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Dow CT, Greenblatt CL, Chan ED, Dow JF. Evaluation of BCG Vaccination and Plasma Amyloid: A Prospective, Pilot Study with Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020424. [PMID: 35208878 PMCID: PMC8880735 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BCG vaccine has been used for 100 years to prevent tuberculosis. Not all countries, including the United States, adopted the initial World Health Organization recommendation to use BCG. Moreover, many Western countries that had routinely used BCG have discontinued its use. Recent population studies demonstrate lower prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in countries with high BCG coverage. Intravesicular instillation of BCG is also used to treat bladder cancer that has not invaded the bladder muscle wall and has been shown to reduce recurrence. Several retrospective studies of bladder cancer patients demonstrated that BCG treatment was associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing AD. Plasma amyloid β assessment has become a fertile area of study for an AD biomarker that is predictive of a positive amyloid PET scan. Mass spectrometry-based plasma amyloid 42/40 ratio has proven to be accurate and robust, and when combined with age and ApoE, is shown to accurately predict current and future brain amyloid status. These parameters, amyloid 42/40 ratio, age and ApoE genotype are incorporated into an Amyloid Probability Score (APS)–a score that identifies low, intermediate or high risk of having a PET scan positive for cerebral amyloid. Community recruitment was used for this open-label pilot study. Forty-nine BCG-naïve, immunocompetent individuals completed our study: prior to BCG prime and boost, as determined by the APS, 34 had low risk (APS 0–35), 5 had intermediate risk (APS 36–57) and 10 had high risk (APS 58–100). The APS range for the participant group was 0 to 94. Follow-up plasma amyloid testing 9 months after vaccination revealed a reduction in the APS in all the risk groups: low risk group (p = 0. 37), intermediate risk group (p = 0.13) and the high-risk group (statistically significant, p = 0.016). Greater benefit was seen in younger participants and those with the highest risk. The small number of participants and the nascent status of plasma amyloid testing will rightfully temper embracement of these results. However, both the favorable direction of change after BCG as well as the utility of the APS—a valuable surrogate AD biomarker—may prompt a definitive large-scale multicenter investigation of BCG and AD risk as determined by plasma amyloid peptide ratios and APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coad Thomas Dow
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Mindful Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Charles L. Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel;
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80218, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80217, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jordan F. Dow
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Northwestern Wisconsin Region Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI 54703, USA
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2
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Shrock E, Fujimura E, Kula T, Timms RT, Lee IH, Leng Y, Robinson ML, Sie BM, Li MZ, Chen Y, Logue J, Zuiani A, McCulloch D, Lelis FJN, Henson S, Monaco DR, Travers M, Habibi S, Clarke WA, Caturegli P, Laeyendecker O, Piechocka-Trocha A, Li JZ, Khatri A, Chu HY, Villani AC, Kays K, Goldberg MB, Hacohen N, Filbin MR, Yu XG, Walker BD, Wesemann DR, Larman HB, Lederer JA, Elledge SJ. Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity. Science 2020; 370:science.abd4250. [PMID: 32994364 PMCID: PMC7857405 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding humoral responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for improving diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Deep serological profiling of 232 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and 190 pre-COVID-19 era controls using VirScan revealed more than 800 epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, including 10 epitopes likely recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Preexisting antibodies in controls recognized SARS-CoV-2 ORF1, whereas only COVID-19 patient antibodies primarily recognized spike protein and nucleoprotein. A machine learning model trained on VirScan data predicted SARS-CoV-2 exposure history with 99% sensitivity and 98% specificity; a rapid Luminex-based diagnostic was developed from the most discriminatory SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Individuals with more severe COVID-19 exhibited stronger and broader SARS-CoV-2 responses, weaker antibody responses to prior infections, and higher incidence of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1, possibly influenced by demographic covariates. Among hospitalized patients, males produce stronger SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Shrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Fujimura
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard T. Timms
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I-Hsiu Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew L. Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon M. Sie
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mamie Z. Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise McCulloch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felipe J. N. Lelis
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Henson
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R. Monaco
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William A. Clarke
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle Kays
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. Filbin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Congella, South Africa
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James A. Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Corresponding author.
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3
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Uremia-Associated Ageing of the Thymus and Adaptive Immune Responses. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040224. [PMID: 32260178 PMCID: PMC7232426 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive loss of renal function is associated with a series of changes of the adaptive immune system which collectively constitute premature immunological ageing. This phenomenon contributes significantly to the mortality and morbidity of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In this review, the effect of ESRD on the T cell part of the adaptive immune system is highlighted. Naïve T cell lymphopenia, in combination with the expansion of highly differentiated memory T cells, are the hallmarks of immunological ageing. The decreased production of newly formed T cells by the thymus is critically involved. This affects both the CD4 and CD8 T cell compartment and may contribute to the expansion of memory T cells. The expanding populations of memory T cells have a pro-inflammatory phenotype, add to low-grade inflammation already present in ESRD patients and destabilize atherosclerotic plaques. The effect of loss of renal function on the thymus is not reversed after restoring renal function by kidney transplantation and constitutes a long-term mortality risk factor. Promising results from animal experiments have shown that rejuvenation of the thymus is a possibility, although not yet applicable in humans.
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4
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Rožman P. How Could We Slow or Reverse the Human Aging Process and Extend the Healthy Life Span with Heterochronous Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Rejuvenation Res 2019; 23:159-170. [PMID: 31203790 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The senescence of the immune system contributes considerably to the age-related diseases that are the main causes of death after the age of 65. In this study, we present an appealing option for the prevention of immune senescence and slowing or reversing the aging process, which can be achieved by heterochronous autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haHSCT), where healthy autologous bone marrow stem cells are collected from donors while young, cryopreserved and stored for a long period, and reinfused at a later time when indicated. After reinfusion and homing, these young HSCs could participate in normal hemato- and immunopoiesis and improve several immune functions by expanding the immune- as well as hematopoietic cell repertoire. Several animal studies have already confirmed the feasibility of this procedure, which extended the longevity of the treated animals. If translated to human medicine, haHSCT could prevent or mitigate age-related immune defects and extend the healthy life span. In this review, we describe the concept of haHSCT, recent studies that confirm its feasibility, and discuss the further research needed to translate this heterochronous methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primož Rožman
- Immunohaematology Department, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Rožman P. The potential of non-myeloablative heterochronous autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for extending a healthy life span. GeroScience 2018; 40:221-242. [PMID: 29948868 PMCID: PMC6060192 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex multifactorial process, a prominent component being the senescence of the immune system. Consequently, immune-related diseases develop, including atherosclerosis, cancer, and life-threatening infections, which impact on health and longevity. Rejuvenating the aged immune system could mitigate these diseases, thereby contributing to longevity and health. Currently, an appealing option for rejuvenating the immune system is heterochronous autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haHSCT), where healthy autologous bone marrow/peripheral blood stem cells are collected during the youth of an individual, cryopreserved, and re-infused when he or she has reached an older age. After infusion, young hematopoietic stem cells can reconstitute the compromised immune system and improve immune function. Several studies using animal models have achieved substantial extension of the life span of animals treated with haHSCT. Therefore, haHSCT could be regarded as a potential procedure for preventing age-related immune defects and extending healthy longevity. In this review, the pros, cons, and future feasibility of this approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primož Rožman
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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6
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7
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8
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Rodriguez-Zhurbenko N, Rabade-Chediak M, Martinez D, Griñan T, Hernandez AM. Anti-NeuGcGM3 reactivity: a possible role of natural antibodies and B-1 cells in tumor immunosurveillance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nely Rodriguez-Zhurbenko
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
| | - Maura Rabade-Chediak
- Chimeric Proteins Group, Immunobiology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
| | - Darel Martinez
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
| | - Tania Griñan
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
| | - Ana Maria Hernandez
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
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9
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Chen HP, Chan YJ. The oncomodulatory role of human cytomegalovirus in colorectal cancer: implications for clinical trials. Front Oncol 2014; 4:314. [PMID: 25452935 PMCID: PMC4233914 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a beta-herpes virus that chronically infects human beings, is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). The viral nucleic acids specifically localized to the neoplastic mucosal epithelium of CRC, while tumoral presence of HCMV independently predicted a poor outcome in elderly patients. In the past decade, the concept of “oncomodulation” of HCMV in human cancers has been formulated. In CRC, changes in the tumor microenvironment are closely related to cancer behavior and prognosis, while the underlying mechanism driving these changes remains unclear. As HCMV affects multiple cellular functions, including signal pathways that regulate angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell invasiveness, and anti-cancer immunity, the virus potentially exerts oncomodulatory effects in the tumor microenvironment of CRC. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the association between HCMV and CRC and suggest future perspectives on both research and anti-cancer therapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pai Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital , Yilan , Taiwan ; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan ; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan ; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
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10
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Chen HP, Jiang JK, Lai PY, Chen CY, Chou TY, Chen YC, Chan CH, Lin SF, Yang CY, Chen CY, Lin CH, Lin JK, Ho DMT, Cho WL, Chan YJ. Tumoral presence of human cytomegalovirus is associated with shorter disease-free survival in elderly patients with colorectal cancer and higher levels of intratumoral interleukin-17. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:664-71. [PMID: 24118412 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are closely related to cancer. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been implicated in the promotion of tumour growth, and is present in the tumour specimens of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to investigate whether tumoral presence of HCMV is associated with a different clinical outcome in elderly patients with CRC. We analysed archived tumour specimens from 95 CRC patients aged ≥65 years. HCMV was detected by PCR. Clinical, pathological, disease-free and overall survival data were compared between patients with HCMV-positive and HCMV-negative tumours. A quantitative RT-PCR array was used to evaluate the expression levels of cytokines genes of T-helper subpopulations in tumours. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis of the 81 patients who underwent curative surgery, 39 patients with HCMV-positive tumours had a lower disease-free survival rate (p 0.024). For patients with stage II or stage III tumours, tumoral HCMV status correlated with disease-free survival more closely than the traditional histopathological staging methods. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, tumoral presence of HCMV independently predicted tumour recurrence in 5 years (hazard ratio 4.42; 95% CI 1.54-12.69, p 0.006). The qRT-PCR analysis of ten stage II tumours showed that the gene expression levels of interleukin-17-the signature cytokine of T-helper 17 cells-and its receptor, interleukin-17 receptor C, were higher in the five HCMV-positive tumours. Our results suggest that the presence of HCMV in CRC is associated with poorer outcome in elderly patients. How the virus interacts with the tumour microenvironment should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-P Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Bigley AB, Spielmann G, LaVoy ECP, Simpson RJ. Can exercise-related improvements in immunity influence cancer prevention and prognosis in the elderly? Maturitas 2013; 76:51-6. [PMID: 23870832 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence increases with advancing age. Over 60% of new cancers and 70% of cancer deaths occur in individuals aged 65 years or older. One factor that may contribute to this is immunosenescence - a canopy term that is used to describe age-related declines in the normal functioning of the immune system. There are multiple age-related deficits in both the innate and adaptive systems that may play a role in the increased incidence of cancer. These include decreased NK-cell function, impaired antigen uptake and presentation by monocytes and dendritic cells, an increase in 'inflammaging', a decline in the number of naïve T-cells able to respond to evolving tumor cells, and an increase in functionally exhausted senescent cells. There is consensus that habitual physical exercise can offer protection against certain types of cancer; however the evidence linking immunological mechanisms, exercise, and reduced cancer risk remain tentative. Multiple studies published over the last two decades suggest that exercise can mitigate the deleterious effects of age on immune function, thus increasing anti-cancer immunity. The potential ameliorative effect of exercise on these mechanisms include evidence that physical activity is able to stimulate greater NK-cell activity, enhance antigen-presentation, reduce inflammation, and prevent senescent cell accumulation in the elderly. Here we discuss the role played by the immune system in preventing and controlling cancer and how aging may retard these anti-cancer mechanisms. We also propose a pathway by which exercise-induced alterations in immunosenescence may decrease the incidence of cancer and help improve prognosis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Bigley
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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12
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Macaulay R, Riddell NE, Griffiths SJ, Akbar AN, Henson SM. Differing HLA types influence inhibitory receptor signalling in CMV-specific CD8+ T cells. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:302-9. [PMID: 23220495 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulated immune response to CMV constitutes a major force driving T cell immunosenescence and growing evidence suggests that it is not a benign virus in old age. We show here that the PD-1/L pathway defines a reversible defect in CMV specific CD8(+) T cell proliferative responses in both young and old individuals. More specifically, highly differentiated CD45RA(+)CD27(-) CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells exhibit a proliferative deficit compared their central and effector memory counterparts, which is reversed following PD-L blockade. However, we also report that HLA-B(∗)07/TPR specific CD8(+) T cells express higher levels of PD-1 than HLA-A(∗)02/NLV specific cells and HLA-A(∗)02 individuals show a higher proliferative response to PD-L blockade, than HLA-B(∗)07 individuals, which we postulate may be due to the differing functional avidities for these two CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells populations. Nevertheless data presented here demonstrate that CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells can be functionally enhanced by perturbation of the PD-1/L signalling pathway, whose manipulation may provide a therapeutic modality to combat age-associated immune decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Macaulay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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13
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Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Cyclosporin A Reveals Risk of Opportunistic Infections and Malignancies in Renal Transplant Recipients 65 Years and Older. Ther Drug Monit 2011; 33:694-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318237e33c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Hong S. Can we jog our way to a younger-looking immune system? Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1519-20. [PMID: 21878385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
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15
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Haley GE, Urbanski HF, Kohama SG, Messaoudi I, Raber J. Spatial Memory Performance Associated with Measures of Immune Function in Elderly Female Rhesus Macaques. Eur Geriatr Med 2011; 2:117-121. [PMID: 21603071 PMCID: PMC3097089 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that in aged female rhesus macaques, spatial learning and memory correlates with circadian sleep-wake measures and hippocampal muscarinic type 1 (M(1)) receptor binding. To investigate if spatial memory also correlates with measures of immune function, we now assessed the magnitude of the adaptive immune response to vaccination in the same old female rhesus macaques. Cognitively characterized animals were classified as good spatial performers (GSP) or poor spatial performers (PSP) based on performance in the Spatial Foodport maze. The GSP group had higher frequency of CD8, but not CD4, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing cells following vaccination compared to the PSP group, suggesting a stronger CD8 T cell response in the GSP group. In addition, the number of CD-8 IFN-γ positive cells correlated with measures of sleep quality. Interestingly, the PSP group had a significantly higher antibody titer compared to the GSP group, and antibody titer negatively correlated with day-time activity. Thus, in aged female rhesus macaques, superior cognitive performance is correlated with a more robust CD8 T cell response but a reduced antibody response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolen E. Haley
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Henryk F. Urbanski
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Steven G. Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR 97239
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16
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Karanikas V, Germenis A. Determinants of cancer immunotherapy success. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:1363-6. [PMID: 21105772 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Older people are more susceptible to a variety of viral infections, including those that induce respiratory disease, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality than younger people. Aging impacts both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system to impair control of viral infections. This review will summarize key findings on how aging impacts immunity to viral infection.
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18
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Germenis AE, Karanikas V. Cord blood as a source of non-senescent lymphocytes for tumor immunotherapy. J Reprod Immunol 2010; 85:47-50. [PMID: 20227764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While proof of concept that the immune system can be harnessed to attack cancer cells has been established, only a minority of patients are cured with immunotherapeutic regimens designed to enhance host autologous immunity. Recently acquired knowledge indicates that the low response rates associated with conventional cancer immunotherapy could be attributed, at least in part, to the processes of immunosenescence and replicative senescence, which consequently render the anti-tumor T cell clones of the aged host quantitatively insufficient and qualitatively impaired to elicit an effective anti-cancer response. Therefore, it is anticipated that the efficacy of adoptive T cell cancer immunotherapy can be dramatically improved by utilizing "young" T cells with targeted antigen specificity derived from umbilical cord blood, instead of current practice using autologous senescent T cells derived usually from aged cancer patients. Functionally competent CD8(+) T cells specific against tumor antigens (e.g. Her2/neu and MAGEA3) as well as against viral antigens have been recently generated from cord blood mononuclear cells suggesting that cord blood can be a source of "young" anti-tumor T cells for adoptive cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, cord blood can give rise to antigen non-specific effector cells including NK cells and dendritic cells. Finally, umbilical cord blood anti-tumor specific T cell clones are unlikely to have participated in tumor immunoediting, making them more efficient than host T cells in eradicating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios E Germenis
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, PO Box 1400, GR-411 10 Larissa, Greece.
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19
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Abstract
An age-related decline in immune functions, referred to as immunosenescence, is partially responsible for the increased prevalence and severity of infectious diseases, and the low efficacy of vaccination in elderly persons. Immunosenescence is characterized by a decrease in cell-mediated immune function as well as by reduced humoral immune responses. Age-dependent defects in T- and B-cell function coexist with age-related changes within the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and consequences of age-associated immune alterations as well as their implications for health in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Weiskopf
- Immunology Division, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Relationships between cancer and aging: a multilevel approach. Biogerontology 2009; 10:323-38. [PMID: 19156531 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer increases with age in humans and in laboratory animals alike. There are different patterns of age-related distribution of tumors in different organs and tissues. Aging may increase or decrease the susceptibility of various tissues to initiation of carcinogenesis and usually facilitates promotion and progression of carcinogenesis. Aging may predispose to cancer in two ways: tissue accumulation of cells in late stages of carcinogenesis and alterations in internal homeostasis, in particular, alterations in immune and endocrine systems. Increased susceptibility to the effects of tumor promoters is found both in aged animals and aged humans, as predicted by the multistage model of carcinogenesis. Aging is associated with a number of events at the molecular, cellular and physiological levels that influence carcinogenesis and subsequent cancer growth. An improved understanding of age-associated variables impacting on the tumor microenvironment, as well as the cancer cells themselves, will result in improved treatment modalities in geriatric oncology.
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21
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Multiphoton imaging of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated antitumor immune responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:265-87. [PMID: 19521689 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The actual contribution of T lymphocytes to protection against tumors is still unclear. In vitro imaging experiments show that tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are competent to kill target cells by conventional cytotoxic pathways. The emergence of multiphoton imaging in the past decade now allows real time in vivo imaging of CTLs. New insights are available on the behavior of antitumor T cells during the priming phase, during their traffic within the tumor tissue, and on their interactions with tumor cells during the effector phase. Recent reports suggest that direct killing of tumor cells by CTLs is a slow process, suggesting that the ratio of effector to target cells is determinant, or that additional cytotoxic contribution by other cell types is required to induce efficient tumor rejection. This review will focus on the publications that have imaged antitumor immune responses dynamically and discuss how this new information contributes to understand the implication of CTLs in tumor rejection.
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22
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Moretto MM, Lawlor EM, Khan IA. Aging mice exhibit a functional defect in mucosal dendritic cell response against an intracellular pathogen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7977-84. [PMID: 19017989 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Down-regulation of the immune response in aging individuals puts this population at a potential risk against infectious agents. In-depth studies conducted in humans and mouse models have demonstrated that with increasing age, the T cell immune response against pathogens is compromised and response to vaccinations is subdued. In the present study, using a mouse model, we demonstrate that older animals exhibit greater susceptibility to Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection, and their ability to evoke an Ag-specific T cell response at the gut mucosal site is reduced. The dampening of T cell immunity was due to the defective priming by the dendritic cells (DC) isolated from the mucosal tissues of aging animals. When primed with DC from younger mice, T cells from older animals were able to exhibit an optimal Ag-specific response. The functional defect in DC from older mice can be attributed to a large extent to reduced IL-15 message in these cells, which can be reversed by addition of exogenous IL-15 to the cultures. IL-15 treatment led to optimal expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) on the surface of older DC and restored their ability to prime a T cell response against the pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report which demonstrates the inability of the DC population from aging animals to prime a robust T cell response against an infectious agent. Moreover, the observation that IL-15 treatment can reverse this defect has far-reaching implications in developing strategies to increase vaccination protocols for aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali M Moretto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medecine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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23
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Fehm T, Mueller V, Marches R, Klein G, Gueckel B, Neubauer H, Solomayer E, Becker S. Tumor cell dormancy: implications for the biology and treatment of breast cancer. APMIS 2008; 116:742-53. [PMID: 18834416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress made in the therapy of solid tumors such as breast cancer, the prognosis of patients even with small primary tumors is still limited by metastatic relapse often long after removal of the primary tumor. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that primary tumors shed tumor cells already at an early stage into the blood circulation. A subset of these disseminated tumor cells may persist in a state of so-called "dormancy". Based on cell culture and animal models, dormancy can occur at two different stages. Single dormant cells are defined as cells with a lack of proliferation and apoptosis with the cells undergoing cell cycle arrest. The micrometastasis model defines tumor cell dormancy as a state of balanced apoptosis and proliferation of micrometastasis resulting in no net increase of tumor mass. Mechanisms leading to a growth activation of dormant tumor cells and the outgrowth of manifest metastases are not completely understood. Genetic predisposition of the dormant cells as well as immunological and angiogenetic influences of the surrounding environment may contribute to this phenomenon. In this review, we summarize findings on different factors for tumor cell dormancy and potential therapeutic implications that should help to reduce metastatic relapse in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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24
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Derhovanessian E, Solana R, Larbi A, Pawelec G. Immunity, ageing and cancer. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2008; 5:11. [PMID: 18816370 PMCID: PMC2564902 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Compromised immunity contributes to the decreased ability of the elderly to control infectious disease and to their generally poor response to vaccination. It is controversial as to how far this phenomenon contributes to the well-known age-associated increase in the occurrence of many cancers in the elderly. However, should the immune system be important in controlling cancer, for which there is a great deal of evidence, it is logical to propose that dysfunctional immunity in the elderly would contribute to compromised immunosurveillance and increased cancer occurrence. The chronological age at which immunosenescence becomes clinically important is known to be influenced by many factors, including the pathogen load to which individuals are exposed throughout life. It is proposed here that the cancer antigen load may have a similar effect on "immune exhaustion" and that pathogen load and tumor load may act additively to accelerate immunosenescence. Understanding how and why immune responsiveness changes in humans as they age is essential for developing strategies to prevent or restore dysregulated immunity and assure healthy longevity, clearly possible only if cancer is avoided. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of age on human immune competence, emphasizing T-cell-dependent adaptive immunity, which is the most sensitive to ageing. This knowledge will pave the way for rational interventions to maintain or restore appropriate immune function not only in the elderly but also in the cancer patient.
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25
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Méndez R, Rodríguez T, Del Campo A, Monge E, Maleno I, Aptsiauri N, Jiménez P, Pedrinaci S, Pawelec G, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. Characterization of HLA class I altered phenotypes in a panel of human melanoma cell lines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:719-29. [PMID: 17934731 PMCID: PMC11030649 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered HLA class I cell surface expression is one of the major mechanisms by which tumor cells escape from T lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry-defined phenotypes of lost HLA class I expression have been described in human solid tumors, nut less information is available on melanoma cell lines. OBJECTIVES To describe the frequency and distribution of different types of HLA class I antigen alterations in 91 melanoma cell lines from the European Searchable Tumour Cell and Databank (ESTDAB). METHODS The HLA class I expression was assessed by flow cytometry and HLA genotyping. RESULTS We found various types of HLA class I cell surface alterations in about 67% of the melanoma cell lines. These alterations range from total to selective HLA class I loss due to loss of heterozygosity (LOH), haplotype loss, beta2-microglobulin gene mutation, and/or total or selective down-regulation of HLA class I molecules. The most frequently observed phenotype is down-regulation of HLA-B locus that was reversible after treatment with IFN -gamma. CONCLUSIONS In general, HLA class I alterations in the majority of the cells analyzed were of regulatory nature and could be restored by IFN-gamma. Analysis of the frequency of distinct HLA class I altered phenotypes in these melanoma cell lines revealed specific differences compared to other types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Méndez
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014, Granada, Spain
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26
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Malavolta M, Cipriano C, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Tesei S, Muti E, Piacenza F, Pierpaoli S, Larbi A, Pawelec G, Dedoussis G, Herbein G, Monti D, Jajte J, Rink L, Mocchegiani E. Metallothionein Downregulation in Very Old Age: A Phenomenon Associated with Cellular Senescence? Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:455-9. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malavolta
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Catia Cipriano
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Costarelli
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Tesei
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Muti
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Pierpaoli
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annis Larbi
- Center for Medical Research, ZMF, University of Tubingen Medical School, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, ZMF, University of Tubingen Medical School, Tubingen, Germany
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition Science and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Herbein
- Department of Virology, Franche-Comte University, Besancon, France
| | - Daniela Monti
- Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Jolanta Jajte
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH-Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eugenio Mocchegiani
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
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27
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Are cancer and ageing different sides of the same coin? Conference on Cancer and Ageing. EMBO Rep 2008; 9:234-8. [PMID: 18259218 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2008.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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28
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Fülöp T, Larbi A, Hirokawa K, Mocchegiani E, Lesourds B, Castle S, Wikby A, Franceschi C, Pawelec G. Immunosupportive therapies in aging. Clin Interv Aging 2008; 2:33-54. [PMID: 18044074 PMCID: PMC2684090 DOI: 10.2147/ciia.2007.2.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary role of the immune system is to protect the organism against pathogens, but age-associated alterations to immunity increase the susceptibility of the elderly to infectious disease. The exact nature of these changes is still controversial, but the use of screening procedures, such as the SENIEUR protocol to exclude underlying illness, helped to better characterize the changes actually related to physiological aging rather than pathology. It is generally agreed that the most marked changes occur in the cellular immune response reflecting profound alterations in T cells. Much of this is due to thymic involution as well as changes in the proportions of T cell subpopulations resulting from antigen exposure, and altered T cell activation pathways. However, a body of data indicates that innate immune responses, including the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and antigen presenting capacity are not completely resistant to senescence processes. The consequences of all these alterations are an increased incidence of infections, as well as possibly cancers, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory diseases. The leading question is what, if anything, can we do to prevent these deleterious changes without dangerously dysregulating the precarious balance of productive immunity versus immunopathology? There are many potential new therapeutic means now available to modulate immunosenescence and many others are expected to be available shortly. One main problem in applying these experimental therapies is ethical: there is a common feeling that as ageing is not a disease; the elderly are not sick and therefore do not require adventurous therapies with unpredictable side-effects in mostly frail individuals. Animal models are not helpful in this context. In this chapter we will first briefly review what we think we know about human immunosenescence and its consequences for the health status of elderly individuals. We will then discuss possible interventions that might one day become applicable in an appropriate ethical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fülöp
- Research Center on Aging, Immunology Program, Geriatric Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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29
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Koch S, Larbi A, Ozcelik D, Solana R, Gouttefangeas C, Attig S, Wikby A, Strindhall J, Franceschi C, Pawelec G. Cytomegalovirus infection: a driving force in human T cell immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1114:23-35. [PMID: 17986574 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1396.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human immune system evolved to defend the organism against pathogens, but is clearly less well able to do so in the elderly, resulting in greater morbidity and mortality due to infectious disease in old people, and higher healthcare costs. Many age-associated immune alterations have been reported over the years, of which probably the changes in T cell immunity, often manifested dramatically as large clonal expansions of cells of limited antigen specificity together with a marked shrinkage of the T cell antigen receptor repertoire, are the most notable. It has recently emerged that the common herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), which establishes persistent, life-long infection, usually asymptomatically, may well be the driving force behind clonal expansions and altered phenotypes and functions of CD8 cells seen in most old people. In those few who are not CMV-infected, another even more common herpesvirus, the Epstein-Barr virus, appears to have the same effect. These virus-driven changes are less marked in "successfully aged" centenarians, but most marked in people whom longitudinal studies have shown to be at higher risk of death, that is, those possessing an "immune risk profile" (IRP) characterized by an inverted CD4:8 ratio (caused by the accumulation primarily of CD8(+) CD28(-) cells). These findings support the hypothesis that persistent herpesviruses, especially CMV, act as chronic antigenic stressors and play a major causative role in immunosenescence and associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Koch
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Reece AS. Evidence of accelerated ageing in clinical drug addiction from immune, hepatic and metabolic biomarkers. Immun Ageing 2007; 4:6. [PMID: 17892544 PMCID: PMC2041948 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is associated with significant disease and death, but its impact on the ageing process has not been considered. The recent demonstration that many of the items available in routine clinical pathology have applicability as biomarkers of the ageing process implies that routine clinical laboratory parameters would be useful as an initial investigation of this possibility. METHODS 12,093 clinical laboratory results 1995-2006 were reviewed. To make the age ranges of the medical and addicted groups comparable the age range was restricted to 15-45 years. RESULTS 739 drug addicted (DA) and 5834 general medical (GM) age matched blood samples were compared. Significant elevation of immune parameters was noted in the C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total lymphocyte count, serum globulins and the globulin:albumin ratio (P < 0.01). Alanine aminotranferase, creatinine, urea, and insulin like growth factor-1 were also significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the DA group. Albumin, body mass index and dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate were unchanged and cholesterol was lower (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate for the first time that addiction is associated with an altered profile of common biomarkers of ageing raising the possibility that the ageing process may be altered in this group. Infective and immune processes may be centrally involved. They suggest that addiction forms an interesting model to further examine the contribution of immune suppression and hyperstimulation to the ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stuart Reece
- Southcity Family Medical Centre, 39 Gladstone Rd., Highgate Hill, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.
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31
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Aptsiauri N, Cabrera T, Pawelec G, Gouttefangeas C, Derhovanessian E, Garrido F, Garcia-Lora A. International conference: progress in vaccination against cancer-2006 (PIVAC 6), Granada, Spain. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1311-22. [PMID: 17375297 PMCID: PMC11031018 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Aptsiauri
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Cabrera
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen Clinical School, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Dept. Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas n=BA2 , Granada, 18014 Spain
| | - Angel Garcia-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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32
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Abstract
The improvements of socio-environmental conditions, medical care and quality of life have caused a general improvement in the health status of the population and a consequent reduction of morbidity and mortality, resulting in an overall increased life-expectancy. The role of immunosenescence was negligible in the past, when the human lifespan was 40–50 years, and its impact on morbidity and mortality has emerged in combination with the extension of lifespan. Immunosenescence results from multifactorial processes that act on all components of the immune system. The changes associated with immunosenescence are playing an increasingly important role in the emergence of a series of age-related pathologies, conditioning the present epidemiology of old people.
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33
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Mazzatti DJ, White A, Forsey RJ, Powell JR, Pawelec G. Gene expression changes in long-term culture of T-cell clones: genomic effects of chronic antigenic stress in aging and immunosenescence. Aging Cell 2007; 6:155-63. [PMID: 17286612 PMCID: PMC2049045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response requires waves of T-cell clonal expansion on contact with altered self and contraction after elimination of antigen. In the case of persisting antigen, as occurs for example in cytomegalovirus or Epstein–Barr virus infection, this critical process can become dysregulated and responding T-cells enter into a dysfunctional senescent state. Longitudinal studies suggest that the presence of increased numbers of such T-cells is a poor prognostic factor for survival in the very elderly. Understanding the nature of the defects in these T-cells might facilitate intervention to improve immunity in the elderly. The process of clonal expansion under chronic antigenic stress can be modelled in vitro using continuously cultured T-cells. Here, we have used cDNA array technology to investigate differences in gene expression in a set of five different T-cell clones at early, middle and late passage in culture. Differentially expressed genes were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and relationships between these assessed using Ingenuity Systems evidence-based association analysis. Several genes and chemokines related to induction of apoptosis and signal transduction pathways regulated by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fos and β-catenin were altered in late compared to early passage cells. These pathways and affected genes may play a significant role in driving the cellular senescent phenotype and warrant further investigation as potential biomarkers of aging and senescence. These genes may additionally provide targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn J Mazzatti
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK.
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Clise-Dwyer K, Huston GE, Buck AL, Duso DK, Swain SL. Environmental and intrinsic factors lead to antigen unresponsiveness in CD4(+) recent thymic emigrants from aged mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1321-31. [PMID: 17237378 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4 cells from aged mice respond inefficiently to Ag, but the factors that underlie the age-associated defects remain unclear. We have used two approaches to isolate recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in young and aged mice and have compared their capacity to respond to antigenic stimulation ex vivo. An in situ intrathymic CFSE injection labeled developing thymocytes and allowed the identification of RTE in secondary lymphoid tissues. Analysis of CFSE-labeled RTE and control unlabeled naive CD4 cells indicated that cells from aged mice were defective in their ability to increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration following TCR cross-linking. Aged naive and RTE CD4 also secreted less IL-2 and proliferated less than that of comparable young CD4 populations. Defects in effector generation in aged RTE were overcome by the addition of IL-2 to cultures. RTE from both polyclonal and TCR transgenic mice were compromised, indicating that defects were independent of TCR specificity. In the second model, the cotransfer of congenic marker-labeled young and aged BM cells into young and aged syngeneic hosts revealed that hyporesponsiveness in aged RTE was caused by a combination of defects intrinsic to CD4 progenitors and defects induced by the aged environment. Depletion of peripheral CD4 cells in aged mice led to production of new RTE that were not defective. The results of this study suggest that defects induced by environmental and lineage intrinsic factors act together to reduce responses to Ag in aged naive CD4 cells and that these defects can be overcome in aged CD4 cells produced during recovery from lymphopenia.
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35
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Vasto S, Colonna-Romano G, Larbi A, Wikby A, Caruso C, Pawelec G. Role of persistent CMV infection in configuring T cell immunity in the elderly. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2007; 4:2. [PMID: 17376222 PMCID: PMC1831794 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with declines in many physiological parameters, including multiple immune system functions. The rate of acceleration of the frequency of death due to cardiovascular disease or cancer seems to increase with age from middle age up to around 80 years, plateauing thereafter. Mortality due to infectious disease, however, does not plateau, but continues to accelerate indefinitely. The elderly commonly possess oligoclonal expansions of T cells, especially of CD8 cells, which, surprisingly, are often associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity. This in turn is associated with many of the same phenotypic and functional alterations to T cell immunity that have been suggested as biomarkers of immune system aging. Thus, the manner in which CMV and the host immune system interact is critical in determining the "age" of specific immunity. We may therefore consider immunosenescence in some respects as an infectious state. This implies that interventions aimed at the pathogen may improve the organ system affected. Hence, CMV-directed anti-virals or vaccination may have beneficial effects on immunity in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Vasto
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metedologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Colonna-Romano
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metedologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Anis Larbi
- University of Tübingen Medical School, Center for Medical Research, ZMF, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anders Wikby
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Box 1026, 551 11 Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metedologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Graham Pawelec
- University of Tübingen Medical School, Center for Medical Research, ZMF, Tübingen, Germany
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Lizée G, Radvanyi LG, Overwijk WW, Hwu P. Immunosuppression in melanoma immunotherapy: potential opportunities for intervention. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2359s-2365s. [PMID: 16609059 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although melanomas are substantially more immunogenic than other tumors, current immunotherapeutic approaches for melanoma patients have met with only limited success. Although melanoma-specific CD8+ T-cell responses can often be generated in patients naturally or through vaccination regimens, tumors frequently continue to grow unabated, suggesting that tumor-specific immune responses may be actively dampened in vivo. Research over the past decade has brought to light several mechanisms used by melanomas and other tumors to suppress tumor-specific immune responses. These include the presence of regulatory immune cells within the tumor microenvironment and draining lymph nodes that serve to shut down effector T-cell function. In addition, melanoma tumors themselves express a number of soluble and membrane-bound molecules that are responsible for inhibiting activated immune cells. The identification of these suppressive mechanisms has provided significant opportunities for designing novel therapeutic interventions that could augment current vaccination and adoptive transfer approaches for treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lizée
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Koch S, Solana R, Dela Rosa O, Pawelec G. Human cytomegalovirus infection and T cell immunosenescence: a mini review. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:538-43. [PMID: 16513159 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Revised: 10/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system defends the organism against pathogens, and possibly cancer, but is known to become dysregulated with increasing age. This results in greater morbidity and mortality due to infectious disease in old people. The most important changes occur in T cell immunity, manifested sometimes dramatically as altered clonal expansions of cells of limited antigen specificity and a marked shrinkage of the T cell antigen receptor repertoire. At the same time, it was independently reported that CMV seropositivity was associated with many of the same T cell changes that were being identified as biomarkers of immune ageing. It has now become clear that CMV is commonly the driving force behind the oligoclonal expansions and altered phenotypes and functions of CD8 cells seen in most old people. These changes are much less obvious in centenarians and most extreme in people whom longitudinal studies have shown to possess an "immune risk profile". This is a cluster of immunological parameters of which CMV seropositivity is one component and which predicts incipient mortality in an elderly population. Taken together, these findings suggest the hypothesis that persistence of CMV as a chronic antigenic stressor is a major contributor to immunosenescence and associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Koch
- Center for Medical Research (ZMF), University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
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