevalence of activated BAT (P) and the average outdoor temperature (T). The review analysis for 9 BAT studies (n = 16, 765) showed a significant negative correlation (r = −0.741, P = 0.022) between the prevalence of activated BAT and the average outdoor temperature. The equation of the regression line is P(%) = 6.99 − 0.20 × T (°C). The prevalence of activated BAT decreased by 1% for each 5°C increase in average outdoor temperature. In a neutral ambient temperature, the prevalence of activated BAT is low and especially rare in the tropics. There is a significant linear negative correlation between the prevalence of activated BAT and the average outdoor temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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Gilsanz V, Smith ML, Goodarzian F, Kim M, Wren TAL, Hu HH. Changes in brown adipose tissue in boys and girls during childhood and puberty. J Pediatr 2012; 160:604-609.e1. [PMID: 22048045 PMCID: PMC3307823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the changes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) occurring during puberty in boys and girls. STUDY DESIGN We examined the prevalence and the volume of BAT at different stages of sexual development in 73 pediatric patients who underwent positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) studies. RESULTS Of the 73 patients studied, 43 (59%) had BAT depicted on PET/CT. The presence of BAT was detected significantly less frequently on PET/CT in prepubertal subjects (Tanner stage 1) than in pubertal subjects (Tanner stages 2-5) (15% vs 75%). BAT volume also increased during puberty, with a significantly greater magnitude of the increase in the final 2 stages of puberty (Tanner stages 4 and 5) than in earlier stages (Tanner stages 1-3) (boys: 499 ± 246 vs 50 ± 36, P < .0001; girls: 286 ± 139 vs 36 ± 29, P = .024). Changes in BAT volume were also significantly greater in boys than in girls (P = .004) and were closely related to muscle volume (r = 0.52, P < .01 for boys; r = 0.64, P < .01 for girls). CONCLUSION The presence and volume of BAT increase rapidly during puberty. Metabolic and hormonal events related to the achievement of sexual maturity are likely responsible for this increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Gilsanz
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Michelle L. Smith
- Department of Radiology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Fariba Goodarzian
- Department of Radiology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine
,Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Mimi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine
,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Tishya A. L. Wren
- Department of Radiology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine
,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Houchun H. Hu
- Department of Radiology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine
,Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
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The Depiction of Brown Adipose Tissue Is Related to Disease Status in Pediatric Patients With Lymphoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 198:909-13. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.11.7488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hiltunen L, Suominen K, Lönnqvist J, Partonen T. Relationship between daylength and suicide in Finland. J Circadian Rhythms 2011; 9:10. [PMID: 21943377 PMCID: PMC3206457 DOI: 10.1186/1740-3391-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many previous studies have documented seasonal variation in suicides globally. We re-assessed the seasonal variation of suicides in Finland and tried to relate it to the seasonal variation in daylength and ambient temperature and in the discrepancy between local time and solar time. Methods The daily data of all suicides from 1969 to 2003 in Finland (N = 43,393) were available. The calendar year was divided into twelve periods according to the length of daylight and the routinely changing time difference between sun time and official time. The daily mean of suicide mortality was calculated for each of these periods and the 95% confidence intervals of the daily means were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the means. In addition, daily changes in sunshine hours and mean temperature were compared to the daily means of suicide mortality in two locations during these afore mentioned periods. Results A significant peak of the daily mean value of suicide mortality occurred in Finland between May 15th and July 25th, a period that lies symmetrically around the solstice. Concerning the suicide mortality among men in the northern location (Oulu), the peak was postponed as compared with the southern location (Helsinki). The daily variation in temperature or in sunshine did not have significant association with suicide mortality in these two locations. Conclusions The period with the longest length of the day associated with the increased suicide mortality. Furthermore, since the peak of suicide mortality seems to manifest later during the year in the north, some other physical or biological signals, besides the variation in daylight, may be involved. In order to have novel means for suicide prevention, the assessment of susceptibility to the circadian misalignment might help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hiltunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, P,O, Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
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Donswijk ML, Broekhuizen-de Gast HS, Torigian DA, Alavi A, Kwee TC, Lam MG. PET Assessment of Brown Fat. PET Clin 2011; 6:365-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hong TS, Shammas A, Charron M, Zukotynski KA, Drubach LA, Lim R. Brown adipose tissue 18F-FDG uptake in pediatric PET/CT imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:759-68. [PMID: 21161205 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) using [F-18]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) fused with CT ((18)F-FDG PET/CT) has been widely adopted in oncological imaging. However, it is known that benign lesions and other metabolically active tissues, such as brown adipose tissue (BAT), can accumulate (18)F-FDG, potentially resulting in false-positive interpretation. Previous studies have reported that (18)F-FDG uptake in BAT is more common in children than in adults. We illustrate BAT FDG uptake in various anatomical locations in children and adolescents. We also review what is known about the effects of patient-related physical attributes and environmental temperatures on BAT FDG uptake, and discuss methods used to reduce BAT FDG uptake on (18)F-FDG PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence S Hong
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Gilsanz V, Chung SA, Jackson H, Dorey FJ, Hu HH. Functional brown adipose tissue is related to muscle volume in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2011; 158:722-6. [PMID: 21168855 PMCID: PMC3319332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether the depiction of brown adipose tissue (BAT) with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in pediatric patients is associated with anthropometric measures. STUDY DESIGN We determined measures of body mass, adiposity, and musculature in 71 children and adolescents who underwent PET/CT examinations and compared patients with and without BAT. We used regression analyses to assess the relation between BAT and anthropometric measures. RESULTS A total of 30 patients (42%) had BAT depicted on PET/CT, 10 of 26 girls (38%) and 20 of 45 boys (44%). Compared with patients without functional BAT, patients with BAT had significantly greater neck musculature (1880 ± 908 cm(3) versus 1299 ± 806 cm(3); P = .028 for boys and 1295 ± 586 cm(3) versus 854 ± 392 cm(3); P = .030 for girls) and gluteus musculature (1359 ± 373 cm(3) versus 1061 ± 500 cm(3); P = .032 for boys and 1138 ± 425 cm(3) versus 827 ± 297 cm(3); P = .038 for girls), but no differences in age, body mass index, or measures of subcutaneous fat. With logistic regression analyses, neck and pelvic musculature predicted the presence of BAT independently of age, sex, body size, and season of scan (P = .018 and .009, respectively). CONCLUSION Pediatric patients with visualized BAT on PET/CT examinations had significantly greater muscle volume than patients with no visualized BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Gilsanz
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Nedergaard J, Bengtsson T, Cannon B. Three years with adult human brown adipose tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1212:E20-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hu HH, Gilsanz V. Developments in the imaging of brown adipose tissue and its associations with muscle, puberty, and health in children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:33. [PMID: 22649372 PMCID: PMC3355993 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion positron emission and computed tomography (PET/CT) remains the gold-standard imaging modality to non-invasively study metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT). It has been widely applied to studies in adult cohorts. In contrast, the number of BAT studies in children has been few. This is largely limited by the elevated risk of ionizing radiation and radionuclide tracer usage by PET/CT and the ethical restriction of performing such exams on healthy children. However, metabolically active BAT has a significantly higher prevalence in pediatric patients, according to recent literature. Young cohorts thus represent an ideal population to examine the potential relationships of BAT to muscle development, puberty, disease state, and the accumulation of white adipose tissue. In turn, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents the most promising modality to overcome the limitations of PET/CT. The development of rapid, repeatable MRI techniques to identify and quantify both metabolically active and inactive BAT non-invasively and without the use of exogenous contrast agents or the need for sedation in pediatric patients are critically needed to advance our knowledge of this tissue's physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicente Gilsanz
- *Correspondence: Vicente Gilsanz, Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #81, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. e-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was thought to be a tissue with physiological importance early in life (maintenance of body temperature) and to disappear after birth. Recent studies using functional imaging have identified the presence of BAT activity throughout life. This review focuses on the effect of age on BAT function as well as BAT as a potential therapeutic target against age-related metabolic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The PET/computed tomography method likely underestimates the prevalence of BAT because it measures only active BAT. The factors underlying the decline of BAT activity with age are currently unknown, but likely associated with changes in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the thyroid axis. Apart from age, the presence of active BAT is decreased in males and overweight. The developmental origins of brown adipose depots as well as transcription factors involved in their differentiation have recently been described. Data suggest that BAT may be recruited throughout life. SUMMARY New imaging techniques may provide more accurate estimations of BAT mass in adults. Given its high metabolic rate, it is suggested that BAT mass and activity could be activated and thus represent a potential target for the management of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Lecoultre
- Human Physiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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31
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van Marken Lichtenbelt W. Human brown fat and obesity: methodological aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:52. [PMID: 22654813 PMCID: PMC3356108 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much is known about brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rodents. Its function is to generate heat in response to low environmental temperatures and to diet or overfeeding. The knowledge about BAT in humans is still rather limited despite the recent rediscovery of its functionality in adults. This review highlights the information available on the contribution of BAT in increasing human energy expenditure in relation to obesity. Besides that methodological aspects will be discussed that need special attention in order to unravel the heat producing capacity of human BAT, the recruitment of the tissue, and its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical CenterMaastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, Netherlands. e-mail:
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